REPRODUCTION AT

THE ORGANISM
LEVEL
(ANIMALS)
Kingdom Animalia
Asexual Reproduction
• Budding
• Fission
• Fragmentation
• Parthenogenesis
Budding
Parents and offspring
are not the same size
Fission
Separation into two individuals with approximately
equal size
Fragmentation
Breaking of body
into several pieces
Parthenogenesis
• egg can develop without
being fertilized
• an adaptive strategy that
allows organisms to
reproduce when sexual
reproduction is not possible
due to environmental
conditions
Sexual Reproduction
• Hermaphroditism
• Fertilization
 • Individual has both male and
female reproductive systems
Hermaphroditism • Can also auto fertilize
• Sex reversal
Fertilization
• EXTERNAL – female
releases eggs into the
environment where the
male then fertilizes them
• Moist habitat is required
Fertilization
• INTERNAL – sperms are
deposited in or near the female
reproductive tract, and
fertilization occurs within the
tract
• requires cooperative behavior
that leads to copulation and
compatible reproductive
systems
• ensures survival of the offspring
(sheltered, parental care)