Concepts in Module 1

PREPARED BY: MS. MIMOSA N. JOSON

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
1. ARTIFACTS/ARTEFACTS
A. DEFINITION- an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical
interest;
a usually simple object (such as a tool or ornament) showing human workmanship or
modification as distinguished from a natural object especially : an object remaining
from a particular period.
B. Examples:
Artifacts include art, tools, and clothing made by people of any time and
place;Social artifacts can be things such as books, newspapers, advertisements,
films, photographs, paintings, machines, buildings, and so forth--anything
built by humans. Burial coins, painted pottery, telephones or anything
else that evidences the social, political, economic or religious organization of the
people whom they belonged to can be considered cultural artifacts.
2. RELICS
A. DEFINITION - an object esteemed and venerated because of association with a saint
or martyr; remains or corpse of a saint. The most important Christian, Buddhist, and
Muslim relics are objects associated with the religions' founders. Relics are believed to
have special powers to heal, grant favors, or exorcise spirits
B. EXAMPLES: Examples of relics include teeth, bones, hairs, and fragments of
objects such as fabrics or wood.
3. FOSSILS
A. DEFINITION- Fossils are the preserved remains, or traces of remains, of ancient animals and
plants.
B. EXAMPLES: A fossil can preserve an entire organism or just part of one. Bones, shells, feathers,
and leaves can all become fossils.
Fossils can be very large or very small. Microfossils are only visible with a
microscope. Bacteria and pollen are microfossils. Macrofossils can be several meters long and
weigh several tons. Macrofossils can be petrified trees or dinosaur bones.
Copperplate with impressed inscriptions, purchased.
Pagsanjan River Delta, Laguna | 900 CE (Age of
Trade)
Unique and rare porcelain liquid vessel with phoenix
head, purchased. Butuan, Agusan del Norte |Tang
Dynasty
Stone tool flakes made from chert. Awidon
Mesa Formation, Cagayan | Paleolithic Period
Mary’s Holy Belt in Prato (Tuscany)
Vessel in the form of a Hindu kinnari. Surigao Treasure,
Surigao del Sur province. Ca. 10th–13th century. Gold. H. 4 ¾
x W. 2 15/16 in. (12 x 7.5 cm). Ayala Museum, 81.5189.
The Golden Tara was discovered in 1917 along the banks of Wawa River in Agusan. It was kept in the
Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois since 1922. The golden statue is made of 21-karat
gold, weighs 4 pounds and measures 5 inches in height. It is a figure of the Hindu-Buddhist goddess
Tara.
Elephas Beyeri (dwarf elephants, almost
the same height as present carabaos)
Stegodons (dwarf stegodons) also found in Luzon (in
Cagayan, Kalinga, Rizal, and Pangasinan), Panay and
Mindanao, and the neighboring islands of Japan, Taiwan, and
Indonesia.
Homo Luzonensis’ teeth. Fingers and toes are curved for climbing trees;
small body; excavated from Callao Cave, Cagayan in 2007, 2011, 2015.
Toe bone of H. Luzonensis
Caption: The near-complete skeleton of an extinct rhino from Kalinga in
Luzon. G.D. van den Bergh, Author provided
Tongue and jaw of St. Anthony de Padua
Nautilus species belongs to the family of octopi, squid, and cuttlefish, which has been present on the planet for 500 million years.

