Ej June15

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KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
June
2015
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KERALA KARSHAKAN -journal From the Editor’s Desk
Blend of old and new

FARM INFORMATION BUREAU
ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEMBERS
approaches essential
CHAIRMAN
Subrata Biswas IAS
T
Agricultural Production Commissioner he role of underutilized plants in the 21st century is a much
MEMBERS discussed topic worldwide; It is recognized that most
K. AjayaKumar IAS
Secretary (Agriculture) underutilized fruits and vegetables are of local or regional
R. AjithKumar importance and therefore it is most appropriate to foster
Director (Agriculture)
partnership at this level. Due to the development of a global
Mini Antony IAS
Director (I&PRD) trading system a number of crop species have become unutilized,
Dr. Chandrankutty replaced or fallen into disuse. Now there is an increasing
Director (Animal Husbandry)
endorsement at national and international level of the important
K.T. Sarojini
Director (Dairy Department) role in sustainable farming systems and human well-being of less-
used crops and species. Such attention stems out from
Station Director developments over the last decades that have contributed to
All India Radio
Director
change the perception of people regarding the importance of
Doordarshan, Thiruvananthapuram such species and raised the issue or how best to pursue the
C. Radhakrishnan promotion of underutilized species. This development include
Chamravattom, Tirur, Malappuram
Prof. Abraham P. Mathew
agro biodiversity in agricultural development, environmental
Marthoma College, Chungathara PO, changes and ecosystem stability, food scarcity and nutrition,
Malappuram
increased attention to indigenous knowledge new tools for using
M. Ramachandran
Lakshmivaram, Sankaran Para Lane, biodiversity etc. Along with this we should realize that many
Mudavanmukal,
Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram underutilized crops have multiple uses and potential of them to
A. Yetheendran become commodity crops. If processing and value –adding
Madhathil House, Vendai, Pinarayi, Thalassery activities are generated there is immense scope for the on farm
Ramesh Babu K.P. development of underutilized species.
Mavilari, Chendayadu, Panoor, Kannur
K.P. Nair
Ragam, YGRA Kavuroad, Kowdiar PO, EDITOR
Thiruvananthapuram
Adv. Beena
Karthika Bhavan, Palottuvila, Malayinkeezhu,
Thiruvananthapuram
Salim Madavoor
Kanivu, Madavoor PO, Narikkuni Via, Kozhikode
K.P. Janardhanan Nair
Muthedam, Kurippuzha PO, Perinadu, Kollam
CONVENOR
Dr. Roy Mathew
Principal Information Officer
June
2015
INSIDE
Mail: editorkkfib@gmail.com
3
Phone: 0471-2314358
KERALA KARSHAKAN
e journal
June 2015 Volume-3 Issue-1
Log on to http://www.fibkerala.gov.in
The First English farm e-journal from the house of Kerala Karshakan
4 Cover Story The Wonder hot Chillies

Sameer Ali M. , Henry Nickolas,
8
Marjana Beegum K.C. ............................................... 4
Chief Editor
Curing and storage of Onion
Dr. Laxman Kukanoor, Jaishankar H. P., 28 16
Dr. Roy Mathew Manjula Karadiguddi, Kavya, H. P. ............................................ 8
Adalodakam- The potent ayurvedic heals
Editor Athulya S. Nair ................................................................................ 14
Suresh Kumar S. Tropical Anti-cancerous Plant sources
Sakhubai, H.T., Saraswati Sampaganvi.,
Asst. Editor Rajeshwari, B. Hosamani .............................................................. 16
Anitha C.S.
Low Cost Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting
Sameer Ali M. , Henry Nickolas, Marjana Beegum K.C. .......... 18
Design & Layout
Deepak Mouthatil Cattle Manure a liability or an asset
Marykutty Thomas ......................................................................... 22
Booming Bamboo Timber of the 21st Century
Henry Nickolas, Sameer Ali M. ..................................................... 24
Underutilized fruit crops: A new hope for health
30
Anupama S., Reshma R. S ......................................................................................................... 28
Nutritional Excellence of Peanut
Shridevi A. Jakkeral, M. Hanumanthappa, 22
K.V. Sudhir Kamath, Kavyashree M.C. ....................................... 36
28
Root distribution pattern in Crops
27
Rajeshwari, B. Hosamani .............................................................. 40 28
How to manage Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil?
Jeena Mathew, Abdul Haris, A. and V. Krishnakumar ............ 44
Articles/ Features appearing in this e-journal are either commissioned or assigned.

Neverthless, other articles of farm relevance are also welcome.
A maximum of 750 wordage is appreciated. Such items should be addressed to
The Editor, Kerala Karshakan e-journal, Farm Information Bureau, Kowdiar PO,
Thiruvananthapuram, Pin: 695001
These may also be mailed to editorkkfib@gmail.com in word format. Responses can be also sent to this mail.
VIEWS expressed in the articles published in KeralaKarshakan e-journal are not, necessarily those of the Government. June
Enquiries : 0471 2314358 2015
4
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KERALA KARSHAKAN -journal COVER STORY
Sameer Ali M.
Leaf Executive, Msc.Agri (Agronomy),
ITC- Agri Business Division-ILTD, Guntur
Henry Nickolas
Leaf Executive, Msc.Agri (Plant Breeding and
Genetics), ITC- Agri Business Division-ILTD, Guntur
Marjana Beegum K.C

Technical Officer, Msc.Agri (Statistics),
CDB, Hyderabad
The Wonder
hot Chillies
Latest trends in globally renowned Guntur chilli industry and its cultivation
June
2015
5
Red stream from Guntur

Chilli forms an indispensable culinary spice
all over the world.Guntur, one of the main pivots
of the so called Indian state of bifurcated Andhra
Pradesh is world-wide known for its wide varieties
of chillies. A.P stands first in area (25.15%) and
production(53.27%) of chillies in India.Guntur
chillies is a group of chilli cultivars which are grown
here and exported to Asia, Canada, and Europe.
Major varieties and hybrids under Guntur
chillies:Wonder Hot (hottest Guntur chilli), Guntur
Sannam (S4), Teja, Namdhari, Rallies-355, Ankur,
Indam 5, 273,Tomato Chilies.
Asia’s largest chilli market
Guntur is Asia’s largest market for chillies.
The marketing season begins in the first week of
March and peaks during the month of April, and
closes by the middle of May.Normally, about 80 lakh
to one crore bags of chillies are traded during the
season here alone. It is estimated that there are
Guntur- Asias largest market for chillies
June
2015
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KERALA KARSHAKAN -journal
Authors with chilli farmers in Guntur
100 odd exporters in this market.During the peak moisture for long periods are suitable for rain fed
arrival period, around 0.8 - 1 lakh bags are traded crop whereas well drained soils and sandy loams
here daily. Industrial users who prepares Chilli are good under irrigated condition.Chilli crop is
powder gives preference for colour, pungency, sensitive to cold and frost.
fleshly skin and less seeds. Harvesting
Quality parameters Harvesting operation is carried out when
The key parameters for dried chilli products the crop attains uniform ripeness. The crop
are pungency level (% capsaicin) contained in the becomes ready for harvesting in about 3.5 months
skin and the septa of the fruit and colour (ASTA after planting. The picking of ripe fruits continues
colour units). The hotter the chilli pepper, the more for about 2 months and about 6-10 pickings are
capsaicin it contains. taken.The summer crop is wholly disposed of as
Characteristics of Guntur chillies green chillies
Highly pungent: These varieties of chilli Post harvesting
consists high capsaicin content varied from 35000 Ripe fruits are picked along with stalks and
to 40000 SHU which is huge in quantity are heaped indoors for 3 or 4 days for the partially
Size and body: These varieties with length ripe fruit to develop the proper red colour. Chilli
from 5 cm to 7cm have thick dark red skin. contains a high moisture content (60-85%) at the
Less colour: Guntur varieties have very less time of harvest, which must be brought down to 8-
colour content. These varieties have colour content 12% moisture. In this process chilli is dried in
varies from 75 ASTA to 130 ASTA values. sunlight for 4 to 5 days to maintain particular
Cultivation moisture(10-13%.)
Chilli requires warm and humid climate for Grading
its best growth and dry weather during the The dry chillies, after attaining standard
maturation of fruits. It can be grown throughout moisture and after the process of de stemming are
the year under irrigation. Black soils which retain graded according to their size, quality and colour.
June
2015
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Guntur S4 Rallies 355 Teja
Grading also includes separation of diseased loses its flavour and colour if stored it in dry
chillies, other foreign particles etc. condition or in dry weather. Hence it was concluded
Destemming that temp. between 4 - 7 degree Celsius where
Destemming is done according to the chillies will not lose its colour and flavour and shelf
requirements of clients. This process includes life of 8 to 10 months is expected.
removal of the stem part from chillies. More than Major limitations from farmers point of
200 daily labours indulge in this process. These view:
types of chillies are supplied only if there is special 1. Due to lack of market information
requirement. to interior localities regarding prices, arrivals etc.,
Packing prevailing in other markets, farmers sell chillies to
After grading process, chillies are again the merchants.
inspected and packed in new gunny bags weighting 2. Grading of Chillies ensures better
30kgs each. prices to farmers and better quality to consumers,
Auctions however most of the farmers are less aware on
Dealers /middle men who procure from quality grading.
farmers brings the sample of product to market. 3. Cold storage:Due to inadequate cold
The customers after agreeing up on price will storage facilities farmers are forced to sell out their
inspect the whole product in dealer produce at lower rate.
premises(Machu operation). If satisfied further 4. Long chain of intermediaries:
transactions happens. Farmers-village merchant-Middle Men -
Cold storages Commission agent -Whole seller- Retailer-
According to various research conducted on Consumer.
shelf life of chilli across India, revealed that chilli
Vast plots of chilli field
June
June
2015
2015
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KERALA KARSHAKAN -journal POST HARVEST HANDLING
1
Dr.
2
Laxman Kukanoor, 32Jaishankar H. P.,
Manjula Karadiguddi, Kavya, H. P.
1
Principle Investigator of RKVY (Onion), KRCCHA
2
Dept. of Post harvest technology,
K.R.C. college of Horticulture, Arabhavi
3
College of Agriculture, Hassan
Email: lxmnkukanoor@gmail.com
June
June
2015
2015
9
O
nion (Allium cepa L.) is an important period of availability through arresting metabolic
commercial crop grown almost all over the breakdown and microbial spoilage.
country. Hence it’s called Queen of the Onion is ready for harvesting in 4-5 months
kitchen. It belongs to family Alliaceae and was after transplanting. Time of harvesting also
originated in Central Asia. Onion is valued and depends on several factors viz, variety, planting
consumed throughout the World due to its season, market price etc.
characteristic flavour, taste and pungency. The Maturity can be judged by:
pungency in onion is due to a volatile compound 1. Yellowing of leaves
known as allyl-propyl disulphide. Onion has many 2. Tops falling
uses as folk medicine and reports suggest that, 3. Neck of plants dries up and thin.
onion play an important role in preventing heart 4. Roots become dried.
diseases and other ailments. One hundred gram of Harvesting
raw onion bulb contains about 501 mg vitamin ‘A’, Onion is harvested depending upon the
0.03 mg of thiamine, 0.04 mg of riboflavin, 0.02 mg purpose for which the crop is planted. 0nion crop
Onion is a seasonal
crop and has low
storability. The
bulbs have to be
stored for longer
periods due to
seasonal glut in
market.
Field curing of onion
is ready for harvesting in five months for dry onion.

