Hsna Se WH T16

[ ESSENTIAL QUESTION ] When is war justified?
16 World War I and the

Russian Revolution (1914–
1924)
World War II 1 14.3 America Enters World War II
Topic 16 World War I and the Russian
Revolution (1914–1924)
Enduring Understandings
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>> American soldiers in World

War I
Watch the My Story Video to see World War I through the eyes of
an English soldier and poet.
Access your digital lessons including:

Topic Inquiry t Interactive Reading
SavvasRealize.com Notepad t Interactivities t Assessments
645
16.1
By 1914, Europe had enjoyed
a century of relative peace. Idealists
hoped for a permanent end to the
scourge of war. International events,
such as the first modern Olympic
games in 1896 and the First Universal
Peace Conference in 1899, were steps
toward keeping the peace. “The
future belongs to peace,” said French
economist Frédéric Passy (pa SEE).
>> Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife,
Sophie, were assassinated on June 28, 1914,
just one hour after this photograph was
taken.
Flipped Video
>> Objectives
Describe how imperialism, nationalism, and
militarism pushed Europe closer to war.
World War I Begins
Identify the key event that sparked World
War I.
Trace how the alliance system drew nations European Powers Form Alliances
into the war. Not everyone was so hopeful. “I shall not live to see the Great War,”
warned German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, “but you will see it,
>> Key Terms and it will start in the east.” It was Bismarck’s prediction, rather than
entente Passy’s, that came true.
militarism
Alsace and Lorraine Nations Form Alliances Despite efforts to ensure peace, the late
ultimatum 1800s saw growing rivalries among the great powers of Europe,
mobilize
neutrality
including Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and
Russia. In an atmosphere of fear and distrust, the great powers set out
to protect themselves by forming alliances. Nations signed treaties
pledging to defend each other. These alliances were intended to create
powerful combinations that no one would dare attack. Gradually, two
rival alliances evolved.
The Triple Alliance The first major alliance had its origins in
Bismarck’s day. He knew that France longed to avenge its defeat in
the Franco-Prussian War. Sure that France would not attack Germany
without help, Bismarck signed treaties with other powers. By 1882,
Germany had formed the Triple Alliance with Italy and Austria-
Hungary. Although Bismarck had previously signed an alliance with
Russia, Kaiser William II did not preserve that alliance, leaving Russia
free to seek other allies.
SavvasRealize.com
Access your Digital Lesson 646
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ANALYZE INFORMATION Why did the European

nations form opposing alliances?
Major Causes of World War

I
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World War I and the Russian Revolution 16.1 World War I Begins
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MILITARY BUILD UP IN EUROPE 1914

ARMY NAVY NAVY
TROOPS BATTLESHIPS SUBMARINES
AUSTRIA-
HUNGARY 2.3 MILLION
GERMANY 5.7 MILLION 43 30
FRANCE 4.5 MILLION 29 76
BRITAIN 160,000 62 76
(Britain had an all-volunteer army.*)
RUSSIA 5.3 MILLION

*After the war began Britain instituted a draft.
Source: Phillips, Charles, and Alan Axelrod. "World War I, historical background," in Encyclopedia of Wars.
>> Analyze Data According to this infographic, which country had the most soldiers?
Which country had the largest navy?
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IDENTIFY CAUSE AND EFFECT How did