Finding of two nautilid (Cephaloda, Mollusca) fossils from an exposure of the late Miocene – early Pliocene Calatagan Formation – in Talim Point, Lian town, Batangas. Photo courtesy of the National Museum.
Caption: Tunics worn by Saint Francis / Photo Melanie
Renzulli
REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY
SOURCES
1. National Museum
A complex in Manila that includes the National Art Gallery (Old Legislative Building), the
Museum of the Filipino People (Old Finance Building) and the National Museum of Natural
History (Old Tourism Building). The National Museum also manages the National Planetarium
and over ten archeological site and branch museums found across the country.
Main goals covering the diverse fields of knowledge through various educational, scientific and
cultural activities:
As an educational institution, the National Museum disseminates scientific and technical
knowledge in a more understandable and practical forms through lectures, exhibitions,
interviews and publications for students and the general public.
REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY
SOURCES
As a scientific institution, the National Museum conducts basic research programs combining
integrated laboratory and field work in anthropology, archaeology, botany, geology and zoology.
It maintains reference collections on these disciplines and promotes scientific development in
the Philippines.
As a cultural centre, the National Museum takes a lead in the study and preservation of the
nation's rich artistic, historical and cultural heritage in the reconstruction and rebuilding of the
nation's past and veneration of the great pioneers who helped in building the nation.
Permanent collections: arts, archaeology, ethnology, natural history, paintings and sculpture.
REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY
SOURCES
2. National Archives
Republic Act No. 9470 (May 21, 2007)
Strengthened the system of management and administration of archival records,
establishing for the purpose, the National Archives of the Philippines.
Mission-Vision: To enhance transparency, public accountability and responsible
governance, promote freedom of information, provide access to official
records, preserve and popularize FiIipino cuIturaI heritages, and strengthen
national identities, while building international understanding through the effective
implementation of programs on records management and archives
administration. A national records management and archival institution firmly
committed to fostering good governance and cultural pride for a vibrant, well
informed, developed and open Filipino society.
REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY
SOURCES
3. National Library of the Philippines
Republic Act No. 10087 enacted in May 13, 2010. The National Library of the Philippines
(NLP) is the repository of the printed and recorded cultural heritage of the country
and other intellectual, literary and information sources.

4. University Libraries
5. Online Libraries
Philippine Historiography
ASSIGNMENT: Read Dr. Bernardita Churchill’s Philippine Historiography- Looking Back and
Looking Forward: The History of Historical Stories (see PDF copy in MS TEAMS Files/chatbox)
A. LOOKING BACK -TIMELINE:
1. Prior to 1880’s (Spanish colonization, Religious texts, establishing missions)
– Historiography focused on writings of Spanish missionaries and government officials; Religious
missions and activities were the topics in the many texts.
“In general, the historical works written by missionary chroniclers tended to have a strong
religious (and also racial) bias, oftentimes hagiographic in nature, although they do contain
interesting and varied materials about the country and the people than is often realized.”
With the exception of Dr. Antonio de Morga, a judge, whose work was secular and unbiased.
2. After the 1880’s until 1897 (Non-religious writings, changes in the 19 th century, progressive
ideals)
- Notable writes after the 1880’s included Wenceslao Retana, Montero y Vidal and Gregorio
