The Cold War Era (1945 - 1991) : Essential Question

[ ESSENTIAL QUESTION ] How Should We Handle Conflict?
19 The Cold War Era (1945–

1991)
World War II 1 14.3 America Enters World War II
Topic 19 The Cold War Era (1945–
1991)
Enduring Understandings
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>> Protesters on the Berlin Wall,

1989
Watch the My Story Video to hear a former resident of East

Germany describe life behind the iron curtain during the Cold War.
Access your digital lessons including:

Topic Inquiry t Interactive Reading
SavvasRealize.com Notepad t Interactivities t Assessments
773
19.1
Amid the rubble of war, a
new power structure emerged. In
Europe, Germany was defeated.
France and Britain were exhausted.
Two other powers, the United States
and the Soviet Union, emerged
as superpowers, nations with the
economic resources and military
might to dominate the globe.
The United States abandoned its
>> Churchill, Truman, and Stalin shake traditional policy of isolationism to
hands at the Potsdam Conference, held in
Germany in July, 1945. Still at war with counter what President Truman saw
Japan, the leaders of the wartime alliance
hid the growing tensions among them. as the communist threat.
Flipped Video
>> Objectives
Summarize how the outcome of World War
II contributed to the development of the Cold
A New Global
War.
Identify continuing Cold War conflicts in
Germany and Eastern Europe.
Conflict
Explain the growth of the nuclear arms race.
Analyze how the Cold War became a global
conflict.
Wartime Alliance Breaks Apart
Compare the United States and the Soviet
Union in the Cold War. Tensions Grow Among the Allies During the war, the Soviet Union
and the nations of the West had cooperated to defeat Nazi Germany.
By 1945, however, the wartime alliance was crumbling. Conflicting
>> Key Terms ideologies and mutual distrust soon led to the conflict known as the
superpower
Cold War
Cold War.
Truman Doctrine The Cold War was a state of tension and hostility between nations
containment aligned with the United States on one side, and the Soviet Union on
Marshall Plan
the other side. There was no armed conflict between the United States
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization and the Soviet Union, the major rivals during the Cold War.
(NATO) At wartime conferences and postwar discussions, the Allies had
Warsaw Pact forged a united front. At the Yalta Conference, Churchill and Roosevelt
détente
Fidel Castro accepted some of Stalin’s demands regarding Eastern Europe. They
John F. Kennedy also agreed to the Allied occupation of Germany and the principle
ideology of reparations. Despite these agreements, tensions among the Allies
Nikita Khrushchev deepened once the war ended, helping to create a divided world
Leonid Brezhnev
during the Cold War.
SavvasRealize.com
Access your Digital Lesson 774
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caused the Western Allies and the Soviet Union to
disagree?
Soviet Aggression Grows

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[A]n ‘iron curtain’ has descended

across the Continent. Behind that line
lie all of the capitals of the ancient
states of Central and Eastern Europe . .
. all these famous cities . . . lie in what I >> The Red Army entered Berlin in April 1945. The
Soviets installed communist governments in East
must call the Soviet sphere, and are all Germany and throughout Eastern Europe in the postwar
years.
The Cold War Era 19.1 A New Global Conflict

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>> An airplane brings food and other supplies to Berlin
as part of the Berlin Airlift. Cite Evidence Based on IDENTIFY MAIN IDEAS Why did the United States
this image, how much progress has been made in the establish the NATO alliance? What was the Soviet
rebuilding of Berlin? Provide evidence. Union’s response?

NATO and Warsaw Pact, 1977
N
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W
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E
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Neutral S
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SWEDEN
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ea
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lt
ic
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O CE A N BELG. GERMANY
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LUXEMBOURG GERMANY
FRANCE AUSTRIA
HUNGARY
SWITZERLAND ROMANIA
PORTUGAL YUGOSLAVIA Black Sea
0 300 600 mi SPAIN ITALY BULGARIA
0 300 600 km ALBANIA
Lambert Conformal Conic GREECE TURKEY
Projection Mediterranean Sea
>> Though some countries remained neutral, in general, Western European nations
were part of NATO, while Eastern European nations joined the Warsaw Pact. Analyze
Maps Which Warsaw Pact countries bordered NATO nations?
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NUCLEAR ARMS RACE
ARMS CONTROL AGREEMENTS MISSLE TYPES OF MISSLES

BY PLATFORM EXAMPLE
1963 1972 1991
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty –
Banned testing of weapons
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty –
Set strict limits on missiles
START Treaty –
Required both sides
RANGES AIR-TO-AIR
carried by aircraft and AIM-54
fired at other aircraft PHOENIX
in atmosphere to reduce number
1979 of weapons SURFACE-TO-AIR
1972 SALT II Interim Agreement – fired from the ground at CRUSADER
SALT I Interim Agreement – Set absolute limit on flying aircraft or missiles
Froze existing numbers number of weapons
SURFACE-TO-SURFACE
launched from the ground CRUISE
NUCLEAR WARHEAD STOCKPILES 1945–1995 or from a ship to a
surface target
50000
No. OF WARHEADS
US AIR-TO-SURFACE
40000 USSR rockets used in place of HELLFIRE
bombs; fired by aiming the
30000 airplane at the target;
SHORT- IRBM ICBM others are guided in flight
20000
RANGE (Intermediate (Intercontinental
UNDERWATER-TO
10000 600 MILES Range Ballistic -SURFACE
0 Ballistic Missiles) Missiles) launched from beneath TRIDENT
1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 600 TO 1500 1500 TO 7000 the surface at land or
END YEAR MILES MILES sea surface targets
Source: National Resource Defense Council Source: Facts on File Source: Facts on File
>> Analyze Charts Compare the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963, the SALT II Treaty
of 1972, and the START Treaty of 1991. How did each of the later treaties advance Gallery
beyond the treaty that came before it?

