UNI

VERSI
TYOFMALAWI

THEPOLYTECHNI
C

Resear
chTopi
c:AnAssessmentofMedi
aCov
erageofGenderBasedVi
olencei
n
Mal
awi

Acasest
udyoft
heNat
ionNewspaper

Di
sser
tat
ionSubmi
tt
edt
otheDepar
tmentofJour
nal
i
sm andMedi
aSt
udi
esi
nPar
ti
al
Ful
fi
lmentoft
her
equi
rement
sfort
heAwar
doft
heBachel
or’
sDegr
eei
nJour
nal
i
sm

BY

BERNARDKANKHONO

SUPERVI
SOR:MRE.MANJAWI
RA

APRI
L2020

1
Decl
arat
ion

I
,Ber
nar
dKankhono,decl
aret
hatt
hisdi
sser
tat
ioni
smyownor
igi
nalwor
k.Wher
e
ot
hersour
cesofi
nfor
mat
ionhav
ebeenused,t
heyhav
ebeenacknowl
edged.I
her
ebycer
ti
fyt
hatt
hiswor
khasnotbeensubmi
tt
edbef
orei
npar
torf
ullf
orany
ot
herdegr
eeorexami
nat
ion.

Resear
cher
’ssi
gnat
ure

Dat
e

2
Cer
ti
fi
cat
eofappr
oval
I
,theunder
signed,
cer
ti
fyt
hatIhav
ereadandher
ebyr
ecommendf
oraccept
anceby
t
heUni
ver
sit
yofMal
awidi
sser
tat
iont
it
led,anAssessmentofMedi
aCov
erageof
GenderBasedVi
olencei
nMal
awi
,acasest
udyofTheNat
ionNewspaper
.

Super
visor
:

E.Manj
awi
ra

Si
gnat
ure

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Dat
e

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3
Dedi
cat
ion

Idedi
cat
ethi
swor
ktomydear
est
,thel
ategr
andmot
herMr
sSi
nor
iaKankhonof
or
nur
tur
ingmet
oper
sev
ereandal
way
svi
ewt
hingsi
naposi
ti
vewayi
nli
fe.Andt
omy
l
atepar
ent
sAndr
ewandEdnaKankhono(
whopassedwhenIwasj
ustat
oddl
er)f
or
gi
vi
ngbi
rt
htome,
Iam abi
gmannow!

4
Acknowl
edgement
s
Acknowl
edgement
sar
eduet
hosewhot
hrought
hei
rgener
ouscont
ri
but
ionmadei
t
possi
blef
ormet
osucceedi
nmyst
udi
es.Iam gr
atef
ult
o FrMcDonal
dKankhono,
Mr
sChi
mwemweChi
nyamu,mybr
other
sMphat
soKankhonoandGeor
geNsapat
o,
mysi
ster
sJacquel
i
neandChr
ist
inaKankhono,Myuncl
esandaunt
ies,,Yohane
Kankhono,Dougl
asKankhono,Pat
ri
ckKankhono,MrChar
lesMal
onda,,Mr
sMer
cy
KanzengoandSel
i
naKankhono.Theyhencepai
dequalcont
ri
but
iont
hroughoutmy
academi
cjour
neyf
orwhi
chIal
way
sfeel
prof
oundgr
ati
tudei
nmyhear
t.

Si
mil
ar,pr
ofoundgr
ati
tudegoest
omyf
ri
endsandCl
assmat
es,JophanMat
ewer
e,
Chi
nsi
siMakal
ani
,OsmanMoy
o,Fl
ori
daChona,
Mti
sungeChi
unj
i
dza,
FrankBi
zi
wick,
Fr
ankl
i
nKadewer
eandt
oal
l2020BAJf
inal
es;Ioweal
lofy
ouagr
eatpar
tofmy
achi
evement
s.

Speci
alment
ion goes t
o myent
husi
ast
ic super
visor
,MrEl
and Manj
awi
ra.My
bachel
or’
sdegr
eer
esear
chhasbeenanamazi
ngexper
ienceandIt
hankMrE
Manj
awi
rawhol
ehear
tedl
y,notonl
yforhi
str
emendousacademi
csuppor
t,butal
so
f
orgi
vi
ngmesomanywonder
ful
oppor
tuni
ti
es.

5
Li
stofabbr
evi
ati
ons
GBV Genderbasedv
iol
ence
I
HRC I
nter
nat
ional
HumanRi
ght
sConv
ent
ions
I
LO I
nter
nat
ional
LabourOr
gani
zat
ion
UN Uni
tedNat
ions
WHO Wor
ldHeal
thOr
gani
sat
ion
NSO Nat
ional
Stat
ist
ical
Off
ice
MDHS Demogr
aphi
candHeal
thSur
vey
DEVAW El
i
minat
ionofVi
olenceAgai
nstWomen
GA Gener
alAssembl
y
NGOs Non-
Gov
ernment
alOr
gani
zat
ions

6
Cont
ent
s
Decl
arat
ion i
Cer
ti
fi
cat
eofappr
oval i
i
Dedi
cat
ion i
i
i
Acknowl
edgement
s i
v
Li
stofabbr
evi
ati
ons v
Abst
ract v
ii
CHAPTERONE-I
NTRODUCTI
ON 1
1.
0Int
roduct
ion 1
1.
1GenderBasedVi
olence-Ov
erv
iew 1
1.
3.GenderBasedVi
olencei
nMal
awi 2
1.
4For
msofGenderBasedVi
olence 2
1.
5Pr
obl
em St
atement 3
1.
6.1Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives 3
1.
7Hy
pot
hesi
s 4
1.
8Rat
ional
e 4
1.
9Di
sser
tat
ionst
ruct
ure 4
1.
10Concl
usi
on 5
2.
2Concl
usi
on 7
CHAPTERTHREE:THEORETI
CALFRAMEWORK 8
3.
0Int
roduct
ion 8
3.
1.1Theagendaset
ti
ngt
heor
yofmedi
a 8
3.
1.2Thepr
imi
ngt
heor
y 9
3.
2Concl
usi
on 10
CHAPTERFOUR:METHODOLOGY 11
4.
0Int
roduct
ion 11
4.
1St
udyDesi
gn 11
4.
2Popul
ati
onandsampl
esi
ze 11
4.
3Sampl
ingTechni
que 12
4.
4Dat
aCol
lect
ion 12
4.
5Dat
aAnal
ysi
s 12

7
 4.
6Concl
usi
on 12
CHAPTERFI
VE:STUDYFI
NDI
NGSANDDI
SCUSSI
ON 13
5.
1St
udyf
indi
ngs 13
5.
1.1For
msofv
iol
ence 13
5.
1.1.
1SexualVi
olence 13
5.
1.2.Psy
chol
ogi
cal 14
5.
1.1.
3.Phy
sical
viol
ence 15
5.
1.1.
4 Economi
cvi
olence 16
5.
1.2Space 17
5.
1.3 Ty
pesofRepor
ti
ng 18
CHAPTERSI
X:CONCLUSI
ONS 19
6.
0Int
roduct
ion 19
6.
1Keyf
indi
ngs 19
6.
2Concl
usi
on 20
6.
4Ar
easf
orf
urt
herst
udy 21
Ref
erences 22
APPENDI
CES 25
Sampl
eCodi
ngSheet 25

