GROUP 1

REPRODUCTION
IN PLANTS AND
ANIMALS
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
 WHAT
IS
REPRODUCTION
•
?
The process of producing young ones from their parents is
called reproduction.

• Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all organism

exists as the result of reproduction.
 SEXUAL

2 TYPES
OF and
REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL
SEXUAL
RERODUCTION
• In sexual reproduction, both parents are
involved. Moreover, it involved fertilization, the
fusion of male and female gametes to form a
zygote.
ASEXUAL
RERODUCTION
• In asexual reproduction, only single parent is
involved. Moreover it does not involve the
fusion of gametes or change in the number of
chromosomes.
 REPRODUCTION
IN PLANTS
HOW DO PLANTS REPRODUCE?

- Plant reproduction is the process of

generating new plant individuals or offsprings.

REPRODUCTION
IN PLANTS
• Most plants have roots, stem and leaves, these
are called the vegetative parts. The flowers are
the reproductive parts of a plants.
PARTS OF A FLOWER

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that matches the title.

• STEM
- Provides support for the leaves, flower and fruit.

• SEPALS
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- Protects the developing reproductive structure.
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• PETALS that matches the title.
- Can be colorful to attract specific pollinator to the flower.

• STAMEN
- Male reproduction part. Contains 2 parts which the Anther and Filament.

• ANTHER
- Produces male sex cells or pollen grains.

• FILAMENT
- Holds the anther.
• CARPEL/PISTIL
- Is the female reproductive part. Contains 3 parts which are the Stigma, Style and
Ovary.

• STIGMA Add title text

- Collects pollen grains. Click here to add content

that matches the title.

• STYLE
- Supports the stigma and connects it to the ovary. It also assist the process of
fertilization.

• OVARY
- Protects the ovule.

• OVULE
- Female gamete or egg cells.
FLOWER

• The organ of sexual reproduction is the

flower. Male gametes are found in
pollen grains and produced in the
anthers of the flower. Female gametes
are found in ovules and produced in the
ovary of the flower.
 UNISEXUAL FLOWER
- Has only one reproductive part. Each flower is either
“staminate”(having only functional stamens) and thus
“male”, or “carpellate “ or “pistillate” (having only
functional carpels) and thus “female”. On the other hand
have either the stamens or pistil.

TWO TYPES
OF FLOWER
BISEXUAL FLOWER
- Contains both male and female reproductive organs. On
the other hand, it contain both stamens and pistil.
EXAMPLE OF UNISEXUAL FLOWER

PA PAYA F LO W E R BITTER GOURD FLOWER CUCUMBER FLOWER

EXAMPLE OF BISEXUAL FLOWER

L I LY F LO W E R GUMAMELA FLOWER SUNFLOWER

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

• POLLINATION

• FERTILIZATION

• SEED DISPERSAL
POLLINATION
• Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from a male part of a
plant to a female part of a plant.
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• Insects are the pollinating agents. Click here to add content
that matches the title.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF POLLINATION
SELF - POLLINATION
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• The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the
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s a m e f l o w e r o r t o t h e s t i g m a o f a a that
n o matches
t h e r the
flo wer on the same
title.

plant.
CROSS - POLLINATION
• T h e t r a n s f e r o f p o l l e n g r a i n s f r o m t h e a n t h e r o f t h e f l o w e r, t o t h e
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stigma of another flower of the same type.
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that matches the title.

 FERTILIZATION
• In plants, fertilization is a process of sexual reproduction, which occurs after pollination and
germination.
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• Fertilization can be defined as the fusion of the male gametes (pollen) with the female
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gametes (ovum) to form a diploid zygote.
that matches the title.
• The complete series of this process takes place in the zygote to develop into a seed.
 SEED DISPERSAL
• Seeds are the reproductive structures that develop after the ovules undergo
fertilization, and they carry an embryo that germinates to produce a new
plant. Add title text
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that matches the title.

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
- Asexual reproduction produces plants that are genetically identical to
the parent plant because no mixing of male and female gametes takes
place.

• VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
• BUDDING
• FRAGMENTATION
• SPORE FORMATION
 VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
• Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction of a plant. Here, only
one plant is involved and the offspring is the result of one parent. The new plant
is genetically identical to the parent. Add title text
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that matches the title.

 BUDDING IN PLANTS
• Budding is the mode of asexual reproduction wherein a new plant is
developed from an outgrowth known as the bud. A bud is generally
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formed due to cell division at one particular site.
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that matches the title.

FRAGMENTATION IN PLANTS
• Fragmentation is a process of splitting. Hence, it is also known as
splitting. This method of reproduction is seen in many organisms
such as filamentous cyanobacteria, Add title text many plants, and
lichens,
molds. Click here to add content

that matches the title.

 SPORE FORMATION
• In plants, spore formation is the sole means of asexual
reproduction. Plants follow an alternation of generation life cycle,
where diploid sporophyte producesAdd title textspores and ultimately
haploid
gives rise to haploid gametophyte Click here to add content
that matches the title.
 REPRODUCTION
IN ANIMALS
HOW DO ANIMALS REPRODUCE?

- The formation of new animal individuals,

which may occur by asexual or sexual means. L

REPRODUCTION
IN ANIMALS
• All animals reproduce asexually or
sexually to create new individuals of
their species.
• Let us have a brief account of the human reproductive organs and their role in reproduction.