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INTEGRATE INFORMATION What factors

discouraged the use of nuclear weapons in the Cold
War?
The Cold War Around the

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>> The United States had many military bases overseas,
and its navy played a vital role in maintaining the U.S.
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>> Analyze Maps Missiles launched from Cuba could strike many areas of the
eastern United States in minutes. Where is the U.S. naval base in Cuba located? Gallery

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DISTINGUISH How did the United States respond

to the threat of communism at home and around the
world?
ASSESSMENT
>> Americans who feared nuclear war built bomb 1. Identify Central Ideas What foreign policy did the
shelters in their backyards and stocked them with United States establish with the Truman Doctrine?
canned goods and other supplies.
2. Make Generalizations What kinds of conflicts
resulted from the global confrontation between the
two superpowers?
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3. Infer How did the buildup of nuclear weapons
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War? How were they different?

19.2
Despite the tensions of the
Cold War, the United States enjoyed a
period of great prosperity and growth
in the postwar decades. Its booming
economy became a symbol of the
power of capitalism and democratic
freedoms in the ongoing propaganda
war against communism.
>> New York City was chosen as the

headquarters of the new United Nations.
Flipped Video
>> Objectives
The Western Analyze the postwar American economy.
Identify developments in American society
Democracies and and government.

Explain how Western Europe rebuilt and
moved toward greater unity.
Japan Describe how Japan changed after World
War II.
Postwar Prosperity in the United >> Key Terms

suburbanization
States interdependence
recession
In the postwar decades, the American economic system flourished. segregation
American businesses expanded into markets around the globe. The discrimination
dollar was the world’s strongest currency. Foreigners flocked to invest Dr. Martin Luther
King, Jr.
in American industry and to buy U.S. government bonds. America’s Konrad Adenauer
wealth was a model for other democracies and a challenge to the welfare state
stagnant economies of the communist world. Margaret Thatcher
European Union
gross domestic
America in a Central Role During the Cold War, the United States
product (GDP)
was a global political leader. The headquarters of the League of
Nations had been symbolically located in neutral Switzerland. The
headquarters of the newly formed United Nations was built in New
York City.
The United States also played a leading economic role. America
had emerged untouched from the horrendous destruction of the
Second World War. Other nations needed American goods and
SavvasRealize.com
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>> In the postwar boom, Americans moved out of the
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cities and into the suburbs, where they could own a
home with a yard. Connect What role did the car play How was the U.S. economy linked to the broader
in the suburbanization of America? global economy during the Cold War?
Gallery
The Cold War Era 19.2 The Western Democracies and Japan
The United States
Responds to New
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Washington, held on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King
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250
225
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200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
1960 1950 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Year
>> Analyze Charts U.S. military spending increased dramatically during the Cold
War years. In which five-year period did military spending increase the most?
EAST AND WEST GERMANY IN 1968 AN ECONOMIC COMPARISON
HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES COST
C OF 296 Electric Stove 642
FOOD DURABLE 300 Refrigerator 1,350

37.5% CONSUMER Washing Machine
680 1,200
SERVICES GOODS
30.5% 563 Television 2,110
WEST DURABLE
(in Deutsche
Marks) 4,625 Automobile 17,750
CONSUMER
GOODS WEST GERMANY EAST GERMANY
31.9%
1.16 .40
COST OF Cabbage/1 kg
FOOD FOOD 2.42 Potatoes/10 kg .85
47.7% (in Deutsche 9.74 Beef/1 kg 9.80

Marks)
SERVICES 15.46 Coffee/1 kg 70.00
15.3%
DURABLE
EAST .59 Chocolate/1 kg 3.85
CONSUMER 1.56 Oranges/1 kg 5.00
GOODS Source: Schnitzer, Martin
37.0% .74 Milk/1 litre .68 East and West Germany:
A Comparative Economic Analysis
1.18 Bread/1kg 0.52 (New York: Praeger), 1972.
>> Analyze Charts What types of goods were expensive in East Germany in 1968?
What types of goods were inexpensive? Chart
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IDENTIFY What factors explain Japan’s economic

success in the decades after World War II?
>> Japan became an export powerhouse by building cars,
electronics, and other products.
ASSESSMENT 3. Compare During the Cold War, how was
economic development in Western Europe similar
1. Compare Points of View How did Democrats to, or different from, that of Japan?
and Republicans differ on the best ways to
improve opportunity for Americans? 4. Infer How would Europe benefit economically
from greater unity?
2. Identify Cause and Effect What challenges did
American democracy face during the 1950s and 5. Make Generalizations How was trade important
1960s? How did Americans respond to these to the economic development of Western Europe,
challenges? the United States, and Japan during the postwar
decades?
19.3
Civil war raged across China
during the late 1940s as Mao Zedong
(mow dzuh doong) and his Communist
forces fought to overthrow Jiang
Jieshi’s Nationalists. In 1949, Mao’s
forces triumphed. The defeated Jiang
and his supporters fled to the island
of Taiwan. After decades of struggle,
China was finally united, with the
Chinese Communists in control. They
renamed the country the People’s >> The support of Chinese peasants helped
Mao Zedong (left) and the communists
Republic of China. achieve victory in China’s civil war.
Flipped Video
>> Objectives
Communism in East Analyze how Mao Zedong turned China into
a communist state.
Asia Describe China’s role in the Cold War.

Explain the causes and impact of the Korean
War.
The Chinese Communist Victory >> Key Terms

Soon afterward, the Communists conquered Tibet, claiming it was Mao Zedong
part of China. In 1959, as the Chinese cracked down, Tibet’s revered collectivization
Great Leap Forward
religious leader, the Dalai Lama, was forced to flee to India.
Cultural Revolution
38th parallel
How the Communists Won Mao’s victory in China was due to Kim Il Sung
several causes. Mao had won the support of China’s huge peasant Syngman Rhee
Pusan Perimeter
population. Peasants had long suffered from brutal landlords and
demilitarized zone
crushing taxes. The Communists promised to redistribute land to
peasants and end oppression by landlords. Many women backed the
Communists, who rejected the old inequalities of Chinese society.
Finally, Mao’s army outfought Jiang’s armies with guerrilla tactics
they had perfected fighting the Japanese.
Jiang and the Nationalists who ruled China had failed to end
widespread economic hardship. Many Chinese resented corruption in
Jiang’s government and his reliance on support from Western powers
that had long dominated China. Many educated Chinese were drawn
to the Communists’ vision of a new China free from foreign domination.
SavvasRealize.com
791
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COMPARE What were the main successes and

failures of the Chinese Communist Revolution?
>> The government forced collectivization on Chinese
farmers in order to increase productivity. During the
Great Leap Forward, tractors arrive at a farmer’s
cooperative.
The Cold War Era 19.3 Communism in East Asia

