MORPHOLOGICAL AND TAXONOMIC TREATMENT

OF Lilium formosanum A. Wallace

A research submitted for the final requirements and

examination for the course Biology 136.1 With a
course description - Taxonomy

Researcher:

ALPHA MAY L. PALICOS FREDA O. MARTIN

Research Leader Research Co-leader

JONES T. NAPALDET
Professor
 CHAPTER 1
Introduction
The idea of Lilies embedded to us are those lilies that are mostly growing on
ponds, lakes, swamps and others. The fascinating things about lilies are their
attractive colourful and even fragrant smell. Hidden to our knowledge, other lilies are
growing on areas where moist is certainly is not available all the time and are limited.
One of the lilies that are growing on this kind of areas is Lilium formosanum.
Formosa is a latin word meaning beautiful. Although from the scientific name
Lilium formosanum, the species formosanum was derived from the word formosa a
place in Taiwan where the species was originated (Your dictionary)2019.
As defined by Merriam Webster (2019) Lilium is a large genus of herbaceous
plants having scaly bulbs, whorled or scattered leaves, showy flowers with a perianth
of six segments, versatile anthers, a 3-lobed stigma, and a capsular fruit
Lilium formosanum is a trumpet flowered lily endemic to Taiwan. It is an upright
herbaceous plant with perennial underground bulbs producing annual shoots that
usually grows >1 m tall, but occasionally reaching up to 2 m in height(T.E.R:R.A.I.N
- Taranaki Educational Resource:Research, Analysis and Information Network,2018),
.
This species reproduces by seed and also vegetatively by bulbs. The winged seeds
are dispersed by wind and water, and the seeds and bulbs may be spread in dumped
garden waste.
Warner., et al(2004) stated that formosa lily is a bulbous perennial geophyte with
many features that contribute to its success as a weed and coloniser. It shows broad
environmental tolerances and is well-adapted to a wide range of conditions.
In the Northern Part of the Luzon in the country of Philippines specifically in the
province of Benguet, the Lilium formosanum has also a high percentage when it
comes to distribution for it is commonly seen along the road of the said province, this
research was proven and was gathered from the research published on 2017 by Mr.
Jones T. Napaldet.

ITIS Report (2019), Lilium formosanum A. Wallace has a Taxonomic Serial No.:
503453.
 Kingdom Plantae   
Subkingdom Viridiplantae  – green
   
plants
Infrakingdom Streptophyta  – land
   
plants
     Superdivision Embryophyta   

CHAPTER 2
Methodology
The information was gathered in a single source, which is the internet. The
species was thought to be endemic only in Taiwan, but later on, it was actually seen
along the road of Benguet, The researcher wasn’t able to look for a species that can be
used as a primary source of information, although the secondary source were valid
resources that was uploaded online.
 CHAPTER 3
Results and Discussion
a) Assigned Taxon
Lilium formosanum
b) Accepted Scientific name
There were numerous synonyms of Lilium formosanum but the accepted
common name is Lilium formosanum A. Wallace.
c) Etymology
d) Synonyms
Lilium longiflorum var. formosanum
Lilium zairei Mynett and Mackiewicz
Lilium formosanum var. formosanum
Lilium philippinense var formosanum (Wallace) E.H. Wilson
Lilium philippinense var. Grove
Lilium formosanum var. pricei Stoker

e) Type description
f) Type materials
The conduction of the study utilizes internet connection, photographs, and
laptop
g) Full length description

The discussion for the overall physical description, the origin, history of the
authors name, distribution, how useful it is to the economy including the diagram and
some illustrations of the Lilium formosanum would be taken and be discussed from
this chapter.
The Lilium formosanum have different distinguishing characters on it habit, stem,
leaf, flowers and capsule.According to the Weeds of Australia, Lilium formosanum is
an upright herbaceous plant with long-lived underground bulbs producing short-lived
shoots usually growing 1-1.5 m tall, but occasionally reaching up to 2 m in height.
The lily formosa’s upright (erect) stems are unbranched and mostly hairless
(glabrous). They are mostly dark green in colour, but are often somewhat purplish-
brown towards the base. The alternately arranged leaves are stalkless (sessile) and
widely spaced along the stems. These leaves measure 7.5-20 cm long and 5-10 mm
wide that are elongated (lanceolate) or linear in shape and generally become smaller
towards the top of the stems. They are hairless (glabrous) with entire margins and
pointed tips acute apices. The large flowers are arranged in clusters of one to ten at
the top of the stems and are borne on stalks called pedicels that are 5-15 cm long.
These showy flowers (12-20 cm long) are funnel-shaped or tubular and mostly white
in colour, but their outsides are usually flushed with a little mauve or reddish-purple.
They have six perianth segments and six large stamens about 10 cm long, topped with
yellow or purplish anthers (8-10 mm long). They also have a large ovary (3-3.5 cm
long) and a long style (7-8 cm long) topped with a three-lobed stigma that is whitish
to greenish in colour. Flowering occurs during summer and autumn (i.e. from January
to April). The large capsules (5-9 cm long and 1-2 cm wide) are cylindrical in shape
and contain numerous winged seeds.

