UNIDAD EDUCATIVA PARTICULAR “SAN JOSÉ DE CALASANZ”

Name:………………………………………………………………… Date: ……….…………………………….

Grade: 1ro bachillerato Subject: History and Social Sciences

PART I: IMPORTANCE OF THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

Early Andean Societies

DOMINANT CULTURES OF ANDEAN HISTORY

Period Dominant culture(s)
Early Horizon Chavin culture
ancient
ca. 1500 BC-500 AC Early
Moche and Nazca cultures
Intermediate
Middle Horizon Tiwanaku-Wari culture
medieval
Late Intermediate Chimu culture
ca. 500-1530 AC
Late Horizon Inca culture

SUMMARY OF ANDEAN ART

essential style of Andean art founded (stone sculpture,
Chavin
goldwork, pottery)
Moche and Nazca pottery decoration, Nazca lines
Tiwanaku-Wari Tiwanaku (notably the stone gateway and pillar statues)
Chimu Chan Chan
all Andean cultures weaving

CHAVIN
This culture evolved from small groups of herders and
farmers in about 1500 B.C. and lasted until about 300 B.C.
At Chavin de Huantar, a ceremonial and trade center with
an estimated 3,000 citizens. It contained a number of large
temple platforms and adobe and stone constructions. The
bones of llamas, deer, and fish were found in pottery
vessels. 2 The Chavin culture is the "mother culture" of
Andean civilization. In other words, the culture of the
Chavin people served as the foundation upon which
subsequent Andean cultures developed.
 The main forms of extant Chavin art are stone sculpture, goldwork, and pottery
(painted and/or sculpted). These art forms continued to flourish under subsequent
Andean cultures. 3 A distinctive feature of Andean pottery is the stirrup spout.
Jaguars, snakes, birds of prey, and humans with feline characteristics were used as
decorations, often along with scenes of war and violence. 1
The evidence of warfare in early Peruvian agricultural societies may indicate a
general process. With the development of intensive agriculture and a limited amount
of arable land, the organization of irrigation and the creation of political authority
and eventually states that could mobilize to protect or expand available land, was a
vital necessity. 4

NAZCA AND MOCHE 5

By 300 B.C. Chavin was in decline. The Andean world was now characterized by
regional centers, each with its own cultural and artistic traditions. This was a period
without political unity, but it produced some of the Andean world's finest art.
Irrigated agriculture producing a wide variety of crops, the domestication of llamas
and related animals, dense populations, and hierarchical societies could be found in a
number of places. Some societies, such as Nazca (100 B.C.-600 A.C.) on the south
coast and Moche (100-700 A.C.) to the north, developed.
Nazca is noted for its exceptional textiles, for
while earlier weavers used coarse llama hair, the
Nazca preferred the finer fibers of alpaca wool.7
At the Nazca capital of Cahuachi, forty earthen
mounds containing textiles stored in large pottery
jars were discovered. Andean pottery culminated
with the splendid vessels of the Moche and Nazca
peoples. While Moche pottery is typically realistically modelled and painted with a
single color, the Nazca preferred stylized
modelling decorated in multiple colors.
Along with pottery, the foremost artworks of this
period are the Nazca Lines, produced by the Nazca
culture. These enormous line drawings comprised of
grooves in the Nazca Desert (southwest Peru), 7
number in the hundreds. Subjects include geometric
forms, plants, birds, and animals. The Mochica state
in the
Moche
valley and on the coast to the north of
Chavin, mobilized workers to construct great
clay-brick temples, 9residences, and
platforms. The Moche were the first of these
cultures to build pyramids with steps. The tallest one is the 135-foot (41 meters)
Pyramid of the Sun, while nearby is the smaller Pyramid of the Moon. Artisans
produced gold and silver jewelry and copper tools. 8
Moche expanded its control by conquest. Mochica art contains many
representations of war, prisoners, and taking heads as trophies. There is also
archeological evidence of hilltop forts and military posts. Politically, Moche and the
other regional states seem to have been military states or chiefdoms supported by
extensive irrigated agriculture and often at war.
Some idea of life in Moche society has been spectacularly revealed with the
discovery in 1988 of the tomb of a warrior-priest. Buried with retainers, servants, and
his dog, this nobleman was covered with gold, silver, and copper ornaments, fine
cloth, and jewelry. The scenes depicted on these objects and in the pottery buried
with him include scenes of captive prisoners, ritual sacrifice, and warfare. 6