China and the Cold War
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>> Mao Zedong’s “Little Red Book” of quotations
XPSLFST became required reading for all Chinese. Here, peasants
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MFE UIF 4PWJFUT UP XJUIESBX BMM BJE BOE BEWJTPST Why do you think the picture of Mao is displayed?
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China, both communist, had a tense relationship. In 1978,
$IJOB#ZUIFFBSMZT IPXFWFS 5BJXBOIBENBEF China rejected a Soviet proposal to improve relations. Who
UIFUSBOTJUJPOUPEFNPDSBUJDHPWFSONFOU does the bear represent? Who has the upper hand in this
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GFX DPVOUSJFT SFDPHOJ[FE 5BJXBO JU CFDBNF BO ,PSFB SVMFE CZ UIF EJDUBUPS Kim Il Sung, CFDBNF B
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SUMMARIZEHow did China’s relationships with the Rhee. &BDI MFBEFS XBOUFE UP SFVOJUF UIF DPVOUSZ
Soviet Union and the United States change during the VOEFSIJTPXOSVMF
Cold War?
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Korean War, Fall 1950

SOVIET
0 200 mi UNION
0 200 km 42°N
Albers Conic Equal-Area
Projection CHINA
R.
l
u
Ya NORTH N
KOREA
E
W
40°N
S
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Yell ow S ea SOUTH
SOUTH
O EA
KOREA
KOR JAPAN
36°N
KEY
North Korea
South Korea
Pusan
UN forces movement
>> Analyze Maps War broke out in Korea in 1950. Communist North Korea invaded
South Korea in an effort to reunite Korea. In the fall of 1950, who controlled most of the Map
Korean Peninsula?

China Responds .BD"SUIVST TVDDFTT BMBSNFE
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>> South Korea has a modern economy and
South Korea Prospers 'PS EFDBEFT B EJDUBUPSJBM infrastructure, while North Korea’s infrastructure is
limited. This 2006 nighttime satellite image shows an
HPWFSONFOUCBDLFECZUIFNJMJUBSZSVMFE4PVUI,PSFB
eerily dark North Korea and a brightly lit South Korea.
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EXPLAIN Explain why China became involved in
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the Korean War.
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ASSESSMENT
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*O /PSUI ,PSFB B CBSSBHF PG QSPQBHBOEB HMPSJmFE
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MJGF
3. Predict How might Korea be different if UN forces
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TUBSWBUJPOBTUIFDPVOUSZTVGGFSFEGSPNGPPETIPSUBHFT invasion in 1950?
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/PSUI ,PSFB NFBOXIJMF QPVSFE SFTPVSDFT JOUP 4. Summarize Why was the Great Leap Forward a
failure?
5. Recall How did North Korea’s economic

performance compare with South Korea’s?

19.4
During World War II, Japan
seized much of Southeast Asia from
the European colonial powers that
ruled the region. After Japan’s defeat,
local nationalists rejected European
efforts to reclaim their colonial
empires. Some Southeast Asian
nations won freedom without much
violence. Others, like Vietnam, faced
long wars of liberation.
>> Vietnam became the focus of Cold War
tensions when communist guerrillas fighters
fought against French rule. Here, Viet Minh
troops enter Hanoi on October 14, 1954.
Flipped Video
>> Objectives
Describe events in Indochina after World
War II.
War in Southeast
Explain how the United States became
involved in the Vietnam War. Asia
Explore the end of the Vietnam War.
Summarize the impact of the war on
Vietnam and Cambodia.
The Road to War in Southeast
>> Key Terms
Asia
guerrilla Cold War tensions complicated the drive for freedom. The United
Ho Chi Minh States supported independence for colonial people in principle. But
Dien Bien Phu the West was anxious to stop the spread of communism. As a result,
domino theory
the United States helped anti-communist leaders win power, even if
Viet Cong
Tet Offensive they had little popular support.
Khmer Rouge
Pol Pot The Long War Begins In mainland Southeast Asia, an agonizing
liberation struggle tore apart the region once known as French
Indochina. It affected the emerging nations of Vietnam, Cambodia,
and Laos. The 30-year conflict was a key event of the Cold War and
had two major phases: the battle against the French from 1946 to 1954,
and the Cold War conflict that involved the United States and lasted
from 1955 to 1975.
In 1946, the French set out to reestablish their authority over
Indochina. In Vietnam, the French faced opposition forces led by Ho
Chi Minh (hoh chee min). Ho, a nationalist and a communist, had
waged warfare against Japanese occupying forces using guerrillas,
or small groups of loosely organized soldiers making surprise raids.
SavvasRealize.com
Access your Digital Lesson 796
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The United States Enters

the War
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I don’t think that unless a greater

effort is made by the Government to
win popular support that the war can
be won out there. . . . We can help
them, we can give them equipment,
we can send our men out there as
>> U.S. soldiers search for Viet Cong hideouts in the
jungle northeast of Saigon.
Gallery
The Cold War Era 19.4 War in Southeast Asia