8
Abst
ract
Thi
sst
udyanal
yseshow t
hepr
intmedi
acov
ersgenderbasedv
iol
ence.Thepr
int
medi
ahast
headv
ant
ageofmaki
ngal
ongeri
mpactont
hemi
ndsoft
her
eaderwi
th
mor
ein-
dept
hrepor
ti
ngandanal
ysi
sofi
ssuesi
ncl
udi
ngt
hoset
odowi
thgender
basedv
iol
ence.Usi
ngcopi
esofTheNat
ionNewspaperf
ort
heper
iodoft
hree
mont
hst
hest
udyanal
ysedhowt
hest
ori
esi
nthenewspapercov
eredgenderbased
v
iol
ence.Thest
udyf
indi
ngsshowedt
hatt
her
eisl
owcov
erageonGBVi
nTheNat
ion
newspaperandt
hatt
hepr
ior
it
yisnotgi
vent
otheGBVar
ti
clesast
her
eissmal
l
spacegi
vent
othear
ti
cles.I
twasal
sof
oundt
hatGBVar
ti
clesar
enotpr
ior
it
isedi
n
t
ermsofpl
acementandt
hatsexual
viol
encei
sacommont
ypeofGBVi
nthear
ti
cles.
Fol
l
owi
ngt
hef
indi
ngs,t
hest
udyt
her
efor
erecommendt
hatmor
espaceshoul
dbe
gi
vent
oGBVst
ori
esandpr
ior
it
isi
ngt
hem bygi
vi
ngenoughspacet
othest
ori
esand
pl
aci
ngsomeoft
hest
ori
esonf
rontpages.Thi
swi
l
lhel
ptost
opt
hemal
pract
iceand
st
opst
henegat
iveef
fect
sthatcomewi
thi
t.

9
CHAPTERONE:I
NTRODUCTI
ON
1.
0Int
roduct
ion
Thi
sst
udyai
medatassessi
ngTheNat
ionsNewspaperofcov
erageofgenderbased
v
iol
encest
ori
esi
nMal
awi
.Thi
sint
roduct
ionhi
ghl
i
ght
sthebackgr
oundoft
hest
udy
i
nquest
ion,
probl
em st
atement
,obj
ect
ivesandst
ruct
ureofdi
sser
tat
ion.

1.
1GenderBasedVi
olence-Ov
erv
iew
Genderbasedv
iol
ence(
GBV)i
sdef
inedasanyhar
m orsuf
fer
ingt
hati
sper
pet
rat
ed
agai
nstawomanorgi
rl
,manorboyandt
hathasanegat
ivei
mpactont
hephy
sical
,
sexualorpsy
chol
ogi
calheal
th,dev
elopmentori
dent
it
yoft
heper
son(
Sida,2015)
.
Ther
ootcauseofGBV i
sgenderbased poweri
nequal
i
tiesand genderbased
di
scr
imi
nat
ion.GBVoccur
sacr
ossal
lsoci
oeconomi
candcul
tur
albackgr
ounds,
and
i
nmanysoci
eti
es,i
ncl
udi
ngMal
awi
.Womenar
esoci
ali
zedt
oaccept
,tol
erat
e,and
ev
enr
ati
onal
i
zedomest
icv
iol
enceandt
oremai
nsi
l
entaboutsuchexper
iences.

Cur
rentest
imat
esofgenderbasedv
iol
encei
ndi
cat
ethatbet
ween80% ofwomen
wor
ldwi
dehav
ebeenphy
sical
l
yandsexual
l
yassaul
tedbyamal
epar
tneratl
east
oncei
nthei
rli
ves(
Oladepo&Ar
ulogun,2011)
.GBVhappensathome,atwor
kpl
ace
oranyot
herpl
ace wher
ether
eisi
nter
act
ion oft
he peopl
e.Accor
ding t
othe
I
nter
nat
ionalLabourOr
gani
zat
ion(
ILO2011)
,hi
gh-
ri
skgr
oupscompr
isewor
ker
sin
f
ormaland i
nfor
maleconomi
es and i
ncl
ude of
fi
ce and f
act
ory wor
ker
s,day
l
abour
ers,
dependentf
ami
l
ywor
ker
sandWomenf
armer
s.

Genderbased v
iol
ence i
sav
iol
ati
on ofuni
ver
salhuman r
ight
s pr
otect
ed by
I
nter
nat
ionalHumanRi
ght
sConv
ent
ions(
IHRC)(I
nter
-AgencySt
andi
ngCommi
tt
ee,
2012)
,incl
udi
ngt
her
ightt
osecur
it
yofper
son,t
her
ightt
othehi
ghestat
tai
nabl
e
st
andar
dofphy
sicalandment
alheal
th,t
her
ightt
ofr
eedom f
rom t
ort
ureorcr
uel
,
i
nhuman,
ordegr
adi
ngt
reat
ment
,andt
her
ightt
oli
fe.

Whi
l
eev
eryper
soncanbecomev
ict
im ofv
iol
enceont
hebasi
soft
hei
rgender
,
women ar
ethe pr
imar
ytar
get
s of gender
-based v
iol
ence,al
ongsi
de ot
her
mar
ginal
i
zedgender
s.Accor
dingt
otheWor
ldHeal
thOr
gani
zat
iongl
obalr
evi
ew,
35% ofwomenwor
ldwi
dehav
eexper
iencedei
therphy
sicaland/
orsexuali
nti
mat
e
par
tnerv
iol
enceornon-
par
tnersexualv
iol
ence.Howev
er,somenat
ionalv
iol
ence
st
udi
esshow t
hatupt
o70% ofwomenhav
eexper
iencedphy
sicaland/
orsexual

10
v
iol
encei
nthei
rli
fet
imef
rom ani
nti
mat
epar
tner(
WHO,
2013)
.

1.
3.GenderBasedVi
olencei
nMal
awi

Uni
tedNat
ions(
2013)
annualr
epor
tshowst
hatAf
ri
cai
sleadi
ngi
nregi
ster
ingGBV
cases.Justl
i
kemanyot
herAf
ri
cannat
ions,Mal
awihasbeenamongt
henat
ions
r
egi
ster
ingmanyGBVcases.I
nDecember2018,
theMal
awiPol
i
ceSer
vicei
ndi
cat
ed
t
hati
tsv
ict
im suppor
tuni
tshadr
egi
ster
edov
er26,
000casesofGBVi
n2018al
one
(
Mpi
na,
2019)
.The2010Mal
awi
Demogr
aphi
candHeal
thSur
vey(
MDHS)f
oundt
hat
mor
ethan one-
quar
ter(
25.
3%)off
emal
erespondent
srepor
ted hav
ing ev
er
exper
iencedsexualv
iol
ence(
NSO&I
CF,2011)
.Thi
ssexualv
iol
encei
sther
esul
tof
i
nequal
i
ties among men and women. To br
ing l
aw i
nto compl
i
ance wi
th
const
it
uti
onalst
andar
ds,t
he Mal
awiLaw Commi
ssi
on,an i
ndependentl
egal
i
nst
it
uti
onest
abl
i
shedi
n1998,hasbeeni
nthepr
ocessofr
evi
singnat
ionalgender
-
r
elat
edl
awssi
nce2001.

Ther
epubl
i
cofMal
awii
nit
snat
ionalgenderpol
i
cyhandbook(
2015,p.4)has
adopt
ed t
he def
ini
ti
on ofgenderbased v
iol
ence f
rom Uni
ted Nat
ions (
UN)
Decl
arat
ionont
heEl
i
minat
ionofVi
olenceAgai
nstWomen(
DEVAW)adopt
edbyt
he
Gener
alAssembl
y(GA)i
n1993.
Thedef
ini
ti
onst
atest
hatgenderbasedv
iol
encei
s
anyactper
pet
rat
edbyaper
sonagai
nstanot
hert
hatr
esul
tsi
n,ori
sli
kel
ytor
esul
tin,
phy
sical
,sexualorpsy
chol
ogi
calhar
m orsuf
fer
ing,i
ncl
udi
ngt
hreat
sofsuchact
s,
coer
cionorar
bit
rar
ydepr
ivat
ionofl
i
ber
ty,whet
heroccur
ri
ngi
npubl
i
cori
npr
ivat
e
l
i
fe.I
stanbulconv
ent
ionoft
hecounci
lofEur
ope(
Treat
y,2011)
,cat
egor
isesgender
basedv
iol
encei
ntophy
sical
,sexual
,psy
chol
ogi
cal
andeconomi
cal
viol
ence.

