POWER SYSTEM MODELLING 1.1_REPRESENTATION OF POWER SYSTEM A typical power system consist ofa phase grid to which al generating stations feeds energy and from which al substations taps energy. (A gridis either a-phase single circuit or 3-phase two circuit transmission line, running throughout the length and breadth of a country or a state), From the substations electrical energy is transmitted to distribution transformers and from the distribution transformer, the energy is fed to various loads. ‘The components of power system are Generating stations (Alternators), Power transformess, Transmission lines, Substations (Substation transformers), Distribution transformers and Loads. The various types of loads are Synchronous motors, Induction motors, Heating oils, Lights, et., ‘The various components of power system and their interconnections are usually representedby single line diagram. Ina singe ine diagram the components are represented by standard symbols and their interconnections are shown by single line, eventhough they are three phase circuits ingle line diagram (One-Line Diagram) A balanced three phase system is always analysed on per phase basis by considering one of the taree phase lines and neutral. Hence itis enough if we show one phase and neutral inthe diagrammatic representation of power system. The diagram is further simplified by omitting the neutral and so the resultant diagram will be a single line diagram, Iasingle line representation of powersystem, the components of the system are represented by standard symbols and the transmission lines are represented by straight lines. Hence a single line diagram is diagrammatic representation of power system in which the components are represented by their symbols andthe interconnections between them are shown by straight lines, Besides the symbols, the ratings and the impedances of the components are also marked onthe single lin diagram, ____Thepparpose ofthe oneline diagram isto supply in concise form the significant information about the system. The varioussymbols used in single line diagramareshown intable-L1. typical single lin diagram isshown in fig 1.1,Chapter 1 Power System Modeling ‘The components or various sections of power system may operate at different voltage and power levels. It willbe convenient for analysis of power systemif the voltage, Power, current and impedance ratings of components of power system are expressed with reference to a common value called base value. Hence for: analysis purpose a base "alueis chosen for voltage, power, current and impedance. Then all the voltage, power, current and impedance ratings ofthe components are expressed as a percent or perunit ofthe base value, [The per unit value of any quantity is definedas the rato ofthe actual value ofthe quantity to the base value expressed as a decimal. The ratio in percent is 100 times the ‘alue in per unit. The base value isan arbitrary chosen value of the quantity. ‘Actual value Base value Per unit value = ‘Actual value Ms Praia = Metal ai sva(l2) ‘The power system requires the base values of four quantities and they ae Woltage, Power, Current and Impedance, Selection of base values for any two of them determines the base values ofthe remaining two, phase system La kVA, = BaekVA = Base voltagein kV = Busecurrentin Amp wy 2 = Revinpedacint The following formulae relate the various quantities kVA, Base curtent, [, =~ in amps sr i Vy 100, Base impedance, 2, =e 5 a (On substituting for J, from equation (1.3) in equ( 1-4) we get, ky, x1000_ (kv, KVAy ~~ RVA,/1000. MVA, ivy (15) Actual impedance, peat : Base impedance,Power System Analysis ine to-neutral voltage base ) atthe same point on The per-unit value ofa lineto-neutral (Vy) on the (V, 5) is equal to the per-unit value of the line-to-line voltage (V,,) the linet line voltage base (V,,,) ifthe system is balanced, see( 1.6) pay ie, = wa Vow Vou i eoue The per unit value ofa 3-phase kVA on the 3-phase kVA base is identical tot perunit value of the kVA per phase on the kVA per phase base spies VA Ur evicyer par wallZ) "Tiphase base KWA Base KVA per phase ‘Therefore in-phase systems the line value of voltages an S-phase KVA are directly used for per unit calculations. ; ‘The base impedance and base current of S-phase systemcan be computed directly from phase value of base kVA and line value of base kV. Let KV, = Linetoline base kV kVA, = 3phase base kVA 1, = Line value of base current Now, WA, = Vy xy wn (L-8) ie. (+1 3-phase systems, kVA =F V1, «107 = 3x (ev) I,) From equ(1.8) we get, __BVAL Seem =F (19) Ina balanced power system the phase voltage i 1/5 times, the line voltage, Hence the base impedance per phaseis given by vne(1.10) On substituting for, fromequ(1.9) in equil.10) we ge:, ee <_k¥yx1000 erate J i RYAN” WAY wv, Bi oan naa MV, eon(1-11) Here, the equ() and (1.11) looks similar, bt in 3 ib eee pasesystem, the kY,isaline Note: Theimpedance's alos exresed as phase value,‘ 7 Chapter 1 Power System Modeling Changing the base of per-unit quantities The impedance of adevice or component is usualy specified in per unit on the base of name plate rating, When a ystems formed byinterconnecting various devices, it willbe convenient for analysisif the impedances are converted o common base. Since all impedance in any one part ofa system must be expressed on the common impedance base, Its necessary to have means of converting per-unit impedances from one base to another. Let, Z = Actual impedance, Z,, = Base impedance, Q Per unit impedance of a circuit element = -—4 = 2*MVA» (1.12) % (Me MVAy ‘The equ(1.12) show that per unit impedance is directly proportional to base _megavolt