FEMALE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM SYSTEM
• The female • The male
reproductive reproductive
organs organs
comprise a pair comprise a pair
of ovaries, of testes,
oviducts, and sperm ducts,
the uterus. The and a penis.
eggs (ova) are The sperms are
produced by produced by
the ovaries. The the testes. The
development of sperms are
the baby takes very small in
place in the size with a
uterus. A head, a middle
mature egg is piece, and a
released into tail.
the oviduct
every month.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS

• FERTILIZATION
• EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT
• VIVIPAROUS AND OVIPAROUS ANIMALS
 FERTILIZATION IN ANIMALS
• Fertilization is defined as the union of two gametes. During fertilization,
sperm and egg fuse to form a diploid zygote to initiate prenatal
development.

• Fertilization is of two types:

- Internal Fertilization
- External Fertilization
 INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
• The fertilization that takes place inside the body of the female is known as internal
fertilization. For eg., humans, cows, dogs, etc. This method is more prevalent in terrestrial
animals. However, some aquatic animals also adopt this method. This may take place by
direct introduction of sperms by the male in the female reproductive tract, or the male
deposits the sperms in the environment which is picked up by the female in her
reproductive tract.
There are three ways by which offspring are produced by internal
fertilization:

1. Oviparity – The fertilized eggs are laid outside, where they receive
nourishment from the yolk.

2. Ovoviviparity – The fertilized eggs are retained in the female’s body

where they receive nourishment from the yolk. The eggs are laid right
before they are hatched.

3. Viviparity – The offspring are born directly instead of hatching from

the eggs. They receive nutrition from the mother. This can be seen in
mammals.
 EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
• The fertilization that takes place outside the female is called external fertilization. For eg.,
frogs, and fish. Most fertilization takes place during the process of spawning.
Environmental signals such as water temperature trigger spawning.
 EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT
• The zygote divides repeatedly to form a ball of cells. This is known as the developing
embryo. These cells differentiate into respective tissues and organs. The embryo gets
implanted in the uterine wall. This process is known as implantation.
 VIVIPAROUS AND OVIPAROUS ANIMALS
• Viviparous and Oviparous animals are two different groups of animals, which are classified on the basis of
fertilization. The main difference between oviparous and viviparous animals are listed below:

OVIPAROUS VIVIPAROUS
Meaning
Animals that give birth to the
Egg-laying animals
young ones
Fertilization
Either internal or external
Fertilization is internal
fertilization
Nutrients to the Developing Embryo
Provided by the mother through
Provided by the egg yolk
the placenta
Development of Zygote
There is very little or no The embryo develops entirely
development of the embryo inside inside the mother.
the mother.
EXAMPLES OF VIVIPAROUS
AND
OVIPAROUS ANIMALS
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN
ANIMALS

• BINARY FISSION
• BUDDING
• FRAGMENTATION
• REGENERATION
• PARTHENOGENESIS
 BINARY FISSION
• Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction where a parent cell divides
resulting in two identical cells. Each cells has the potential to grow to the
size of the original cells.
 BUDDING IN ANIMALS
• In this, the offspring grows out of the body of the parent. It remains attached to the
parent until it matures. After maturation, it detaches itself from the parent and lives as an
individual organism.
• A hydra is a tiny animal that lives in water. Hydras can regrow parts of their bodies. 
 FRAGMENTATION IN ANIMALS
• In some organisms like Planarians, when the body of an organism breaks into several pieces each
piece grows into an individual offspring. This is known as fragmentation. It can occur through
accidental damage by predators or otherwise, or as a natural form of reproduction. In a few
animals such as sea stars, a broken arm grows into a complete organism.

• Planaria are a variety of flatworm that are considered a pest by the majority of aquarists.
 REGENERATION IN ANIMALS
• All animals can heal, and most can also regenerate some of their tissues
and body parts. Regenerative capabilities among animals vary from the
limited wound-healing abilities.
 PARTHENOGENESIS
• Parthenogenesis is the type of asexual reproduction involving the
development of female gametes without any fertilization.

• Parthenogenesis, which derives from Greek and translates to “virgin

birth”

• Parthenogenesis occurs in invertebrates such as water fleas, rotifers,

aphids, stick insects, and ants, wasps, and bees. 

• Ants, bees, and wasps use parthenogenesis to produce haploid males

(drones). The diploid females (workers and queens) are the result of a
fertilized egg.
PARTHENOGENESIS
IN
BEES
 SUMMARY:
• Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes to
form a zygote. Asexual reproduction does not involve gametes.

• Plants and animals reproduce either asexually or sexually;

however, asexual reproduction is more common among plants than
animals.

• Fertilization occurs in both plants and animals.

• Throughout the course of time, and with the varying methods of

reproduction, it remains vital to the sustainability of a species to be able
to reproduce. 
 GROUP 1

THANK YOU
!HUAHAUAHAUAH!
MEMBERS:

BANTILAN, HANZ

GENCIANOS, ARJAY

SITON, ALBERT

ARINGO, ARABELLA

MASCARDO, LAURICE MARIE

LABRADOR, SOPHIA KATE

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2