imperialism heighten tensions in Europe?
The Balkan Powder Keg

Explodes
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>> This political cartoon was published in 1912 in the
Archduke Francis Ferdinand Is Assassinated British magazine Punch. Analyze Political Cartoons
What view of the Balkans does this cartoon present?
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The Alliance System
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>> To aid its ally Serbia, Russia mobilized its army, SFGVTFE(FSNBOZUIFOEFDMBSFEXBSPO'SBODF
including these Cossacks. As World War I began,
European armies still sent cavalry units into battle.
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>> In August 1914, Germany invaded neutral Belgium (FSNBOZPO"VHVTU
to reach France. Here, the German infantry advances
across a Belgian field filled with flowers.
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European Alliances, 1914
NORWAY
KEY SWEDEN
Central Powers
Sea
Allies Nor th
S ea
Neutral Nations DENMARK
ic
UNITED lt
Neutral Nations that later KINGDOM Ba
joined the Allies
Neutral Nations that later London NETH. Berlin RUSSIA
joined the Central Powers GERMANY
N BELGIUM
The Balkans
W LUX.
Paris
E Alsace- Vienna
Lorraine
S Budapest
FRANCE SWITZ.
ATL ANT IC AUSTRIA–HUNGARY
O CEA N ROMANIA
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G
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PO
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>> Analyze Maps How does this map help explain the expansion of World War I from
a localized to a global war? Chart
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4. Integrate Information How did a single event
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start a chain reaction that sparked World War I ?
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16.2
World War I—known at the time
as the “Great War”—was the largest
conflict in history up to that time. The
French mobilized almost 8.5 million
men, the British nearly 9 million, the
Russians 12 million, and the Germans
11 million. For those who fought, the
statistics were more personal. “One
out of every four men who went out
to the World War did not come back
>> Austrian soldiers advance into Russian again,” recalled a survivor, “and
Poland during the winter of 1915.
of those who came back, many are
maimed and blind and some are mad.”
Flipped Video
>> Objectives
Understand how trench warfare led to a
stalemate on the Western Front.
Fighting the Great
Identify and describe the impact of modern
military technology on the fighting. War
Outline the course of the war on multiple
European fronts.
Explain how World War I was a global
conflict.
A New Kind of War
The early enthusiasm for the war soon faded. There were no stirring
cavalry charges, no quick and glorious victories. This was a new kind
>> Key Terms of war, far deadlier than any before.
stalemate
zeppelin
U-boat Stalemate on the Western Front As the war began, German
convoy forces fought their way through Belgium toward Paris, following the
Dardanelles Schlieffen Plan. The Belgians resisted more than German generals
T. E. Lawrence had expected, but the German forces prevailed. However, Germany’s
plans for a quick defeat of France soon faltered.
The Schlieffen Plan failed for several reasons. First, Russia
mobilized more quickly than expected. After Russian forces won a few
small victories in eastern Prussia, German generals hastily shifted
some troops to the east. This move weakened their forces in the west.
Then, in September 1914, British and French troops pushed back the
German drive along the Marne River. The first battle of the Marne
ended Germany’s hopes for a quick victory on the Western Front.
Both sides then began to dig deep trenches to protect their armies
from fierce enemy fire. They did not know that the conflict would turn
into a long, deadly stalemate, a deadlock in which neither side is able
SavvasRealize.com
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and in some places the bodies were
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shouted by each man into the ear of
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momentary lull in the tumult of battle
and the groans of the wounded, one
Europe in World War I, 1914

50
10°W N O RWAY
°N
N SW E D E N
Moscow
W
E UNITED North DENMARK Baltic
S KINGDOM Sea Sea
Masurian Lakes
Tannenberg
RU SSIA
Berlin Warsaw
London NETH.
Brest-Litovsk
ATLANTIC Ypres-1st battle G E RM A N Y
OCEAN BELG.
Paris LUX. EASTERN
Marne-1st battle FRONT
0 200 mi WESTERN Vienna
FRONT Budapest
0 200 km F RA N CE SWITZ. A U ST RIA - H U N G A RY
Lambert Conformal
Conic Projection ROMANIA Black S ea
P ORT UGAL ITA LY SERBIA
KEY MONTENEGRO BULGARIA 30°E
Allies S PAI N
Rome O T T O MAN
Central Powers ALBANIA
E M P IRE
Neutral nations 40°N
G RE E CE
Front line, 1914
Battle site 10°E
0°
20°E
>> Analyze Maps Who do you think was in a better strategic position at the start of
the war, the Allies or the Central Powers? Why? Map
World War I and the Russian Revolution 16.2 Fighting the Great War
heard, high up in the blue sky, the
joyful song of birds! Birds singing just
as they do at home in spring-time! It
was enough to tear the heart out of
one’s body!
—German soldier Richard Schmieder, writing from the
trenches in France
IDENTIFY CAUSE AND EFFECT How did the failure

of Germany’s Schlieffen Plan to quickly defeat France
affect the future course of the war?
Modern Military
Technology
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new military technology combined to produce extremely NBDIJOFHVOBOEUIFMPOHSBOHFBSUJMMFSZHVO.BDIJOF
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I suppose I resembled a kind of fish

with my mouth open gasping for air. It
seemed as if my lungs were gradually
shutting down and my heart pounded
away in my ears like the beat of a
>> Poison gas and machine guns are two examples of
the military technology that killed and wounded so drum. . . . To get air into my lungs was
many. These British machine gunners wear gas masks real agony.
during the Battle of the Somme, in July 1916.
—William Pressey, quoted in People at War 1914–1918
Gallery
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CONTRAST How was the Eastern Front different
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from the Western Front?
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Deportation and Mass Murder of Armenians
The Ottoman Empire Joins the War #FDBVTF
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The Ottoman Empire, RUSSIA

