Physics-1 Lab Assignment

Submitted By
Group -1
1.Anwar,Fahim ID:20-42305-1
2.Shohan,Md.Mehedi Hassan ID:20-42250-1
3.Ahmed,Adib ID:20-42333-1
4.Nur,Md.Hasib Hasan ID:20-42349-1

Experiment Number :7
Question Number 1:
Explain the temperature coefficient of resistance for a
conductor.
Ans. We know, R=Rref[1+α(T-Tref)]
Temperature coefficient of resistance is the measure of change in electrical resistance of any substance
per degree of temperature change
Here, R=Conductor resistance at temperature (t)
Rref=Conductor resistance at temperature(Tref)
α=Temperature coefiicient of resistant for conductor material.
 T=Conductor temperature in degree celcius
Tref=Reference temperature that α is specified at for the conductor material
For an example ,The Temperature Coefficient of Copper (near room temperature) is +0.393 percent
per degree C. This means if the temperature increases 1°C, the resistance will increase 0.393%.

Question Number 2:
Draw the circuit diagram for the experiment and mention the
uses of each component.
• Circuit Symbols and Circuit Diagrams
• Two Types of Connections
• Series Circuits
• Parallel Circuits
• Combination Circuits
Thus far, this unit of The Physics Classroom tutorial has focused on the key ingredients of an electric
circuit and upon the concepts of electric potential difference, current and resistance. Conceptual meaning
of terms have been introduced and applied to simple circuits. Mathematical relationships between
electrical quantities have been discussed and their use in solving problems has been modeled. Lesson 4
will focus on the means by which two or more electrical devices can be connected to form an electric
circuit. Our discussion will progress from simple circuits to mildly complex circuits. Former principles of
electric potential difference, current and resistance will be applied to these complex circuits and the same
mathematical formulas will be used to analyze them.
Electric circuits, whether simple or complex, can be described in a variety of ways. An electric circuit is
commonly described with mere words. Saying something like "A light bulb is connected to a D-cell" is a
sufficient amount of words to describe a simple circuit. On many occasions in Lessons 1 through 3, words
have been used to describe simple circuits. Upon hearing (or reading) the words, a person grows
accustomed to quickly picturing the circuit in their mind. But another means of describing a circuit is to
simply draw it. Such drawings provide a quicker mental picture of the actual circuit. Circuit drawings like
the one below have been used many times in Lessons 1 through 3.
Describing Circuits with Words Describing Circuits with
Drawings

"A circuit contains a light bulb and a 1.5-Volt

D-cell."

A final means of describing an electric circuit is by use of conventional circuit symbols to

provide a schematic diagram of the circuit and its components. Some circuit symbols
used in schematic diagrams are shown below.
A single cell or other power source is represented by a long and a short parallel line. A collection of cells
or battery is represented by a collection of long and short parallel lines. In both cases, the
long line is representative of the positive terminal of the energy source and the short line
represents the negative terminal. A straight line is used to represent a connecting wire
between any two components of the circuit. An electrical device that offers resistance to the
flow of charge is generically referred to as a resistor and is represented by a zigzag line. An
open switch is generally represented by providing a break in a straight line by lifting a
portion of the line upward at a diagonal. These circuit symbols will be frequently used throughout the
remainder of Lesson 4 as electric circuits are represented by schematic diagrams. It will be important to
either memorize these symbols or to refer to this short listing frequently until you become accustomed to
their use.

Question Number 3:
Draw the circuit diagram for the experiment and mention
the uses of each component.
Ans. The principle of working of Metre bridge is wheat stone bridge principle and it is used to find the
resistance of an unknown conductor or to compare two unknown resistance
In meter bridge balance condition is given by
R/S=l1/100-l1
R=(l1/100-l1)*S

When X is connected in parallel with S equivalent resistance in that arm.

Seq=SX/(S+X)

New balanced condition is given by

R/SEQ=l2/(100-l2)

Substituting R=(l1/100-l1)*S
((l1/100-l1)*S)* (SX/(S+X))= l2/(100-l2)

Solving this we get,

(100−l2)l1(S+X)=(100−l1)l2X
X={l1S(100-l2)}/{100(l2-l1)}
 Question Number 4: At temperature 25 0C
and 70 0C the resistances of a conducting coil is found as 5 ohm
and 7 ohm by using a meter bridge, respectively. Calculate the
temperature coefficient of resistance of the material of the
conductor.

Ans.Here, α=?
T=70
Tref=25
R=7
Rref=5
We know, R=Rref{1+α(T-Tref)
So, α={(R/Rref)-1}/(T-Tref)
=0.0089

Question Number 5:

Draw a graph of Resistance Vs Temperature for a conductor

Experiment Number :9
Question Number 6:

Explain Ohm’s law:

Ohm's law states the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. According to this
law, the amount of electricity passing through a conductor between two points in a circuit is
directly proportional to the voltage across the two points, for a particular temperature

Question Number 7:
How can you determine the unknown resistance from the graph
of Ohm’s law (V vs I graph)?
Ans. Ohm's Law tells us that if a conductor is at a constant temperature, the current
flowing through the conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it. This
means that if we plot voltage on the x-axis of a graph and current on the y-axis of the
graph, we will get a straight-line.
The gradient of the straight-line graph is related to the resistance of the conductor as

IV=1R.IV=1R.
This can be rearranged in terms of the constant resistance as:
R=VI.