of niacin and 9 mg of ascorbic acid and rest are the
However, for marketing as green onion, the crop
carbohydrates which make up the dry matter of the
becomes ready in three months after transplanting.
bulb. It is used as salad or cooked in various ways
When the bulbs developing from the leaf
in all curries, fried or baked and also in processed
bases of onions are fully formed, the leafy green
forms like flakes, powder, paste, pickles etc. It is
tops begin to yellow and eventually collapse at a
highly nutritive and has very good medicinal value.
point a little above the top of the bulb, leaving an
Onion is a seasonal crop and has low
upright short neck. When the tops “go down” in
storability. The bulbs have to be stored for longer
this way, the bulbs are ready for harvesting. Because
periods due to seasonal glut in market. A significant
all the onions in a crop do not mature at the same
loss in quality and quantity of onion occurs during
time, large-scale commercial growers harvest them
storage, especially in tropical countries like India.
when about half the tops have gone down.
Storage is an important aspect of post harvest
In kharif season, since tops do not fall, bulbs
management. The post harvest loss occurs due to
are harvested soon after the colour of leaves
physiological loss in weight, sprouting, rotting etc.
changes to slightly yellow and red pigmentation on
Therefore proper storage is necessary to extend its
June
2015
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harvested by loosening the bulbs with a fork

or hoe before lifting them. The harvested crop
is left in windrows in the field for a few days
until the tops are dry. The windrows should
be made so that the green tops cover the bulbs
to protect them from sunburn. The leaves are
cut leaving about 2-2.5 cm tops above the bulb
after complete drying. This practice helps to
increase the dry matter content. If tops are cut
too close, the neck does not close well and
provides entry for decay organisms.
Early harvest results in sprouting of the
bulbs and late harvest results in formation of
secondary roots during storage. In kharif
season, late harvesting results in doubles and
bolting.
Yield
Curing under poly tunnel Yield Irrigated onion crop in rabi
season gives an yield of 25-30 t/ha while under
rainfed conditions it yields only about 0.7-1.0
t/ha. Onion raised as an intercrop in sugarcane
and turmeric, in alleys of young fruit garden
and banana garden, gives a yield of 5-9 t/ha.
Curing: It’s an essential operation to
remove the excess moisture from the outer
skin and neck of bulbs, which makes outer skin
dried, tight and reduces susceptible to
pathogenic infection.
1. It’s done in the field for about 2-3
days immediately after harvesting.
2. After that 8-10 days under shade
drying.
3. Then, leaves of the onion are cut by
leaving 1-2 cm of the top portion and then go
for shade dried of about 1 week.
Sorting: The diseased, thick necked,

Curing by using forced hot air drier damaged, bolted and double bulbs should be
removed to minimize the loss due to rotting
and sprouting.
Grading: It’s done by both manually
bulbs develops. Best time to harvest rabi onion is and mechanically based on the size (big, medium
one week after 50% tops have fallen over. Onions and small) and diameter of the bulbs (<35mm, 35-
for sale as dried bulbs or for storage should be 50mm, 50-60mm, 60-80mm and >80mm).
harvested progressively after tops have started
falling over. Storage: It depends on the season. Well
Since onion bulbs are normally formed at cured, sorted and graded onions can use for
the soil surface, it is sometimes possible in sandy storage. The kharif onions are stored up to 2 to 3
soils to pull the mature bulbs by hand. Where months and the Rabi onions are stored up to 5-6
conditions make hand pulling impossible, crop is months. Now days, the onion storage structures are
June
2015
11
Manual grading and cleaning
Cold storage
The optimum temperature for long-
term storage of onions is 0°C with 65-70% relative
humidity. To ensure a storage life of up to 8 months,
onions must be promptly stored after curing.
1. Thatched roof structure
It is an ordinary farm level storage structure
prepared out of wooden pole frame, split bamboo
wall without ventilation. The roof was covered with
dried sugarcane trash.
2. Low cost storage structure
Machine grading
Low cost storage structure was made of
wooden pole frame, split bamboo walls, split
getting more importance for the storage of onions bamboo floor (45 cm above the ground) and the
by reducing the loss due to rotting and sprouting roof was covered with dried typhy grass. In this
during storage. structure, both side and bottom ventilation were
Storage structures / methods provided.
Different onion types have different storage 3. Wooden battens storage structure
potentials. The storage potential of onions follows Improved storage structure was made of
the order: red>white. Within each colour group iron angle frame with wooden battens, wooden
there are significant differences between cultivars battens floor (45 cm above the ground) and the roof
in their storage potential. was covered with AC sheet. In this structure, both
side and bottom ventilation was provided.
June
2015
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Bamboo battens storage structure with AC sheet roofing with bottom and side ventilation
(outside and inside view)
Wooden battens storage structure with AC sheet roofing and with bottom and side ventilation
(outside and inside view)
There is a provision for proper bottom as of onion bulbs during harvesting, storing under
well as side ventilation (By using wooden / bamboo humid conditions, and exposing the inner tissues
battens). Optimum storage temperature and due to breakage of outer scales increase the
relative humidity is 25 p C and 50-70 %, respectively. incidence of Botrytis neck rot. Curing onions prior
Storage Diseases to storage will reduce the incidence of this disease.
Onions are susceptible to Botrytis neck rot Black mould, caused by Aspergillus niger, is
during storage. The disease is characterized by grey characterized by black discolouration at the necks
fungal growth, often watery in nature, at the neck of onions. The black discolouration can sometimes
area and on the outer scales. The infection usually be found on the outer scales. Bruised onions are
spreads quickly through the whole onion. Bruising more susceptible to this fungus. Black mould causes
The structures dimension

Length: 9.14 m (30').
Width: 6.1 m (each row width 4').
Side height: 3m (box height 5').
Central height: 4.6 m (15’).
Floor height: 1.5-2'.
Between the 2 row: 10' (For kharif onion and 5' for rabi onion).
Capacity: 20 tonn. (Each row 10 tonns).
Expected life: 30 years.
June
2015
13
the tissues to become water soaked which often induces

bacterial soft rot. Although low temperature storage
delays growth of the fungus, exposure of infected onions
to temperatures above 15°C, as occurs during marketing,
will accelerate its growth.
Stored onions are also susceptible to blue mould,
caused by Penicillium. Penicillium moulds induce watery
soft rot of onion tissues and/or blue-green
discolouration at the neck or other tissues. Minimizing
mechanical damage and proper curing often reduces the
incidence of this fungus. Bacterial soft rots caused by
Erwinia often occur during storage of onions. Onions
infected by bacterial soft rots often appear healthy on
the outside but when cut open some of the inner scales
are brown, water-soaked and have a cooked appearance.
A characteristic foul smell often occurs and the centre
core of the onion often slips out when pressure is applied
at the base of the onion.
Bacterial rots caused by Pseudomonas infects
outer scales and are characterized by yellow slime which
produce a sour odour.
Control of fungal and bacterial rots of onions
during storage can be achieved by:
(1) Pre-harvest application of a registered
fungicide such as Rovral.
(2) Harvesting at proper maturity
(3) Minimizing bruising of bulbs
(4) Discarding defective onions
(5) Prompt and effective curing
(6) Storing as quickly as possible
Onion storage structures
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2015
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KERALA KARSHAKAN -journal HERBS AYURVEDIC
Athulya S. Nair
I YEAR M.Sc.
Department of Plantation Crops and Spices
COA Vellayani
Thiruvanthapuram
Adalodakam
The potent ayurvedic heals
A
dathoda is a medicinal plant of common
occurrence in Kerala. Botanically, the plant
is a profusely branching shrub growing up to
a height of 1.5 metres. Two major species are
important medicinally viz., Adathoda vasica (Valiya
adalodakam) and Adathoda beddomei
(Chittadalodakam or cheriya adalodakam).
Chittadalodakam is the medicinally important
species mostly seen in Kerala. It is one of the main
ingredients of many ayurvedic preparations. Leaves
and roots of the plant are medicinal. Leaves contain
an alkaloid vasicine, which is effective against
cough, chronic bronchitis, asthma etc.
Climate and Soil
Though the crop grows in a variety of
climatic and soil conditions, alluvial soils are best
suited for raising the crop. The plant is tolerant to
shade but is susceptible to water logging. It can be
cultivated either as a pure crop or as an intercrop
in coconut and rubber plantations in the initial 3-4
years.
Propagation
Adathoda is propagated by tender stem
cuttings. Stem cuttings of 15-20 cm long and 3-4
nodes are ideal for planting. It is better to root the
cuttings in nursery before transplanting in the main
field. Nursery preparation can be done in March-
April. For this, the tender stem cuttings are planted
in poly bags filled with farm yard manure, top soil
and sand in the ratio 1:1:1. Cuttings will root readily
and will be ready to transplant to main field after
two months.
June
2015
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Adalodakam plant
Planting
Rooted cuttings of adhatoda can be planted January is the ideal time for harvesting adhatoda.
on mounds or on ridges. Plough and level the main In the second year, the entire plant is harvested and
field thoroughly and ridges or mounds are prepared roots are carefully dug out wholly without damage
60 cm away from each other. With the by carefully removing soil. Harvested roots are
commencement of rainfall, rooted cuttings are cleaned and marketed either in fresh form or after
planted on the ridges with a plant to plant spacing drying. Total yield of root, stem and leaves from
of 30 cm. If grown on mounds, up to 5 cuttings may one hectare of area will be 10-11 tonnes.
be planted on a single mound. In sloppy areas Uses
cuttings are planted directly by making pits with a Adathoda of commerce consists of the fresh
sharp pole. Adequate care should be taken to or dried leaves of Adathoda. Dried leaves are of a
prevent water logging as it may promote rotting. dull brownish-green colour, characteristic odour
Manures and fertilisers and bitter taste. The leaf extracts of adathoda is
Apply organic manure in the form of FYM, used as an expectorant especially in chronic
compost or green leaf at the rate of 10 t/ha as basal bronchitis and asthma. It relieves cough and
dressing. Apply N:P:K each at the rate of 50 kg/ha. breathlessness. It is also prescribed commonly for
Entire P should be given basally and N and K may local bleeding due to peptic ulcer, piles etc. Its local
be given in two equal splits. Keep the field free of use gives relief in pyorrhoea and in bleeding gums.
weeds and give earthing up after topdressing with The leaves of the plant contain two major alkaloids
fertilisers. called vasicine, and vasicinone, which are shown
Harvesting to be having bronchodilator and antihistaminic
Leaves, roots and stem of adhatoda are of effects. These alkaloids are said to exist in
medicinal value. Leaves can be harvested from the combination with an acid that has been named
first year of planting itself; but roots will be ready adathodic acid.
to harvest only two years after planting. December-
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KERALA KARSHAKAN -journal NATURAL THERAPY
Magnolia officinalis
Rajeshwari, B. Hosamani
KRCCH, ARABHAVI
Tropical
Anti-cancerous
Plant sources
C
ancer is the second most devastating disease
affecting millions of people all over the world
every year. Search for new medicine is a
continuous endeavour to combat this menace.
Plants provide chemical foundation to
pharmaceutical research to reach this goal. Many
plants, around us, have been reported to possess
anticancerous property (Nirmala et al., 2011).
Nawab et al. (2011) reported that Solanum
nigrum and Artemisia vulgaris have the ability to
inhibit cell proliferation, colony formation and
induce apoptosis in cancers of breast, colon and
prostate at different dose levels. Panduratin A,
extracted from Boesenbergia pandurata inhibited
the proliferation of human colon cancer cells by
blocking cells in G 0/G 1 phase and by inducing
apoptosis (Kirana et al., 2007). Catharanthus roseus
June
2015
17
Some anti-cancerous plants used in cancer therapy