1914–1918
Black S ea
Ca
RUSSIA
sp
KEY
ian
Constantinople
Ottoman Empire, 1913 Gallipoli
Sea
Area of Arab
T
Revolt, 1916–1918
igr
Allied forces under Eu

is R .
ph
T.E. Lawrence
T rat
es R
Battle site Medite r ranean S ea .
PERSIA
Megiddo Baghdad
Jerusalem
Pe
KUWAIT
rs
ia
n
EGYPT Gul
f
NEJD
Re
d
Se
HEJAZ
a
0 400 mi N
ANGLO- IA S N Arabi an
R ABATE S ea
0 400 km EGYPTIAN
H A OR W E
Miller Cylindrical TIS T
Projection
SUDAN ERITREA BRI OTEC
PR S
ETHIOPIA
>> Analyze Maps How did the Arab revolt against the Ottoman empire affect the
Allied cause?
”The real purpose of the deportation
was robbery and destruction; it
really represented a new method
of massacre. When the Turkish
authorities gave the orders for these
deportations, they were merely giving
the death warrant to a whole race;
they understood this well, and, in their
conversations with me, they made no
particular attempt to conceal the fact.”
—Henry Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story
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European Colonies and the War&VSPQFBODPMPOJFT

>> Troops from Europe’s colonies fought in World War I.
XFSFBMTPESBXOJOUPUIFTUSVHHMF5IF"MMJFTPWFSSBO These soldiers in a dugout near Verdun in 1915 are from
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4. Support Ideas with Evidence How did the war

SUMMARIZE What were the major features and
contribute to the mass murder of the Armenian
immediate effects of the war in the Middle East?
people? Include details from the text.
5. Synthesize How did imperialism influence the

ASSESSMENT war?
1. Identify Central Issues What is a stalemate, and

why did one develop on the Western Front?
16.3
By 1917, European societies
were cracking under the strain of war.
Casualties on the fronts and shortages
at home sapped morale. The stalemate
dragged on, seemingly without end.
Soon, however, the departure of one
country from the war and the entry of
another would tip the balance and end
the stalemate.
>> Delegates gathered in Paris in 1919 to

discuss peace terms. The treaty between the
Allies and Germany was signed in June in
the Hall of Mirrors, shown here, at the palace
of Versailles.
Flipped Video
>> Objectives
Describe how World War I became a total
war.
World War I Ends
Explain how U.S. entry into the war led to an
Allied victory.
List the effects of World War I in terms of Governments Direct Total War
financial costs, high casualty rates, and As the struggle wore on, nations realized that a modern, mechanized
political impact. war required the channeling of a nation’s entire resources into the war
Describe the issues at the Paris Peace effort, or total war.To achieve total war, governments began to take
Conference and the impact of Woodrow
Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
a stronger role in directing the economic and cultural lives of their
people.
Summarize the terms and impact of the
Treaty of Versailles.
Recruiting and Supplying Huge Armies Early on, both sides
set up systems to recruit, arm, transport, and supply armies that
>> Key Terms numbered in the millions. All of the warring nations except Britain
total war
immediately imposed universal military conscription, or “the draft,”
conscription
contraband which required all young men to be ready for military or other service.
Lusitania Britain, too, instituted conscription in 1916. Germany set up a system
propaganda of forced civilian labor as well.
atrocity
Fourteen Points Governments raised taxes and borrowed huge amounts of money
self-determination to pay the costs of war. They rationed food and other products, from
armistice boots to gasoline. In addition, they introduced other economic controls,
pandemic such as setting prices and forbidding strikes.
reparation
radical
collective security Blockades and Submarines Impact Economies At the start of
mandate the war, Britain’s navy formed a blockade in the North Sea to keep
ships from carrying supplies into and out of Germany. International
law allowed wartime blockades to confiscate contraband, or military
SavvasRealize.com
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GPSUIFNPNFOU >> This painting portrays the sinking of the Lusitania by
a German submarine. Unrestricted submarine warfare
worsened American public opinion of Germany.
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patriotic emotions. Determine Author’s Purpose What
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did the creators of this poster hope that men would do
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Gallery
World War I and the Russian Revolution 16.3 World War I Ends
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DRAW CONCLUSIONS How can total war increase
the power of government and have a lasting political Sneak home and pray you’ll never
impact? know
The hell where youth and laughter