1.
4For
msofGenderBasedVi
olence
Phy
sicalv
iol
encei
sapat
ter
nofphy
sicalassaul
tsandt
hreat
susedt
o cont
rol
anot
herper
son.I
tincl
udespunchi
ng,
hit
ti
ng,
choki
ng,
bit
ing,
andt
hrowi
ngobj
ect
sat
a per
son,ki
cki
ng,pushi
ng and usi
ng a weapon such as a gun ora kni
fe.
Psy
chol
ogi
calv
iol
encei
ncl
udest
heabuset
odowi
thdepr
ivat
ionofl
i
ber
ty,f
orced
mar
ri
age,
sexualhar
assmentandanyot
hersexualactdonewi
thoutconsent
.Sexual
v
iol
encei
nvol
vesal
lthesexualr
elat
edabusesi
ncl
udi
ngr
ape,
def
il
ementandsexual
har
assment
.Economi
calv
iol
encer
efer
sto anyactorbehav
iourwhi
ch causes

11
economi
char
mtoani
ndi
vi
dual
.Economi
calv
iol
encecant
aket
hef
orm of
,for
exampl
e,pr
oper
tydamage,r
est
ri
cti
ngaccesst
ofi
nanci
alr
esour
ces,educat
ionor
t
hel
abourmar
ket
,ornotcompl
yi
ngwi
theconomi
cresponsi
bil
i
ties,
suchasal
i
mony
.

GBVcausespsy
chol
ogi
calt
raumasuchasf
ear
,anxi
ety
,sel
f-
blame,depr
essi
onand
sui
ci
dalt
hought
s.GBVi
nwhi
chphy
sicalv
iol
encei
sinv
olv
edcanal
sol
eadt
oinj
ury
,
l
ossofbodypar
tsand ev
en deat
hs.Gender
-based v
iol
encei
sa publ
i
cheal
th
chal
l
enge,and a bar
ri
ert
o ci
vi
c,soci
al,pol
i
tical
,and economi
c par
ti
cipat
ion
(
Ojamuge,
2019)
.Itunder
minesnotonl
ythesaf
ety
,di
gni
ty,
over
allheal
thst
atus,
and
humanr
ight
soft
hemi
l
li
onsofi
ndi
vi
dual
swhoexper
iencei
t,butal
sot
hepubl
i
c
heal
th,
economi
cst
abi
l
ity
,andsecur
it
yofnat
ions.

Mal
awihasdomest
icat
edt
hei
nter
nat
ionali
nst
rument
stopr
omot
egenderequal
i
ty
asawayofcombat
inggenderbasedv
iol
encet
hrought
heenact
mentofgender
r
elat
edl
awsl
i
ket
hePr
event
ionofDomest
icVi
olencel
awof2006,t
heChi
l
dJust
ice
and Pr
otect
ion Actof2010,and t
he Deceased Est
ates (
Wil
l
s,I
nher
it
ance and
Pr
otect
ion)Actof2011.The adopt
ion oft
he Sust
ainabl
e Dev
elopmentGoal
s
i
ncl
udesaspeci
fi
ctar
gett
oel
i
minat
eal
lfor
msofv
iol
enceagai
nstal
lwomenand
gi
rl
sint
hepubl
i
candpr
ivat
espher
es(
Klugman,
2017)
.

1.
5Pr
obl
em St
atement
Accor
dingt
oTr
evorDav
ies(
2017),
themedi
apl
aysav
italr
olei
nrai
singawar
eness
onGBV.Themedi
a’
scor
ethemeshoul
dthenbeaboutspeaki
ngout
,educat
ionon
GBV i
ssuesand l
eadi
ng di
alogueson comi
ng up wi
th sol
uti
onsand i
deasf
or
pr
event
ionandcar
e.

I
ssueofgender
-basedv
iol
encei
scov
eredbyt
hemedi
aonadai
l
ybasi
s,whi
chi
sa
posi
ti
vei
ndi
cat
ort
hatt
her
eisr
ecogni
ti
onoft
hepr
obl
em (
IFJ,2017)
.Howev
er,i
n
Mal
awit
hepr
intmedi
acov
erageonGBVhasnotbeenpr
oact
iveasexpect
edas
r
epor
ter
srel
yonpol
i
cesour
ces.

Thepr
intmedi
ainMal
awit
her
efor
emustgi
vef
ullat
tent
iont
oGBVst
ori
est
hrough
t
hor
oughcov
eraget
orai
seawar
enessoft
henegat
iveef
fect
sofGBV.Thi
swi
l
lhel
p
t
ost
opt
hemal
pract
iceandst
opst
henegat
iveef
fect
sthatcomewi
thi
t.

Thi
sst
udyt
her
efor
eseekst
oassesst
hemedi
acov
erageofgenderbasedv
iol
ence

12
i
nMal
awi
.

1.
6St
udyandobj
ect
ives

Themai
noft
hest
udyi
sassessi
ngt
hepr
intmedi
acov
erageofgenderbased
v
iol
encei
nMal
awi
byt
heNat
ionNewspaper
.

1.
6.1Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Speci
fi
cobj
ect
ivesoft
hest
udyar
e:

i
. Toi
dent
it
yfor
msofv
iol
encei
nref
erencet
ogenderbasedv
iol
ence

i
i
. Tof
indoutt
heTy
pesofr
epor
tagebyt
hepr
intmedi
aongender
basedv
iol
ence.

i
i
i. Toexpl
oret
hespaceal
l
ocat
edt
ogenderbasedv
iol
encest
ori
es.

1.
7Hy
pot
hesi
s
Theassumpt
ioni
sthatt
heNat
ionNewspaperdoesnotadequat
elycov
ergender
basedv
iol
encest
ori
es.Thest
udyseekst
opr
oveordi
sappr
ovet
hist
hesi
s.
1.
8Rat
ional
e
Vent
iSal
e(2017)
,not
est
hatt
hemedi
aisi
mpor
tantbecausei
tist
hemedi
athat
br
ingspeopl
ethei
nfor
mat
iont
heymayneed,
wantorbei
nter
est
edi
n.Ther
efor
e,i
tis
t
hemedi
athathast
hecapaci
tyt
orai
seawar
enessont
hei
ssuest
odowi
thGBV.
Thef
indi
ngsoft
hisst
udywi
l
lther
efor
ehel
pthepol
i
cymaker
s,t
hemedi
ahouses
andt
heacademi
a.Kar
ichoCar
oli
neNy
ambur
a(2014)al
soacknowl
edgest
hatPr
int
medi
apl
aysav
eryi
mpor
tantt
ooli
nfi
ght
inggender
-basedv
iol
encebecausei
tnot
onl
yrepor
tsonsoci
etybutal
sohel
psi
nshapi
ngt
hepubl
i
copi
nionandper
cept
ion.
Themedi
acal
l
sat
tent
iont
osoci
alpr
obl
em andi
ssuesandt
her
ebyhol
dleader
sand
ev
en member
s oft
he soci
ety account
abl
e.The new knowl
edge t
hatwi
l
lbe
gener
ated f
rom t
hisst
udywi
l
lhel
p pol
i
cymaker
sli
ke t
he Mi
nist
ryofGender
,
Chi
l
drenDi
sabi
l
ityandSoci
alWel
far
e,t
heMi
nist
ryofJust
iceandNon-
Gov
ernment
al
Or
gani
zat
ions(
NGOs)i
nthef
ightagai
nstGBV.