Plant species Experiments on various cancer cells Mechanism of action
Catharanthus roseus Leukemias, lyphomas and lung cancer Mitotic block
Berberineeris sp. Breast, prostrate and lung cancer Apoptosis
Gloriosa superba Leukemia Anti-mitotic
Curcuma longa Colon and pancreatic cancer Unknown
Zingiber officinalis Breast and lung cancer Un known
Andrographis paniculata Colon cancer Apoptosis
Palargonium graveolens Breast cancer Un known
Boesenbergia pandurata Breast and colon cancer Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest
Ruta graveolens Colon & prostate cancer Cell cycle arrest
Ocimum sanctum Lung cancer Inhibition of invasion
Magnolia officinalis Prostate cancer Not known
Achyranthes aspera Pancreatic cancer Apoptosis
Solanum nigrum colon and breast cancer Apoptosis
Artemisia vulgaris Prostate & colon cancer Apoptosis
Artemisia vulgaris Berberineeris sp Solanum nigrum
Ruta graveolens extract induces

apoptosis in colon, breast and prostate cancer
cells by inducing DNA damage response. Hence
it can be used as preventive agent or as sensitizer
in chemo prevention of cancer (Fadlalla et al.,
2011).
Ethanol extract of Ocimum sanctum can
be a potent anti-metastatic agent through
inactivation of MMP-9 and enhancement of anti-
Pelargonium Graveolens Andrographis paniculata
oxidant enzymes (Kim et al., 2010). Yin et al.
(2011) reported that curcumin has a potential
role in treating non-small cell lung cancer and
synergistically improves the efficiency of
docetaxel.
Anticancer compounds have been found
significantly active against various cancer cells
in animal models. Further research on precise
molecular mechanisms and targets for cell
growth inhibition may lead to better treatment Achyranthes aspera Ruta graveolens
of cancer.
June
2015
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Marjana Beegum K.C

Msc.Agri (Statistics)
Sameer Ali M.
Msc.Agri (Agronomy)
Henry Nickolas
Msc.Agri (Plant Breeding and Genetics)
Low Cost
Roof Top
Rain Water Harvesting
R
ain, the blessing of god from heaven, is now
“The greatest
○
○
our only hope for pure natural water.

○
potential increases in Uniformly, a good amount of fresh Water

○
○
we receive through rain water is disappearing

yield are in rainfed
○
○
without being utilized. Hence, harvesting of this

○
areas where many of

○
water offers effective utilisation of under-

○
the world’s poor live exploited opportunities of the current world.

○
○
Broadly there are two ways of

○
and where managing

○
harvesting rainwater.
○
water is the key to such

○
(i) Surface runoff harvesting

○
○
increases” (ii) Roof top rainwater harvesting

○
Ø Surface runoff harvesting

○
(Molden, 2007).”
○
Rainwater flows away as surface runoff

○
○
with respect to slope of land. This runoff could

○
○
be managed and used for recharging aquifers by

○
adopting appropriate methods.

○
○
Ø Roof Top rainwater harvesting

○
○
June
2015
19
It is a system of catching rainwater where it

falls. In rooftop harvesting, the roof becomes the
catchments, and the rainwater is collected from the
roof of the house/building.
This article will discuss on the various low
cost methods for roof top rain water harvesting.
Components of a rain water harvesting
system:
The system mainly constitutes of following
sub components.
a) Catchments: The surface that receives rainfall
directly is the catchment of rainwater harvesting
system. It may be terrace, courtyard, or paved
or unpaved open ground. The terrace may be
flat RCC/stone roof or sloping roof. Therefore
the catchment is the area, which actually
contributes rainwater to the harvesting system.
b) Transportation: Rainwater from rooftop should
be carried through down take water pipes or
drains to storage/harvesting system. Here as a groundwater. Filters are used for treatment of
part of reducing cost or waste utilisation empty water to effectively remove turbidity, colour and
plastic bottles that we through near our houses microorganisms. This filter is very important in
can be used. keeping the rainwater in the storage tankclean.
c) Filter system: There is always some doubts Clogged filters prevent rainwater from easily
among people regarding roof top rainwater entering the storage tank and the filter may
harvesting that rainwater may contaminate overflow.
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Sand Gravel Filter
Waste utilisation empty plastic bottles
Types of filters
Sand Gravel Filter
These are commonly used filters,
constructed by brick masonry and filleted by
pebbles, gravel, and sand. Each layer should be
separated by wire mesh Charcoal Filter
Charcoal Filter
Charcoal filter can be made in-situ or in a
drum. Pebbles, gravel, sand and charcoal should
fill the drum or chamber. Each layer should be
separated by wire mesh. Thin layer of charcoal is
used to absorb odour if any.
PVC –Pipe filter
This filter can be made by PVC pipe of 1 to
1.20 m length; Six inches dia. pipe is enough for a
1500 Sq. Ft. roof and 8 inches dia. pipe should be
used for roofs more than 1500 Sq. Ft. Pipe is
divided into three compartments by wire mesh.
Each component should be filled with gravel and
sand alternatively. A layer of charcoal could also
be inserted between two layers. PVC –Pipe filter
June
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Recharging ground water aquifers