go.
—Siegfried Sassoon, “Suicide in the Trenches”
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dangerous conditions. Here, a French general honors a
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nurse who took part in the battle of Verdun in 1916.
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CITE EVIDENCE What evidence shows that

soldiers’ morale declined and negatively affected the
war effort?
The United States Enters

the War
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>> Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in
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BOUJ(FSNBOGFFMJOHJOUFOTJmFEJOUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT ponders what to do. Analyze Political Cartoons What
does the overflowing waste basket suggest?
Wilson Asks for a “War to End War”*O"QSJM
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The Great War Ends
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INFER Why did President Woodrow Wilson think
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that World War I was “the war to end wars”?
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WOODROW WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS

1. No secret treaties 10. Peoples of Austria-Hungary should have
freest opportunity for autonomous
2. Freedom of the seas
development.
3. Free trade
11. Occupation forces to be evacuated from
4. Large–scale reduction of arms Romania, Serbia and Montenegro;
Serbia should have free and secure access
5. Impartial adjustment of colonial claims to the sea
based on interests of governments and
native populations. 12. Autonomous development for the
6. Evacuation of all Russian territory; non–Turkish peoples of the Ottoman Empire;
providing Russia the best opportunity for free passage for all ships through the
self–determination Dardanelles
7. Evacuation and restoration of Belgium as 13. Independence for Poland, with free and
a sovereign nation secure access to the sea
8. Liberation of France; return of the region 14. Formation of a general association of
of Alsace–Lorraine to France nations to guarantee to its members
9. Readjustment of Italy’s frontiers based on political independence and territorial
recognizable lines of nationality integrity (the League of Nations)
>> Analyze Information Which of Wilson’s Fourteen Points deal with countries
having free access to international commerce? Why did Wilson consider this so
important?
The Costs of World War I
ALLIES CENTRAL POWERS
BRITISH UNITED AUSTRIA-
COUNTRY RUSSIA EMPIRE FRANCE STATES GERMANY HUNGARY
MOBILIZED
FORCES 12,000,000 8,904,467 8,410,000 4,355,000 11,000,000 7,800,000
KILLED 1,700,000 908,371 1,357,800 116,516 1,773,700 1,200,000

WOUNDED 4,950,000 2,090,212 4,266,000 204,002 4,216,058 3,620,000
PRISONERS
AND MISSING 2,500,000 191,652 537,000 4,500 1,152,800 2,200,000
TOTAL
CASUALTIES 9,150,000 3,190,235 6,160,800 323,018 7,142,558 7,020,000
CASUALTY
RATE 76% 36% 73% 7% 65% 90%
FINANCIAL
COSTS $25 billion $55 billion $48 billion $32 billion $60 billion $22 billion
SOURCE: The Harper Encyclopedia of Military, History, R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy; The Great War, www.pbs.org.
>> World War I ended in 1918, but its human and economic costs would be felt for
decades. Many nations had thrown all their resources into the fight, and their losses
were staggering.
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>> In this cartoon, President Wilson says to the dove,
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“Here’s your olive branch. Now get busy.” Analyze PODFGFBSFE (FSNBO NJMJUBSZ *U SFUVSOFE "MTBDF BOE
Political Cartoons Does the cartoonist think Wilson’s -PSSBJOFUP'SBODF SFNPWFEIVOESFETPGTRVBSFNJMFT
solution will work? PG UFSSJUPSZ GSPN XFTUFSO BOE FBTUFSO (FSNBOZ BOE
Europe, 1920
N FINLAND
SWEDEN
W NORWAY
E ESTONIA
S
a
c Se
North LATVIA
Sea RUSSIA
lt i
LITHUANIA
ATL ANTIC DENMARK Ba
UNITED GERMANY
O CEAN KINGDOM
NETHER-
LANDS POLAND
GERMANY
BELGIUM
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
LUX.
FRANCE AUSTRIA HUNGARY
0 400 mi SWITZ. ROMANIA
0 400 km Black Sea
Lambert Conformal YUGOSLAVIA
ITALY BULGARIA
Conic Projection
SPAIN ALBANIA TURKEY
PORTUGAL
GREECE
Medite r ranean S ea
>> Analyze Maps Based on this map and the text, why were many Germans
unhappy with the territorial changes that occurred after World War I? Map
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of the Big Three Leaders—Wilson, Lloyd George, and XFSF BMTP SFMBUJWFMZ QPPS XJUI BHSJDVMUVSBM FDPOPNJFT
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The Mandate System&VSPQFBODPMPOJFTJO"GSJDB