Question Number 8:

For three resistances: R1, R2 and R3 connect them in series and

parallel connections and write the equations for the equivalent
resistances. For which connection the current flow will be more,
why?
Ans. In series circuit, the effective resistance is equal to sum of the resistances of individual components.
So total resistance will be on higher side. In parallel circuit, reciprocal of effective resistance is equal to
sum of reciprocals of individual resitances. So effective resistance is less.
For example, if you have 3 resistances each of 10ohm. In first case connected in series across 100 Volts,
will provide an effective resistance of 30ohms (i.e., 10+10+10=30).
As per Ohm's law, current I=volatge / Resistance.
I=100/ 30 = 3.33 Amps.
Now consider same resistances connected in parallel. Total resitance is 10/3= 3.33 Ohm
That is 1/Reff= (1/10)+(1/10)+(1/10)= 0.3 Ohm
Therefore Reff= 1/0.3 = 3.33 Ohm.
Current I= 100/3.33= 30 Amps.
So clearly current in parallel circuit is more than current in series circuit.

Experiment Number :11

Question Number 9:
What do you mean by the time constant for a RC circuit?

Ans. There is no difference in the RC time constant whether it be electrical or electronics or even
mechanical, chemical or otherwise. There are many analogies but the the RC or FIRST ORDER time
constant represents both the rate and ratio of the energy stored in the electric field to that dissipated as
heat in doing so. No matter what combination of R and C one chooses for the rate the ratio remains
constant. The RC time constant is the time or rate for the capacitor voltage to change by ~63% from the
previous or between each such time interval. This is a simple way to avoid elegant but somewhat
unnecessary math and a quick way to check in exams and test. Back of the matchbox stuff :)

To see this consider an RC circuit with

the capacitor initially discharged and a voltage of 100V applied.

After time RC Vc=63%*100= 63V after time 2RC Vc =63+63%(100-63) = 63+63%*37 = 63+23.31 =
86.31 V and so on.
 Question Number 10:
What is capacitor and what are its uses?
- A capacitor is a device that store charge. It has a pair of parallel plates with an insulator between them.
- Capacitors are basically used to store electrical charge. They are a basic component of electronics and
have a host of various applications. The most common use for capacitors is energy storage.
Additional uses includes Energy Storage, Power Conditioning, Sensors,

Capacitors for Energy Storage

Capacitors have been used to store electrical energy since the late 18th century. Individual
capacitors generally do not hold a great deal of energy, providing only enough power for
electronic devices to use during temporary power outages or when they need additional power.
For example, large capacitors are included in car audio systems to provide extra power to
amplifiers when needed.

Capacitors for Power Conditioning

One important application of capacitors is the conditioning of power supplies. Capacitors allow
AC signals to pass but block DC signals when they are charged. They can effectively split these
two signal types, cleaning the supply of power. Capacitors are also used in utility substations to
counteract inductive loading introduced by transmission lines.

Capacitors as Sensors

Capacitors are used as sensors to measure a variety of things, including air humidity, fuel levels
and mechanical strain. The capacitance of a device is dependent on its structure. Changes in the
structure can be measured as a loss or gain of capacitance. Two aspects of a capacitor are used in
sensing applications: the distance between the parallel plates and the material between them. The
former is used to detect mechanical changes such as acceleration and pressure.
 Question Number 11:
How a capacitor can be charged and discharged? Draw the
graphs of charging and discharging for a capacitor.

Charging

During the charging of a capacitor:

• the charging current decreases from an initial value of to zero

• the potential difference across the capacitor plates increases from zero to a maximum value of ,
when the capacitor is fully charged
• at all times the sum of the potential difference across the capacitor and the potential difference across
the resistor equals the EMF of the supply
• the potential difference across the resistor (given by ) decreases from an initial value
of to zero when the capacitor is fully charged

Discharging

During the discharging of a capacitor:

• the discharging current decreases from an initial value of to zero

• the potential difference across the capacitor plates decreases from to zero, when the capacitor is
fully discharged
• the potential difference across the capacitor is always equal to the potential difference across the
resistor
• the potential difference across the resistor (given by ) decreases from an initial value
of to zero when the capacitor is fully discharged

Question Number 12:

12. How the time constant can be determine from the graph.
Ans.

From the graph we can see that

The time constant of a resistor-capacitor series combination is defined as the time it takes for
the capacitor to deplete 36.8% (for a discharging circuit) of its charge or the time it takes to reach 63.2%
(for a charging circuit) of its maximum charge capacity given that it has no initial charge.