amperes and inversely proportional to the square ofthe base voltage, Using equl-12) we can derive an expression to convert thep.u. impedance expressed in one base value (old base) to another base (new base). Leck, .jand MVA, represents old basevaluesand kV, ., and MVA, bid Bo bee represents new base valve. Ley 7, pa impedance of ciresitelenent calulated on old base, Zoya” Ps impedance ofa iret elemen calculated on new bas, Tfoldbase values are used to compute the pu. impedance ofa circuitelement with impedance Z, then equ(112) can be writenas, ZxMVAs. Zp.o*———F (1.13). (RV, ou) ou) Boyt Wea wo(1-14) Ifthe new base values are used to compute the pu, impedance ofa circuit element with impedance Z, then equ(.12) can be written as ZEMVAy sos erent (ls) On substituting for Z from equ(1.14) in equ(|.15) we get, aiePower System Anabsis ev(116), “Theequ(.16 canbe used to conver the pv. impedance expressed on one base value to another base. Advantages of per- computations: 1 Manufacturersusually specify the impedance of device or machine in percent orperuniton the base ofthe name plae rating. 2. ‘Theperunitimpedances of machines of the same type and widely different rating usally ie within a nartow range, although the ohmic values difer widely for machines of different ratings. 3. The per-unit impedance of circuit element connected by transformers expressed on a proper base will be sume fits referred to either side of a transformer. 4, ‘The way in which the transformers are connected in phase circuits (¥ or 4) does not affect the per nit impedances ofthe equivalent circuit, although thetransformer connection does determine therelation between the voltage bases on the two sides ofthe transformer. 1.3 EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF COMPONENTS OF POWER SYSTEM ‘Theequivalen circuit of power systems needed to perform analysis Fee eat el eelcay ic Ven otis eine oe ee ofthe componentcf te power system. The various components of powersystem are generator (aterastor) tanformer,ransmision ln, induction moto, syachronous soto, esistiveandreaciveloads, Theequvaent circuits cf various electrical machines developedin lecrcalmachne theory canbe sed in power system modelliny vi without approximations exter Equivalent circuit of generatorChapter 1 Power System Modeling Fig b: Single phase equivalent creuit Fig 1. + Equivalent circuit of generator Fig @: 3-Phase equivalent circuit G-phase alternator) Equivalent circuit of synchronous motor ‘The equivalent circuit of synchronous motor isshown infig 1, The synchronous motors similar to a generator in construction, but itperforms the reverse action of the generator. (A generator converts mechanical energy’to electrical energy, but the motor converts elecrical energy to mechanical energy. Therefore the direction of current in motor is opposite to that of generator. Fig b : Single phase equivalent circuit Fig 13 : Equivalent circuit of synchronous ‘motor Fig: 3-Phase equivalent circut Equivalent circuit of transformer “The equivalent circuit of a singe phase, two winding transformer refered 10 primarysshown in fig 4.1 consitsf shunt branches to represent manetsing current red core os, series resistance representing winding resistance referred primary and the series reactance representing leakage reactance refered to primary.Power System Analysis The tre phase sorrel byitssingle phase equivalent and the equivalent aes Sets igi arene Fig tA Egpadenv croft nsfore transformers, the transformation ratio, Kistaken 6 Rs 5 aera ofine lage Thr acted convesion of tarside impedance to delta side and vice versa. nt circuit of induction motor Equi The single phase equivalent circuit of induction motor referredto stator is shown infig 15. Ieissimilarto equivalent circuit of transformer (The induction motor is aso called rorating transformer). Slip “(1-1) Ry ool) = Resistancerepresemtingload. pig 7.5 Gyuivolent circuit of induction motor R=R, +R’ = Equivalent resistance referred to stator X=X_+X, = Equivalene reactance referred 0 stator R, ,X, = Resistance and reactance of stator R,,X, = Resistance and reactance of rotor. Equivalent circuit of transmission line Thetranmission line can berepresentedbyisresistanc, inductance and capacitance, ‘The singe phase equivalent xtypeand T-type model ofthe transmission line isshown in fig 1.6. The elements, X, and X, are resitanc, inductive reactance and capacitive reactance per phase respectively, RM OR LE al et lox 2 22 la. Fig 1.6 : Equivalent L ‘ rei of transmission line Figb:T ss ib: T-bpe Representation of resistive and reactive loads “The resistiveand reactive loads is valent ci 2 canbe represented the equivalent creat byany 1. Constant power representation 2, Constant current representation; 3, Constant impedance represen i tation a eeti eg In constant power representation, the load active power (MW) and reactive power (MVAR) are considered tobe constant. te a his method of representation will be useful in load flow studies, In constant current representation the magnitude ofthe load current is considered asconstant, The constant current ofthe load can be calculated from the specified voltage, active and reactive powers ofthe load, as shown below. Single phase load Let P= Active power and Q = Reactive power co.) Tet, V=iV| 28 3 V'=WiZ-8 sno(1.18) and P-jQ=yP?+Q? Z- tan == /P?