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>> Delegates attend the first meeting of the League of
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Nations on December 4, 1920, in the Hall of Reformation
in Geneva, Switzerland. BEWBODJOHUIFJOUFSFTUTPGBMMQFPQMFT
DRAW CONCLUSIONS How did the refusal of the

United States to join the League of Nations weaken the
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DPMPOJFT UPP
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SFNBJOJOHVOEFSUIFQPMJUJDBMBOEFDPOPNJDDPOUSPMPG 1. Identify Cause and Effect How did World War I
UIF"MMJFEQPXFST'SPN"GSJDBUPUIF.JEEMF&BTUBOE affect the role of women in society?
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CZUIFQFBDFNBLFST 2. Analyze Context Why did it take so long for the
United States to enter World War I?
Widespread Discontent (FSNBOT BOE DPMPOJBM
3. Make Generalizations How does a long war
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with a high number of casualties generally
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16.4
The year 1913 marked the 300th
anniversary of the Romanov dynasty.
Everywhere, Russians honored the
tsar and his family. Tsarina Alexandra
felt confident that the people
loved Nicholas too much to ever
threaten him. “They are constantly
frightening the emperor with threats
of revolution,” she told a friend, “and
here,—you see it yourself—we need
merely to show ourselves and at once >> Vladimir Ilyich Lenin took his
revolutionary ideas directly to the people,
their hearts are ours.” addressing crowds in the streets.
Flipped Video
>> Objectives
Revolution in Russia Explain the causes of the February (March)
Revolution.
Describe the goals of Lenin and the
Bolsheviks in the October Revolution.
Causes of the February Summarize the outcome of the civil war in
Revolution Russia.
Analyze how Lenin built a Communist state
Appearances were deceiving. In March 1917, the first of two revolutions in the Soviet Union.
would topple the Romanov dynasty and pave the way for even more
radical changes. These revolutions are known to Russians as the
February and October Revolutions, and to many westerners as the
>> Key Terms
proletariat
March and November Revolutions. soviet
In 1917, Russia still used an old calendar, which was 13 days behind Cheka
the one used in Western Europe. Russia did not adopt the Western commissar
calendar until 1918. V. I. Lenin
Roots of Discontent In 1914, the huge Russian empire stretched

from Eastern Europe east to the Pacific Ocean. Unlike Western
Europe, Russia was slow to industrialize despite its huge potential.
Landowning nobles, priests, and an autocratic tsar controlled the
government and economy. Much of the majority peasant population
endured stark poverty. As Russia began to industrialize, a small
middle class and an urban working class emerged.
After the Revolution of 1905, Nicholas had failed to solve Russia’s
basic political, economic, and social problems. The elected Duma set
up after the revolution had no real power. Moderates pressed for a
constitution and social change. But Nicholas II, a weak and ineffective
SavvasRealize.com
Access your Digital Lesson
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IDENTIFY CAUSE AND EFFECT What were the

causes of the Russian Revolution of March 1917?
Lenin Leads the

Bolsheviks
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The Making of a Revolutionary V. I. Lenin XBT

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His opponents called him the “mad monk.”
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World War I and the Russian Revolution 16.4 Revolution in Russia
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Lenin Adapts Marxism-FOJOBEBQUFE.BSYJTUJEFBT

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JODSFBTFETVGGSBHF BOETPDJBMXFMGBSFQSPHSBNT >> In this 1920 painting, “Bolshevik,” by Boris
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EXPLAIN Explain how Lenin adapted Marxist ideas (SPXJOHOVNCFSTPGUSPPQTNVUJOJFE1FBTBOUTTFJ[FE
to Russian society and government. MBOEBOEESPWFPGGGFBSGVMMBOEMPSET
The Bolsheviks Seize Power$POEJUJPOTXFSFSJQFGPS

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>> A crusading white knight slays the red dragon in this

Russian civil war propaganda poster. Its title is “For a
United Russia.” Draw Conclusions Which side in the
Russian civil war made this poster? Why?
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1923
ARC TIC O C EAN N
0 500 mi E
0 500 km
W
Lambert Azimuthal ESTONIA S
Equal-Area Projection LATVIA FINLAND
POLAND St. Petersburg