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Guerrilla Warfare -JLF UIF 'SFODI CFGPSF UIFN NBSLFE B UVSOJOH QPJOU JO "NFSJDBO QVCMJD PQJOJPO
"NFSJDBO GPSDFT GBDFE B HVFSSJMMB XBS .BOZ SFCFMT 6Q UP UIFO "NFSJDBOT CFMJFWFE UIBU UIF XBS XBT
JO 4PVUI 7JFUOBN XFSF MPDBM QFBTBOUT XIP LOFX XJOOBCMF5FUTIPPLQVCMJDDPOmEFODFJOUIFXBSBOE
UIF DPVOUSZTJEF 5IFZ PGUFO GPVOE TBGF IBWFO BNPOH JUTMFBEFST
WJMMBHFSTXIPSFTFOUFEUIFGPSFJHOUSPPQTBOECPNCJOHT
UIBUEFTUSPZFEUIFJSIPNFTBOEDSPQT"NFSJDBOGPSDFT APPLY CONCEPTS How did the domino theory
XFSF IBSE QVU UP UFMM XIFUIFS WJMMBHFST XFSF SFCFMT PS lead the United States to send troops to Vietnam?
JOOPDFOUDJWJMJBOT
4VQQMJFT GPS UIF HVFSSJMMBT DBNF GSPN /PSUI
7JFUOBN BMPOHBTFSJFTPGUSBJMT LOPXOBTUIF)P$IJ
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The Vietnam War Ends
PGOFJHICPSJOH-BPTBOE$BNCPEJB*OBOFGGPSUUPTUPQ *O UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT UIF CPNCJOH PG /PSUI 7JFUOBN
UIF nPX PG TVQQMJFT UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT TFOU CPNCFST BOE JODSFBTJOH "NFSJDBO DBTVBMUJFT IFMQFE JOnBNF
BOEHSPVOEUSPPQT BDSPTTUIFCPSEFSJOUPUIFTFOBUJPOT BOUJXBS PQJOJPO (SPXJOH OVNCFST PG "NFSJDBO
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Tet Offensive: January-February, 1968
CH IN A
Dien Bien
Phu NORT H
VIETNAM Haiphong N
B U R MA
Hanoi
Gulf of W E
Tonkin
L AOS
Meko S
Vientiane
ng
R.
Ho
Hué S outh China

Ch
Danang S ea
T HAI L AND
iM
inh Tra
SO U T H
V IE T N A M
il
CAMB O D IA
0 200 mi Phnom
Gulf of Penh KEY
0 200 km Thailand Saigon Tet Offensive, 1968
Miller Cylindrical
Projection Ho Chi Minh Trail
American bases
>> Analyze Maps The Tet Offensive was a series of attacks by communist guerrillas
on South Vietnamese cities. Through which countries did the Ho Chi Minh Trail pass Timeline
on the way to South Vietnam?

8BSBRVBHNJSF PSTXBNQ JOXIJDIUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT
XBTUSBQQFEXJUIPVUUIFQPTTJCJMJUZPGWJDUPSZ
American Opposition to the War Grows "T UIF

6OJUFE 4UBUFT DPNNJUUFE NPSF USPPQT BOE QPVSFE
WBTU TVNT JOUP UIF XBS UIF OBUJPO HSFX JODSFBTJOHMZ
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DBMMJOHGPSBOFOEUPUIFXBS5IFZRVFTUJPOFEXIZUIF
6OJUFE4UBUFTXBTTFOEJOHJUTUSPPQTUPmHIUJOBMPDBM
DPOnJDUJO4PVUIFBTU"TJB
#Z UIF BOUJXBS NPWFNFOU XBT TQSFBEJOH
5FMFWJTJPO OFXT QSPHSBNT SFMBZFE WJWJE QJDUVSFT
PG "NFSJDBO DBTVBMUJFT BOE UIF CVSOJOH SVJOT PG
7JFUOBNFTF WJMMBHFT 0O DPMMFHF DBNQVTFT TUVEFOUT
SBMMJFEBHBJOTUUIFXBS FTQFDJBMMZBTNPSFZPVOHNFO
GBDFEUIFESBGU PSDPNQVMTPSZNJMJUBSZTFSWJDF
1SPNJOFOU MFBEFST GSPN BMM XBMLT PG MJGF KPJOFE UIF
QSPUFTUT JO DJUJFT BDSPTT UIF OBUJPO .BOZ "NFSJDBOT
IBE NJYFE GFFMJOHT i* XBOU UP HFU PVU w TBJE POF
XPNBO iCVU*EPOUXBOUUPHJWFVQw
>> People gathered on the Mall in Washington, D.C.,
on November 15, 1969, to protest the Vietnam War.
A Negotiated Peace'BDFEXJUINPVOUJOHQSPUFTUT The Peace Moratorium was estimated to be the largest
BUIPNF 1SFTJEFOU+PIOTPO XIPIBEHSFBUMZXJEFOFE demonstration in U.S. history.
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)JT TVDDFTTPS 1SFTJEFOU 3JDIBSE /JYPO FWFOUVBMMZ
BSSBOHFE B DFBTFmSF BHSFFNFOU JO 6OEFS UIF
BHSFFNFOU UIF6OJUFE4UBUFTCFHBOUPXJUIESBXUSPPQT
GSPN 4PVUI 7JFUOBN /PSUI 7JFUOBN BHSFFE JU XPVME
OPUTFOEBOZNPSFUSPPQTUPUIFTPVUI5IFBDDPSEMFGU
4PVUI7JFUOBNUPEFUFSNJOFJUTPXOGVUVSF
Vietnam Is Reunited 5XP ZFBST BGUFS "NFSJDBO

USPPQT XJUIESFX UIF /PSUI 7JFUOBNFTF DBQUVSFE
4BJHPO DBQJUBMPG 4PVUI7JFUOBN*O UIFZSFOBNFE
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UIFDBQJUBMPGUIFSFVOJUFEOBUJPO
5IFDPNNVOJTUWJDUPSTJNQPTFEIBSTISVMFPOUIF
TPVUI 5FOT PG UIPVTBOET PG 7JFUOBNFTF nFE JO TNBMM
CPBUT.BOZPGUIFTFiCPBUQFPQMFwESPXOFE4VSWJWPST
FOEFE VQ JO SFGVHFF DBNQT JO OFBSCZ DPVOUSJFT
&WFOUVBMMZ TPNFXFSFBDDFQUFEJOUPUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT
PSPUIFSDPVOUSJFT
7JFUOBNIBEUPSFCVJMEBMBOENBOHMFECZEFDBEFT
PG XBS 3FDPWFSZ XBT TMPX EVF QBSUMZ UP HPWFSONFOU
JOFGmDJFODZ BOE QBSUMZ UP BO "NFSJDBOMFE CPZDPUU PG
7JFUOBN'PSZFBST UIFDPVOUSZXBTNJSFEJOQPWFSUZ
#ZUIFT IPXFWFS BOFXHFOFSBUJPOPG7JFUOBNFTF >> Between the 1973 ceasefire and the final American
MFBEFSTPQFOFEUIFEPPSUPJOWFTUPSTCZJOUSPEVDJOHGSFF pullout in 1975, refugees flooded seaports in Vietnam to
NBSLFUSFGPSNT"GUFSUIF$PME8BSFOEFE UIF6OJUFE escape. This Vietnamese navy ship carried more than
7,000 refugees.
4UBUFTBOE7JFUOBNFEHFEUPXBSECFUUFSSFMBUJPOT