Thef
indi
ngsf
rom t
hisst
udywi
l
lhel
pmedi
ahousesi
nMal
awii
nthewayt
heycan

13
cov
ergenderbasedv
iol
encest
ori
es.Thi
swi
l
lhel
piner
adi
cat
ingGBV casesi
n
Mal
awi
.

Theknowl
edget
obegener
atedf
rom t
hisst
udywi
l
lbeusedi
nfur
thermedi
arel
ated
st
udi
esongenderbasedv
iol
ence.

1.
9Di
sser
tat
ionst
ruct
ure
Thi
spaperhasbeenst
ruct
uredi
ntosi
xchapt
ers.Thef
ir
stchapt
eri
soni
ntr
oduct
ion
andbackgr
oundandi
ntr
oducest
het
opi
coft
hest
udybydef
ini
ngi
t,di
scussi
ngt
he
GBV bot
honnat
ionalandi
nter
nat
ionalspher
e.Thesecondchapt
err
evi
ewst
he
l
i
ter
atur
eofGBVst
udi
eswhi
chhav
ebeendonebyot
herr
esear
cher
sandschol
ars.
Theav
ail
abl
eli
ter
atur
eisusedt
oident
if
ythegaponmedi
acov
erageofGBVi
n
Mal
awi
.Theor
eti
calf
ramewor
kist
het
hir
dchapt
erofwhi
cht
hisst
udycent
erson.
Agendaset
ti
ngandpr
imi
ngt
heor
iesar
eusedi
nthi
sst
udyt
oputt
het
opi
coft
he
st
udyunderdi
scour
se.Chapt
erf
ouri
sonmet
hodol
ogyoft
hest
udy
.Thechapt
er
f
ocusesonhowt
hedat
aoft
hest
udywascol
l
ect
edsot
hatt
heempi
ri
calconcl
usi
on
ont
het
opi
cisr
eached.Chapt
erf
ivei
sonf
indi
ngsanddi
scussi
onsoft
hef
indi
ngs.
Thedat
athatwascol
l
ect
edi
sanal
ysedandpr
esent
edt
hroughchar
tsandbar
gr
aphsandt
hent
her
esul
tsar
eint
erpr
eted.Chapt
ersi
xisont
heconcl
usi
on.And
hasr
ecommendat
ionsbasedont
hef
indi
ngsandar
easofpossi
blef
urt
herst
udy

1.
10Concl
usi
on
Thi
schapt
erpr
ovi
dedt
hei
ntr
oduct
iont
othest
udy
,pr
obl
em st
atement
,st
udyai
m,
obj
ect
ivesandr
ati
onal
eorj
ust
if
icat
ion.

14
CHAPTERTWO:LI
TERATUREREVI
EW
2.
0Int
roduct
ion
Thi
schapt
erl
ooksatwhatschol
arshav
ewr
it
tenonmedi
acov
erageofgenderbased
v
iol
ence.2.
1Li
ter
atur
erev
iew
Al
otofschol
arl
ywor
ksar
eav
ail
abl
eonhowt
hemedi
acov
ergenderbasedv
iol
ence.
Ast
udybyVi
ctor
ianHeal
thPr
omot
ionFoundat
ion(
2012)onVi
ctor
iapr
intcov
erage
ofgenderbasedv
iol
encef
oundt
hatt
hecov
erageofv
iol
encet
endst
opr
imar
il
y
r
epor
tindi
vi
duali
nci
dent
sofv
iol
ence,
wit
hli
tt
lei
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
hesoci
alcont
ext
oft
hepr
obl
em.Thest
udyr
ecommendedt
hatt
hej
our
nal
i
stsshoul
ddoenough
r
esear
chandshoul
dbei
nnov
ati
vei
nthei
rcov
erageofGBVst
ori
es.

Anot
herst
udybyKar
ichoCar
oli
neNy
ambur
a(2014)onpr
intmedi
acov
erageofGBV
f
oundt
hatt
hemaj
ori
tyoft
hev
ict
imst
hatwer
ecov
eredwer
echi
l
drenandcl
osel
y
f
oll
owedbyf
emal
e.Ont
heot
herhand,t
hest
udyf
oundoutt
hatmal
evi
cti
mswer
e
t
hemi
nor
it
y.Thest
udyal
sof
oundoutt
hatt
her
ewer
efewf
emal
erepor
ter
swhot
ake
upr
epor
ti
ngonGBVi
ssuesi
nKeny
a.
GenderLi
nks(
2015)conduct
ed a st
udyon Genderand Medi
a Pr
ogr
essSt
udy
(
GMPS)
.Thest
udyf
oundt
hatmedi
acov
erageofgenderbasedv
iol
encei
nSout
her
n
Af
ri
caDev
elopmentCommuni
ty(
SADC)count
ri
eshasdecl
i
nedf
rom 4%i
nthey
ear
2010t
o1%i
n2019asr
epor
tedi
nSADCcount
ri
es.

DebandChar
ak(
2015)di
dar
esear
chofmedi
acov
erageofgenderbasedv
iol
ence
i
nChakmar
efugeescamp.Thest
udydepl
oyedacont
entanal
ysi
sofnewspaper
r
epor
tsonChakmami
grat
ionandt
hesel
ect
ionwasonnon-
probabi
l
itysampl
i
ng
pur
posi
vesampl
i
ng.Thest
udyat
tempt
edt
odr
awconcl
usi
ononmedi
acov
erageof
genderbasedv
iol
ence.Thest
udydi
scov
eredt
hatt
her
ewasadecr
easei
nmedi
a
cov
erageofgenderbasedv
iol
enceascompar
etot
hepr
evi
ousy
earwi
thf
rom 60%
t
o47%.

Cont
empor
aryr
esear
chhasr
eveal
edacompl
exi
nter
act
ionofcont
ri
but
ingf
act
orst
o
v
iol
enceagai
nstwomen.Oneoft
hemosti
nfl
uent
ialdet
ermi
nant
sofgender
-based
v
iol
enceagai
nstwomeni
stheunequaldi
str
ibut
ionofr
esour
cesandpowerbet
ween

15
womenandmeni
nsoci
ety
.Indi
vi
dual
sandcommuni
ti
eshol
dingt
heseat
ti
tudes
t
endt
oconsi
dermenassuper
iort
owomenandt
hatt
her
oleofmeni
nthef
ami
l
y
andi
nthecommuni
tyi
stohav
ethepowert
omakedeci
sionsaboutt
hei
rli
vel
i
hoods
andt
heway
sinwhi
cht
hef
ami
l
yfunct
ions.Ment
ypi
cal
l
yhav
eeconomi
candsoci
al
powerandr
esour
cesast
heyhav
ethef
reedom t
o engagei
nempl
oymentand
educat
ionandpar
ti
ci
pat
eint
hecommuni
ty.Womenont
heot
herhandar
eexpect
ed
t
obeamenabl
eandt
ofol
l
ow t
heexpect
ati
onsofmal
esi
nthei
rfami
l
yand/
or
communi
ty.Accesst
oeducat
ion,heal
thcar
e,i
ncomeandpol
i
ticalr
epr
esent
ati
on
ar
eof
tencur
tai
l
edf
orwomeni
ntheseci
rcumst
ances(
Wor
ldHeal
thOr
gani
sat
ion,
2010)
.