Belorussian
S.S.R. LITHUANIA
ROMANIA
Moscow
Ukrainian
S.S.R.
Russian
OTTOMAN S.S.R.
EMPIRE Georgian
S.S.R.
Armenian
S.S.R.
Kazakh
Azerbaijan S.S.R.
S.S.R. TUVA
Uzbek
KEY Turkmen S.S.R.
Union of Soviet Socialist S.S.R. MONGOLIA
PERSIA Kirghiz
Republics, 1923 S.S.R. CHINA
S.S.R. boundaries Tadzhik
AFGHANISTAN
S.S.R.
>> Analyze Maps Russia was by far the largest of the various republics that made up
the Soviet Union. How do you think nationalism affected the Soviet Union? Map
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INTEGRATE INFORMATION How did Lenin and BOETFDSFUQPMJDFUPFOGPSDFJUTXJMM3VTTJB XIJDIXBT
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DESCRIBE What capitalist measures did Lenin

incorporate into his New Economic Policy?
ASSESSMENT
>> Lenin (left) and Stalin (right) appear together here. 1. Identify Cause and Effect How did the actions
But British art historian David King claims that Stalin’s of Tsar Nicholas II and his wife lead to revolution in
image was airbrushed into the photo. Hypothesize
Why would Stalin want photos of him appearing with
Russia?
Lenin?
2. Draw Conclusions How did World War I help to
pave the way for the Russian Revolution?
3. Compare and Contrast Compare and contrast

Stalin Comes to Power -FOJO EJFE JO BU UIF Lenin’s idealistic vision of a socialist state with the
BHF PG )JT EFBUI TFU PGG B QPXFS TUSVHHMF BNPOH reality of communism in the new Soviet Union.
$PNNVOJTU MFBEFST 5IF DIJFG DPOUFOEFST XFSF
5SPUTLZ BOE +PTFQI 4UBMJO 5SPUTLZ XBT B CSJMMJBOU 4. Distinguish Differentiate between the February
.BSYJTU UIJOLFS B TLJMMGVM TQFBLFS BOE BO BSDIJUFDU Revolution and the October Revolution. What
PG UIF #PMTIFWJL 3FWPMVUJPO 4UBMJO CZ DPOUSBTU XBT were the outcomes of each?
OFJUIFS B TDIPMBS OPS BO PSBUPS )F XBT IPXFWFS 5. Hypothesize If World War I had not taken place,
B TISFXE QPMJUJDBM PQFSBUPS BOE CFIJOEUIFTDFOFT do you think the Russian Revolution would have
PSHBOJ[FS5SPUTLZBOE4UBMJOEJGGFSFEPOUIFGVUVSFPG happened? Support your argument with facts.
TOPIC 16 ASSESSMENT
MILITARY BUILD UP IN EUROPE 1914
ARMY NAVY NAVY
TROOPS BATTLESHIPS SUBMARINES
AUSTRIA-
HUNGARY 2.3 MILLION
GERMANY 5.7 MILLION 43 30
FRANCE 4.5 MILLION 29 76
BRITAIN 160,000 62 76
(Britain had an all-volunteer army.*)
RUSSIA 5.3 MILLION
1. Identify Major Causes Write a brief explanation 6. Describe Participation Write a paragraph describing
identifying the major causes of World War I, including the role of women during and after World War I.
militarism. Consider the impact of imperialism, role of Consider women in industry, in the armed forces, and
nationalism, and why alliances were formed. Based on in medicine. What happened to women after the war?
the chart, how did European nations show militarism? Did the governments of the United States and other
2. Identify Major Causes Write a paragraph identifying nations recognize women’s war efforts?
the importance of imperialism in causing World War I. 7. Explain Impact Write a paragraph explaining the
Consider why European nations competed for overseas political and economic impact of the mandate system
colonies, the impact colonies had on the economies of under the Treaty of Versailles. Consider which areas
European nations, and how imperialist rivalries affected outside of Europe were affected and under what
Europe. conditions mandate countries could be free from control.
3. Identify Major Effects Write a paragraph describing the How did mandates affect the domestic economies of the
major effects of World War I on Germany after the war, Allies?
including the impact on its social, political, and economic 8. Identify Major Characteristics and Effects Write a
systems. Consider the status of Germany under the paragraph about the effects of modern technology on
Treaty of Versailles, economic reparations, status of its World War I. On the chart below, add in the major types
military, and territorial changes. of military technology and other examples as needed.
4. Identify Importance Write a paragraph identifying the Why were submarines like German U-boats especially
importance of nationalism in causing World War I. Include effective during the war?
specific examples of at least three cases of nationalism
among European nations: Germany and France, Russia
and Pan-Slavism, Austria-Hungarian minority populations,
and conflicts in the Balkan states.
5. Identify Major Characteristics Write a paragraph Rifles –
Aircraft Weapons old
about how trench warfare and high casualty rates technology
characterized World War I. Consider the extent of the
war, mobilization, how trench warfare was related to the airplanes-
dog-fights Military
stalemate, and causes of high casualty rates. not big effect Technology
on war in World War I
World War I and the Russian Revolution