Phylogeny
h) Illustration/ Photographs

figure 1:
Habit

FIGURE 2:
Flower
 FIGURE 3:
Leaf

i) Chromosome number
27
j) Habitat/ altitudinal range/ ecological data
The weeds of Australia stated that Lilium formosanum is a weed of wetter sub-
tropical and temperate regions. This escaped garden plant grows along roadsides and
in bushland, grasslands, disturbed sites and waste areas.

ITHAKA, stated that Lilium formosanum is an indigenous and naturally endemic

plant in Taiwan, now naturalized in eastern and southern Africa, Australia where it is
being considered as a noxious weed.

In LHI (Lord howe Island), Formosa lily is commonly found in light gaps in
otherwise closed forest. It also occurs in more open cliff and ledge communities.

k) Geographic distribution
 Liu and Ying (1978), this plant has an ability to adapt to a broad range of
conditions and take advantage of natural and anthropogenic disturbances in both
its native and naturalised range. Its native range is restricted to Taiwan where it
grows from sea level to 3500 m.
Formosa lily is naturalised in New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Australia, South
America , Japan (Inagaki 2002) and South Africa (Walters 1983), where it is
found extensively in disturbed areas dominated by relatively tall grasses, as in its
native habitat (Randall,2002).
Toowoomba and Maleny, Formosa lily was introduced to Australia as an
ornamental species, but is now invasive in many coastal and inland regions of
Victoria, Queensland , New South Wales .
According to the report of Pickard (1983) as cited in Ecology of Lilium
formosanum Wallace and implications for management, Today it is distributed
throughout most vegetation types from the south to the north of the Lord Howe
island in Australia. It is found across an altitudinal range from sea level up to 700
m and on the two major soil types found on the island, Calcaranite and Basalt.

l) Economic uses and other importance

Showy flowers for borders, cottage gardens or cutting gardens (Missouri
Botanical Garden).
It is one of the top selling plant in Taiwan, the price is ranging from $3/ 3
inch pot, in the Amazon shopping cite, 10 seeds of Lilium formosanum is ranging
in the price of $14.99.
B and D. (2018), Lilium formosanum is highly susceptible to virus and was
 often used as a test plant to detect virus infection in the early years of hybridizing.
The procedure was to scratch and wound the stem of a plant suspected of virus
with a soft brass brush, and then scratching the stem of Lilium formosanum to see
if it would become infected.

m) Conservation status
For the reason that Lilium formosanum is widely distributed and fast
growing, the finding is that, the species was not extinct or endangered, so in
IUCN list it would be categorized as Not evaluated.

n) Phylogeny and reproductive behaviour

Conclusive phylogenetic relationship between L. formosanum and L.
logiflorum were first demonstrated from the demontrated from the comparative
data of population genetic structure in the two species. The degrees of allozyne
variability and divergence for L. longiflorum were very high as insular endemic
species, indicating a relatively longtime persistence of the present widespread
distribution across many Ryukyu and Taiwan islands in this phenotypically little-
diverged species. By contrast L. formosanum exhibit lower variability and
divergence than did L. longiflorum, and was genetically close to the south
western peripheral populations of L. longiflorum with a genetic distance(GD) of
0.022 as its lowest value. The result demonstrate that L. formosanum is highly
likely a derivative of L. longiflorum in a south western area of the archipelago.
Combined with other biological and insular geohistorical information, it seems
that L. longiflorum was established around the end of the Pliocene when the
current distribution area was sill a continuous part of the ancient Asian continent,
and L. formosanum was derived from south western population of L. longiflorum
and the late Pleistocene when the mainland Taiwan was completely separated
from the adjacent islands and the main continent.
o) Dispersal modes/ agents
This species reproduces by seed and also vegetatively by bulbs. The winged seeds
are dispersed by wind and water, and the seeds and bulbs may be spread in dumped
garden waste.

