Chapter 10

Close Reading Strategy

Watch for Numbers
Pay close attention to numbers in science texts. Try and figure out why the writer included the
numbers and what they are intended to show.

Example
The section Gestation in the lesson Animal Reproduction and Development
includes several numbers.
The length of time between fertilization and birth of an animal is called gestation
( jeh STAY shun). Gestation varies from species to species. The length of time usually
relates to the size of the animal—the smaller the animal is, the shorter its gestation
period is. For example, gestation for a mouse is about 21 days. Gestation for a human
is about 266 days, and for an elephant it is about 600 days.

Gestation for a kangaroo is 35 days. A kangaroo measures only about 2.5 cm long
at birth.

A close look at the numbers in the first paragraph supports the idea that “the smaller
the animal is, the shorter its gestation period is.” Mice take only 21 days versus
humans who require 266. But then the second paragraph introduces the example of
a kangaroo’s gestational period that doesn’t fit with the point being made in the first
paragraph. In terms of size a kangaroo is much closer to a human than a mouse. Yet the
length of its gestational period is only 35 days—much closer to that of a mouse than a
human.

Read further to understand why the writer wanted to include this example:
A newborn kangaroo crawls into a pouch on the mother’s body. Most of its
development occurs inside this pouch. The young kangaroo feeds and grows inside
the pouch until it is large enough to live on its own.

It turns out that the short gestational period doesn’t tell the whole story of the
kangaroo’s development.

Take-away Point When numbers appear in a text, pay attention. They usually are
included to illustrate an important point the writer wants to convey.
Tennessee State Board of Education.

Tennessee Academic Standards for Science covered in this chapter:

7.LS1(6) Develop an argument based on empirical evidence
and scientific reasoning to explain how behavioral and
structural adaptations in animals and plants affect the
probability of survival and reproductive success.

154
Animal Behavior and
Reproduction
Lesson 1
Before You Read
1. Agree
2. Disagree
Read to Learn
1. They enable animals to make necessary adjustments in
response to changes in the environment.
2. b. a headache
3. If an animal eats something that threatens its health, vomiting
rids its body of the material.
4. the body’s preparation to fight or run away in response to
danger
5. because they do not have much time to learn survival skills
6. Muscles in the throat push the egg against small bones in the
spine and crush the shell.
7. Unlike reflexes, instincts are usually made up of many innate
behaviors and may take hours or days to complete.
8. Hibernation allows some animals to require less food by using
less energy in the winter when it is cold and less food is
available.
9. winter
10. Innate behaviors are inherited. Learned behaviors are gained
through experience and practice.
11. a sting
12. innate or learned
After You Read
1. Possible answer: After I got a bad grade on a math test, I
began to devote more time to studying math.
2. Stimulus: hunger; Response: look for food
Stimulus: seasonal change; Response: migrate
Stimulus: danger; Response: run
Stimulus: illness; Response: fever
3. Students will record one question from their partner’s quiz
and write the correct answer to it.

Animal Behavior and Reproduction 155

 Name Date

Animal Behavior and Reproduction

How do animals communicate, interact, and
reproduce?
Before You Read
Before you read the chapter, think about what you know about how animals communicate, interact,
and reproduce. Record three things that you already know about animal behavior in the first column.
Then write three things that you would like to learn about how animals interact in the second column.
Complete the final column of the chart when you have finished this chapter.

K W L
What I Know What I Want to Learn What I Learned

Chapter Vocabulary
Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3
NEW NEW NEW
behavior bioluminescence sexual reproduction
innate behavior pheromone testis
instinct society ovary
migration territory fertilization
hibernation aggression zygote
imprinting metamorphosis
conditioning
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

ACADEMIC
REVIEW cycle
stimulus

A Lesson Content Vocabulary page for each lesson is provided in the Chapter Resources Files.

156 Animal Behavior and Reproduction

 Lesson 1 Types of Behavior
Predict three facts that will be discussed in Lesson 1 after reading the headings. Record your
predictions in your Science Journal.

What is a behavior? Characterize animal behavior.

I found this on page
300 . Behavior

Definition: an Two examples: Helps maintain

organism’s • flock of birds homeostasis by:
reaction to flying together allowing an
• other organism to
organisms react to changes
• dog sniffing
in the
• its
environment
environment Sample answers
are shown.

Stimuli and Responses Organize the concepts of stimulus and response.

I found this on page
300 . Stimulus Response
Sample answers are
Example: Example:
shown.
External

cool weather bird fluffing feathers

Example: Example:
Internal

illness fever

I found this on page Detail the fight-or-flight response.

301
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

. When an animal senses danger, its body automatically

prepares to either fight or run away.

Innate Behaviors Identify three characteristics of innate behavior.