TOPIC 16 ASSESSMENT
European Alliances, 1914
NORWAY
KEY SWEDEN
Central Powers
Sea
Allies Nor th
S ea
Neutral Nations DENMARK
ic
UNITED lt
Neutral Nations that later KINGDOM Ba
joined the Allies
Neutral Nations that later London NETH. Berlin RUSSIA
joined the Central Powers GERMANY
N BELGIUM
The Balkans
W LUX.
Paris
E Alsace- Vienna
Lorraine
S Budapest
FRANCE SWITZ.
ATL AN TIC AUSTRIA–HUNGARY
O C EAN ROMANIA
Sarajevo Black S ea
L
SERBIA
GA
ITALY MONTENEGRO BULGARIA

RTU
SPAIN
Rome ALBANIA
PO
Constantinople
Me OTTOMAN EMPIRE
0 400 mi di GREECE
te
rr
0 400 km an
Lambert Conformal Conic ea
n
Projection A F R I C A Se
a
9. Identify Importance and Locate Places and 13. Identify the Establishment Write a paragraph about
Regions Write a paragraph identifying the reasons for how the establishment of the Bolsheviks affected the
the alliance system that helped cause World War I, and Russian people. Consider the Russian economy prior to
locate the major allies on the map. Describe a feature 1922; the constitution and legislature under the USSR in
of the physical location of the Allied nations and the 1922; and the power of the Communist Party.
Central Powers. What geographic advantage did the 14. Identify Characteristics Write a paragraph identifying
Central Powers gain when Bulgaria and the Ottoman the characteristics of socialism as practiced in the Union
empire joined them? of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) under the New
10. Explain Significance Write a paragraph explaining Economic Policy (NEP) in the 1920s. Consider the extent
the importance of the League of Nations. Consider of state control over businesses, status of peasants and
its origins after World War I, its weaknesses, and its their surplus crops, and economic recovery.
historical significance. What decision did the United 15. Identify Examples Write a paragraph about Lenin and
States make regarding membership? how he was successful in adapting Marxism to Russian
11. Identify Examples Write a paragraph identifying and conditions. What ideas influenced his early life, and what
describing the mass murders in Armenia during the war was the political and economic situation in Russia that
years. Consider the status of ethnic Armenians and allowed Lenin and the Bolsheviks to achieve their goal?
where they lived, the role of Turkish Armenians during 16. Identify Origins, Characteristics, and Influences
the Russian advance in 1914, and Ottoman actions Write a paragraph identifying the origins and
against the Armenians. characteristics of communism and the influences of Karl
12. Identify Causes Write a paragraph identifying the Marx in Russia as adapted by Lenin. Consider the ideas
causes of the revolutions of 1917 in Russia and their of Karl Marx, the peasant working class in Russia, the
effect on World War I. Consider the economic and social elite group of socialists called the Bolsheviks, and hopes
conditions and problems under Tsar Nicholas. What was for revolutionary change.
the impact of the October 1917 revolution on Russia’s 17. Write about the Essential Question Write an
allies in the war? essay on the Essential Question: When is war
justified? Use evidence from your study of this Topic to
support your answer.
World War I and the Russian Revolution

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[ ESSENTIAL QUESTION ] When is war justiﬁed?