"GUFS UIF "NFSJDBOT MFGU $BNCPEJBO DPNNVOJTU
HVFSSJMMBT UIF Khmer Rouge LVI .&)3 SPP[I

HBJOFEHSPVOEBOEPWFSUISFXUIFHPWFSONFOUJO
-FECZUIFCSVUBMEJDUBUPSPol Pot,UIF,INFS3PVHF
VOMFBTIFE B SFJHO PG UFSSPS 5P EFTUSPZ BMM 8FTUFSO
JOnVFODFT UIFZESPWFQFPQMFGSPNUIFDJUJFTBOEGPSDFE
UIFNUPXPSLJOUIFmFMET5IFZTMBVHIUFSFE TUBSWFE
PSXPSLFEUPEFBUINPSFUIBOPOFNJMMJPO$BNCPEJBOT
BCPVU BUIJSEPGUIFQPQVMBUJPO
*O 7JFUOBNJOWBEFEBOEPDDVQJFE$BNCPEJB
FOEJOH UIF HFOPDJEF 1PM 1PU BOE IJT GPSDFT SFUSFBUFE
UPSFNPUFBSFBT*O 6/QFBDFLFFQFSTTVQFSWJTFE
FMFDUJPOT %FTQJUF HVFSSJMMBT XIP TUJMM UFSSPSJ[FE QBSUT
PG UIF DPVOUSZ B OFX HPWFSONFOU CFHBO UP SFCVJME
$BNCPEJB
SUMMARIZE Why did the United States withdraw

its troops from Vietnam?
ASSESSMENT
>> The Khmer Rouge used children as soldiers in its five- 1. Draw Conclusions Why did the French withdraw
year-long civil war to establish a communist government from Indochina in the 1950s?
in Cambodia.
2. Apply Concepts How was American involvement
in Vietnam an extension of the Truman Doctrine?
3. Compare Points of View What different opinions

Politically Motivated Mass Murder in Cambodia
did Americans have about U.S. involvement in the
%VSJOH UIF 7JFUOBN 8BS mHIUJOH TQJMMFE PWFS JOUP
Vietnam War?
OFJHICPSJOH $BNCPEJB 5IF /PSUI 7JFUOBNFTF TFOU
TVQQMJFTUISPVHI$BNCPEJBUPHVFSSJMMBGPSDFTJO4PVUI 4. Synthesize When the text states that “dominoes
7JFUOBN *O UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT CPNCFE UIPTF fell” after the Vietnam War, what does this mean?
SPVUFTBOEUIFOCSJFnZJOWBEFE$BNCPEJB
5. Summarize How did the local struggle in Vietnam
reflect the larger Cold War conflict?

19.5
During the Cold War, relations
between the Soviet Union and the
United States swung back and forth
between confrontation and détente.
The superpowers confronted each
other over issues such as the Berlin
Wall, Soviet intervention in Eastern
Europe, and Cuba. However, in the
1970s, Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev
pursued détente and disarmament
with the United States. >> Missiles are paraded in Red Square in
Moscow. The heavy military commitments of
the Soviet Union was one of the factors that
led to its decline.
Flipped Video
>> Objectives
The Cold War Ends Understand why the Soviet Union declined.
Identify the reforms introduced by Mikhail
Gorbachev.
The Soviet Union Declines Describe the collapse of communism in

Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.
Détente came to an abrupt end in 1979, after the Soviet Union invaded Evaluate how the end of the Cold War
Afghanistan to ensure its influence in that neighboring nation. Like affected the remaining communist nations
the Vietnam War in the United States, the Afghan War drained the and the United States.
Soviet economy and provoked a crisis at home.
>> Key Terms
The Soviets in Afghanistan The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan mujahedin
in late 1979 to support an Afghan communist government that had Mikhail Gorbachev
seized power a year earlier. The new government’s efforts to introduce glasnost
perestroika
social reforms and redistribute land roused bitter resentment among Lech Walesa
the anti-communist, devoutly Muslim Afghan people. As insurgencies, Solidarity
or uprisings, threatened the government, the Soviet Union stepped in. Václav Havel
Nicolae Ceausescu
For ten years, Soviet forces battled widely scattered groups
of mujahedin (moo jah heh DEEN), or Muslim guerrilla fighters.
Despite 100,000 troops, the Soviets controlled only the cities, not the
countryside. When the Soviets turned to bombing rural areas, millions
of Afghan refugees fled into neighboring Pakistan. The United States
funneled weapons and other military supplies to help the insurgents
battle Soviet troops.
By the late 1980s, the Afghan War had become a quagmire for the
Soviet Union. It was draining badly needed resources and costing
many casualties. In 1989, the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan to
focus on troubling issues at home.
SavvasRealize.com
801
The Command Economy Stagnates 5IF (PSCBDIFW TPVHIU UP FOE $PME 8BS UFOTJPOT 5P FBTF
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6OJPODPVMEOPUBGGPSEUPTQFOEBTNVDIPOEFGFOTFBT QFSNJTTJPOUPFNJHSBUF IFXBTSFMFBTFEJOFYDIBOHF
UIF6OJUFE4UBUFT8IFO3FBHBOMBVODIFEBOFXSPVOE GPSB4PWJFUTQZJOBOETFUUMFEJO*TSBFM
PG NJTTJMF EFWFMPQNFOU JU XBT DMFBS UIBU UIF 4PWJFU 4USFBNMJOJOHHPWFSONFOUBOESFEVDJOHUIFTJ[FPG
FDPOPNZDPVMEOPUBGGPSEUPNBUDIJU UIFCVSFBVDSBDZ IFIPQFE XPVMECPPTUFGmDJFODZBOE
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Gorbachev Tries Reform*O BOFOFSHFUJDOFX MJNJUFEQSJWBUFFOUFSQSJTF#VUIFTUJMMXBOUFEUPLFFQ
MFBEFS Mikhail Gorbachev ("83 CVI DIBXG
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SFTQPOTJCMF GPS EFDJTJPOT 5P JODSFBTF GPPE TVQQMJFT
GBSNFSTXFSFBMMPXFENPSFMBOEPOXIJDIUPHSPXGPPE
UPTFMMPOUIFGSFFNBSLFU
IDENTIFY SUPPORTING DETAILS What economic