I found this on page
301 .
1. inherited, not learned

2. happens automatically

3. dominant behavior for short-lived animals

Animal Behavior and Reproduction 157

 Lesson 1 | Types of Behavior (continued)

I found this on page Contrast innate behaviors.

302 .
Reflexes Instincts
automatic complex patterns
responses that of behavior
do not involve
messages from
the brain

Innate Behaviors

I found this on page Migration Hibernation

303 . Animals change Animal’s body
location. temperature,
responses activity, heart
to changing rate, and
seasons breathing rate
decrease.

Learned Behaviors Differentiate learned behaviors.

I found this on page
303 . Imprinting Trial and Error Conditioning
Animal forms Animal tries Behavior is
attachment to different modified so a
organism or behaviors until it response to one
place within finds one that stimulus
specific time works. becomes
period after birth associated with a
or hatching. different
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

stimulus.

Explain why you exhibit so many behaviors that are not innate.
Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: The human life span is comparatively

long, so humans have time to learn many complex behaviors. Humans also have the

cognitive ability to think, reason, and solve problems.

158 Animal Behavior and Reproduction

 Lesson 2
Before You Read
3. Agree
4. Disagree
Read to Learn
1. with sound, light, chemicals, and body language
2. They produce chemicals and release them to the environment
to communicate the presence of danger or food, to attract
mates, or to identify territory.
3. fear
4. submission
5. By defending a territory, animals gain exclusive access to the
territory’s resources, including food and space.
6. Answers should reflect examples of interactions in the text,
including behaviors in organized groups, dominance and
submission, territorial behaviors, and courtship behaviors.
After You Read
1. Possible answer: A spotted hyena society is organized based
on dominance, with females at the top, followed by cubs, and
finally males.
2.

Animal Communication Methods

sound light chemicals body

language

Example: Dolphins Example: Fireflies Example: Ants lay Example: Parrots

whistle or grunt. produce flashes of down a trail of bob their heads
light to attract pheromones to lead when they are
mates. other ants to food. content.

Animal Behavior and Reproduction 159

 Lesson 2 Interacting with Others
Scan Lesson 2. Read the lesson titles and bold words. Look at the pictures. Identify three facts you
discovered about animal interactions. Record your facts in your Science Journal.

Communication Organize details about animal communication.

I found this on page
310 . Why How

protection sound

Communication
locating group
light
members

warning others chemicals

finding mates body language

Sample answers are Characterize methods of animal communication.

shown.
Method Example

Dolphins make whistles and grunts to

I found this on page Sound
310 show excitement or give a warning.
.

Some fish use bioluminescence to lure

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

I found this on page Light

310 prey into their mouths.
.

Moths release pheromones to attract

I found this on page Chemicals
mates.
310 .

Wolves show aggression, playfulness,

I found this on page Body language
or fear with facial expressions.
311 .

160 Animal Behavior and Reproduction

 Lesson 2 | Interacting with Others (continued)

I found this on page Define terms related to animal communication.

312 .
Bioluminescence: the ability of certain living things to give off

light

I found this on page Pheromone: a chemical that is produced by one animal to

312 .
influence the behavior of another animal of the same species

Societies and Behaviors Infer the advantages for a species to live in a society.
I found this on page Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: A society is
312 .
group of animals of the same species living and working

together in an organized way. Advantages would include

things like the safety of numbers (protection) and the

effectiveness of hunting in numbers (obtaining food).

I found this on page Contrast dominance and submission.

312 .
Description Example
Dominance

The animal with the

In hyena society,
highest social status
females are most
(the dominant animal)
dominant, then cubs,
has power over the
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

then males.
ones below it.
Submission

Animals with a lower

Submissive wolves roll
social status submit to
over or crouch to show
or do not challenge the
they are not a threat.
dominant animal.

Animal Behavior and Reproduction 161

 Lesson 2 | Interacting with Others (continued)

I found this on page Express the functions of an animal’s territory.

313 .
feeding

Territory
An animal’s area for: mating

raising young

I found this on page Assess how an animal might defend its territory.
313 .
First: Next:
Try to scare or intimidate Use aggression to exert
the invading animal. control.

I found this on page Identify four animal courtship behaviors.

313 .

release bring gifts

pheromones of food

Courtship Behaviors

use mating
visual displays
songs Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Give some examples of how human behaviors and interactions resemble those
of other animals.
Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: People communicate through vocal

sounds, body language and pheromones. They also defend territory and work together in

groups in organized ways. People exhibit dominant and submissive personalities, as well.