Sponge Filter
Sponge Filter
It is a simple filter made
from PVC drum having a layer
of sponge in the middle of
drum. It is the easiest and
cheapest form filter, suitable for
residential units.
Methods of roof top
rainwater harvesting
Various methods of Recharge pits dug wells Recharging of bore wells
using roof top rainwater
harvesting are illustrated in this section. recharging, entry of floating matter and silt
a) Storage of Direct Use: In this method rain water should be restricted because it may clog the
collected from the roof of the building is recharge structure.
diverted to a storage tank.Excess water could Ø Recharge pits/dug wells: Recharge pits/wells
be diverted to recharge system. Water from of any shape rectangular, square or circular,
storage tank can be used for secondary contracted with brick or stone/concrete wall
purposes such as washing and gardening etc. with weep hole at regular intervals. Top of pit
b) Recharging ground water aquifers: Ground can be covered with perforated covers. Bottom
water aquifers can be recharged by various of pit should be filled with filter media.
kinds of structures to ensure percolation of Advantages of roof top rain water
rainwater in the ground instead of draining away harvesting
from the surface. Commonly used recharging · Improves buffering and water availability for
methods are:- humans and livestock.
Ø Recharging of bore wells: Rainwater collected · Recharging of wells helps in overcoming dry
from rooftop of the building is diverted through spells.
drainpipes to settlement or filtration tank. After · Offering the possibility of growing higher-value
settlement filtered water is diverted to bore crops in homesteads.
wells to recharge deep aquifers. Abandoned · Reduce the soil erosion &loss of nutrients from
bore wells can also be used for recharge.While fertile land as siltation/leaching.
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KERALA KARSHAKAN -journal COW PAT
Marykutty Thomas
Assistant Professor, Livestock Research Station,
Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University,
Thiruvazhamkunnu, Palakkad.678 601
marykutty@kvasu.ac.in
Cattle Manure
a liability or an asset
A
crossbred cow produces on an average 30kg
of dung and 13 kg of urine
daily. Farm effluent in the
livestock production system poses
serious hazard to environment.
More importantly, it is a grave
threat to the livelihood security of
poor and marginal farmers in the
state because of the legislation
limiting the location of farms.
Design of state –of-art dairy farm
waste management system appropriate
to the production environment is imperative
and is a challenge to the stakeholders in Kerala,
where landless small holder dairy production
system prevails. Conceptual design of future
farm calls for clean, green and ethical
livestock production. Vermi-compost is an
example of clean technology that can be
adopted by dairy farmers.
The state is witnessing an increasing
demand for organic agriculture products. Besides,
it is the policy of Government of Kerala to promote
organic agriculture throughout the state. State
government has already declared Kasaragod as Arun Arumughan- an engineer
‘First Organic District’ in the state. These turned dairy entrepreneur
circumstances open up opportunities for the dairy It is as a part of a recent study tour, we
farmers in Kerala to venture into vermi-compost visited the dairy farm of ArunArumughan at
production. Here is the story of ArunArumughan, Chinniyampalyam, Erode. Mr. Arun is a young
a dairy farm entrepreneur who has tailored a vermi- engineer turned dairy entrepreneur who owns a
compost unit for his farm and thereby making a dairy herd of more than 200 milking Holstein
handsome profit Fresian animals. Though, a high-tech by training,
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Methodology
Dung is used as the sole food source for the
worms in the vermi-compost unit. After sun drying
the fresh dung for 2- 3 days, the dung is transferred
to the shaded area to make rows of worm-bed. The
worm-beds have dimensions of 10-12 ft length, 3
ft width and 2.5 ft height. The African earthworm
(Eudrillusengenial), is used to make the vermi-
compost. Harvesting starts after 15 days onwards
and completed by 60 days. The vermi-compost is
sieved, de-stoned and packed into 5, 10 and 50 kg
bags.
Marketing
Arun sells the vermi compost in the brand
name of “SelliVermi”. Most of the vermi-compost
produced goes to the export market. The important
vermi-compost importing countries are Malaysia
and Singapore. ‘These countries banned the use of
chemical fertilisers in agriculture and this has
turned out to be a boon for the vermicompost
exporters from India like me’ says Arun.
‘Nevertheless, one should obtain IMO certification
for the organic manure from the Bangalore based
agency in order to get sanction for export’, he
reminds. The certificate has one year validity and
need to be renewed annually.
Organic certification is a process by which
Arun Arumughan in dairy farm
an independent agency certifies that the particular
product is produced based on a prescribed set of
his crystal clear vision on dairying is that of a organic standards. The international organic rules
minimalistic approach to infrastructure. This multi- are set by IFOAM (International Federation of
faceted dairy entrepreneur ventured into dairying Organic Agriculture Movement). There are several
along with cattle trade and vermi- compost agencies in India who provide organic certification.
business. Out of the three businesses, the vermi- IMO India is one such agency. There will be at least
compost unit fetches him the highest income. The one full physical inspection every year of each
compost unit has an added advantage of needing a production unit/operation. All the production,
lower capital investment. processing, storage, packing, marketing and export
Site activities must undergo inspection and certification.
Arun’svermi compost unit is set up in a Besides some local sale of vermi compost,
coconut plantation which is close to his dairy farm. Arun sells African earthworms. He employs internet
Here, he has built a shaded area of 6000 sqft using based social media like Facebook and his own
thatched roof for the composting unit and another website for marketing. During the interaction with
100 sqft area semi permanent shed for the our team, Arun confirmed one thing: at least for
processing and packaging unit. Vermi compost is him, the main product of dairying is dung. ‘Milk is
heaped on bare flat mud floor. According to Arun , only a by-product’, he said. ‘And dung is an asset
cementing the floor or making cemented troughs not a liability’. This was a new piece of knowledge
will help in collecting the vermi wash – a byproduct for us.
of vermi compost—but will need a high capital One can log on to his informative and well
investment. Moreover the vermin wash is not maintained web site http://www.sellivermi.com for
saleable in quantity. more information.
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KERALA KARSHAKAN
KERALA e
KARSHAKAN -journal
-journal GRASS WOODY
Henry Nickolas
Msc.Agri (Plant Breeding and Genetics)
Leaf Executives-ITC-
Agri Business Division-ILTD, Guntur
Sameer Ali M.
Msc.Agri (Agronomy)
Leaf Executives-ITC-
Agri Business Division-ILTD, Guntur
Booming
Bamboo
Timber of the 21st Century
B
amboo, a perennial, giant, woody grass which
has not yet exploited fully. There are about
60 to 70 genera and over 1,200 – 1,500 species
of bamboo in the world. About half of these species
grow in Asia.The most attractable character of this
plant is its growing ability. Bamboo mature in about
3 to 5 years, which means its growth is more rapid
than any other plant on the planet. Some bamboo
species have been observed to surge skyward as fast
as 48 inches in one-day. This characteristic is an
important incentive for its utilization. Bamboo has
many applications beyond imagination. Its uses are
broad and plentiful. The National Bamboo Mission
envisages promoting holistic growth of bamboo
sector by adopting area-based, regionally
differentiated strategy and to increase the area
under bamboo cultivation and marketing.
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Bamboo as a Structure Bamboo has many applications

The physical appearance itself beyond imagination. Its uses are
implies that bamboo is best suitable for
making various structures. Bamboo is broad and plentiful. The National
one of the oldest building materials Bamboo Mission envisages
used by mankind. It is used as promoting holistic growth of bamboo
structures for houses, quick erect
shelters, house boats, polyhouse etc.
sector by adopting area-based,
Quick Erect Shelter:Quick erect regionally differentiated strategy and
shelter is Double walled bamboo to increase the area under bamboo
composite structure, can be erected cultivation and marketing.
within 6 -12 hours’ time at any location
without plinth. Construction of quick
erect shelters after gigantic natural
calamities are being done using
bamboo as the material.
Boat House Resort:An
innovative use of bamboo and their by
product has been shown for the
construction of Boat house. Especially
for a place like Kerala where boating is
having a noticeable role in tourism can
utilize bamboo for house boat
structures. In the structure,wide
variety of structural application of
bamboo (whole, split and engineered
bamboo products) can be seen having
architectural innovative ideas.
Bamboo Based Polyhouse:Use
of polyhouses to ensure controlled
environmental condition for growing
flowers and vegetables, is on the rise
during last few years. Using bamboo as
structural material in polyhouses is
new application segment. This
segment has potential for value added
applications of bamboo by utilizing its
inherent structural strength as well as
by ensuring cost competitiveness vis-
à-vis steel based polyhouses that
slashes the setup costs of green house
by half.
Bamboo as Decor: Bamboo
floors as well as furniture are very
popular right now and have a clean,
crisp look. List of bamboo home
decorates are unending –mirror
frames, soap dishes, candle holders,
lamps etc.
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Bamboo shoots as a product out before they can be eaten safely. They are used
Other than the bamboo rice, bamboo in numerous Asian dishes and broths, and are
shoots are also edible. Although the shoots (new available in supermarkets in various sliced forms,
culms that come out of the ground) of bamboo in both fresh and canned versions. Bamboo shoots
contain a toxin taxiphyllin (a cyanogenic glycoside) have high nutritional value, low fat and are a good
that produces cyanide in the gut, proper processing source of fibre. They are rich in vitamins, cellulose
renders them edible. This toxins contained in the and amino acids. As well, they are said to be anti-
shoots of some species need to be leached or boiled cancerous and antimicrobial in nature which has
Bamboo shoot Bamboo food
June
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been scientifically tested at Tamil Nadu

Agricultural University (TNAU).
Bamboo fibre (Textile and Paper)
Bamboo fabric is a natural textile made
from the pulp of the bamboo grass. Bamboo
fabric is light and strong, has excellent wicking
properties, and is to some extent antibacterial.
As well, bamboo fiber has been used to make
paper. Bamboo pulps are mainly produced in
China, Myanmar, Thailand and India, and are
used in printing and writing papers. The most
common bamboo species used for paper are
Dendrocalamusand Bamboo bluemanea.
Bamboo as medicine
Bamboo is used in Chinese medicine for
Bamboo cloth
treating infections and healing. In Assam, the
fermented bamboo paste known as khorisa is
known locally as a folk remedy for the treatment
of impotence, infertility, and menstrual
pains.In China, ingredients from the black
bamboo shoot help treat kidney diseases. Roots
and leaves have also been used to treat venereal
diseases and cancer.
Bamboo has been made into an
extended diversity of products ranging from
domestic household products to industrial
applications.Bamboo’s image is undergoing a
transformation. It is said that there are some
1,500 uses by bamboo. Some now call it “the
timber of the 21st Century”.Due to the fact that
it is abundant and cheap, bamboo should be
used to its fullest extent. Bamboo medicine
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Bilimbi
Anupama S., Reshma R. S
Underutilized fruit crops:

A new hope for health
K
erala, the Agro-biodiversity paradise is rich Ancient systems like Ayurveda has
with numerous fruit plants and trees. Minor recognized the qualities of these fruits and included
fruits are nature’s blessing to mankind. Some them in many medical preparations. Modern
of them are indigenous and others are exotic fruits studies are also revealing the properties of these
which are well adapted to our climate. The fruits miracle foods One another important aspect is that
often classified as minor fruits are neglected by us. these fruit plants mostly grow naturally and fruits
We hardly realize the value of these fruits. Hence are fully organic. Let us go through the benefits that
many of these plants are facing extinction. these wonder fruits bestow upon us.
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Common name: Wood apple, Bael having such therapeutical properties. The roots are
Botanical name: Aegle marmelos used in ethnomedicine and their ethanolic extracts
Family: Rutaceae having many anti fungal and anti bacterial
Bael, commonly known as the wonder fruit properties. Leaf extract of Aegal marmelos is having
of India, attains a height of about 8 meters and is anti fungal properties against Aspergillus and
deciduous. Leaves are trifoliate with oil glands. Penicillium. The leaves are also reported to be
Branches have dimorphic and have straight, long having anti- aphrodisciac properties
and bold thorns. Flowers are bisexual, whitish green Common name: Sour sop
and have appealing smell. The fruit is characterized Botanical name: Annona muricata
by a hard rind, whose thickness varies. Pulp is soft Family: Annonaceae
and yellow to orange in color. Seeds are hard, The Sour sop is usually processed in to ice
numerous, compressed and surrounded by creams, sherbets and drinks but fibers-free varieties
mucilage. are often eaten raw. According to latest research
Bael, stated to a native of India, basically sour sop also called Graviola fruit is a miraculous
grown in sub tropics, of which some varieties can natural cancer cell killer.
be grown in tropical conditions also. Propagation Sour sop was shown to target the cancer
is usually done through seeds but budding and stem cells selectively, leaving healthy cells untouched.
cuttings can also be used for the propagation. Sour sop is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent
The fruits are having therapeutical for both bacterial and fungal infections, is effective
properties used for the treatment of chronic against internal parasites and worms, lowers high
amoebiasis, diarrhea, gastro-intestinal ulcer, hyper blood pressure and is used for depression, stress
glycaemia, haemorrhoids, costiveness, removal of and nervous disorders. All parts of the graviola tree
intestinal worms etc. the crystalline substance, are used in natural medicine in the tropics. The
marmelosin extracted from the fruits are also
Wood apple
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Common name: Star fruit, Carambola