Gender
-basedv
iol
ence,especi
all
yrapeandi
nti
mat
epar
tnerv
iol
ence,i
sahuge
pr
obl
em i
nLi
ber
ia.Dur
ingt
hest
udy
,int
hef
ir
stsev
enmont
hsof2011,1325cases
ofgenderbasedv
iol
encewer
erepor
tedt
otheMi
nist
ryofGenderandDev
elopment
;
r
aper
elat
edi
nci
dent
srepr
esent
s68%ofal
lrepor
tedcases.I
nthepastf
oury
ear
s,
anav
erage
55%ofsur
viv
orswhor
epor
tedr
apewer
elesst
han15y
ear
s.

2.
2Concl
usi
on
Thi
schapt
err
evi
ewedt
heav
ail
abl
eli
ter
atur
eofmedi
acov
erageofgenderbased
v
iol
ence.I
thashel
pedt
oident
if
ytheav
ail
abl
egapswhi
chi
sthef
ocusoft
hest
udy
.

16
CHAPTERTHREE:THEORETI
CALFRAMEWORK
3.
0Int
roduct
ion
Thi
schapt
erexpl
ainst
het
heor
iesusedi
nthest
udy
.Ital
soexpl
ainshowt
het
heor
ies
appl
ytot
hest
udy
.

3.
1Medi
atheor
ies

Thest
udywassuppor
tedbyt
wot
heor
ies;
agendaset
ti
ngandpr
imi
ngt
heor
ies.

3.
1.1Theagendaset
ti
ngt
heor
yofmedi
a
Theagendaset
ti
ngt
heor
ydescr
ibest
he"
abi
l
ity(
oft
he 
newsmedi
a)t
oinf
luencet
he
i
mpor
tancepl
acedont
het
opi
csoft
hepubl
i
cagenda.Maxwel
lMcCombsand
Donal
dShaw dev
elopedt
hepr
inci
pleofagendaset
ti
ng.Thet
heor
yst
atest
hatt
he
medi
ainf
luencet
hei
nter
pret
ati
onoft
hef
act
sandi
ssuesf
oundi
nthenewst
hat
concer
nthepubl
i
cmi
nd.

Agendaset
ti
ngi
sal
sodef
inedast
hepr
ocess(
orpr
ocesses)bywhi
chani
ssuei
s
br
oughtt
otheat
tent
ionofpol
i
cy-
maker
s(Roger
sEM,1993)
.Thet
heor
ywascoi
ned
asanexpl
anat
iononhowt
hemassmedi
aaf
fect
stochanget
hepat
ter
ninpol
i
tical
behav
iourdur
ingel
ect
ions(
CohenB.,1963)
.Subsequent
ly,t
het
heor
yhasi
nspi
red
anddev
elopedhundr
edsofl
att
erexpl
orat
ionsonhowt
hemassmedi
apr
imesand
f
rames i
ssues f
ort
hei
raudi
ences i
ncl
udi
ng how medi
a por
traygenderbased
v
iol
ence.Themassmedi
acanbeconsi
der
edasr
esponsi
blei
ninf
luenci
ngand
shapi
ngt
hepubl
i
copi
nionandagenda.Suchi
nfl
uenceofmassmedi
aont
hepubl
i
c
agendaoropi
nioncanhappeni
ntent
ional
l
yoruni
ntent
ional
l
y(I
yengar& Ki
nder
,
1987)
.

Oneoft
hekeyaspect
sofagendaset
ti
ngt
heor
yist
heabi
l
ityoft
hemedi
ato
hi
ghl
i
ghtcer
tai
ntopi
csoraspect
sofi
ssuest
hrought
hepr
ocessesofagendaset
ti
ng.
Bycal
l
ingat
tent
iont
osomei
ssuesov
erot
her
s,dur
ingt
heel
ect
ioncy
clet
henews
medi
a,t
heor
eti
cal
l
yatl
east
,for
mthepubl
i
c’sopi
nionaboutt
hemosti
mpor
tant
i
ssuesf
aci
ngt
hecount
ry(
Hay
es,
2007)
.

AnneMar
ie(
2012)st
atest
hatmedi
afocusesonhowpeopl
eshoul
dthi
nkaboutt
he

17
nat
ureoft
hei
ssues.Medi
awant
stogr
abat
tent
ionandi
mpl
antt
hought
sinpeopl
e
mi
ndsaboutsomeser
iousi
ssues.That
’swhymedi
atur
ncer
tai
nissuesv
iral
.
Ov
ert
hey
ear
s,t
her
ehasbeenani
ncr
easei
nthenumberofv
ict
imsofgender
-based
v
iol
encewi
thamaj
ori
tyr
epor
ti
ngbei
ngf
emal
eandmal
einmi
nor
it
y.Thi
sshows
howt
heser
ioust
hei
ssuei
s.
Theagendaset
ti
ngt
heor
yal
l
owsust
o under
standt
her
oleofmassmedi
ain
i
nfl
uenci
ng t
hei
raudi
ence'
s behav
ior
s,expect
ati
ons and awar
eness.At
ti
tudes,
expect
ati
ons and awar
eness al
lshape t
he under
standi
ng ofsoci
ali
ssues by
i
ndi
vi
dual
s;assuch at
ti
tudesi
nfor
m t
heper
pet
rat
ion oft
hisabuse,shapet
he
r
esponses ofv
ict
ims t
ovi
cti
mizat
ion and i
nfl
uence communi
tyr
esponses t
o
v
iol
enceagai
nstv
ict
ims
Thenewsr
epor
tsi
nthemedi
amakei
tinawayt
hatwhenapar
ti
cul
arnewsr
epor
tis
gi
veni
mpor
tanceandat
tent
iont
hanot
hernewst
heaudi
encewi
l
laut
omat
ical
l
y
per
cei
vei
tast
hemosti
mpor
tantnewsandi
nfor
mat
ionar
egi
vent
otheaudi
ence.

3.
1.2Thepr
imi
ngt
heor
y
Thet
heor
yst
atest
hat
,themassmedi
abymaki
ngsomei
ssuesmor
esal
i
entt
han
ot
her
s,i
nfl
uences“
thest
andar
dbywhi
chgov
ernment
s,pr
esi
dent
s,pol
i
ciesand
candi
dat
esf
orpubl
i
cof
fi
cear
ejudged”(
IyengahandKi
nder
,1987)
.
Pr
imi
ngr
efer
stoenhanci
ngt
heef
fect
soft
hemedi
abyof
fer
ingt
heaudi
enceapr
ior
cont
ext–acont
extt
hatwi
l
lbeusedt
oint
erpr
etsubsequentcommuni
cat
ion.The
medi
aser
vet
opr
ovi
det
heaudi
encewi
thst
andar
dsandf
ramesofr
efer
ence.
Pr
imi
ngt
ell
suswhet
hersomet
hingi
sgoodorbad,
whet
heri
tiscommuni
cat
ed
ef
fect
ivel
y.Pr
imi
ngenabl
est
heaudi
encet
oev
aluat
ethesi
tuat
ionandt
oconcl
ude
howef
fect
ivet
hemedi
ahav
ebeeni
nor
dert
omakeadeci
sionbypr
ovi
dingaf
rame
ofr
efer
ence.Thusmedi
acr
eat
esani
nfl
uenceamongt
hepeopl
etomakej
udgment
oradeci
sion.

Pr
imi
ngpl
aysani
mpor
tantr
olei
nmedi
aef
fect
s.Asagendaset
ti
ngsbr
ingsoutonl
y
t
hei
mpor
tanceoft
hei
ssue,pr
imi
ngbr
ingsanexpl
anat
iononhow t
hei
nfor
mat
ion
decoded f
rom t
hemedi
aar
est
ored i
n human mi
ndsand how i
tinf
luencesi
n
deci
si
onmaki
ng.