+Q? 2-0 where @= tant eon(l 19) P From equations (1.17), (118) and (1.19) we can write HEE 45-954 5-0 sna(.20) wzs | OM 7 impedan i i ed by itsimpedance or In constant impedance representation the loads represent i admittance, The impedance ofthe loud canbe calulted from the spciid voltage, etive and reactive powers ofthe loadas shown below, Load impedance, at on(1-22) On substituting for] from equ(117)inequ(.22) we get vv" we a oon 3) saad inpadanes 2-5 “P= snn(.24)ER Bower System Anas Theo phase load Eeueie seater nec La P = Threephaseactive power ofstar connected load in watts. Q “Three phase reactive power of star: connected load in VARs. V,V, = Phase & line voltage of load respectively LL, = Phase &line current ofload respectively. Three phase complex power, $ = 3VI* =P + jQ Gviy +39)" =i iQ (1.25) = va LetV=|ViZ6 ; Vin |VIZ5 Instar connected load, [= Leh j0 FT Zot FE C8 onl. 27) ne 8 sn(L.28) cael Mole ivr sv( 28) Load impedance per phase, Z. ¢ On sbsitting for from equ(.25 ineqy30) we get,ne ines HO ie ete) aM) Fi! ‘Load impedance per phase, zt (On substituting for from equ(1.33) in equ(1 37) we gets wv? _ ave _ awe P=jQ P-jQ_ P-IQ We 2 Lond impeice perps 2= Load admitance per phase, ¥ == FI oo (1.39) Three winding transformer — In addition to the primary and secondary winding, the transformer may be constructed witha third winding called tertiary winding. In three winding transformers, the two windings re connecting instar and one windingin deta ortwo windings in delta andone windingin star. The purpose of providing the tertiary winding ae the following, 1 Toget supply voltage forthe substation auxiliary devices. (The auxiliary devices may work ata voltage differen from those of the primary and secondary windings) 2. Static capacitors or synchronous condensers may be connected to the tertiary winding for reactive power injection into the system for voltage control. 3, Adeltaconnecred tertiary reduces the impedance offered to the zero sequence currents thereby allowing a large earth-ault current to flow for proper protection of protective equipments. Further it limits voltage imbalance ‘when the load is unbalanced. It also permits the third harmonic current to flow thereby reducing third harmonic voltages. For these reasons the tertiary ‘winding slso called stabilization winding, 4, Three windings may be sed for interconnecting th issionli eres necting three transmission line at Tea cn serve the purpose of measuring voltage of an HV testing Inthree winding transformer, the three windings [Butthe primary and secondary oftwo winding transfo ‘The impedance of each winding of three winding may have diferent kVA rating, mers have the same kVA rating} transformer may be given in pa ESS13 Chapter 1 Power System Modeling calculated by using their own winding rating a bases. But while representing in reactance/ slagram tis necessary to convert the pa. reactancesto common base. ‘The equivalent circuit ofa three winding transformer can be represented by the single phase equivalent circuitshownin fig 17, e Z rea s Pp 4 Z, + sig : tov, Vy Me C & sy alee Fig 1.7: Single phase equivalent circuit of three winding transformer Inthisequivalent circuit the impedance per phase ofthe three windings (ceferredto one of winding, usualy primary) are connected in taro represent the single phase equivalent circuit, For simplicity, the effect of exciting currents ignored in the equivalent circuit. The subscripts p, sant indicate the primary, secondary and tertiary respectively. Three external circuits are connected between P & O, S & O and T & O, where the terminal O isthe common terminal Theimpedances ofthe three windings ar calculated using a common base kVA or MVA. The base voltage isthe voltage rating of respective windings. The three impedances can be measured by the standard short-circuit tests, Z, = Impedance of primary winding Z, = Impedance of secondary winding referred to primary Impedance of tertiary winding referred to primary Z,, = Leakage impedance measured in primary with secondary short-circuited and tertiary open, Z,, = Leakage impedance measured in primary with tertiary short-circuited and secondary open, = Leakage impedance measured in secondary with tertiary short-ircuited and primary open and then referred to primary. The leakage impedances measured by short circuit test ar related to winding impedance as follows, a eea2 Chapter 1 Power System Modelling EXAMPLE 1.1 A three phase gmerator with rating JO0OKVA, 33 KV has its armature resistance aad synchronous reactance as 200/phase and 7002/phase. Calculate p.u. impedance ofthe genentor : SOLUTION ‘The generator ratings are chosen asbase KV and base kVA. - Base kilovok,, kV, = 33kV Base kilovoltampere, kVA, = 1000kVA paige 0) G3 _-1089.0 perphase MvA, 1000/1000 ol = Z=(20+ 70) pase per phase fs metas, 2 = St pee eee eee fi sereyaene; A seg EXAMPLE 1.2 A three phase, d-Y transformer with rating 100kVA, 11 KV/490 V has its primary and secondary leakage reactance as 12 Q/phase and 0.05 /phase respectively. Caleulate the p.u. reactance of tansformer. ‘SOLUTION ibssall ‘The high voltage winding (primary) ratings are chosen as base values. “Base kilovolt, KV, = 11kV. Base kilovoltampere, kVA, = 100kVA ? 2 (ey 00 “ini0n Base impedance) *"MVA, 100/100 perphase ‘Transformer line voltage ratio, K. = 0.0364 000 Total leakage reactance referred to primary Xo) 4X) =X) +2 = 12+ As, = Kw” @.0364y 212437737 = 49.737 QI phase17 ‘Chapter 1 Power System Modeling 200 = 600kVA oa51 <3 RV/TL RV =1OKV/ILkV VA rating of three phase transforine Line voltage rating of Y-A transformer Cat i) ‘The high voltage winding (primary) ratings ae chosen as base values -Base kilovolt, kV, = 110kV Buse kilovoltampere, kVA, = 600kVA Base impedance] (kv,)?_._ (10)? perphase MVAy_ 600/1000, = 201667 “Transformer ine voltage ratio, K=H¥ = 0) Total impendace ) 2 : }Zoi=2, +2) =2,+. 