Botanical name: Averrhoa carambola
Family: Oxalidaceae
The origin of this fruit crops is stated to be
the Indo-China region. The trees are grown in all
tropical and sub-tropical situations in India where
there is very little frost and a warm, moist climate
is congenial for better production. The fruits are
not taken raw because of its high acerbity. These
are usually processed to jam, squash, pickles etc.
In some areas of South India, fruit of carambola is
used as a substitute for tamarind.
The trees attain a height of 8 to 10 meters
and have symmetrical habit of growth. The leaves
are found to be sensitive to touch and light and get
folded in low light and darkness and when touched.
The fruits are green to light yellow in color and has
3 to 5 deep longitudinal, prominent ribs which gives
stat shape on cross section. The skin is thin, smooth
and translucent and the shape is oval or ovoid.
Soursop Graviola Star fruit is most commonly propagated
crushed seeds are used as a vermifuge and through seeds. The sour pulp of the fruits are used
anthelmintic against internal and external parasites, in removing stains from linen and in shining brass.
head lice and worms. Bark, leaves and roots are The trees are planted along the avenues and
considered sedative, antispasmodic, hypotensive gardens and also for the attractive star shaped
and nervine. Graviola has a long, rich history of fruits.
indigenous medicinal use. The crushed seed is used Common name: Bilimbi
to kill parasites. Botanical name: Averrhoa bilimbi
Bark, roots and leaves are also used for Family: Oxalidaceae
diabetes and as a sedative and antispasmodic. Leaf Native to Indonesia, Bilimbi is a tree, which
and bark tea is used as a sedative and heart tonic. grows about 5-10 m height and is propagated using
In Jamaica, the fruit and fruit juice is used for fevers, seeds. The bilimbi prefers a tropical environment
parasites and diarrhea and as a lactagogue. and grows well in backyards of South India.
The most common use for the fruits is as
flavouring for fish and meat dishes. Fruits
are also used for beverages and preserves.
Half-ripe fruits are salted, set out in the sun
and kept for longer use. Squash, wine and
pickle are made using bilimbi fruit. The fruit
is a rich source of vitamin C. It fights
cholesterol and is used as a tonic and
laxative. Syrup made from the fruit is used
to cure illness arising from jaundice. The
fruit is also known to stop internal bleeding
in the stomach. The fruit conserve is
administered as a treatment for coughs,
Starfruit
beriberi and biliousness. Syrup prepared
from the fruit is taken as a cure for fever
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KERALA KARSHAKAN ee-journal
KERALAKARSHAKAN -journal
West Indian Cherry
and inflammation, to stop rectal bleeding and

alleviate internal hemorrhoids. The fruits and leaves
are applied on bites of poisonous insect. The juice
is useful for bleaching stains from white clothe and Layers bear fruit in 6 months, while seedlings bear
also tarnish from brass. fruit after 2 years of planting. Fruiting is noticed
Common name: West Indian Cherry from August to November and April to May. The
Botanical name: Malpighia juice of the fruit is used as a nutritional supplement
punicifolia in baby foods and in canning and processing
Family: Malpighiaceae industries. With added pectin, excellent jelly, jam
One of the richest known sources of vitamin and other preserves can also be prepared. The
C is the West Indian cherry fruit. It is grown mostly vitamin C in the fruit acts as an antioxidant. West
as an ornamental shrub and people are rarely aware Indian cherry contains powerful anthocyanins and
of the nutritional qualities. West Indian cherry is a flavanoids, which can inhibit colon cancer and heart
medium-sized tropical evergreen fruit-bearing diseases.
shrub belonging to the family Malpighiaceae. It is Common name: Star Gooseberry
native to the West Indies and North and South Botanical name: Phyllanthus acidus
America Family: Euphorbiaceae
West Indian cherry grows up to three Star gooseberry, has yellow cherry like fruits
meters, with dense crowns of leaves that are ovate. that are excellent when eaten with sugar. Star
The flowers are formed in umbels. Each flower is gooseberry is a deciduous fruit tree that was once
small having diameter 1-1.5 cm with five pink frequently found in households of South India.
petals. The ripe fruit is bright, containing seeds. It It is locally known by the names arinelli,
has a sweet and sour taste. West Indian cherry can seemanelli and pulinelli. Native to Madagascar, it
be propagated using seedlings and by air layering. was spread long ago to India, Southeast Asia and
Pruning once a year prior to monsoon and Pacific islands. The Star gooseberry prefers tropical
application of organic manure is recommended. climate and is grown from seeds and by air layering.
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Star Gooseberry
It grows 6-9 m in height with spreading branches. in South India, first during April-May and second
The branchlets bear alternate leaves that are ovate during August- September. The fruits are numerous
or lanceolate in form with short petioles and and oblate with 6 to 8 ribs. They develop very
pointed ends. Leaves are 2-5 cm long, green and densely to form spectacular masses giving the tree
smooth on the upper surface, and blue-green on an ornamental appearance. Fruits are pale yellow,
the underside. There are two tiny pointed stipules waxy, crisp, juicy and sour. There is only one seed
at base of the each leaf. Small rosy flowers are male, in each fruit. The fruit is eaten raw and pickled in
female and some hermaphrodite. They are borne Kerala.
collectively at leafless parts of the main branches In Indonesia, Philippines, Surinam and
in little clusters. The tree often bears twice a year Bahamas, the fruit flesh is used for flavoring dishes
and for making cold drinks, syrup and vinegar. The
fruit pulp cooked in sugar yields ruby-red coloured
jelly. The young leaves are cooked and eaten in
Indonesia. In India, Star gooseberry fruits are taken
to enrich the blood and as liver tonic. Fruit syrup is
In Indonesia, prescribed as a stomachic and the seeds promote
Philippines, Surinam bowel movement.
and Bahamas, the Common name: Passion Fruit
Botanical name: Passiflora edulis
fruit flesh is used for Family: Passifloraceae
flavoring dishes and Passion fruit is a vigorous vine, found
for making cold especially in the tropics. Propagated using vine
cuttings, it can grow over 15 feet in a year. The
drinks, syrup and tendrils need support for climbing. There are two
vinegar. types of passion vines, i.e., yellow-fruited and
purple-fruited. While both passion fruits possess
an oval shape and contain a yellowish flesh, the
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yellow passion fruit is larger and contains more fruit Common name: Cashew Apple
juice. However, the purple passion fruit is sweeter Botanical name: Anacardium occidentale
in taste than the yellow fruit and has a sweet odour. Family: Anacardiaceae
Profuse fruiting is seen during the months Cashew apple after separating cashew nut
of September to November and May to June. The is usually wasted but the fact is that it contains 5
fruit can be eaten and is often placed as a topping times vitamin C as compared to a lemon fruit.
for ice cream, custards and fruit salads. The Cashew juice, syrup, candy, jam, vinegar, etc. are
undiluted juice is an excellent additive to other fruit made using this.
juices, or it may be drunk as such with water and Cashew apple is a digestive and aids in
sugar added to it. Passion fruit can also be used to control of intestinal worms, diarrhea, body pain and
make jellies and jams. Passion fruit is also used as scanty urination. Cashew apple juice without
an ingredient in ice creams, candies, fruit juice removal of tannin is prescribed as a remedy for sore
concentrates and alcoholic beverages, such as throat and chronic dysentery in Cuba and Brazil. In
cordials. 16th century Brazil, cashew fruits and their juice
Passion fruits provide a good source of were taken by Europeans to treat fever, sweeten
fibers, are low in sodium and contain no cholesterol. breath and for stomach. A wine made from the fruit
They also provide a high amount of the vitamins A
and C and offer an excellent source of potassium,
calcium and iron. The fruit juice and the leaves of
passion fruit contain alkaloids which has blood
pressure lowering, sedative and antispasmodic Profuse fruiting is
action. It is used in the treatment of insomnia and
depression. Passion fruit juice is used for urinary
seen during the
infections and as a mild diuretic. months of September
to November and May
to June. The fruit can
Passion Fruit be eaten and is often
placed as a topping
for ice cream, custards
and fruit salads.
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Islands. The flowers are astringent and used in