18
Thr
ought
hepr
imi
ngt
heor
y,gov
ernmentof
fi
cial
sandpol
i
cymaker
scanhi
ghl
i
ght
genderbasedv
iol
encei
ssuest
hrought
hemedi
aignor
ingi
ssueswhi
chmi
ghtbeof
l
essi
mpor
tanceov
ert
heGBVi
ssues.Thus,ast
hemedi
acov
erst
hepr
imedGBV
i
ssues,
thepeopl
ewi
l
lbei
nfl
uencedt
opayat
tent
iont
ogenderbasedv
iol
encei
ssues
andi
ntheend,
theway
sofcombat
ingt
hemal
pract
icewi
l
lbedev
ised.

3.
2Concl
usi
on
Thi
schapt
erhasexpl
ainedagendaset
ti
ngandpr
imi
ngt
heor
iesast
het
heor
iest
hat
gui
dedt
hisst
udy
.Thechapt
erhasal
sodemonst
rat
edt
hel
i
nkbet
weent
heset
wo
t
heor
iest
othest
udyofmedi
acov
erageofgenderbasedv
iol
ence.

19
CHAPTERFOUR:METHODOLOGY

4.
0Int
roduct
ion

Thi
schapt
erf
ocusesont
hest
udymet
hod,
popul
ati
on,
sampl
i
ngt
echni
quesandhow
t
hedat
awasanal
ysed.

4.
1St
udyDesi
gn
The st
udydepl
oyed quant
it
ati
ve st
udydesi
gn.Quant
it
ati
ver
esear
ch gener
ates
st
ati
sti
cst
hrought
heuseofl
arge-
scal
esur
veyr
esear
ch,usi
ngmet
hodssuchas
quest
ionnai
resorst
ruct
ured i
nter
views(
Downson D.C.
,2002)
. Key
ton (
2011)
def
inesquant
it
ati
veast
hequant
it
ati
ver
esear
chmet
hodi
nvol
vesmeasur
ementand
obser
vat
ion t
orepr
esentcommuni
cat
ion phenomena as amount
s,f
requenci
es,
degr
ees,v
alues ori
ntensi
ty whi
ch ar
e quant
if
ied t
hen compar
ed orr
elat
ed.
Quant
it
ati
vest
udi
esar
ever
yimpor
tantast
heyhel
presear
chest
ogener
ali
set
he
f
indi
ngs.

4.
2Popul
ati
onandsampl
esi
ze
Thest
udyt
arget
edal
ltheedi
ti
onsofTheNat
ionNewspapert
hatci
rcul
atedf
rom 1st
Januar o31stMar
y2019t ch2019.Thi
sisbecausedur
ingt
hisseasont
her
ear
eal
ot
ofst
imul
usofgenderbasedv
iol
encewhi
chi
ncl
udeshungerandf
armi
ngact
ivi
ti
es.

Thesampl
esi
zeoft
hisst
udywas60copi
esofTheNat
ionNewspaperobt
ained
f
rom publ
i
cat
ionofaper
iodoft
hreemont
hs.Zamboninot
est
hatasampl
esi
zei
sa
countofi
ndi
vi
dualsampl
esorobser
vat
ionsi
nanyst
ati
sti
calset
ti
ng,suchasa
sci
ent
if
icex
per
imentorapubl
i
copi
nionsur
vey(
2018)
.Thecont
entoft
hear
ti
cles
wasanal
ysedwi
tht
hegui
danceoft
heobj
ect
ivesoft
hisst
udy
.

4.
3Sampl
ingTechni
que
Thest
udypur
posi
vel
ytar
get
edal
lthear
ti
clest
hatwer
epubl
i
shedbyTheNat
ion
Newspaperf
rom 1stJanuar o31stMar
y2019t ch2019.Kot
har
inot
est
hatpur
posi
ve
sampl
i
ngmet
hodi
nvol
vespur
posi
veordel
i
ber
atesel
ect
ionofpar
ti
cul
aruni
tsoft
he
uni
ver
sef
orconst
it
uti
ngasampl
ewhi
chr
epr
esent
stheuni
ver
se(
2004)
.

20
4.
4Dat
aCol
lect
ion
Thedat
awascol
l
ect
edf
rom TheNat
ionNewspaperdai
l
iest
hroughacodi
ngsheet
,
ar
ti
clebyar
ti
cl
e.Ther
ewer
e23GBVst
ori
est
hatwer
ecov
eredt
hroughoutt
heper
iod
oft
hreemont
hs.Eachst
oryt
hatwasofGBVwasassi
gnedt
oasi
ngl
ecodi
ngsheet
andanal
ysed.

4.
5Dat
aAnal
ysi
s
Thecol
l
ect
eddat
awast
henanal
ysedusi
ngSt
ati
sti
calPackagesf
orSoci
alSci
ences
(
SPSS)
,ani
nter
pret
ati
onwasar
ri
vedatont
het
ypeofv
iol
ence,pl
acementoft
he
st
ori
es,t
ypesofr
epor
tage,andt
hesour
cesofGBV.TheSPSSt
hender
ivedpi
e
char
tsandbar
ogr
aphsf
rom t
heanal
ysi
stoal
l
ow compar
isonst
obedr
awnon
ar
ti
clesdeal
i
ngwi
thGBV.Dat
aanal
ysi
sor
gani
sedandpr
esent
edt
hedat
aint
ousef
ul
i
nfor
mat
ionandpr
ovi
dedt
hecont
extf
ort
hedat
a.

4.
6Concl
usi
on
Thi
schapt
erpr
ovi
dedt
hemet
hodol
ogyt
hatwasappl
i
edi
nthi
sst
udy
.Thechapt
er
al
sof
ocusedont
hest
udydesi
gn,
thepopul
ati
onandst
udysi
ze,
sampl
i
ngt
echni
que,
dat
acol
l
ect
ionanddat
aanal
ysi
s.

21
CHAPTERFI
VE:STUDYFI
NDI
NGSANDDI
SCUSSI
ON
5.
0Int
roduct
ion

Thi
schapt
erpr
esent
sthef
indi
ngsoft
hest
udybasedont
hedat
athatwasanal
ysed.
Thef
indi
ngsar
einl
i
newi
tht
heobj
ect
ivesoft
hest
udywhi
char
etoi
dent
if
yfor
msof
v
iol
encei
nref
erencet
ogenderbasedv
iol
ence,t
ofi
ndoutt
ypesofr
epor
tagebyt
he
pr
intmedi
aongenderbasedv
iol
enceandt
oexpl
oret
hespaceal
l
ocat
edt
ogender
basedv
iol
encest
ori
es.Ther
ewer
eat
otalof23ar
ti
clesoutof60ar
ti
clesr
elat
edt
o
genderbasedv
iol
encet
hatwer
eanal
ysedasr
epor
tedbyTheNat
ionNewspaper
.

5.
1St
udyf
indi
ngs
5.
1.1For
msofv
iol
ence
Thef
indi
ngsoft
hest
udyshowedf
ourmaj
orf
ormsofgenderbasedv
iol
ence.These
i
ncl
udesexualv
iol
ence,phy
sicalv
iol
ence,economi
calv
iol
enceandpsy
chol
ogi
cal
v
iol
ence

5.
1.1.
1SexualVi
olence
TheFi
gur
e1i
sont
het
ypesofGBVasr
epor
tedbyTheNat
ionnewspaperandt
her
e
wer
efourt
ypesofGBVt
hathav
ebeenanal
ysed.Outof23ar
ti
clest
hathadGBV
st
ory
,13st
ori
eshadsexualv
iol
enceasat
ypeofGBVandt
heyconsi
sted57%.The
sexual
viol
encescoopedt
hemaj
ori
tyofal
l
.

