TYPES OF HUMAN SOCIETY

Sociocultural Evolution
- explains why human societies change through time
- human society uundergoes trans transformation and evolution and in
process develops technological advancement (Gerhard Lenski)

Societies are of different types:

1. Hunting and Gathering

2. Horticultural
3. Pastoral
4. Agricultural
5. Industrial
6. Post-industrial

 Hunting and Gathering (2.500.000-10,000 yrs. ago)

- Oldest and most basic way of economic subsistence
- Produce simple forms of tools for hunting animals and gathering plants &
vegetation
- Men are tasked to hunt large animal while women are responsible for the
collection of vegetation (men and women are equal)
- Nomadic socieities socieities lived in small group (20 to 30members)
- Shaman or Priest acts as leader
- They believed that spirits live in the world

 Horticultural and Pastoral (10,000 yrs.ago)

Horticultural: Semi-sedentary societies (they do not frequently move to
places)
- Small-scale farming
- Produce and use simple forms of hand tools to plant crops
- There is a surplus of food
- Some engaged in making crafts and trading
Pastoral: animal domestication
- Developed in dry regions where raising crops was not possible
- Semi-sedentary
- Small-scale trrading with other groups
- Horticultural and Pastoral has unequal social relation (some act as ruling
elite)
 Agricultural Socities (During Neolithic Revolution-5,000 yrs.ago)
- Sociocultural and economic development
- Cultivate wheat, barley, peas, rice and millet
- Farm animals
- Neolithic people cultivate tools and developed farming skills
- Town population over a thousand
- Domestication of cattle and sheep provided neolithic people with additional
sources of nutrition
- During the Neolithic Revolution, the agricultural societies developed and their
population increased into millions.
- Sedentary
- Money became a form of exchange replacing barter
- Animal-powered wagon
- Increased of social inequaltiy (most people acted as herd/slave while a few
members became elite/owners of land

 Industrial (1780s-1850s)
- Industrial societies began when the Industrial Revoltuion swept
- New sources of energywere harnessed
- Avanced forms of technology were applied and machineries were invented
- Produced new changes in the societies
- Created centralized workplaces
- Economic interdependence
- Formal education
- People left farms and transferred to the urban areas to work in factories

 Post-Industrial
- Development of information technologyand coomputers
- Transfer of labor workforce from manufacturing to service
- A significant increase in the number of professional and technical
employment
- Advanced education
- Focus on communication infrastracture
- Knowledge as source of invention and innovation
- Application of intellectual technology
 Platoons of clay soldiers were buried with
China's first emperor, Qin Shi Huang Di, to
accompany him during his eternal rest.

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-
and-history

Carved from the bedrock of the Giza

plateau, the Sphinx is truly a mysterious
marvel from the days of ancient Egypt. The
body of a lion with the head of a king or god,
the sphinx has come to symbolize strength
and wisdom.

A ziggurat "to build on a raised area" is a

temple tower of the ancient Mesopotamian
valley and Iran, having the form of a terraced
pyramid of successively receding stories

Located just east of the Roman Forum, the massive

stone amphitheater known as the Colosseum was
commissioned around A.D. 70-72 by Emperor
Vespasian of the Flavian dynasty as a gift to the
Roman people. In A.D. 80, Vespasian’s son Titus
opened the Colosseum–officially known as the
Flavian Amphitheater–with 100 days of games,
including gladiatorial combats and wild animal fights.
After four centuries of active use, the magnificent
arena fell into neglect, and up until the 18th century
it was used as a source of building materials.
Though two-thirds of the original Colosseum has
been destroyed over time, the amphitheater remains
a popular tourist destination, as well as an iconic
symbol of Rome and its long, tumultuous history.
 The Inca civilizationflourished in ancient Peru between c. 1400 and 1533 CE, and
their empireeventually extended across western South America from Quito in the north to
Santiago in the south, making it the largest empire ever seen in the Americas and the largest in
the world at that time. Undaunted by the often harsh Andean environment, the Incas conquered
people and exploited landscapes in such diverse settings as plains, mountains, deserts, and
tropical jungle. Famed for their unique art and architecture, they constructed finely-built and
imposing buildings wherever they conquered, and their spectacular adaptation of natural
landscapes with terracing, highways, and mountaintop settlements continues to impress modern
visitors at such world famous sites as Machu Picchu.

Socialization
 the process by which we learn and internalize the rules and patterns of behavior that are
affected by culture.
 begins the first day of life
 learning and mastering societal norms, attitudes, values and belief systems
 It occurs over a considerable period of time with much practice

Enculturation
 Enculturation is the process by which youngsters learn and adopt the ways and manners
of their culture
 There is little difference between the terms socialization and enculturation.
 Enculturation is the product of the socialization process