162 Animal Behavior and Reproduction

 Lesson 3
Before You Read
5. Agree
6. Agree
Read to Learn
1. Students should circle the ovary.
2. Testes produce sperm cells; ovaries produce egg cells.
3. Internal fertilization happens inside the body; external
fertilization happens outside the body.
4. The ratio of a human sperm cell to a fruit fly sperm cell is
about 1:33.
5. the yolk of an egg
6. the length of time between fertilization and birth
7. internal development, external development, metamorphosis
8. pupa
After You Read
1. Possible answer: A tadpole grows legs and loses its tail as it
develops into an adult frog.
2.

egg cell

zygote embryo Adult

sperm cell

3. The yolk provides nourishment. The covering protects the

embryo, helps keep it moist, and discourages predators.

Animal Behavior and Reproduction 163

 Lesson 3 Animal Reproduction and Development
Skim Lesson 3 in your book. Read the headings and look at the photos and illustrations. Identify
three things you want to learn more about as you read the lesson. Record your ideas
in your Science Journal.

Sexual Reproduction Model the process of sexual reproduction.

I found this on page
318 .
genetic genetic
material combines material to
from from offspring
with produce
sperm egg

I found this on page Differentiate between the male and female of most mammals and
319 . birds.
The male is often larger or more colorful than the female.

I found this on page Distinguish the characteristics of reproductive organs of male

319 . and female animals.

Male Female

have testes that produce have ovaries that produce

sperm cells eggs

I found this on page Contrast male and female reproductive cells.

319 .
Sperm: have a tail; can swim through fluid to reach an egg
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Egg: larger than sperm; cannot move on their own

I found this on page Characterize fertilization.

320 .
Fertilization

sperm + egg ⇒ zygote

164 Animal Behavior and Reproduction

 Lesson 3 | Animal Reproduction and Development (continued)

I found this on page Identify the advantage of internal fertilization.

320 .

The zygote is nourished increases embryo’s chances

inside the female’s to survive, develop, and
body. reproduce

I found this on page Relate factors associated with external fertilization.

320 .

Most animals that reproduce through external fertilization do not

care for their young .

Therefore, the young are exposed to predators ,

reducing their chances of survival .

Therefore, successful reproduction requires a large number of

eggs be produced and fertilized to ensure

that at least a few offspring survive .

Development Differentiate internal development and external

I found this on page development of embryos.
320 .
External Internal
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

An embryo develops and

One embryo develops
is nourished inside the
inside each egg, which has
female’s body, either by
a yolk that provides food
an organ or tissues that
for the embryo and a
transfer nourishment from
covering for protection
mother to embryo or by a
against the environment
yolk in an egg held inside
and predators.
the body.

Animal Behavior and Reproduction 165

 Lesson 3 | Animal Reproduction and Development (continued)

I found this on page Correlate gestation period to animal size.

321 .
The smaller the animal, generally
Students might also
answer larger/longer. the shorter the gestation period.

I found this on page Identify the stages of metamorphosis of a frog. Contrast the
321 . lifestyle of a frog at its different stages.
The eggs can only develop
Adult
and hatch in water; the

tadpoles live only in the

water; the adult frog can

Eggs
live on land or in water.
Tadpole

I found this on page Model another example of the stages of metamorphosis. Draw
322 . and label the cycle.
Students will likely represent the ladybug life cycle from their
texts but might also choose others. Examples should clearly
show differences between eggs, immature or larval stages,
and adults.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Imagine you are studying a newly discovered animal species. You discover
large numbers of only very young juveniles of the species inhabiting the same area. What can
you conclude about the reproductive behaviors of that species? Why?
Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: The animal probably reproduces

through external fertilization, and the parent animals probably do not do much to nurture

and protect the offspring. The animal probably produces large numbers of young so that,

though they are vulnerable, at least a few will survive.

166 Animal Behavior and Reproduction

 Review Animal Behavior and Reproduction
Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned. Complete the final column
in the chart on the first page of this chapter.

Use this checklist to help you study.

Complete your Foldables® Chapter Project.
Study your Science Notebook on this chapter.
Study the definitions of vocabulary words.
Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations.
Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson.
Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.

Reread the chapter Big Idea and the lesson Key Concepts. Relate the
concepts of Lessons 1, 2, and 3 to each other in an explanation of why they should be tied
together in one chapter.
Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: All organisms exhibit behaviors that

enable them to survive (Lesson 1). Among the behaviors that animals exhibit are

communication and social interaction (Lesson 2). A primary reason animals communicate

is to find mates and reproduce (Lesson 3). Animal reproductive behaviors ensure the

survival of the species.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Challenge Choose a single species of animal that interests you. Research the animal’s behaviors, and
write an analysis to share with your class. Be sure to include both innate and learned behaviors, social
and individual behaviors, and mating and reproductive behaviors.

Animal Behavior and Reproduction 167