Fi
gur
e1Sexualv
iol
ence

22
5.
1.2.Psy
chol
ogi
cal
Fi
gur
e2showst
hepr
esent
ati
onofpsy
chol
ogi
calv
iol
enceascov
eredbyTheNat
ion
Newspaper
.Outof23ar
ti
clest
hathadGBVst
ori
es,
12ar
ti
cleswer
eofpsy
chol
ogi
cal
v
iol
ence.Thi
srepr
esent
s52.
2% andi
tinst
il
sthatpsy
chol
ogi
calv
iol
encehada
si
zeabl
ecov
eragebyTheNat
ionnewspaper
.

Fi
gur
e2Psy
chol
ogyv
iol
ence

23
5.
1.1.
3.Phy
sicalv
iol
ence
Fi
gur
e3bel
ow showst
hatoutof23ar
ti
clest
hatwer
eanal
ysedi
nthi
sst
udy
,5
st
ori
es wer
e ofphy
sicalv
iol
ence.The f
ive st
ori
es r
epr
esent
s 22% ofphy
sical
v
iol
encet
hatwer
ecov
eredi
ntheNat
ionnewspaper
.

Fi
gur
e3Phy
sicalv
iol
ence

24
 5.
1.1.
4 Economi
cvi
olence

Fi
gur
e4showst
hatoutof23ar
ti
clest
hatcov
eredGBVst
ori
es,
onl
y4st
ori
es
wer
eofeconomi
calv
iol
ence.Thef
ourar
ti
clesr
epr
esent17.
4%andi
tist
he
l
eastofal
lvi
olencet
hatwer
ecommi
tt
edbyt
heper
pet
rat
ors.Howev
er,t
he
ot
her19ar
ti
cl
eswer
enotofeconomi
cal
viol
encer
epr
esent
ing83%.

Fi
gur
e3.
3Economi
cal
viol
ence

5.
1.2Space

Thesecondobj
ect
iveoft
hisst
udywasonspaceal
l
ocat
iont
oGBVar
ti
cles.
Thi
sobj
ect
ivet
ri
edt
olookathow t
hespacewasal
l
ocat
edt
oGBVar
ti
cles
t
hatwer
eanal
ysed dur
ing t
hest
udy
.Spaceal
l
ocat
ioni
nthenewspaper
si
gni
fi
est
hepr
omi
nenceoft
hest
oryandt
hei
mpacti
thas.Ar
ti
clest
hathav
e
beenal
l
ocat
edwi
thal
otofspacear
eoft
hemosti
mpor
tanceascompar
ed
t
otheoneswi
thl
essspace.

Toexpl
orehow spacewasal
l
ocat
ed,t
hest
udyl
ookedatt
henumberof

25
 par
agr
aphst
hatgi
vent
oGBVar
ti
cles.Thepar
agr
aphswer
esegment
edi
nto
1-
5par
agr
aphs,
6-10par
agr
aphsand11-
15par
agr
aphs.

Fi
gur
e4show t
hepr
esent
ati
onofhow t
hespacei
sdi
str
ibut
edt
otheGBV
ar
ti
cles t
hatwer
e anal
ysed.Outof23 ar
ti
cles,f
ourar
ti
cles had 11-
15
par
agr
aphspaceal
l
ocat
ionr
epr
esent
ing17.
5%.Ni
nest
ori
eshad6-
10space
al
l
ocat
ionr
epr
esent
ing39.
1% andt
hemaj
ori
tyofal
lwer
ear
ti
cleswi
th1-
5
par
agr
aphsofwhi
cht
her
ewer
e10oft
hem r
epr
esent
ing43.
5%.

Asshowni
nfi
gur
e4,st
ori
eswi
th1-
5par
agr
aphswer
einmaj
ori
tywi
th10
ar
ti
clesbei
ngcov
eredasnewsbr
ief
s.Ont
heot
herhand,11-
15ar
ti
cleswer
e
i
nmi
nor
it
yofwhi
chonl
y4ar
ti
cleswer
ecov
eredwi
thal
otofspace.The
f
indi
ngsi
nst
il
sthatar
ti
clesofGBVar
enotgi
vent
hedesi
redpr
omi
nence

Fi
gur
e4.Spaceal
locat
ion

5.
1.3 Ty
pesofRepor
ti
ng

Thet
hir
dobj
ect
iveoft
hisst
udywasf
indoutt
het
ypesofr
epor
tageonmedi
a
cov
erageofGBVi
nMal
awi
.

The st
udy f
ocused on t
hree t
ypes ofr
epor
tage whi
ch ar
e anal
yti
cal
,
i
nvest
igat
iveandbasi
crepor
tage.Anal
yti
calr
epor
ti
ngseekst
omakesense
ofcompl
exr
eal
i
tyf
ort
hepubl
i
ctounder
standi
ngi
tisbey
ondgener
alnews
r
epor
ti
ngwher
easi
nvest
igat
iver
epor
ti
ngi
nvol
vesar
epor
tert
opr
obeasi
ngl
e
t
opi
cofi
nter
estl
i
kegenderbasedv
iol
ence.Ont
heot
herhand,basi
cnews

26
 r
epor
ti
ngi
nvol
vesar
epor
terpr
esent
ingf
act
sint
oacompr
ehensi
vest
ory
.
I
nvest
igat
iveandanal
yti
calnewsr
epor
ti
ngar
eidealway
sofnewsr
epor
ti
ng
unl
i
ket
hebasi
cnewsr
epor
ti
ng.I
nvest
igat
iveandanal
yti
calr
epor
ti
nggo
bey
ondt
her
ecor
dedi
nter
viewst
opr
obeani
ssueathand.

Thest
udyl
ookedatt
het
ypesofr
epor
tageusedbyTheNat
ionNewspaper
whenr
epor
ti
ngGBV r
elat
edst
ori
es.Fi
gur
e5i
sther
epr
esent
ati
onoft
he
t
ypesofr
epor
tageofgenderbasedv
iol
encebyt
heNat
ionnewspaper
.Outof
t
he23ar
ti
cl
est
hathadcov
eredGBVst
ori
es,onest
orywasr
epor
tedasan
i
nvest
igat
ivest
oryr
epr
esent
ing4.
3%.Ont
heot
herhand,7ar
ti
cleswer
e
r
epor
tedasanal
yti
calst
ori
esr
epr
esent
ing30.
4%.Thehi
ghestofal
lwer
eof
basi
c(f
unct
ional
)ar
ti
clesofwhi
ch15st
ori
eswer
erepor
tedi
nthi
snat
ure
r
epr
esent
ing65.
2%ofal
lar
ti
cles.

Thest
ati
sti
csshowst
hatt
her
eisl
ackofdeepr
epor
ti
ngandanal
ysi
son
genderbasedv
iol
encest
ori
es.Outof23st
ori
es,
onl
yonest
orywasr
epor
ted
as an i
nvest
igat
ive st
ory
,fol
l
owed by 7 st
ori
es t
hatwer
erepor
ted as
anal
yti
calst
ori
es.Thi
sshowst
hat
,ther
eisl
ackofef
for
tst
odeepl
ypr
obeon
genderbasedv
iol
enceofwhi
char
ootcausef
ort
hepr
act
icecanbei
dent
if
ied
ander
adi
cat
edev
ent
ual
l
y.