problems did the Soviets face in the 1970s and 1980s?
The Soviet Union

Collapses
(PSCBDIFWGBDFEBIPTUPGQSPCMFNT)JTQPMJDJFTCSPVHIU
SBQJE DIBOHF UIBU MFE UP FDPOPNJD UVSNPJM 4IPSUBHFT
HSFX XPSTF BOE QSJDFT TPBSFE 'BDUPSJFT UIBU DPVME
OPUTVSWJWFXJUIPVUHPWFSONFOUIFMQDMPTFE UISPXJOH
UIPVTBOET PVU PG XPSL 0MEMJOF $PNNVOJTUT BOE
CVSFBVDSBUT XIPTF DBSFFST XFSF BU TUBLF EFOPVODFE
UIFSFGPSNT"UUIFTBNFUJNF PUIFSDSJUJDTEFNBOEFE
FWFONPSFDIBOHFT
The Soviet Empire Crumbles(MBTOPTUFODPVSBHFE

>> Gorbachev struggled at home, but the United States VOSFTU JO UIF NVMUJOBUJPOBM 4PWJFU FNQJSF 5IF #BMUJD
welcomed Soviet reforms. President Ronald Reagan and SFQVCMJDTPG&TUPOJB -BUWJB BOE-JUIVBOJB XIJDIIBE
Mikhail Gorbachev shake hands before a summit near CFFO TFJ[FE CZ UIF 4PWJFU 6OJPO JO CSPLF BXBZ
Geneva in 1985. In a 1987 speech near the Berlin Wall, JO EFDMBSJOHJOEFQFOEFODFTPPOBGUFS*O&BTUFSO
Reagan urged Gorbachev to “tear down this wall!”
&VSPQF DPVOUSJFTGSPN1PMBOEUP#VMHBSJBCSPLFPVUPG
The Cold War Era 19.5 The Cold War Ends
Former Soviet Union, 1992
ARCTIC OCEAN
East
Siberian
North Barents Sea
Sea Sea
Laptev
Sea
Sea Kara
lti c Sea
Ba
LITHUANIA
ESTONIA Sea of
BELARUS LATVIA
Okhotsk
MOLDOVA
UKRAINE
RUSSIA
Bl
ac
kS
Lake
Baikal
ea
PACIFIC
GEORGIA KAZAKHSTAN
OCEAN
Sea
ARMENIA Aral Lake

Sea Sea of
Caspian
Balkhash Japan
AZERBAIJAN
UZBEKISTAN N 0 500 mi
TURKMENISTAN KYRGYZSTAN
W E Yellow 0 500 km
TAJIKISTAN Sea Lambert Conformal
Conic Projection
S
>> Analyze Maps The Soviet Union officially dissolved in 1991, and many former
republics gained independence. Which of the former Soviet republics is the largest? Map
UIF 4PWJFU PSCJU CFHJOOJOH JO 3VTTJBT QPTUXBS

FNQJSFTFFNFEUPCFDPMMBQTJOH
Eastern Europe
*O NJE 4PWJFU IBSEMJOFST USJFE UP PWFSUISPX Transformed
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"GUFS .JLIBJM (PSCBDIFW BOOPVODFE UIBU UIF 4PWJFU
End of the Soviet Union*O%FDFNCFS UIF6OJPO 6OJPO XPVME OP MPOHFS JOUFSWFOF JO &BTUFSO &VSPQF
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EPNJOBUFEUIF4PWJFU6OJPO Poland Struggles Toward Democracy1PMBOEXBT
"GUFS UIF CSFBLVQ 3VTTJB BOE JUT OFX QSFTJEFOU UIF4PWJFU6OJPOTNPTUUSPVCMFTPNFTBUFMMJUF*O
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6LSBJOF BOE ,B[BLITUBO GBDFE IBSE UJNFT 5IFZ DPNNVOJTUSFHJNF
XBOUFEUPCVJMETUBCMFHPWFSONFOUTBOEJNQSPWFUIFJS *O FDPOPNJD IBSETIJQT JHOJUFE TUSJLFT PG
TUBOEBSETPGMJWJOH#VUFUIOJDWJPMFODFBOEFDPOPNJD TIJQZBSEXPSLFST-FECZLech Walesa MFLWBI8&/
USPVCMFT QSPWFE PCTUBDMFT 4PNF SFQVCMJDT IBE TUPSFT TVI
UIFZPSHBOJ[FEBOJOEFQFOEFOUMBCPSVOJPO DBMMFE
PG OVDMFBS XFBQPOT XIJDI UIFZ BHSFFE UP HJWF VQ JO Solidarity.*UTPPODMBJNFENJMMJPOTPGNFNCFST XIP
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SUMMARIZE How did Gorbachev’s reforms lead to HPWFSONFOU PVUMBXFE 4PMJEBSJUZ BOE BSSFTUFE JUT
a new map of Europe and Asia? MFBEFST JODMVEJOH 8BMFTB 4UJMM VOSFTU TJNNFSFE
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1SFTTVSFGSPNUIFXPSMEDPNNVOJUZGVSUIFSTUSBJOFE
1PMBOETDPNNVOJTUHPWFSONFOUBOEIFMQFEIBTUFOJUT
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UIF1PMJTIDJUZPG$SBDPX
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GSFF FMFDUJPOT JO ZFBST -FDI 8BMFTB XBT TPPO
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&BTUFSO&VSPQF
Revolution and Freedom #Z UIF iEFNPDSBDZ