Taiwan to treat fever and halt diarrhea.
Investigators have found their principal
constituent to be tannin.
It is grown mainly for fruit, which
is eaten fresh and nearly 80% or more
of the fruit is edible. In some countries
fruits are used in salad or sometimes
pickled or stewed. Fruit is sweet,
somewhat astringent and considered as
thirst quenching. Shelf life is very short.
Wood is hard and reddish in colour,
normally not used because it is
Java Apple
Cashew Apple
is used for dysentery in other parts of the Amazon

rainforest.
Because of its high amount of vitamin C and

mineral salts, cashew fruit is used to remineralize
the skin and as a catalyst in the treatment of
premature ageing of skin. It is also an effective scalp
conditioner and tonic and is often used in
shampoos, lotions and scalp creams for
conditioning activity of its proteins and mucilage
Common name: Java Apple
Botanical name: Syzygium javanica
Family: Myrtaceae
An evergreen large shrub or small tree, 5-
15 m in height. Trunk is crooked, often branched
near the base. Canopy is dense and irregular in
outline. Bark is 25-30 thick, and open wide
spreading crown, and pinkish-gray flaking bark light
brown in colour and fissured in old trees. Leaves
are pale to dark green in colour, somewhat curled
and slightly aromatic when crushed. Inflorescence
is at the tip of the branches or from axils of the leaf
with three to seven large flowers. Flowers are white
in colour. Fruit is a berry, cone shaped, shiny, white
to red in colour with translucent skin and crowned
by calyx segments. Flesh is juicy and watery. Each
fruit contains one to two or at the maximum six
seeds, which are small and round in shape.
The wood is red, coarse, hard and used for
constructing huts in the Andaman and Nicobar
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Durian
considered as weak and brittle. Various parts traditional Malay candy, milk shakes, ice cream,
of the tree are used in traditional medicine. custard, moon cakes and cappuccino.
Common name: Durian Durian flesh is canned in syrup for export.
Botanical name: Durio zibethinus, Durian fruit contains a high amount of sugar,
Family: Malvaceae vitamin C, potassium and the amino acid
Durian is considered as the King of tryptophan. It is a good source of carbohydrates,
Tropical Fruits in countries like Malaysia and proteins and fats and has no cholesterol. The odour
Singapore. According to them, durian fruit of the flesh is believed to be due to indole
warms up the body. Thailand and South compounds, which are antibacterial. Eating durian
Vietnam are the chief producers. Seedling trees is believed to clear the lungs and breathe pathways
generally come into bearing 7 to 12 years after and also assumed to restore the health of sick
planting, while grafted trees bear in 4 years. persons. A tree yields about 100 fruits in a year.
Durian generally blooms in March and April. Malaysia is the largest exporter of fresh durian.
The fruits mature in July and August. Fresh durians are usually imported by countries
Durian is an evergreen tree and grows such as Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan where it
80-100 feet in height. Durian fruits are ovoid- is in high demand.
oblong, brownish green, covered with sharp References:
spines and weighs 2.5 to 4 kg. Inside the fruit, Jensen, M. (1995). Trees commonly
there are five compartments containing the cultivated in Southeast Asia: An illustrated field
creamy-white flesh and 1 to 7 chestnut-like guide. RAP publication, 38, 93.
seeds. The flesh is mostly eaten fresh but is best Mazumdar, B. C. (2004). Minor Fruit Crops
chilled. The taste is comparable to French of India: Tropical and Subtropical. Daya Books.
custard but flesh of durian has a very nasty Selvam, V. E. (2007). Trees and shrubs of the
odour as that of dirty socks. Durian fruit is used Maldives. RAP Publication, 12.
to flavour a wide variety of dishes like
June
2015
36
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Shridevi A. Jakkeral,
Assistant Professor (Plant breeding)
M. Hanumanthappa,
Associate Director of research
K.V. Sudhir Kamath
Associate Professor (Agronomy)
Kavyashree M.C.
Assistant Professor(Plant Pathology)
Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural
Research Station, Brahmavar, Udupi
Distict, Karnataka
Nutritional Excellence of
Peanut
G
roundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the (krapovickas, 1973; Krapovickas and Rigoni, 1957)
world’s major food legume crops. It A hypogaeas in not known to occur in the wild state.
originated in South America, where the Groundnut in present cultivated in over 80
genus Arachis is widely distributed. The natural countries from 400 CN to 400 S in tropical and warm
distribute of all the Arachis Species is confined to temperate region of the world. It ranks fifth in the
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay world among oilseeds with an area of 24.59 million
June
2015
37
hectares, production of 38.20 million tonnes (with botanical varieties viz. subsp. hypogaea into var.
shell) and productivity of 1.55 tones/hectare hypogaea (virginia) and var. hirsuta and subsp.
(FAOSTAT 2010). China, India and USA are the major fastigiata into var. fastigiata (valencia), var. vulgaris
producers of the crop, of which India accounts for (spanish), var. peruviana and var. aequatoriana
area of 5.48 million hectares with 5.43 million (Karpovickas and Gregory, 1994).
tonnes of production (Anon., 2011). Though, India Peanuts are a very good source of
is a leading producer of the crop but its productivity monounsaturated fats, the type of fat that is
is lower (991 kg/ha) compared to USA (2863 kg/ emphasized in the heart-healthy Mediterranean
ha) and China (2645 kg/ha). diet. A high monounsaturated diet that emphasized
The cultivated tetraploid groundnut (2n = peanuts and peanut butter decreased
4x = 40) is a member of the genus Arachis and cardiovascular disease risk by an estimated 21%
belongs to the family Leguminosae, subfamily compared to the average American diet. In addition
Fabaceae, tribe Aeschynomeneae, subtribe to their monounsaturated fat content, peanuts
Stylosanthenae (Krapovickas and Gregory, 1994). feature an array of other nutrients that, in
Arachis is a perennial to annual legume with three numerous studies, have been shown to promote
or foure leaflets, Stipulate leaves, papilionate heart health. Peanuts are good sources of vitamin
flower, tubular hypanthium and Subterranean E, niacin, folate, protein and manganese. In
fruits. The “Peg ” which is a an expelanded addition, peanuts provide resveratrol, the phenolic
intercalary meristam at the same of the basal ovule. antioxidant also found in red grapes and red wine
(Gregory at al 1973), is unique to the genus. The that is thought to be responsible for the French
expansion of the intercalary meristem results in a paradox.
lomentiform carpel of the one to five segments, Source of antioxidants
each containing a single seed to two very large Not only do peanuts contain oleic acid, the
cortyledone and a straight embryo. Based on the healthful fat found in olive oil, but new research
differences in the branching pattern and presence shows these tasty legumes are also as rich in
of reproductive node on the main stem, the species antioxidants as many fruits. While unable to boast
has been classified into two subspecies, hypogaea
and fastigiata (Krapovickas and Rigoni, 1960).
Further each subspecies has been divided into two
Peanut Butter
June
June
2015
2015
38
e
an antioxidant content that can compare with the

fruits highest in antioxidants, such as
pomegranate, roasted peanuts do rival the
antioxidant content of blackberries and
strawberries, and are far richer in antioxidants
than apples, carrots or beets. Research conducted
by a team of University of Florida scientists,
published in the journal Food Chemistry, shows
that peanuts contain high concentrations of
antioxidant polyphenols, primarily a compound
called p-coumaric acid, and that roasting can
increase peanuts’ p-coumaric acid levels,
boosting their overall antioxidant content by as
much as 22%.
Research published in the British Journal
of Nutrition (Blomhoff R, Carlsen MH), which
identified several nuts among plant foods with
the highest total antioxidant content, suggests
nut’s high antioxidant content may be key to their
cardio-protective benefits. Nuts’ high antioxidant
content helps explain results seen in the Iowa
Women’s Health Study in which risk of death from
cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases
showed strong and consistent reductions with
increasing nut/peanut butter consumption.
Reduced Risk of Stroke Peanut chikkies
Resveratrol is a flavonoid first studied in
red grapes and red wine, but now also found to
be present in peanuts. In animal studies on
resveratrol itself (the purified nutrient given in
intravenous form, not the food form), this
phytonutrient has been determined to improve
blood flow in the brain by as much as 30%, thus
greatly reducing the risk of stroke, according to greatly lessened risk, and pickled foods, which
the results of a laboratory animal study published greatly increased risk, particularly in women. Eating
in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. peanuts just 2 or more times each week was
Peanuts Protective, but.... associated with a 58% lowered risk of colon cancer
A number of studies have shown that in women and a 27% lowered risk in men. In
nutrients found in peanuts, including folic acid, women, but not in men, eating pickled foods 2 or
phytosterols, phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphate) more times a week more than doubled the
and resveratrol, may have anti-cancer effects. A likelihood of developing colon cancer risk for
good source all these nutrients—including the women, increasing their risk 215%.
phytosterol beta-sisterol, which has To help prevent colon cancer, avoid pickled
demonstrated anti-cancer actions—peanuts have foods, but enjoy peanuts at least twice each week.
long been considered a likely candidate as a colon When purchasing peanut butter, be sure to read
cancer-preventive food.(Awad AB, Chan KC, et the label. Hydrogenated (trans-) fats and sugar are
al., Nutr Cancer) often added to peanut butter. Buy organic and
Risk of colon cancer was found to be choose brands that contain peanuts, salt—and
highly correlated with both peanuts, which nothing else!
June
2015
39
intake is to snack on a handful of peanuts—just a

quarter cup provides about a quarter of the daily
recommended intake for niacin (16 mg per day for
men and 14 for women).
Nuts lowers risk of weight gain
Although nuts are known to provide a
variety of cardio-protective benefits, many avoid
them for fear of weight gain. A prospective study
published in the journal Obesity shows such fears
are groundless. In fact, people who eat nuts at least
twice a week are much less likely to gain weight
than those who almost never eat nuts. The 28-
month study involving 8,865 adult men and women
in Spain, found that participants who ate nuts at
least two times per week were 31% less likely to
gain weight than were participants who never or
almost never ate nuts.And, among the study
participants who gained weight, those who never
or almost never ate nuts gained more (an average
of 424 g more) than those who ate nuts at least
twice weekly.
Study authors concluded, “Frequent nut
consumption was associated with a reduced risk of
weight gain (5 kg or more). These results support
the recommendation of nut consumption as an
important component of a cardioprotective diet
and also allay fears of possible weight gain.”
Nutritional Profile
· Peanuts are a very good source of
monounsaturated fats. In addition, peanuts are a
good source of niacin, folate, copper, manganese,
and protein.
Protect against Alzheimer’s Nutrients in Peanuts 0.25 cup (36.50 grams)