Fi
gur
e5.Ty
pesofGBVr
epor
tage

27
 5.
3Concl
usi
on

Thechapt
erhaspr
ovi
dedt
hest
udyf
indi
ngsbasedont
hedat
athatwas
col
l
ect
ed.Thef
indi
ngswer
ebasedont
heobj
ect
ivesoft
hest
udy
.

28
CHAPTERSI
X:CONCLUSI
ONS
6.
0Int
roduct
ion
Thi
schapt
erpr
esent
saconcl
usi
onoft
hest
udybasedont
hef
indi
ngs.I
tal
so
pr
ovi
desar
ecommendat
ionsandar
easofpossi
blef
urt
herst
udy
.

6.
1Keyf
indi
ngs
Thest
udyest
abl
i
shedt
hatsexualv
iol
encescor
edt
hehi
ghestofal
lty
pesofGBV.
Thesexualv
iol
encel
i
kedef
il
ement
,rapeandf
orcedmar
ri
ageswer
ecommoni
nthe
st
udy
.Int
hisst
udy
,13casesofsexualv
iol
encewer
erepor
tedr
epr
esent
ing57%.
Thi
sput
svi
cti
msofGBVofcont
ract
ingHI
Vsi
ncemanyoft
heper
pet
rat
orsdonot
usecondomswhendoi
ngt
hemal
pract
ice.

I
twasal
sof
oundbyt
hisst
udyt
hatmuchspacewasgi
vent
onewsar
ti
clesasbr
ief
s
i
ncont
rar
yindept
hnewsar
ti
cleswi
thmuchemphasi
sandspace.1-5par
agr
aphs
ar
ti
cleswer
e10oft
hem r
epr
esent
ing43.
5%.Ont
heot
herhand,onl
yfourar
ti
cles
wer
erepor
tedasi
n-dept
har
ti
cleswher
ethest
ori
esr
epr
esent
ing18%.

Thest
udyal
sof
oundoutt
hatbasi
cmanyoft
hest
ori
eswer
erepor
tedasbasi
c
st
ori
es wi
th no anal
ysi
s on GBV.15 ar
ti
cles wer
erepor
ted as basi
c st
ori
es
r
epr
esent
ing65.
2% ofal
lar
ti
cles.Tocont
rar
y,onl
yonest
orywasr
epor
tedasan
i
nvest
igat
ivest
oryr
epr
esent
ing4.
3%.

6.
2Concl
usi
on
Thest
udyai
medatassessi
ngt
hepr
intmedi
acov
erageofGBVi
nMal
awiusi
ngThe
Nat
ionNewspaperasacasest
udy
.Medi
apl
aysani
mpor
tantr
olei
ninf
luenci
ngand
af
fect
ingper
cept
ionoft
hepubl
i
crai
singawar
enessonGBV.Thest
udyf
indi
ngshav
e
shownt
hatTheNat
ionnewspaperdonotadequat
elycov
ergenderbasedst
ori
esas
t
her
eisl
i
ttl
espaceal
l
ocat
edt
oGBVst
ori
esandast
her
eisal
ackofi
nvest
igat
ive
andanal
yti
calr
epor
ti
ngonGBVst
ori
es.Thest
udyhasal
sor
evi
ewedt
hatsexual
v
iol
encei
sthemostpr
act
icedf
orm ofgenderbasedv
iol
encei
nMal
awi

Thi
s,t
her
efor
emeansmedi
ainMal
awidonotcov
eri
nawayt
hatt
ri
gger
sthe
at
tent
ionofgov
ernmentandot
heraut
hor
it
iest
oer
adi
cat
ethemal
pract
ice.Medi
a
housesi
nMal
awi
,ther
efor
eneedt
ocov
erGBVi
ssuesf
ull
yandi
namannert
hatcal
l
s

29
f
orat
tent
ionandpr
operact
ionf
rom t
hedeci
sionmaker
s.Thi
swi
l
lassi
sti
ncr
eat
ing
awar
enessandacal
lforpr
operact
ionst
obef
oll
owedbyt
hosei
naut
hor
it
ytof
ight
agai
nstgenderbasedv
iol
ence.

6.
3Recommendat
ions

Themedi
amustf
requent
lycov
ergenderbasedv
iol
encewi
tht
hei
ncl
usi
onofal
l
i
ssuesr
elat
edt
oGBVasawayoff
ight
ingagai
nstgenderbasedv
iol
encei
nMal
awi
.
Thecov
eragewi
l
lhel
ptor
aiseawar
enessont
hemat
terofwhi
chmayl
eadt
o
r
educt
ionandel
i
minat
ionofGBVi
nMal
awi
.

Thepr
intmedi
acommi
tit
sel
ftoanal
yti
calandi
nvest
igat
iver
epor
ti
ngwhenwr
it
ing
aboutGBV ar
ti
cl
esi
nthenewspaperasawayofexposi
ngt
hegenderr
elat
ed
v
iol
ence.Thi
s wi
l
lhel
pto pr
obe t
he i
ssue f
rom a br
oaderper
spect
ive.The
i
nvol
vementofexper
tsi
ngenderassour
cesmi
ghtal
sohel
pint
hef
ightagai
nstGBV
i
nMal
awi
.

Themedi
ashoul
dal
sopr
ior
it
isegenderbasedv
iol
encest
ori
esi
nit
scov
erage.The
pr
ior
it
isat
ioncanbedonebyi
ncr
easi
ngt
hespaceal
l
ocat
iont
oGBVar
ti
cles.Thi
swi
l
l
hel
ptogi
veamor
eroom t
opr
obeGBVandt
hent
heawar
enesswi
l
lber
aisedi
nthe
end.

6.
4Ar
easf
orf
urt
herst
udy
Thi
sst
udywasoncov
erageofGBVbyt
hepr
intmedi
a.Ot
herr
esear
cher
scandoa
si
mil
arst
udyf
ocusi
ngononl
i
nemedi
aorel
ect
roni
cmedi
a.

30
Ref
erences
I
nter
-AgencySt
andi
ngCommi
tt
ee.(
2012)
.TheGui
del
i
nesf
orGender
-basedVi
olence
I
nter
vent
ionsi
nHumani
tar
ianSet
ti
ngs.(
pp.1-
2).I
nter
-AgencySt
andi
ngCommi
tt
ee.

Abend,
G.(
2008,
June2)
.TheMeani
ngofTheor
y."Soci
ologi
cal
Theor
y.p.1.

Asi
amah,
N.( .Gener
2017) al,
Tar
get
,andAccessi
blePopul
ati
on:
Demyst
if
yingt
heConcept
sfor
Ef
fect
iveSampl
i
ng.Accr
a:Af
ri
caCent
ref
orEpi
demi
ology
,Accr
a,Ghana.

Bednar
,M.(
2012,
Febr
uar
y22)
.Whati
scont
entanal
ysi
s?p.1.

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APPENDI
CES
Sampl
eCodi
ngSheet

Her
eisasampl
eoft
hecodi
ngsheett
hatwi
l
lbeusedi
nthi
sst
udyt
odet
ermi
nehow
mucht
heNat
ionNewspaperdedi
cat
eit
sel
fonGBVi
ssues

Week………………1…….
..
..
..
..
..
.. Newspaper…………t
henat
ion……….

DATE FORMS OF SPACEALLOCATI

ON TYPES OF
VI
OLENCE REPORTAGE

1ST E.
g. phy
sical
, 1-
5 11-
15 Basi
c ,
June economi
cal
, par
agr
aphs par
agr
aphs i
nvest
igat
ive
sexual or andanal
yti
cal
6-
10
psy
chol
ogi
cal
par
agr
aphs

34
35