NPWFNFOUw JO &BTUFSO &VSPQF XBT TXFFQJOH PVU PME
HPWFSONFOUTBOEVTIFSJOHJOOFXPOFT1FPQMFUPPLUP
UIFTUSFFUT EFNBOEJOHSFGPSN
>> Lech Walesa traveled to Italy in 1981 to meet Pope *O UIF T BOE T )VOHBSZ IBE RVJFUMZ
John Paul II, the first Polish pope. The pope was a great
supporter of the Solidarity movement. JOUSPEVDFETPNFNPEFTUFDPOPNJDSFGPSNT-BUFS JOUIF
TQJSJU PG HMBTOPTU )VOHBSJBOT CFHBO UP DSJUJDJ[F UIFJS
Timeline HPWFSONFOUNPSFPQFOMZ6OEFSHSPXJOHQSFTTVSF UIF
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8BMM BNPWFUIBUXPVMETPPOMFBEUPUIFSFVOJmDBUJPO
PG(FSNBOZ
0OF CZ POF DPNNVOJTU HPWFSONFOUT GFMM BDSPTT
&BTUFSO &VSPQF *O $[FDIPTMPWBLJB Václav Havel
7")54MBIW)")WVM
BEJTTJEFOUXSJUFSBOEIVNBO
SJHIUT BDUJWJTU XBT FMFDUFE QSFTJEFOU .PTU DIBOHFT
DBNFQFBDFGVMMZ CVUXIFONicolae Ceausescu DIPX
4)&4 LPP
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TUFQEPXO IFXBTPWFSUISPXOBOEFYFDVUFE
'PS UIF mSTU UJNF TJODF &BTUFSO &VSPQFBO
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superpower means that the U.S. military often responds
to problems and conflicts all over the world.
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2. Summarize How did Gorbachev’s reforms lead to
COMPARE How did other communist countries the breakup of the Soviet empire?
react to the collapse of the Soviet bloc?
3. Identify Cause and Effect Why were Eastern
Europeans able to break free of communist
governments and Soviet domination in the late
The Post-Cold War World 1980s?
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TOPIC 19 ASSESSMENT
EAST AND WEST GERMANY IN 1968 AN ECONOMIC COMPARISON

HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES COST
C OF 296 Electric Stove 642
FOOD DURABLE 300 Refrigerator 1,350

37.5% CONSUMER Washing Machine
680 1,200
SERVICES GOODS
30.5% 563 Television 2,110
WEST DURABLE
(in Deutsche
Marks) 4,625 Automobile 17,750
CONSUMER
GOODS WEST GERMANY EAST GERMANY
31.9%
1.16 .40
COST OF Cabbage/1 kg
FOOD FOOD 2.42 Potatoes/10 kg .85
47.7% (in Deutsche 9.74 Beef/1 kg 9.80

Marks)
SERVICES 15.46 Coffee/1 kg 70.00
15.3%
DURABLE
EAST .59 Chocolate/1 kg 3.85
CONSUMER 1.56 Oranges/1 kg 5.00
GOODS Source: Schnitzer, Martin
37.0% .74 Milk/1 litre .68 East and West Germany:
A Comparative Economic Analysis
1.18 Bread/1kg 0.52 (New York: Praeger), 1972.
1. Explain Economic Collapse Look at the above chart. arms race. Consider the joint occupation of Germany,
Write a paragraph that explains why East Germany’s opposing U.S. and Soviet goals in Eastern Europe, the
communist command economy could not compete with nuclear arms race, and Western actions in occupying
West Germany’s free market economy. Consider the Japan and Italy.
cost of durable consumer goods, the cost of food, and 5. Summarize Role and Differences Write a paragraph
the economic systems of both countries. about how communism implemented by Mao Zedong
2. Describe Effects Write one or two paragraphs in China differed from Soviet communism. Consider the
describing how the fear of communism impacted U.S. roles of the Chinese peasantry, the goals of Mao’s Great
social and political systems after World War II. Consider Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution.
Senator Joseph McCarthy and the House Un-American 6. Identify Examples Write a paragraph that explains
Activities Committee, anti-communist propaganda, and how the Chinese Communist Party used violence and
how Americans reacted to the perceived threat. murder for political means. Consider which groups
3. Describe Effects Read the quote below. Write one the government targeted, how religious groups were
or two paragraphs describing how the “iron curtain” treated, the Cultural Revolution, and why Mao wanted
influenced political and economic systems after World the threat of violence to be publicized.
War II. Consider the Truman Doctrine, aid to Europe, and 7. Identify and Describe Write a paragraph that
Eastern and Western alliances. identifies Natan Sharansky and other citizen-activists
“An ‘iron curtain’ has descended across the who worked for political change during the Cold War
Continent. Behind that line all of the capitals era. Consider why Sharansky was imprisoned and
of the ancient states of Central and Eastern identify and describe other leaders who fought for
Europe . . . all these famous cities . . . lie in workers’ rights and human rights.
what I must call the Soviet sphere, and are 8. Identify Events Write a paragraph about how the
subject . . . to a great measure of control from Vietnam War became a major event of the Cold War.
Moscow.” Consider what happened to Vietnam during World
—Winston Churchill War II, the split that created the countries of North
Vietnam and South Vietnam, and why the United States
4. Summarize Outcomes and Identify Major got involved.
Events Write one or two paragraphs about how the
outcome of World War II lead to the Cold War and the
The Cold War Era

TOPIC 19 ASSESSMENT
9. Explain Roles Write a paragraph explaining how 13. Describe Major Effects, Summarize Outcomes,
Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies led to the collapse of and Identify Characteristics Write a paragraph about
communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. how U.S. policies after World War II were designed to
Consider the problems caused by his efforts at reform, prevent communist revolutions in several European
opposition to these policies, and how the results countries. Consider the geographic locations of
contributed to the fall of the Soviet Union. countries that received American aid and those that did
10. Explain Roles Write a paragraph explaining the roles not, the goals of postwar international aid programs,
of Lech Walesa and Pope John Paul II in the fall of and how U.S. aid supported free-market economies.
communism in Poland. Consider Walesa’s role in the NATO and Warsaw Pact, 1977
Polish Solidarity movement and the Pope’s views of ICELAND