Research published in the Journal of
Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry indicates Nutrients %Daily Value
regular consumption of niacin-rich foods like Manganes 35.5
peanuts provides protection against Alzheimer’s Tryptophan 28.1
disease and age-related cognitive decline. Vitamin B3 22
Researchers from the Chicago Health and Aging Folate 21.9
Project interviewed over 3,000 Chicago residents Copper 21
aged 65 or older about their diet then tested their Protien18.8
cognitive abilities over the following six years. Calories 11
Those getting the most niacin from foods
(22 mg per day) were 70% less likely to have Don’t let concerns about gaining weight
developed Alzheimer ’s disease than those prevent you from enjoying the delicious taste and
consuming the least (about 13 mg daily), and their many health benefits of nuts.
rate of age-related cognitive decline was
significantly less. One easy way to boost your niacin
·
June
2015
40
KERALA
KERALAKARSHAKAN ee
KARSHAKAN -journal
-journal ROOT PATTERN
Saraswati Sampaganvi.,
Sakhubai, H.T.,
Rajeshwari, B. Hosamani
KRCCH, ARABHAVI
Root distribution
pattern in Crops
F
ertolizer effectivity can be achieved by
water absorption originates from the cells of root
applying most suitable form of fertilizers and
due to root respiration.
placing it in an area where it can be rapidly
Passive absorption-This mechanism is
taken up at times when the plant’s needs are most
carried out without utilisation of metabolic energy.
crucial. Thus root distribution studies are
Here only the root act as an organ of absorption or
considered good preliminary approach in the case
passage (Jonathan Lynch, 1995).
of tree crops.
As such studies provide basic information Root morphology
as to when and where fertilizers should be applied Surface features of a single root axis as an
to ensure greater effeciency fertilizer use. Vigorous organ, including characteristics of the epidermis
root system are as essential as vigorous shoots for such as root hairs, root diameter, the root cap, the
successful plant growth. pattern of appearance of daughter roots,
Root- The part of a plant which attaches it undulations of the root axis and cortical
to the ground or to a support, typically senescence.
underground, conveying water and nourishment to Topology
the rest of the plant via numerous branches and Refers to how individual root axes are
fibres. connected to each other through branching
Active absorption- is the absorption of (Jonathan Lynch, 1995).
water by roots with the help of metabolic energy Root distribution
generated by the root respiration. The force for
June
2015
41
Special functions - better gaseous

exchange, food storage, absorption of atmospheric
moisture, sucking food from host.
Synthesis of various essential
compounds such as growth regulators, and storage
of food in root crops such as cassava etc.
Methods to study root distribution pattern
in plants
Destructive methods
Profile wall method
Monolith method
Auger sampling
Non-destructive methods
Excavation
Radiotracer methods.
Glass wall method, etc.
Excavation method
The oldest method of studying root systems
is to excavate them, a method that requires much
Root distribution is the presence of roots in time, energy. It is done by cutting a trench and then
a positional gradient or grid. removing the soil by hand or by a stream of water
Studies of root distribution are concerned or air. Soil is removed in the horizontal plane to
with root biomass, root length, depth in the soil, expose spread of tree root system.
distance from the stem, and position between Monolith method
neighbouring plants (Wahid et al, 1989). To remove large blocks of soil and wash out
Why it is important ? roots. Sometime these blocks are enclosed in steel
Knowledge of root distribution patterns is boxes driven into the soil to hold the soil mass
an essential, together while removing it.
For determining optimum spacing,
For choosing the most suitable crop
combination,
For efficient utilization of below-ground
resources through stratified exploitation of
the vertical soil space, Root frequency
For developing efficient methods of sometimes is sampled
fertilizer application, etc.
Environmental factors affecting root in cores of soil
growth removed with various
Root distribution will be effected by, kinds of soil augers,
Soil structure
Texture
which frequently are
Aeration driven into the soil
Moisture and removed by
Temperature tractor power and
Presence of bacteria, fungi etc.
Functions of roots: washed out the roots.
Anchorage (mechanical support)
Absorption (water and minerals)
June
2015
42
e
Root lets (tertiaries) feeding roots are devoid

of root hairs.
Pneumatophores (breathing roots): small
whitish pointed out growth on the root let
Root extension also has organs of exchange of gases.
been followed by injecting 74% of roots confined to 2m from the bole
and 31 to 120cm depth.
small quantities of a
Roots will not grow any depth into water/
radioactive isotope of water logged soil.
phosphorus, sulfur, or Root pattern studies inarecanut
rubidium into the soil at Roots are dense and fibrous.
various depths below and Roots are found 1 m (3.3 feet) away from
radius (trunk).
distances from seedlings Primary roots are 1.4 cm in diameter and turn
and noting when it dark brown with age branch to secondary and
appears in the plant. tertiary roots.
Root hairs are absent.
Absorption is through thin-walled cells
behind root cap.
Aerial (adventitious) roots are produced from
the base of the trunk.
Root pattern studies in oil palm
4 types of roots – primary, secondary,
Soil auger Method
tertiary & quaternary roots. Radicle is short lived
Root frequency sometimes is sampled in
soon replaced by primary roots from base of trunk
cores of soil removed with various kinds of soil
and descending deeply.
augers, which frequently are driven into the soil
More numerous primaries grow
and removed by tractor power and washed out the
horizontally in top 1 m of soil and produce
roots.
secondaries, which, ascend to soil surface. These
Mini- rhizotrons method
in turn produce tertiaries and quaternaries giving
It consists of plastic tubes about 5 cm in
a dense surface mat.
diameter and 2 or 3 m long which are driven into
Majority of the roots are in top 15 cm of
the ground, usually at an angle. A camera and a
soil, with the main concentration near the palm and
fiber optic illumination system can be lowered
a secondary concentration 1.5 – 2 m from base.
down the tube to record root growth over time.
No root hairs, so most of the absorption is
Radioactive isotope Technique
through quaternary roots, which are not lignified.
Root extension also has been followed by
injecting small quantities of a radioactive isotope Root distribution in tea
of phosphorus, sulfur, or rubidium into the soil at • Youngest tea roots are white. Older the cells
various depths below and distances from seedlings of the endodermis and primary cortex
and noting when it appears in the plant. become gradually suberised and the colour
of the root changes to cream and finally to
Root distribution pattern in coconut reddish brown.
Radicle is temporary and penetrates soil
• Primary cortex shrivels and peels off in
vertically. Adventitious roots produced from
patches exposing reddish brown secondary
bole, basal 60 cm swollen portion of the stem
bark.
An adult palm bear 2000 to 3000 living main
• White and cream parts of the fibrous roots
roots, confined to top 1.5m from ground
are the feeding roots
level.
• Reddish brown roots are the extension roots
Average length of roots is 6m and a few are
about 25m.
June
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43
• Root system of tea bush is divided into main Root distribution pattern in cocoa
roots, subsidiary roots which originate from Tap roots penetrate (depth 1.5 m ) & mat
main roots and feeder roots which originate of lateral roots from the top 20 -30 cm of tap root.
from subsidiary roots. Tap root rapidly develops after the seed germinates,
• Seed plant rooting starts with the emergence grows 1 cm in length after one week 16 – 18 cm
of radicle after 1 month, 25 cm after 3 months, rate of growth
• Root system is tap root. decline later, takes 2 years to reach 50 cm.
• Clonal plants adventitious roots are initiated Fine roots: 90 % of the roots is located in
from the lower end of stem cuttings. the upper 10 cm of the soil .
• Seedling plant have only one main root. Root distribution pattern in cashew
• Clones have fibrous in nature • It has a deep and spreading root system.
Deep root system – withstand drought (better • Seedlings develop a typical tap root system,
than clone) the trees develop from air layers develop
• Fibrous roots help in efficient utilization of fibrous root system.
nutrients from soil. • Majority of feeding roots normally reside
Root distribution pattern in coffee in the surface layer of the soil.
Main root system found in first 0.30 m layer • Poor establishment of vegetatively
from soil surface & distributed – circle of a diameter propagated materials in the field -
(1.50 m) around the trunk inadequate root development.
* Tap root – not develop to a depth • The roots penetrate vertically down even
lower down 0.50m. to a depth of 9.5 m.
• In the surface 50 cm soil layer, over 85% of
the thick roots and 45% of the fine roots
could be extracted.
• Root penetration between 50 cm to 1 m
depth was accounted for about 5% of the
thick and 8% of the fine roots.
• Khader (1986) studied the root distribution
pattern of seedling raised cashew trees,
grown on a lateritic soil, by excavation
method. Over 67% of thick roots (tap root,
secondary and tertiary roots) and 26% of
Proper management the fibrous roots were found within a radius
of irrigation regimes of 50 cm from the base of the tree.
Multistoreyed • In the 51 to 100 cm radial distance from the
base, about 16% of the thicker roots and
cropping 20% of the fine roots were found.
Fertilizer scheduling Root distribution pattern in rubber
To choose suitable Trees develop a strong tap root and
shade tree, wind extensive lateral roots.
breaks and Conclusion
Hence the knowledge of root distribution
To undertake will be helpful for,
intercultural Proper management of irrigation regimes
operations Multistoreyed cropping
Fertilizer scheduling
To choose suitable shade tree, wind breaks
and
To undertake intercultural operations
June
2015
44
e
KERALA KARSHAKAN -journal SOIL REMEDIATION
Jeena Mathew, Abdul Haris, A. and V. Krishnakumar

Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (Regional Station), Kayamkulam
How to manage
Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil?
T
he ever increasing human population is contamination in soil as well as the strategies to
presenting serious challenges to the policy manage the hazardous effects.
makers regarding the quantity of food to be It is a well known fact that the composition
produced to feed the millions. As per the available of the soil influences the composition of plant
estimates, the present population may reach nine produce and thereby making an impact on the
billion by 2050 for which food production has to be human health. Hence the soil quality has to be well
increased several fold from the present quantum. maintained so that the adverse effects of pollutants
In this regard maintenance of soil fertility and are not entered in the food chain. In the case of
sustainability of soil resources is a key issue which human beings, exposure to heavy metals either
needs our immediate attention. Population directly or through the food chain can results in
pressure also presents problems to the nervous system disorders, kidney damages and liver
environmental and human health in terms of toxicities. Hence the management of heavy metals
pollution by various heavy metals as a consequence toxicity in soil need to be prioritised as a measure
of urbanisation. There are evidences of the to ensure healthy well being of the population.
influence of the relationship between the noxious Heavy metals are those elements present
contamination of heavy metals in soil and that of in the nature which exhibits the metallic properties
dreadly diseases such as cancer in human beings. such as malleability, ductility, electrical conductivity
So it is essential to understand possible heavy metal and cation stability. They are having high atomic
June
2015
45
weight and density and the atomic number is It was also observed that heavy metal
greater than twenty. Understanding the nature of concentration can affect the growth and activity of
metal ion present in the soil is important for soil microbes which in turn affects the soil processes
devising suitable management strategies for their such as organic matter mineralisation and thereby
amelioration in soil. They exist in soil as separate affecting the availability of nutrient ions in the soil
entities or as exchangeable and non exchangeable solution, ultimately the crop nutrition as the
ions. They also remain as their insoluble carbonates sufferer. The toxicity of heavy metals to plant
or phosphates. growth follows the order cadmium>cobalt>
Heavy metals such as iron, manganese, mercury>lead> chromium.
copper, zinc, nickel cobalt, molybdenum and Tolerance of specific plants to heavy
vanadium are required by organisms in minute metal toxicity in soil
quantities and that excessive amount of these Certain plants can tolerate high
elements becomes harmful to them. On the other concentration of heavy metals in the soil
hand, elements such as cadmium, mercury, arsenic environment. The mechanisms by which plants can
and lead have no beneficial effect on growth on tolerate the high concentration of heavy metals in
organism, but poses serious threats to the soil include 1) Exclusion: This involves the restriction
metabolic system. of metal transport into the plant system and the
Potential negative effects of heavy metals maintenance of a constant metal ion concentration
in soil include the effect on soil properties direct in the environment, 2) Inclusion: metal
and indirect damage to the crop plants and thereby concentration in the shoot reflects those in the soil
their productivity. There are certain soil properties solution through a linear relationship, 3) Bio
which affect the availability of heavy metals in soil, accumulation: accumulation of metals in the roots
the foremost of which is the soil pH. The solubility and shoots
of certain heavy metals such as copper and zinc are Management of heavy metal
reduced at higher pH where as their solubility is pollution in soil
increased at lower pH. Presence of organic matter Bioremediation is considered as the most
content as well as hydroxides of iron can immobilise suitable method for the management of heavy
the availability of heavy metals in soil. Research metal polluted soil. It is the use of living organisms
studies have shown positive correlation between for the treatment of polluted soils. Bioremediation
soil physical properties such as moisture content can be achieved through microorganisms, plants
and water holding capacity and the heavy metal and a combination of both. The mechanism
content in soil. Availability of heavy metal is also employing plants are termed as phtoremediation
influenced by the density and type of charge in soil where as those involving microbes are termed as
colloids, degree of complexion with ligands and the micro remediation.
relative surface area. As the surface area of the A. Micro remediation of heavy metal pollution in
colloids increases, the solubility of arsenic, soil
cadmium, copper, molybdenum and lead was found Certain microbes are able to produce metal
to be decreasing. complexing molecule such as siderophores as a
Heavy soil metals and plant growth mechanism for the amelioration of heavy metal
Heavy metals present in the soil solution toxicity in plants. Siderophores are low molecular
as well as those which are readily solubilised by the weight, high affinity iron chelators that transport
root exudates are readily available for plant uptake. iron in the soil solution to the bacterial cells.
The direct toxic effects of heavy metals in soil Pseudomonas fluorescens produce fluorescent
include inhibition of cytoplasmic enzymes and siderophores which sequester the iron compounds
damage to the cell structure due to oxidative stress. present in the soil. Heavy metals also under certain
The indirect toxic effect includes the replacement conditions stimulate the production of
of plant essential nutrient with these metal ions at siderophores and consequently affect their bio
the cation exchange sites of the plant roots. availability in soil. Microrememdiation can also
occur indirectly through the bio precipitation by the
June
2015
46
e
sulphate reducing bacteria viz., Desulphovibrio

desulphuricans which can convert the soluble
sulphates to the insoluble sulphides of cadmium
and zinc. Microbes can also reduce the soluble
mercuric ions (Hg2+) to the volatile Hg (0) or metallic
mercury.
Through the methods of genetic
engineering metal binding proteins from higher
organisms can be introduced into the microbes
which can sequester the contaminated metal ion
in soil solution. Addition of organic amendments
such as bio char produced by the process of
pyrolysis of carbonaceous materials can stimulate Sun hemp
the growth and activity of microbes and thereby
accelerate the remediation process.
B. Phytoremediation
One among the indispensible solution for
the amelioration of vast stretches of heavy metal
contaminated soil is phytoremediation through the
mediation of plants. The mechanisms involved in
phytoremediation include phytoextraction,
phytostabilisation and phytovolatilisation.
Phytoextraction involves accumulation of
heavy metals in the roots and shoots of higher
plants which are later harvested and incinerated.
These plants should have rapid growth rate,
capacity to produce huge biomass, extensive root
system and should have the ability to tolerate high
amounts of heavy metals.
Phyto extraction can be done by the use of
hyper accumulator plants with very high metal
accumulating ability such as water hyacinth Sunflower
(Eichornia crassipes) and Brassica spp. Chinese
ladder plant (Pteris vitata), a plant belonging to the some of the common plant species present in our
species of ferns can accumulate large quantities of locality which are hyper accumulators of certain
arsenic from contaminated fields. Spiny amaranths metals.
(Amaranthus spinosus) seen in the homesteads has The mechanism of phytostabilisation
the capacity to accumulate lead from the involves the use of plants to physically immobilise
contaminated area. The ability to accumulate heavy the elements and thus reducing their bio availability
metals can also be induced through the use of and is used wherever the phto extraction
chelates which are having metal mobilising capacity. procedures are not feasible to perform. But when
Hyper accumulator plants have the capacity to the metal concentration in the soil is very high this
exclude the metals through the method may not be suitable because plant growth
compartmentalisation of these metal ions in the will be adversely affected. Plants help in stabilising
vacuoles or in the cell wall and thus may not have the soil environment through their root system and
access to cellular sites where vital functions such the prevent the erosion and leaching of metal ions
as respiration or cell division takes place. For a plant to the soil. These plants should have dense root
to be designated as hyper accumulator, the ratio of system, easy to establish in the adverse soil
shoot to root concentration of the metal ion should environment and should have rapid growth rate to
be higher than one. The following table shows provide adequate coverage.
June
2015
47
Common name Scientific name Heavy metal extracted by the plant

Sun hemp Crotalaria juncea nickel, chromium
Fat duck weed Lemna gibba arsenic
Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon nickel and chromium
Brahmi Baccoppa Monnieri cadmium, chromium, lead and mercury
Spiny
Amaranth/
Mullan Cheera Amaranthus spinosus cadmium, lead, chromium
Water hyacinth Eichornia crassipes chromium
Hydrangia Hydrangia vulgare aluminium
Sunflower Helianthus annus copper
Bermuda grass Hydrangia
Phtytovolatalisation involves the Conclusion

conversion of active metal ions into their volatile The growing demand for sustainable food
forms which are subsequently transpired into production has to meet the challenges of ensuring the
the atmosphere. It is mostly used for the soil quality and productivity. Heavy metal pollution
remediation of soils polluted with mercury and presents serious threat to soil quality and thereby the
selenium. Genetically engineered plants such quality of the produce from it become hampered.
as tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabaccum) and Apart from posing challenge towards soil quality, their
Arabidopsis thaliana are utilized for exposure can also be hazardous to human health.
phytovolatalisation. Hence the management of soil heavy metal pollution
Both plants and microbes can be has to be considered in a multi dimensional approach.
combined together for the more efficient Bioremediation offers a viable tool for dealing the
remediation of contaminated soils. Mycorrhizal threat of heavy metal pollution. The strategies should
association with plants can be utilized for the be focused towards the enhancement of soil quality
remediation of soils polluted with chromium. for sustainable food production washing off the threat
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria can on food security from the ever increasing population.
produce siderophores as well can promote the The quality aspect of food produced need to be taken
growth of plants and thereby enhance the care of along with food security for better health and
remediation process. fitness of people.
June
2015
48
e
June 2015
The first English Farm Journal from Kerala
Published by Dr. Roy Mathew, Owned by Department of Agriculture,Government of Kerala and

June Published at Farm Information Bureau, Kowdiar P.O, Thiruvananthapuram-3. Editor Suresh Kumar S.
2015

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1

KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal

Blend of old and new

4 Cover Story The Wonder hot Chillies

Articles/ Features appearing in this e-journal are either commissioned or assigned.

Marjana Beegum K.C

Red stream from Guntur

Guntur- Asias largest market for chillies

Authors with chilli farmers in Guntur

Guntur S4 Rallies 355 Teja

Vast plots of chilli field

Field curing of onion

is ready for harvesting in five months for dry onion.

harvested by loosening the bulbs with a fork

Sorting: The diseased, thick necked,

Manual grading and cleaning

The structures dimension

the tissues to become water soaked which often induces

Onion storage structures

Some anti-cancerous plants used in cancer therapy

Artemisia vulgaris Berberineeris sp Solanum nigrum

Ruta graveolens extract induces

Marjana Beegum K.C

our only hope for pure natural water.

potential increases in Uniformly, a good amount of fresh Water

we receive through rain water is disappearing

without being utilized. Hence, harvesting of this

areas where many of

water offers effective utilisation of under-

the world’s poor live exploited opportunities of the current world.

Broadly there are two ways of

and where managing

water is the key to such

(i) Surface runoff harvesting

increases” (ii) Roof top rainwater harvesting

Ø Surface runoff harvesting

Rainwater flows away as surface runoff

with respect to slope of land. This runoff could

be managed and used for recharging aquifers by

adopting appropriate methods.

Ø Roof Top rainwater harvesting

It is a system of catching rainwater where it

Sand Gravel Filter

Waste utilisation empty plastic bottles

Recharging ground water aquifers

Bamboo as a Structure Bamboo has many applications

Bamboo shoot Bamboo food

been scientifically tested at Tamil Nadu

Anupama S., Reshma R. S

Underutilized fruit crops:

Common name: Star fruit, Carambola

West Indian Cherry

and inflammation, to stop rectal bleeding and

Islands. The flowers are astringent and used in

is used for dysentery in other parts of the Amazon

Because of its high amount of vitamin C and

an antioxidant content that can compare with the

intake is to snack on a handful of peanuts—just a

Protect against Alzheimer’s Nutrients in Peanuts 0.25 cup (36.50 grams)

Special functions - better gaseous

Root lets (tertiaries) feeding roots are devoid

Jeena Mathew, Abdul Haris, A. and V. Krishnakumar

sulphate reducing bacteria viz., Desulphovibrio