Inca

Tools
- For use on fine masonry, the Incas had tools of harder stones and bronze chisels.
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units, which are often laid in and
bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves.
- Inca people used harder stones and bronze chisels which is ang chisel ay cutting
tool na metal blade with may sharped edge.
- They used this for fine masonry.
- Copper and bronze were used for basic farming tools or weapons, such as
sharp sticks for digging, club-heads, knives with curved blades, axes,
chisels, needles, and pins.

Habitation
- Inca, also spelled Inka, South American Indians who, at the time of the Spanish
conquest in 1532, ruled an empire that extended along the Pacific coast and Andean
highlands from the northern border of modern Ecuador to the Maule River in central
Chile.
- Inca established their capital at Cuzco (Peru) in the 12th century, since they
originated in the village of Paqari-tampu, about 15 miles, south of Cuzco and it is
because their founder (Manco Capac) led the tribe to settle in.
- Early 15th century, Inca began their conquest and within 100 years, nakalipon na
agad sila ng 12 million people (Andean population)

Society (link: http://www.discover-peru.org/inca-economy-society/?

fbclid=IwAR0Hc3HgiJL1cvUR9sdM5_QJRy3WjqULbd_jR5aofl28pKq9eh5OZsyt5fQ )
.
- Was the largest pre columbian civilization.
- The Inca Society was a vertical hierarchical organization which is divided into 4
social classes. A vertical hierarchy is the more traditional organizational
structure.
- With a chain of command well defined, decisions usually move from the
top down through layer by layer, and people at the bottom have the least
autonomy.
- Sapa Inca - the most powerful person
- Royalty - Sons of Sapa Inca and his close relatives.
- Nobility - royal relatives, distinct because of their services (priests, chiefs)
- Ayllu - bottom of the social structure and included the majority of population.
Infrastructure (link : http://www.discover-peru.org/inca-roads-chasqui/?
fbclid=IwAR1VptpNMm6ueyLoRZwJOEV8Mnr1XT6Mfz0r00e8mYxdAK8hGGNqf_UqQ2M
- Incas were magnificent engineers, they used and improve roads na naiwanan ng
ibang cultures (Chimu, Wari, Tiwanaku)
- They built more than 18,600 miles/30,000 km na paved roads (roads na may metal
base)
- They also built suspension/rope bridges using natural fibers. (Fibers were woven
together para makacreate ng bridge composed of rope)
- These roads and all the Inca and pre-Inca infrastructure along them are protected by
UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 1994.
- Three of these ropes were woven together creating a thicker and longer rope; they
would continue braiding the ropes until they had reached the desired width, length and
strength. The ropes were then tied together with branches of trees and pieces of wood
were added to the floor creating a cable floor of at least four to five feet wide. The
finished cable floor was then attached to abutments supporting the ends on each side.
They also attached ropes on both sides of the bridge that served as handrails. The last
existing Inca suspension bridge is located near Cusco in the town of Huinchiri
Economy
- Incas had a centrally planned economy, since they're efficient in managing labor
and administration resources na galing sa collective labor.
- Sa collective labor sila nagbabase ng economic productivity nila. They were
working together and every citizen required to contribute with his labor, ang
tumanggi dealth penalty.
- The Incas did not use money kasi di naman nila kailangan, since ang economy
nila ay binibigay ang needs nila.
- Labor was divided according to region, agriculture would be centralized in the most
productive regions, ceramic production, road building, textile and other skills according
to ayllus. The government collected all the surplus after local needs were met and
distributed it where it was needed. In exchange for their work citizens had free clothing,
food, health care and education.
Astronomy (link: https://incarail.com/blog/culture/inca-astronomy-civilization-and-star/?
fbclid=IwAR1SWyMidkMv7Ph0pUgVRlium3_wgCS3vcBZy19PXew88R13hs6a3_f7-co )
- Pre-Inca civilizations were already studying the movement of Earth and
constellations, thanks to their observable knowledge of mathematics and
movement of stars.
- Main objective nila ay ang pagbubuo ng Andean World.
- Dahil focus sila sa agriculture, need nila aralin ang paggalaw ng bituin at kung
paano ito makakaapekto sa mga lupa (pananim) nila.
- In fact, huge pathways radiated from the Temple of the Sun in Cusco na
nagcconnect over 300 huacas that had political and religious importance.
- Huaca, also spelled wak'a (Quechua: “sacredness,” or ldquo;holiness”), ancient Inca and
modern Quechua and Aymara religious concept that is variously used to refer to sacred
ritual, the state of being after death, or any sacred object.

Temple of Sun (Cusco)

Agriculture (link https://www.ancient.eu/article/792/inca-food--agriculture/?

fbclid=IwAR1QFSeaoDs48-Xk0cAwK2v7IeodEemYLo0kACg21gRQic7QVtEDM0vlSH0 )
- They were ambitious farmers, and para mamazimize nila yung agricultural
production nila, they make terracing, canals and irrigation networks, also yung
wetland nila na tinatawag ay lagi nilang dinadrain, para suitable sa farming nila.
- In addition, aware sila sa mga tama or madiskarteng pagtatanim, nagffertilized rin
sila.
- Dahil medyo di maganda ang klima ng Andean, na nagdudulot ng pagbabaha,
bagyo atbp na nakakasira ng pananim, natuto silang mag imbak.
 - In Foodstuffs (and other goods) were stored in storehouses (qollqa) which were built in
the tens of thousands across the empire, typically arranged in neat rows and near
population centres, large estates, and roadside stations.
- Rituals, songs, and sacrifices were a vital part of farming for the Incas. In such
ceremonies llamas and guinea pigs were sacrificed and chicha beer poured into the
ground and near rivers and springs in order to win favour from the gods and the
elements

Inca Agricultural Terracing

Inca Qolqqa