N
W
communism. How did this lead to pressure for reforms E
by other communist countries? S

KEY
FINLAND
NATO
11. Formulate Generalizations Write a paragraph that NORWAY
Warsaw Pact
Neutral
explains the benefits of free enterprise and democracy North
SWEDEN
ea
S
IRELAND Sea
for the Polish people. Consider economic reforms in lt
ic
UNITED DENMARK Ba
KINGDOM SOVIET UNION
Poland, the pros and cons of a free market economy, NETH. EAST
GERMANY
BELG. POLAND
and the issues with communist command industries. WEST
LUXEMBOURG GERMANY
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
FRANCE AUSTRIA
12. Describe Influences Write a paragraph describing SWITZERLAND
HUNGARY
ROMANIA
how Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher influenced PORTUGAL
SPAIN
YUGOSLAVIA
BULGARIA
Black Sea
ITALY
policies regarding the welfare state and private industry. ALBANIA
GREECE TURKEY
Consider the effect of changes made in social spending Mediterranean Sea
levels, privatization of certain industries, and curbing the

power of the labor unions.
14. Explain Effects Write a paragraph that describes how
Welfare Collected in United Kingdom new forms of military technology impacted the Cold
13.0 War. Consider the Cuban Missile Crisis, nuclear arms,
12.0 and the space race and satellite technology.
Percent of GDP
11.0
15. Identify Individuals Write a paragraph that describes
10.0
how Andrei Sakharov, Natan Sharansky, and Aleksandr
9.0
Solzhenitsyn resisted political oppression in the Soviet
8.0
Union. Consider their complaints against the Soviet
7.0
6.0
government, their punishments, and the reasons for
5.0
publicizing their cases.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
16. Summarize Outcomes Write a paragraph that
describes how post-World War II decisions led
to regional conflicts that contributed to the Cold
War. Consider the opposing ideologies of the two
superpowers, the use of occupying forces in East Asia,
Soviet support for communist China, and the events
that led to the Korean War.
17. Write an essay on the Essential Question: How
should we handle conflict? Use evidence from your
study of this Topic to support your answer.
The Cold War Era

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quizzes, interactivities, Interactive Reading Notepads, Flipped
Videos, and other resources from this Topic to prepare for the
Topic Test.
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The Cold War Era (1945 - 1991) : Essential Question

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The Cold War Era (1945 - 1991) : Essential Question

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[ ESSENTIAL QUESTION ] How Should We Handle Conﬂict?

19 The Cold War Era (1945–

>> Protesters on the Berlin Wall,

Watch the My Story Video to hear a former resident of East

Access your digital lessons including:

Soviet Aggression Grows

The Iron Curtain*O 8JOTUPO$IVSDIJMM GPSNFS

[A]n ‘iron curtain’ has descended

The Cold War Era  19.1 A New Global Conﬂict

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The Cold War Era  19.1 A New Global Conﬂict

The Cold War Era  19.1 A New Global Conﬂict

NUCLEAR ARMS RACE

ARMS CONTROL AGREEMENTS MISSLE TYPES OF MISSLES

The Cold War Era  19.1 A New Global Conﬂict

INTEGRATE INFORMATION What factors

The Cold War Around the

The Cold War Era  19.1 A New Global Conﬂict

The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962

BAHAMAS ATL ANTIC

S San Cristobal Santa Clara

The Cold War Era  19.1 A New Global Conﬂict

Stalin’s Successors "GUFS 4UBMJOT EFBUI JO 

The Cold War Era  19.1 A New Global Conﬂict

DISTINGUISH How did the United States respond

The Cold War Era  19.1 A New Global Conﬂict

>> New York City was chosen as the

Democracies and and government.

Postwar Prosperity in the United >> Key Terms

The Civil Rights Movement "MUIPVHI "GSJDBO

Martin Luther King, Jr. #Z  B HJGUFE QSFBDIFS

Progress and Problems*OUJNF $POHSFTTSFTQPOEFE

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U.S. Military Spending, 1960-1980

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Asia Describe China’s role in the Cold War.

The Chinese Communist Victory >> Key Terms

The Cultural Revolution*O .BPMBVODIFEBOFX

COMPARE What were the main successes and

The Cold War Era  19.3 Communism in East Asia

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China and the United States 5IF SJGU CFUXFFO

The Nationalists in Taiwan %VSJOH UIF $PME 8BS

The Cold War Era  19.3 Communism in East Asia

Korean War, Fall 1950

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5. Recall How did North Korea’s economic

The Cold War Era  19.3 Communism in East Asia

The United States Enters

I don’t think that unless a greater

The Cold War Era  19.4 War in Southeast Asia

Tet Offensive: January-February, 1968

Hué S outh China

The Cold War Era  19.4 War in Southeast Asia

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The Cold War Era 19.1 A New Global Conﬂict

The Cold War Era 19.1 A New Global Conﬂict

The Cold War Era 19.1 A New Global Conﬂict

The Cold War Era 19.1 A New Global Conﬂict

The Cold War Era 19.1 A New Global Conﬂict

The Cold War Era 19.1 A New Global Conﬂict

Stalin’s Successors "GUFS 4UBMJOT EFBUI JO

The Cold War Era 19.1 A New Global Conﬂict

The Cold War Era 19.1 A New Global Conﬂict

Martin Luther King, Jr. #Z B HJGUFE QSFBDIFS

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The Great Society%VSJOHUIFT UIFHPWFSONFOU

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Japan and the Cold War#Z +BQBOXBTPOUIF

The Japanese Economic Miracle #FUXFFO

The Cultural Revolution*O .BPMBVODIFEBOFX

The Cold War Era 19.3 Communism in East Asia

The Cold War Era 19.3 Communism in East Asia

The Cold War Era 19.3 Communism in East Asia

The Cold War Era 19.3 Communism in East Asia

The Cold War Era 19.4 War in Southeast Asia

The Cold War Era 19.4 War in Southeast Asia

The Cold War Era 19.4 War in Southeast Asia

The Cold War Era 19.4 War in Southeast Asia

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Revolution and Freedom #Z UIF iEFNPDSBDZ

The Cold War Era

The Cold War Era