32 =230x2o= 138 20 My, ot MVA\, ow ‘Thenew pu reactance of ransformer T, = Kye, ag *| PH] x] am sometime] Gone nay 300 naax(82) (20 4 ( ) Garni} IA. 138. Reactance of M, pt ectnz of Mon ew b= gy» Ht) (MYA Bie) OHVAY iy =0ax( 22) ,. ) 02745 pu, Reactance of M, AV on 2 Pte cee a MVA\ new VAs aa 2 ~on( 2) 0 38) “100 0549p.Chapter 1 Power System Modeling The reactance digramis shown in fig 172 58\_1687\___re07. 500857 jo.tsis—_jooni5 Fig 1.7.2 : Reactance diagram ofthe system shown infig 1.7.1 (al reactance values arein pu.) EXAMPLE 1.8 A I20MVA, 19.5 kV generator has asynchronous reactance of 0.15 p.u.anditis connectedto a transmission line through atransformer rated 150 MVA, 230/18 kV (V/A) withX = 0.1 pu )Caleulate the pu, reactances by taking generator ratingas base values. ) Calculate the p.n. reactance by taking transformer ratings base values. Calculate the p.u. reactances for a base value of 100MVA and 220kV on HT side of transformer. SOLUTION (@) _Basemegavoltampere, MVA, ._,= 120MVA Basekilovolr, kV, = 195KkV. See Since the generator ratings are chosen as base values its pu. reactance will not change. Reactance of generator = 0.15p.u. AY, Nop mat obi sat] x| KV, new (0) Bisemegavoliampere,MVA, = 1SOMVA ~ Basekilovolt, kV, = 18kV Since the wansformer ratings are chosen as base values its pu reactance willnot change ¢-Reactance of transformer = 0.1 p.u.28 Power System Analysis New pn reactance of generator =X oe MVAS ws 198 = 0.22 p.w. sain (2) tes J © Base megavoltampere, MVA, ,,,-= IOOMVA Basekilovolt, KV, oq 220KV Tnthiscasethe base valusare nether generator ratings nor transformer ratings. lence both the p.u.reactances should be convertadto new base ne) ( MY, New pecans oftansiomer~ Xo *\ py) * 230)° 100 -01e{ 22) 22-0729 pu os( BB) gy 0079» 220) ‘The generators connected to LT side of transformer. + Base kV refered of LT voltage rating |-aneavouae alge ag LT side of transformer = 20x 181722ky 20 INOW, KV, uy = 1722 kV el faa) (VA aw of generator mat in) “UMVAY oe 195)" (100 =015x{ >) .[100) (ie oes RESULT +B, DSRVIMVA,= IOMVA,X, |= O15pu 5X, = 0062p b KV, = 18kV 3 MVA, = I50MVA, Xie 02pu; X 2 O1pu. ¢ Y= 2IOKV; MVA, = OMVA, x. s.tsospas x. ope- Chapter 1 Power System Modeling ra EXAMPLE 1.9 Thesingl line diagram ofan unloaded i aduinitie aac ee aok &f . Generator, G, = 20MVA, 13.8 kV, X’ Generator, G, = 30MVA, I8kV, X" = 20% Generator, G, = 30MVA, 20kV, X” Transformer, T, = 25MVA, 220/13.8kV, X = 10% ‘Transformer, T, = 3 single phase units each rated at IOMVA, 127/18kV,X = 10%. ‘Transformer, T, = 35MVA, 220/22kV, X = 10%. ‘Draw the reactance diagram using a base of 50 MVA and 13.8kV onthegenerator G,. SOLUTION Base megavoltampere, MVA,,.., = 50MVA Base kilovots kV, yoy = 138KV Reactance of Generator G, New pu rscunce| (te | nig gn mn of generator G, me RVG MVAg, ow i" . > -122(23) { 13 Reactance of Transformer T, ‘New pu, reactance old * of transformer T,20 ___Powersyemianayss Reactance of Transmission lines ur voltage rating — 43.5 .22- a20 ky. Base kV on HT side) - = pase kV on LT Ser ohage rating BR ofteansformer 1 Now, Vj, ney =220 KV Base impedance on HT] MVA\ ow side of tansfomer pu reactance sae ‘Actual reactance, @ _ 80 _ 99826 pu oftransmission ine | Base impedance, 968 pu reactance gfsection 2] _ Actual reactance, © _ 100 _ 91933 pu Base impedance, 2 968 of transmission line Reactance of Transformer T, ‘The transformer, s3-phase transformer bank formed using three numbers of single phase transformer with voltage rating 127/18 kV. In this the HTT side is star connected andLT side is delta connected. Voltage rato oftine voltage] JS127_ 22 a “|S 127 _20,, of 3-phase tansformerbank| 1818 Base kV on LT side] LT voltage rating _ HT voltage rating Base kV on HT side x ‘oftransformer Ty Now, kV, ey 18KV ‘New p.u, reactance pd * of transformer T, 2 -onn() {s 8 Reactance of Generator G, New pu reactance 2 pee }: oe + WVaa | (MV Ab. soe gener G3 iM nae)OMVAG ce =02(8) (0 1) *( 5p) 203333 pu,Miva 33/2200, X = 15% Y.Y Transformer 40 aya aaakv anh X= 1% Y-A Transformer 30! SOLUTION ‘Basemegavolampert MVM ex Basealovo kV, gay" 20KY ReactaneofTransmision ie = 100MVA 2 (Ware) 2" asia MVAyaw 100 pau reactance of) actual reactance, 2 _ $0. _ 91933 p.u. ‘ansmission ig] Bose impedance, 484 Reactance of Transformer T, ‘Base LV on LT side voltage rating Spent oat eae of Transformer T) ‘HT voltage rating INOW, RV, are =338Y oe {ite “Transformer T; AV, sow, 33) (100) _ pane -ns(2) (8) -assnn Reactance of Generator G ‘ - ‘New pu. -etasnte tateGenerator G,:0MVA, IBV," = 20% Generator G, MVA, 18kV, X" = 2% ‘Synchronous motor: sJ0MVA, 138kV,X" 10% phase, ¥-Y Transformer: 20 J0MVA, 138/20KV, X = 10% 3.phase, Y-A Transformer: 15MVA, 138/13 BKV,X ~ 10% Soniioy ‘ase megavoliampere MIVA, ay = SOMVA Basekilovol, kV, = 138KV Reactance of j400 Transmission line (Base) 138 MVAS new 0 pu mace of 400 transmission lin Base impedence = 38088. Reactance of Transformer T, Reactance of Transformer T, ‘Base KV on LT sie aaa Bs on Tex ESE, «ex 2, 2 u ea ialiecee, 138 INOW, RV, poe = 20K‘reactance values are Fig 141.2: Reacance diagram ofthe sytem shown in fig 1.111 (all: EXAMPLE 1.12 "AISMVA, 851473 phase genematorhasa subtransient reactance of 200/ Itis con through aA-Y transformer to high voltge transmission line having a total series reacta ‘T0ohms. The load end of the line has Y-Y step down transformer Both transformer! are composed of single phase transformers connected for 3-phase operation. Each of transformers composingthree phase bankis rated 6667 kVA, 10/100 kV, with ai 10%. The load represented 2s impedance, i drawing 1OMVA at 12.5 kV and 08 ‘Draw the single line diapram of the power network. Choose a base of 10 MVA, the load circuit and determine the reactance diagram. Determis the