Sancianco.
Retrieved from:
https://museodesilan.wordpress.com/2009/06/04/memoria-general-1891
Below is the excerpt from the Memoria General de la Provincia de Cavite en el año de 1891 from the
Philippine National Archives translated by Michael C. Francisco, Cavite Studies Center.General Report on
the province of Cavite for the year 1891, compiled in accordance with the guidelines sent by the Gobierno
General
Silan
Distant by 45 kilometers from the capital, linked with it through the wagon road that passes through Perez Dasmariñas
and Ymus; it is an important town, formed by two large, wide parallel streets and other perpendiculars to these with many
edifices of wood and iron. It occupies an elevated position of some 350 meters above sea level and enjoys cool and
pleasant temperature.
The land for cultivation is big and unirrigated, without any possibility of irrigating them, its area being 10,696 cavans.
Coffee produces about 1,500 pico, palay 3,000 cavans and sugarcane 5,000 pico, being:
The cost per unit about 1 peso per thousand ponos for the first, 10 to 15 pesos per cavan of seeds for the second and 20
centimos per cauldron of molasses produced by the sugarcane.
The average price of these is about 30 pesos a pico of coffee, 1.50 pesos per cavan of palay and 2.75 pesos a pico of
sugar.
The livestock industry consists of 200 carabaos, 150 cattles and 500 pigs.
Population census. There are 6,737 people.
Roads. The one that links it with the capital is a wagon road; those with Carmona, Amadeo and Yndan are paths, with no
bridges other than that of bamboo on the last one.
Public buildings. The Church and the Convent of strong materials, the Barracks of the Seccion de Guardia Civil made of
wood and roof of nipa (unoccupied because of its ruinous state), the Tribunal of strong materials and the Schoolhouses of
wood with nipa roof.
Public Instructions is at a good state, but it is not one of the towns that excel in this branch.
3. 1898- 1940 (American Regime)
Writers during this time used English language in writing. These writers included Maximo M.
Kalaw (1891-1955), Conrado Benitez (1899-1971), Leandro H. Fernandez (1899-1948),
Encarnación Alzona (1898- 2001), and Gregorio F. Zaide (1907-1987). Literature and topics on
American imperialism were the foci of many texts.
Teodoro M. Kalaw was a nationalist scholar, legislator,
journalist, educator, and historian. He was born the third
child of a prominent couple, Valerio Kalaw and Maria
Manguiat, in Lipa, Batangas on March 31, 1884.
As Renacimiento editor, Kalaw continued the nationalist
tradition begun by his predecessors and produced acerbic
editorials defending the rights of the Filipino and assailing
the graft-ridden American imperialist rule in the country.
In 1908, Kalaw became the secretary of Manuel L. Quezon,
then the floor leader and chairman of the committee on
appropriations of the First Philippine Assembly.
In October of the same year, the paper came out with “Aves
de Rapiña” (Birds of Prey). On account of this editorial,
Dean C. Worcester, then the Interior Secretary and a
member of the Philippine Commission lodged a libel suit
against them. The case, which dragged on for several years,
caused the newspaper to be closed, its equipment
auctioned off to pay the damages (totaling P60,000) sought
by Worcester, and he and Ocampo meted out prison
sentences by Judge J. C. Jenkins (on January 19, 1910). Both
the Philippine and US Supreme Courts merely affirmed the
Jenkins decision when the case was raised to them on
appeal. In 1914, however, Gov. Gen. F. B. Harrison pardoned
Kalaw and Ocampo.
A historian born and bred in Biñán, La Laguna. Alzona
completed her doctoral studies in history at Columbia
University in the United States, making her the first
woman from our country to obtain a Doctor of
Philosophy (PhD) degree.
She published several books and scholarly articles such
as “A History of Education in the Philippines, 1565–
1930” (1932), “El Legado de España a Filipinas” (1956),
and “Julio Nákpil and the Philippine Revolution”
(1964).