TIWANAKU AND WARI

This pattern of regional development continued until about A.D. 300 when two
large centers, Tiwanaku (500-1100 A.C.) on the shores of Lake Titicaca and Wari (550-
900 A.C.), farther to the north in southern Peru, began to emerge as large states.
The Tiwanaku and Wari were two distinct cultures, each of which ruled a large
empire. Yet in terms of overall Andean history, these two peoples were culturally
very similar, far more so than the Moche and Nazca. One may therefore reasonably
group them under the single term Tiwanaku-Wari culture.
The foremost collection of Tiwanaku-Wari
art is the ruined city of Tiwanaku, capital of
the Tiwanaku Empire, in present-day
northern Bolivia. The largest works of art
among these ruins are a great stone
gateway and numerous pillar statues. 10 It
was an urban ceremonial center with a population of perhaps 40,000, supported by
extensive irrigated agriculture. Recent archeological work has revealed an extensive
system of raised fields, irrigated by canals that could produce high yields. Tiwanaku's
inhabitants probably spoke Aymara, the language of the southern Andes that is
spoken today in Bolivia.11 The art style of Tiwanaku and representations of its gods,
especially the Staff God, spread all over the southern Andean zone.
In typical Andean fashion, Tiwanaku extended
its political control through colonies as far away as
Chile and the eastern Andean slopes in order to
assure access to fish, coca, and tropical plants -
the products of different ecological zones.12 Wari
may have begun as a colony of Tiwanaku, but it
eventually exercised wide influence over much of
the North Andean zone. While the period of its
control was relatively short, the urban area of
Wari eventually covered over six square miles and its influence was spread by the
construction of a system of roads.
The Intermediate Horizon, represented by Tiwanaku and Wari, came to an end in
the 900 A.C., about the same time as the end of the classic period in Mesoamerica.
With the decline of these expansive cultures in Peru another period of regional
development followed as different people, especially those along the coast, sought to
establish control over their neighbors. The Chimu state on the north coast, eventually
controlled over 600 miles of the coastal zone.
CHIMU
The foremost artistic legacy of the Chimu culture is its ruined capital, the city of
Chan Chan. The clay brick walls of the city are coated in a variety of relief patterns.13
Based on Chan Chan,14 a government center covering 10 square
miles along the northern coast of present day Peru, this culture
emerged about 900 A.C. as the Wari declined, and prevailed until
the mid-1400s, when it was conquered by the Inca.
The Chimu were skilled weavers, potters,
metalsmiths, and builders of roads and ritual
centers. Most importantly, they designed extensive
canal systems to irrigate the dry coastal lands where
rain fell only every forty to fifty years. They were skilled tax collectors
whose practices were adopted by the Incas. In this period other small
states had formed. From Lake Titicaca westward to the Pacific coast, the Lupacqa
created a kingdom. On the eastern margins of the lake and into the rich valleys on
the eastern slope of the Andes other small chiefdoms formed. Meanwhile, in the
highlands various ethnic groups were struggling for control of their neighbors. One of
these, a group of Quechua-speaking clans, or ayllus, took control of the highlands
around Cuzco and began to expand, especially after A.D. 1400. These were the Incas,
who were in the midst of creating a new horizon of centralized control and
considerable cultural influence over the various ethnic and linguistic groups of the
Andean world from Ecuador to Chile, when the Europeans arrived in 1532.

UNIDAD EDUCATIVA PARTICULAR “SAN JOSÉ DE CALASANZ”

Name:………………………………………………………………… Date: ……….…………………………….
Grade: 1ro bachillerato Subject: History and Social Sciences

PART I: IMPORTANCE OF THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION WORKSHEET #5

1. What were the characteristics that the Chavin culture used in their
decorations?
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2. Describe the center Chavin de Huantar.
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__________________________________________________________
3. How did the Chavin influence other cultures?
__________________________________________________________
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4. Why did Chavin have warfare?
__________________________________________________________
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5. Which societies produced remarkable pottery and weaving?
__________________________________________________________
6. What have archaeologists learned about the Moche civilization?
__________________________________________________________
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7. What is the Nazca culture known for?
__________________________________________________________
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8. What is the Moche culture known for?
__________________________________________________________
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9. What did the workers and the artisans do in the Mochica State?
__________________________________________________________
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10.What is the foremost collection of Tiwanaku-Wari? Describe it.
 __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
11.What was the language spoken by the Tiwanaku's inhabitants?
__________________________________________________________

12.Why did Tiwanaku extend its political control through colonies as far away as
Chile and the eastern Andean slopes?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
13.What is the artistic legacy of the Chimu culture?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
14.Which culture did the Inca adopt practices from?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
15.Fill the blanks with the correct periods:

Chavin culture
Moche and Nazca cultures
Tiwanaku-Wari culture
Chimu culture
Inca culture

16.Indicate the most remarkable art produced by each culture:

Chavin
Moche and Nazca
Tiwanaku-Wari
Chimu
all Andean cultures