p) Common names
 Formosa lily, Formosan lily, lily, St Joseph's lily, Taiwan lily, tiger lily,
trumpet lily, are the provided common name for the species.
q) Vernacular names
Takasago Yuri
Sintjosefslelie (Afrikaans)

r) Anatomical data
In this chapter, the parts of the species will be further discussed with
illustrations gathered from mono source.

s) Taxonomic analysis and conclusion

Lilium zairei Mynett and Mackiewicz
Lilium longiflorum var. formosanum
Lilium formosanum var. formosanum
Lilium philippinense var formosanum (Wallace) E.H. Wilson
Lilium philippinense var. Grove
Lilium formosanum var. pricei Stoker
The stand of Lilium zairii, so introductorily named by the authors, was found in
April 1982 by Dr Henryk Mackiewicz - assistant professor of the Research
Institute of Vegetable Crops in Skierniewice, Poland, who was at this time
teaching in the Republic of Zaire, at the University of Kisangani, Department of
Biology.
 L. zairii can be grown in greenhouse conditions from seed to bloom in about
ten months. The first flowers of the introduced lily appear in May 1984. The
flowers show a great morphological resemblance to L. formosanum; it is a typical
white trumpet shaped lily with large, fragrant flowers, light, bronze-red colored
on the reverse. The anthers are bronze and end-standing on long, white-green
filaments. The style is longer than the filament with a large light green stigma.
After autogamic pollination the seeds were maturing in 3 months and

the long, narrow seed pods contained a lot of small and light, but well
germinated seeds. The plants were grown in pots and their height was
from 60 – 95 cm with the number of flowers per stem differing from 1
– 3. Lilium zairei Mynett & Mackiewicz, Acta Hort. 177: 667 (1986), not validly
 publ.,

BIBLIOGRAPHY
T.E.R:R.A.I.N - Taranaki Educational Resource: Research, Analysis and Information
Network.2018.Lilium formosanum.Retrieved from http://www.terrain.net.nz/friends-
of-te-henui-group/we eds-by-scientific-names/lilium-formosanum-taiwanese-li
ly.html

The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.(2019).“Lilium.” Merriam-Webster

Inc.Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/liliu m

Formosa.(n.d.).In YourDictionary.Retrieved from

https://www.yourdictionary.com/Formosa

Weeds of Australia.(2016).Lilium formosanum.Environmental Weeds of Australia

for Biosecurity Queensland. Retrieve from
https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Ht ml/lilium_formosanum.htm

Global plants.(2019).Lilium formosanum.JSTOR ITHAKA. Retrieved from

https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/lilium.formosanum

Warner S., Grice A.C., . Duggin J.A (2004)., Ecology of Lilium formosanum
Wallace and implications for management. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Private
Bag PO, Aitkenvale, Queensland 4814, Australia. School of Environmental Sciences
and Natural Resources Management, The University of New England, Armidale, New
South Wales 2351, Australia. Retrieved from
https://www.cabi.org/isc/FullTextPDF/2008/20083094933. pdf

Missouri Botanical Garden. (2019).Lilium formosanum.Retrieved from

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?
taxonid=282155&isprofile=0&

B and D.(2002-2018).Liliybulb.com.Lilium formosanum.Retrieved from

https://www.lilybulb.com/ls52.html
Koch, W.1973.Flowering Plants or Angiosperms.Plant Function and Structures.The
Macmillian Conmpany, 866 Third Avenue, New York.

Queenland Government.2016.Weeds of Autralia Queenland Government

Edition.Retrieved from
https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/lilium_formosanum.htm in
November 15, 2019.

Simpson,M.1953.Evolution of Flowering Plants.plant Systematics.Elsiever Inc.,30

Corporate Drive, suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA.

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2019. Atlas of Florida

Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell
(application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany,
University of South Florida, Tampa.

The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet;

http://www.theplantlist.org/ (accessed 1st January).