Alzona also advocated for women’s suffrage, with her

writings —particularly her 1934 book “The Filipino
Woman: Her Social, Economic and Political Status
(1565–1933)”— paving the way to give women the
right to vote for the first time which happened on 14
December 1937. In 1985, she was awarded the title
“National Scientist of the Philippines”, a remarkable
achievement considering the country was then
dominated by male historians.
Pioneers of Philippine historical research and writing generally wrote in Spanish and Tagalog:
Pedro Paterno (1858- 1911), Isabelo de los Reyes (1864-1938), T. H. Pardo de Tavera (1857-
1925), Manuel Artigas y Cuerva (1866-1925), Jaime C. de Veyra (1846-1963), and Epifanio de los
Santos (1871-1928).
In the 1930’s “The two “giants” of this age of the pioneers were Rafael Palma (1874-1939) and
Teodoro M. Kalaw (1884- 1940). The works of these pioneers may appear to us today as
“museum pieces” because they had not used the standard tools of historical research and
methodology, but they nevertheless have formed the foundation of historical studies on the
Philippines. Some of these pioneers did not only write on history, including local history, but
also on ethnography, law, politics, prehistory, folklore, and literature.”
4. 1941-1956 (Japanese Occupation, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction)
“In the first decade since the end of the war and Independence in 1946, few historical studies
were produced probably because scholarly attention was focused on more current events
attending to the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the Philippines from the devastation of the
Second World War and the Japanese Occupation.”
5. 1950’s -1960’s
Topics in historiography included analysis of political developments, revolution and nationalism.
Examples of which are Propaganda Movement, Katipunan, Philippine Revolution, Works of Rizal
etc.
These historians studied and trained in topics on Spanish colonial, American diplomatic, and East
Asian histories, and then in Philippine/Southeast Asian history.
6. Mid- 1960’s (New History; shift from political to socio-economic trends; marginalized groups,
“internal history” or “history from within” )
Identifying the “submerged” Filipino behind the writings on colonization, bureaucracy and the
elite.
“This “new history” goes beyond the definition of Philippine history as the history of Manila-
based elites—the “Big Names” of history— to a history of all the Filipinos, including the
anonymous, voiceless masses, the “inarticulate majority—in the provincial town, the barrios,
and even up in the highlands and the hinterland— hitherto ignored in traditional histories.”
“The shift from politico-diplomatic direction to the socio-economic/socio-cultural trend has
necessitated the use of techniques and theories of related social science disciplines
(anthropology, geography, demography, sociology, political science, psychology), the utilization
of new sources (such as field interviews or oral history and vernacular sources, artifacts, literary
texts, fugitive).”
Issues of culture change, social integration, demographic transformation, patterns of
livelihood, agricultural expansion, economic development, kinship networks, residential
patterns, and environmental issues, in an effort to write “total history.”
Example: Rey Ileto’s Pasyon and Revolution which provides narratives on “history from below.”
(Masses, voiceless etc.)
7. 1970’s (Local and regional history)
Local history as “building blocks” for Philippine history; Socio-cultural diversity in the Philippines
such as folklores, traditions, ethnography, historical consciousness.
Establishment of local research centers, museums and special libraries, such as the Cordillera
Studies Center, Center for Central Luzon Studies, Cavite Studies Center, Center for Kapampangan
Studies, Institute of Bikol History and Culture etc.
Center for Kapampangan Studies
Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/haucks/
Images below: from left, adobong camaru (mole crickets) and betatu (fried frog)
B. LOOKING FORWARD – Challenges Ahead
1. Scattered repositories of historical papers, documents, records etc. abroad;
2. Re-writing of a national history inclusive to all Filipinos (rich, poor, cultural groups, elite etc.);
3. Interpretation, reconstruction, re-reading of the past to move away from Manila centric or
colonial centered narratives;
4. Standardizing curriculum for history students/graduates and expanding historical researches.
 Sources
Text and images
Retrieved from:

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/

https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/our-collections/archaeology/national-cultural-treasures/

https://www.facebook.com/nationalmuseumofthephilippines/posts/the-nationalmuseumph-celebrates-the-worldelephantdayas-the-worlds-largest-living/3484
057798285180/

https://etc.worldhistory.org/interviews/gold-artifacts-from-the-ancient-philippines/

https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/fossils-philippine-cave-may-come-new-human-species

https://theconversation.com/rhino-fossil-rewrites-the-earliest-human-history-of-the-philippines-95879

https://www.italofile.com/italys-most-unusual-religious-relics/

H:\My Documents\PSSR- (Charm Ed (pssc.org.ph)

https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/epistolario-rizalino-tomo-52-1888-1896/
 Sources
Retrieved from:

https://bulaklakatpuso.wordpress.com/2018/02/02/elephant-dito-sa-manila/

https://m.facebook.com/nationalmuseumofthephilippines/posts/3866139033410386

https://www.facebook.com/nationalmuseumofthephilippines/posts/the-nationalmuseumph-celebrates-the-worldelephantdayas-the-worlds-largest-living/3484
057798285180/

https://mb.com.ph/2020/07/22/museum-researchers-publish-groundbreaking-discovery-of-oldest-fossil-in-ph/

https://museodesilan.wordpress.com/2009/06/04/memoria-general-1891/

https://philippineculturaleducation.com.ph/kalaw-teodoro-m/

https://heroicfootsteps.blogspot.com/2006/11/watchdog.html

https://pepealas.wordpress.com/tag/encarnacion-alzona/

https://www.rappler.com/nation/176223-whats-the-big-idea-rey-ileto-ph-history-duterte-un-americanized/

https://xiaochua.net/tag/ileto/
END