vole: terminals of the gencratoc ‘SOLUTION: Thesingeline diagram ofthe power sytem sshown in fig 12.1, Base values - ‘Basemegavolampere, MVA, = 1OMVA. Buelilovol, kV, = 1251V co bs AGOKY, 10%, ava, 7a Chapter 1 Power System Modeling Reactance of Ttansfonmerals tox VFRV _ 1732 kV 10x v3kV 1732KV 36667 «20000 VA=20MVA f Voltage ratio of line voltage of transformer T; 3 phase VA rain of tanstormer T; AN, gg = 1732 BV on LT side) MVAy, ga =20MVA A si) irae) nx} (10 =or»(72) (12) Est ie i ificati involve addition of new bus, the order of new bus ae trenton inane iPoeanaleh = |58 power System Arabs Zana ~Zinaa = 0590 Zain = Zang = O89 fast je fjo728 0619 30590) | Zme=|n919 0757 spss9| [nso sosto jor ‘Step 5 : Connect the impedance0.3 between bus- and bus as shown infig 1.17.6. | Thisiscase4 modification Innew busimpedance matrix, the elementsof pa é 4° columnare obtained by subsractingthe elements es | o | of column from 1"columnandtheeementsol @y 4° row are bvained by substracting the elements of 702 3* row from 1* row. The diagonal element Z,, is given 2. js | by the following equation. Reference bus Z,2,+Z,+Z,-Zy Fig 1.176 | whereZ, = 03 | Z,,=j03 + 0.728 + j0.762~2(0.59) =j0.61 | insso s0757 0.689 {0.649 - joss9 3059 30.689 j0.762 0590762 078-059 j0.689-j0689 j059=j0.762 joe 7s 0639 0.590 jose _|i0619 — j0.757 jo.689— - 004 5059 90.689 jo.762 jor JB -008 JI jog Bog > eesSos aes cas ‘ot adda new bus, the 4 row and column has to be nee ae ee a ae dy 2 Eye a Hm = oe wheren = 3 ;j=1,2,3 andk=1,2,3 Bigs = By BE = 9 aan aa Zud, Zryet = 2p 2828 = pgay D188) pat 27 = pels SO 58 C004) 009 nas psi (009 i017) _ sg 6ry jos j0658 j0.754 0.678 joe29 jo678 j0c7t46 Power System Anais onder busimpedance matrix sone asshown below: © Z,-[10) jo Step2: Connect bus? to bus through an impedance 0.25 Reference bus asshown infig L183, Thisiscase2 modification and so the omer pie ‘of busimpedance matrix increases by one Joe Tnthenew tusimpedane tris the cdemensof column ate coped as eens 2>-column andthe elements of {row are copied as elements of 2 ‘row. The diagonal clement isgiven by Z,, + Z, where Z, = j025. @ ae @ salsa] e ele ino = Vi.0 jho+jo2s) [ino jl; Reference bus Fig 1.18.3 Step 3: Connect the impedance 1.25 from bus-2 to reference busasshown in fig 1.18.4, This iscase3 modification. In case-3 modification the new bus impedance marx is formed asthat of ease? and then the last row and column are liminared by node elimination technique. Tnthenew busimpedance marx thelemens of column are copiedas elements of column and the elements of2!zow are copied as elements of “row. The diagonal clementis given by Z,, + Z, where Z, = 1.25. jo 310 jas 12s jas jassiia] > OPS oe ® 10 jL0 dip 3 jlo j1259 jis. ju2s| Reference bus jlas js : Fig 1184 “The acual new bus impedance matrxis obtained by climinating the 34 row and 3 column. The element, ofthe actual new busimpedance marx given by, <2, <7, —Zitern Zarnn Biggs Li ae wheren=2 ;}=1,2, andk = 1,2, =o _ itd to ph, (0.90), ‘* > Vyet Ve son( 191) cons (1.87) to (1.85) canbe writen 2sae a i unbalanced faulecondit ae Sequer quence impedances and Networks of generator (Consider the three phase ine equivalent circuitofa generator : fig = neutral ofthe generator is grounded ‘When the generators deliver hi ieringabulanoedload or unde an feult the neutral curtentszero, But when the Senerator is-delivering an unbalanced load or during ‘unsymmetrical fautsthe neutral current lowsthrough Z,. ‘The generatorisdesigned to sy ipply balanced three phase Voltages Thecforethepeercemisarolpoiivesegene 6,105 = Te phe 5 eS eg payee La E,E,E, = Generate em! per phaseinphse band crspectvely. ; (Positivesequeice emf) a oz, = Positive sequenceimpedance per phase of generator. Zi = Negative sequence impedance per phase of generator. Z, = Zerosequenceimpedance per phase of generator. Z, = Newtralreacance. Z, _ = Total zero sequence impedance per phase of zero-sequence network of generator. “The positive sequence network consists of an emf in series with positive sequence positive sequence qh impedance ofthe generator, The negative and zero equencenerwork wil not haveany sources but include their respective sequence impedance, "The postive, negative and zero sequence current pathsareshowninfig.16. The postive negiveand zero sequence networksofthe sgeneratorare shownin fig 1.17. Note : The postive and negative sequence currents are balanced curens and so "they wilot pass through neutral reactance, nces in positive sequence network ssubransint, transient or synchronous ether subtransient,wransientor ead state contionsarbeing radon he ef jst induced em{perphase. Under oad or replaced by B,' for anslent state and E, is replaced by E, for sChapter 1 Power System modeling PXw Q To T= Kus Nowe: The Fig 1.23.4 : Zero sequence: fi "0 deste te equenceetcancs reactance didgram of power sytem shown in fig 1.23.1 1, A Tis ut By mi R xa Gai bs nt Aw Fig 124.1 ear Forthe power systemshown in fig 1.241, draw the postive, negative and zero sequence reactance diagrams, SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1.24 iY. ‘The positive, negative and zero sequence reactance diagrams (networks ofthe power system are shown in fig (1.24.2), (1.24.3) and (1.24.4) respectively, G Xm H Xu p Xu Q Refrenelas Fig 1.24.2: Positive sequence reactance diagram of power system shown in fig 1.24.1—owerSistemAanayss What are the quantities whose base values are required to represent the power system by reactance diagram ? ‘The base values of Voltage, Current, Power and Impedance are: required to} represent the power system by reacance diagram. Selection of base values for any two of them determines the base values of the remaining two, Usually the base values of voltage and power are chosen in kilovolt and kVA or MVA respectively. The base values of current and impedance are calculated using the chosen bases. 