16 World War I and the

>> American soldiers in World

Access your digital lessons including:

The Triple Entente"SJWBMCMPDUPPLTIBQFJO

Other Alliances 0UIFS TUBUFT XFSF ESBXO JOUP

ANALYZE INFORMATION Why did the European

Major Causes of World War

Economic and Imperial Rivalry&DPOPNJDSJWBMSJFT

MILITARY BUILD UP IN EUROPE 1914

GERMANY 5.7 MILLION 43 30

FRANCE 4.5 MILLION 29 76

RUSSIA 5.3 MILLION

IDENTIFY CAUSE AND EFFECT How did

The Balkan Powder Keg

Russia and France Support Serbia"GUFSSFDFJWJOH

UJNFUBCMFT NBEF JU JNQPTTJCMF GPS QPMJUJDBM MFBEFST UP BSFHPJOHPVUBMMPWFS&VSPQF8FTIBMMOPUTFFUIFNMJU

Whose Fault?)PXEJEBOBTTBTTJOBUJPOMFBEUPBMM IDENTIFY CENTRAL ISSUES How did Germany’s

Europe in World War I, 1914

IDENTIFY CAUSE AND EFFECT How did the failure

Poison Gas &GGPSUT UP PWFSDPNF UIF TUBMFNBUF PG

I suppose I resembled a kind of ﬁsh

Tanks, Airplanes, and Submarines %VSJOH 8PSME

INFER How did U-boat attacks affect the ﬁghting

The Ottoman Empire, RUSSIA

Allied forces under Eu

%VSJOHCBSCBSPVTGPSDFENBSDIFT CFUXFFO 

European Colonies and the War&VSPQFBODPMPOJFT

4. Support Ideas with Evidence How did the war

5. Synthesize How did imperialism inﬂuence the

1. Identify Central Issues What is a stalemate, and

>> Delegates gathered in Paris in 1919 to

Women Contribute to the War Effort 8PNFO

The hell where youth and laughter

"T NPSBMF DPMMBQTFE USPPQT JO TPNF 'SFODI VOJUT

Revolution in Russia 5ISFF ZFBST PG XBS IBE IJU

CITE EVIDENCE What evidence shows that

The United States Enters

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare " NBKPS SFBTPO

Anti-German Sentiment Grows .BOZ "NFSJDBOT

WOODROW WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS

KILLED 1,700,000 908,371 1,357,800 116,516 1,773,700 1,200,000

The Treaty of Versailles *O +VOF  UIF "MMJFT

TUSJQQFE(FSNBOZPGJUTPWFSTFBTDPMPOJFT5IFUSFBUZ XIFSFUIF(FSNBO "VTUSJBO BOE3VTTJBOFNQJSFTIBE

The Mandate System&VSPQFBODPMPOJFTJO"GSJDB

DRAW CONCLUSIONS How did the refusal of the

Roots of Discontent In 1914, the huge Russian empire stretched

IDENTIFY CAUSE AND EFFECT What were the

Lenin Leads the

The Making of a Revolutionary V. I. Lenin XBT

Lenin Adapts Marxism-FOJOBEBQUFE.BSYJTUJEFBT

The Bolsheviks Seize Power$POEJUJPOTXFSFSJQFGPS

>> A crusading white knight slays the red dragon in this

POLAND St. Petersburg

#Z UIF$PNNVOJTUTIBENBOBHFEUPEFGFBUUIFJS 3FBMJUZ IPXFWFS EJGGFSFE HSFBUMZ GSPN UIFPSZ 5IF

DESCRIBE What capitalist measures did Lenin

3. Compare and Contrast Compare and contrast

GERMANY 5.7 MILLION 43 30

FRANCE 4.5 MILLION 29 76

RUSSIA 5.3 MILLION

World War I and the Russian Revolution 

European Alliances, 1914

ITALY MONTENEGRO BULGARIA

The Triple Entente"SJWBMCMPDUPPLTIBQFJO

UJNFUBCMFT NBEF JU JNQPTTJCMF GPS QPMJUJDBM MFBEFST UP BSFHPJOHPVUBMMPWFS&VSPQF8FTIBMMOPUTFFUIFNMJU

Whose Fault?)PXEJEBOBTTBTTJOBUJPOMFBEUPBMM IDENTIFY CENTRAL ISSUES How did Germany’s

%VSJOHCBSCBSPVTGPSDFENBSDIFT CFUXFFO

The Treaty of Versailles *O +VOF UIF "MMJFT

TUSJQQFE(FSNBOZPGJUTPWFSTFBTDPMPOJFT5IFUSFBUZ XIFSFUIF(FSNBO "VTUSJBO BOE3VTTJBOFNQJSFTIBE

#Z UIF$PNNVOJTUTIBENBOBHFEUPEFGFBUUIFJS 3FBMJUZ IPXFWFS EJGGFSFE HSFBUMZ GSPN UIFPSZ 5IF

World War I and the Russian Revolution

World War I and the Russian Revolution