PLANT MIDTERM

COVERAGE
REPRODUCTION BSPh 102
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
1. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

•  only requires DNA from one parent. It creates offspring that are genetically
identical to the parent.
• Genetically identical offspring are called  clones.
1.1. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
• does not require seeds or spores. Instead,
offspring grow from a part of the parent plant. In
different plants, vegetative propagation happens in
different ways. 
EXAMPLES OF
V E G E TAT I V E
REPRODUCTION:

• Garl ic, o nion s and tu lip pl an ts

all reprodu ce
usi ng   tr ue  bulbs.  Th es e sho rt
und erg ro und st ems are a lso
call ed  sc a ly bulbs . They h av e
a basa l pla te t hat is u sua lly
surround e d b y modi fi ed
leav es. Th ese le ave s form a
papery c ove ring c al le d
a  tunic . Ne w bu lbs grow off o f
the pare nt bul b’s ba sa l pla te .
EXAMPLES OF
V E G E TAT I V E
REPRODUCTION:

• Potato plants reproduce

using tubers. These
underground growths
produce new plants from
stems or growing points
called eyes. 
EXAMPLES OF
V E G E TAT I V E
REPRODUCTION:

• Strawberry plants
reproduce using  stolons.
They look like branches
growing along the ground.
Stolons anchor themselves
to the ground and develop
roots. And these roots
grow into new plants.
EXAMPLES OF
V E G E TAT I V E
REPRODUCTION:

• Ginger plants reproduce

using rhizomes. These
stems that grow sideways
along the soil or just
below the surface. They
branch apart to produce
new points of growth. 
1.2. • is another form of asexual reproduction.

• It involves new plants growing from small parts of the parent plant
F R A G M E N TAT I O N that fall to the ground.
• F o r e x a m p l e , a n i m a l s o r t h e w i n d c a n b r e a k s t e m s o r l e a v e s o ff
plants. This is one of the ways that plants like liverworts and
mosses reproduce.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
2. SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
• Gametes – male and female sexual
cells
• STAM E N – male se x o rga ns
• PIST IL – fe male se x o rga ns
• Pollination – how flowering plants
reproduce
• ST IGM A – whe re t he p olle n ne ed s
to be mo ve d
2.1. SELF- • A pollination where the pollen transfer takes place
P O L L I N AT I O N between the anther and stigma of the same fl ower.
2.2. CROSS- • A p o l l i n a t i o n w h e r e t h e p o l l e n t ra n s f e r t a k e s p l a c e b e t w e e n
t h e a n t h e r a n d t h e s t i g m a o f d i f fe r e n t fl o w e r s o f t h e s a m e
P O L L I N AT I O N p l a n t o r d i f fe r e n t p l a n t s o f t h e s a m e s p e c i e s .
POLLINATOR
S
• are animals that carry
pollen between plants.
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
Occurs in prokaryotic microorganisms and in some eukaryotic Occurs almost in all types of multicellular organisms including
unicellular and multicellular organisms, lower invertebrates and humans, animals, and higher plants.
plants
It is uniparental. It is usually bi-parental.
Gametes are not formed. Gametes are formed.
No fertilization occurs. Fertilization takes place.
No involvement of reproductive organs. Presence of fully developed reproductive organs.
Only mitosis type of cell division occurs. Both meiosis and mitosis type of cell division occurs.
The progeny and the parent are genetically identical. The progenies will be genetically different from the parents.

Characteristics of only one parent are inherited. Characteristics of both parents are inherited.
The genes and genetic material are just multiplied and passed on The genetic material undergoes intermixing from both parents to
to new organisms from the parent. form a new set of genetic material.
Multiplication is very rapid and takes less time. Multiplication is not so rapid and takes a longer time to complete.

The number of offsprings produced may vary from two to many. The number of offsprings produced is comparatively lower.

No evolutionary significance. Has evolutionary significance in the population.

Bacterial fission, fragmentation, spore formation, budding of Syngamy, external fertilization, and conjugation are different types
hydra are different types of asexual reproduction. of sexual reproduction.
 Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum)

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)

Scientific Sugar maple (Acer saccharum)

Names
Fox glove (Digitalis purpurea)

Cascara sagrada (Rhamnus

purshiana)