6. What is the need for base values? The components or varicus sections of power system may operate at different voltage and power levels, twill be convenient for analysis of power system ifthe voltage, power, current and impedance ratings of components of power system are expressed with reference to a common value called base value. Hence for analysis purpose a base value is chosen for voltage, power, current and impedance. ‘Then all the voltage, power, current and impedance ratings of the components are expressed as a percent or per unit of the base value. 7. Write the equation for ccnverting the p.u. impedance expressed in one base 10 another? KM, WM, . MVAS sew rhea] 8 What are the advantages of per-unit computations? L @) Manufacturers usually specify the impedance of a device or machine in per unit on the base of the name plate rating (ii) The p.u. values of widely different rating machines lie within a narrow range, eventhough the ohmic values has a very large range. (i) The pu. impedance ofccait element connected by transformers expressed con a proper base wil be same if itis referred to either side of a transformer (iv) The p.u. impedance ofa 3phase transformer is independent of the type of ‘winding connection (Y or 4). 9. Draw the equivalent circuit of a S-phase generator X, = Synchronous reactance per phase 2, = Armature resistance per phase E, = Inducted emf per phase - fi |, = Curent per phase.Power System Analysis | 14. A generator rated at 30 MVA, 11 KV has a reactance of 20%. Calculato Its pu : Teactances for a base of §0 MVA and 10 KV. Solution KVbois |, MV Abin MYA y Hore, Noy =20%=02 pa. 5 KVggy =1TKVS MVAba WVhsey 10K MVAg ey = SOMVA =0403p.u. 10 Serncowertsirer=a3() 15. A Yconnected generator rated at 300 MVA, 93 kV, has a reaciance of 1.24 @ Bus Find the ohmic value of reactance. Solution Base impedance, Z, = =363 2 phase MYA 300 Actual reaetanee Base impedance < Reactance of generator = p.u, reactance x Zy =1.24 » 363 =45012 9/ phase ‘We know that, p.u.reactance = 16. The base kV and base MVA of a S-phase transmission line is 33 kV and 10 VA respectively. Calculate the base current and base impedance. Solution KVAy _MVAy x1000 _ 101000 _ 194 954 base can, y= My ity | 33° 35.1089 phase 0 Le 17. How the induction motor is represented in reactance diagram? For estimation of steady state fault curent, the induction motor is neglected. But for estimation of faut curent immediately after the fault {i.e., to estimate sub transient fault current), the induction motor can be represented by a source in | series with reactance. The value ofthe source isthe induced emf per phase and the value of reactance is total reactance of induction motor per phase referred to lator, 18 What is impedance and reactance diagram? ‘The impedance diagram is the equivalent circuit of power system in which the various components of power system are represented by their approximate ot ‘simplified equivalent ccuts. The impedance diagram is used for load flow studies.ttn 1 rer tem ociting | ‘The reactance diagram is the simplified ec i livaler ‘Power system in which thevaious componente repesenby tenance The eens dngam can be ebiained from impedance diagram ial the resistive components are neglected. The reactance diagram is used for fault calculations. 19. What are the approximations made in impedance diagram? The following approximations are made while forming impedance diagram. 1 ‘The neutral reactances are neglected. 2, The shunt branches in equivalent circuit of induction motor are neglected. 20. What are the factors that need to be omitted for an impedance dlagram to reduce it to.a reactance diagram ? (or) What are the approximations made in reactance diagram? The following approximations are made in reactance diagram 1. The neutral reactances are neglected. 2, Shunt branches in the equivalent circuits of transformer are neglected. 3. The resistances are neglected. 4, Allstatic loads and induction motors are neglected. 5. The capacitance ofthe transmission lines are neglected. 21. Give equations for transforming base kV on LV side to HV side of transformer and vice-versa, " jee HT voltage rating Base V on HT side= Bae RV OnLT ie ing jaye EE voltage rating y = ‘on HT sidex HOSE Base LV on LT side= Bae RV on HT ide ing by taking generator rating as base values, 2 wer system shown in ig O22, 2 ee fine and motor circuit specify the base values of the transmission ‘The transmission line and motor circuit Vey ya ‘Transmissionline 25MVA iA 33/220 kV 220/11kV 35MVA SOMVA. Fig Q.22 Solution Generator cut sae os) Base kilovolt = 25 kV Base megavolampere = 40 MVAPe Arent esraig 23. v 24, 26. Vv 2. ‘Transmission line ‘Motor circuit Base lovant= 25x 220. ssetilovolt= 1567 =83SEV 20 aot se ilo = 1656755 Base megnvolampere=40 MVA axe megsltapere=40MVA What is a bus? “The meeting point of varius components in a power sistem is called a bus The tse corlctor made of oppet or aluminium having negberesiance. The buses are considered as points of constant voltage in a power systern- What is bus admittance matrix? “The matrix consisting ofthe slf and mutual admittance of the network of Powe? system is called bus admitance matrix, Itis given by the admitance mati Yin the node basis matix equation ofa power sytem and itis denoted as Y, 4» The bus ‘admittance matrix is symmetrical ‘Name the diagonal and ctf-diagonel elements of bus admittance mats The diagonal elements of bus admitance mati are called self admitance® of the buses and off-diagonal elements are called mutual admitances of the buses Wate the equation to find the elements of new bus admittance matrix after ‘eliminating n* row and column in a nxn bus admittance matrix “The element Y, of new bus admittance mati is given by yy ete Fao Yay for 1,23, (el) and k= 1, 2,300 (n-1) where Y, Yyp¥,, and Y,at@ ements of orginal raven bus admittance matrix of order (n x n). Form the bus admittanca matrix for the system whose reactance diagram is shown in fig Q27.3. g ‘Chapter 1 Power System Madelin 28. What is bus impedance matrix? The matrix consisting of driving ypedances point impedances and transfer network of a power system is called bus impedance wa is fer ‘by the ti of bus admittance i sromarial we mab and itis denoted as Z,_ The bs impedance mai 29. Name the diagonal Nera agonal elements. and off diagonal elements of bus The diagonal elemenis of bus impedance matrix. vi led driving point impedances of the buses and off-diagonal elements ei poh it cf bus impedance matrix are called transfer 30, What are the methods available for forming bus impedahce matrix? The following two methods are available for forming bus impedance matrix. Method 1 : Form the bus admittance matrix and then take its inverse to get bus impedance matrix. Method 2 : Directly form the bus impedance matrix from the reactance diagram. ‘This method utilizes the techniques of modifications of existing bus impedance matrix due to addition of new bus. 31. Write the four ways of adding an impedance to an existing system $0 as tc modify bus impedance matrix. To modify a bus impedance matrix, a branch of impedance Z, can be added to ériginal system in the following four diferent ways. Case 1 : Adding a branch of impedance 2, from a new bus-p to the reference bus. Case 2 : Adding a branch of impedance 2, from a new bus-p to an existing bus-q. Case 3 ; Addingabranch of impedance 2, from an existing bus-q {othe reference bus. Case 4 ; Adding a branch of impedance 2, between two existing buses h and q. 32. How the Z,,, is modified when a branch of impedance Z, is added from a new bus-p to the reference bus? When a branch of impedance Z, is added from a new bus-p tothe reference bus, the order of the bus impedance matrix increases by one. scinal bus impedance matrix have an order of n and so the new bus ieee ei awe an order of (11). The fist man submatrix of new Dus tretance matrix & the cvginal bus impedance matrix. The mens of (aI aan and row are all zeros except the diagonal. The (n+1)" diagonal element is the added branch impedance 2,Power System Analysis %4 33. How the Z,,, is modifed when a branch of impedance Z, is added froma nel” bus-p to the existing bus-q? When a branch of impedance Z, is added from a new bus-p to the existing ‘bus, the order of the bus impedance matrix increases by one. Let the original bus impedance matrix have an order of n and so the new bus impedance matrix have an order of (n+). The first nxn submatrix of ne bus impedance matrix is the original bus impedance matrix. The elements of (n+ i column are the elements of q® column and the elements of (n+1)* row are the elements of o* row. The (n+1)* diagonal element is given by sum of 2,,and 2, 34. Determine Z,,, when Y,,, = des 5 lie cs Solution Adjoint af Ying Cea v0 You Deerminatof You Determinant of sual it 2) s =i 15) 02) jp -is Adjoint of Yuu. Ibs 3 anf IE il us What are symmetrical components? ‘An unbalanced system of N related vectors can be resolved into NV systems of balanced vectors, The N-sets of balanced vector are called symmetrical components ach set consist of N-vectors which are equal in length and having equal phase angles between adjacent vectors. 36. Write the symmetrical components of three phase system Ina 3-phase system, the three unbalanced vectors (ether curent or voltage vectors) can be resolved into three balanced system of vectors. They are 1, Positive sequence components 2, Negative sequence components 3. Zero sequence components. 37. What are positive sequence components? The positive sequence components ‘of a 3-phase unbalanced vectors consists of three vectors of equal magnitude, displaced from each other by 120° in phase and having the same phase sequence asthe original vectors,—— 95. Chapter 4 Power System Modell 38. What are negative sequence components? ‘The negative sequence components of a 3-phase unbalanced vectors consists of three vectors of equal magnitude displaced from each other by 120° in phase and . having the phase sequence opposite to that ofthe original vectors 39. What are zero sequence components? ‘The zero sequence components of a 3-phase unbalanced vectors consists of 3- ‘ vectors of equal magnitude and with zero phase displacement from each other. 40, Express the value of the operator “a” and “a?” in both polar and rectangulat form. a = 12120" - polar form = 0.5 + j0.866 - Rectangular form a = 12240" ~ polar form ~0.5 —j0.866 — Rectangular form Note : a? is conjugate of a 41. Prove that 1 +a + a? = 0. Solution a = 12120° = -05 +j0.866 a = 12240" = - 05 - j0.866 21 #a¢ af = 1-05 + J0.866 - 05 -j0.866-= 0 42. Express the unbalanced voltages V,, V, and V, in terms of symmetrical components Vy, Vix and Vig V,=Vy+V +V a yy Vy V,=Vy+2V, +aVy orp Via Vy taVy +a Va Ne) [pa at |LMea 43. Express the symmetrical components Vay Vay Vag in terms of unbalanced vectors V,, Vy V.- (\ravean) Val fi? 1 ]fm araVoreNe) oc [vale alt & ][%| Van 1 a a {Le (V, +a°V, +aVe)7 Chapter 1 Power System Modeling 49. Draw the zero sequence network of a generator when the neutral is groun ‘and when it is ungrounded? fas aaa pe Zz, z 1 Ri Aesninte rgvitnwnltpendsd Teo ny pamay 0 ener ace Fig Q49 : Zero sequence networks of generator 50. Draw the zero sequence network of ¥/A with neutral of star grounded and a/A tensioner: z , 2, pam be ain Tikes 1 Fiyad Zac serarecicwonivin tig ance trasjormerwihneuralefT grounded newer wsngormer 1.10 EXERCISES |.__ State whether the following statements are TRUE/FALSE SSS OS Ming Statements are TRUEEALSE) ‘balanced 3-phase systems always analysed on pr phase bass The base values for power, voltage, curent and impedance cn beslaced independent 1 2 3, Theimpedance of device or component isusvalyspctfiednpu.onthebase fname pate ating. 4. In3phase system he base kis phase vale andbas VA; per phase KVA. 4. ‘In forming reactancelimpedance diagram the base kVA is same for every section but the base kV depends on transformer ratio § —_Thep.uimpedance a transfomer depends onthe Y or connection the winding, 7. nthee winding trenforme, the thee winding may havectfeent VA aig, 8, _Inimpedance and reactance diagram te neta impedance ha tobe included because te tum curent flows thought. $._Ineactancetiagram th induction motors and resistances are neglected. 10, _1FY,,issymmetical then coresponding,,is aso synmetical, 11, Inmata pattoning method of us elimination any bus canbe eninatd, 12 Thepositive sequence componentshas same phase sequences that of origina vectors. 13, Thenegatiesequene components has same phase sequence a ht of original vectors, 14, Theinduced emf of synchronous machines are poste sequence voltages. 15, Theimpedance per phase of transmission ne for balanced curents is independent of phase sequence, 16. Foraltypes of transformers the series impedances of al sequences ae equal, 17, When neutrals grounded thers path for ero sequence crrentin transformer.OO, Power System Analysis 6 18, _Zenseperer caret toxin vindg ott when isoprene ed 18. Inde comeced wining sigs caress 20, Inloads the zera sequence currents wil iw in the network ony a return path Te fate Te fae The iss ori U__Fill in the blanks with appropriate words one the camponents of poner syst are presented by symbals and the interceenetions betwoen them are shown stag es. is same as postive sequence reactance diagram. 2. Forabalanced phase stent 3. Theimpedance agra we used for ...n0andreactance grams ae used fr 4, Themesting point vars emporets in apone systems alle 5. Thediagoralpoit of, areca... and of agonal lets read 6. Thedagoralolemensot2_ areca... andft diagonal lores cal 7. Anunalnced systema elted errs an be escent syste of balanced vectors cae. 8 The component consis of thee vectors equalia magitude and phase 8, nttanisian ine then Batanceis tines the posi sequnceeetance 10. The nnd SUEN neti Of generator wil ot have any sources Answers singe ve dg reactance dag lod sow sts, alt cations is . sal drittonst, mutual aditances 10. negative, reo ‘ving poi inpedancs, trans impednces| symtical conponens ero soquance 20 sequnc, 2 to 35 Unsolved problems {al Agenratorisrated 30MVA,10.5KV. Is V-conneced windinghas reactance of 1. Find the obi vale ofthe reactance of wind (0) the generator wortngina cist for whic th bases are pecied as TOMA, GRY Then ind the pa. vals of generator working onthe specie base 2, A15MVA, 10.54, ginmratorhas asynchronous estence of 0.2p.u. andi comectedt transmission fine trough a trasforme rated 15 MVA, 99/11 KV withX = 0.15 pu, (i Calelate te po. esetneesby taking generator rating as base values. (i) Cotulte te pu. eattances by taking tansfomer rating asbase values,39 Chapter 1 Power System Modesing A singe ine kara olan uaa poner sytem shown n fg 3.1 The generators and transformer arated as follows. raw the reactance diagran, Ba arama oo Generotor) SOMA, 1281V,X" = O15 pu. Gonwrator2. 40 MVA, 33 KV,X” - 0.20 pu. Y-¥ tansfomer B0MVA, 18RVTION, X= 01 pu. YY-A transformer 40 MVA, 33 KWITOKV, X= 0.15 pu, ASOMVA, 25 KV, 3 generator as asublrasien reactance of 25% tis connected trough Y transfomar ‘to ahigh voltage transmission in having total series reactance of 50. tthe lowd end of thelinais YY step own transformer. Both transformer banks are composed of 1 trantarmer connected for 3 operation. Each ‘the transformer composing eachtankisratd 16.67 MVA, 10.8 AV/TOOA wit alekage reactanc of 20%. “Thelodrepcsented a mpedanc, raving 30 MVR at 241, 0.pflag, raw the single ine pram of power retwork Chanseabaseof 3D MVR, 24V inthe load rut, Deterine also the voltage the emia ofthe generator Sov the haps, : vy By, ~js0 0 .f2 fo | 1.120" s 1.120" Fig E51 For the network shown in fg. Cie the total numberof elements, nodes, buses and branches, Write the elenent of, mairdecth bynspeton, + “5 p 122°) Fito io =10 O18 geo Determine the reduced admittance marx by elinating nodes (3 and (4), Vlas marked inthe gk71. rep, ‘admittances and currents. 0 @-9@ “19 @ sgl @ 11260°(t) (4) 104" Fig E7.18. Forthe system showin fig EB. determine, | iid 0 o Fig EBD ‘Referencetnes 10. ‘The voltage across a 34 unelance oad ae, - 200V,V, = 200.2180" Vand V, = (600.2145.2V respectively. Determine the symmetrical components of voltages. Phase sequence is abc. 11, Draw the postive negative sda seuece imagenes ators eh ower sjstemshownin ig. 1- "Choose base of 5OMVA, 720} inthe 80 transmission ne ana alreactares inp. Theraings fe ‘generators and transformers are: 6,:25MVA, 11 kV, X" = 20% 6:25 MWA, 11 KV, X" = 20% ‘Al transformers: 15 MUA, 1/220 KV, X = 10% “The negative sequence ractanes ofeach synchronous actin is nua tots subtranient reactance The ero sequence eactance of ach maces BY, Assune tat the ero sequence reactance of transmission ines are 260% of ther positive sequencereactances. BOs en) % nome! 4 jroo apo Oy, ‘Fig ELL