Microprocessors and Microsystems 75 (2020) 103081

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Microprocessors and Microsystems

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Performance comparison of permanent magnet synchronous motor

(PMSM) drive with delay compensated predictive controllers
K. Thangarajan a,∗, A. Soundarrajan b
a
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engg RVS College of Engineering &Technology, Coimbatore
b
Professor Department of Electrical & Electronics Engg. PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: High efficient current limiting controller is mandatory to obtain ripple-free torque and required speed
Received 25 November 2019 level in the output of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drives. In this paper, substantial
Revised 22 January 2020
analysis is taken to control the output torque ripple, to minimize the acoustic noise and also to get the
Accepted 3 March 2020
required speed by simulating PMSM with three different investigators such as SVPWM, Model Predictive
Available online 4 March 2020
Control (MPC) and Dead-Beat (DB) Predictive Controller. The designed controllers are tested through the
Keywords: numerical simulations in the MATLAB Simulink Platform and also experimental validation is taken in the
Multi processor chip laboratory. These predictive investigators are implemented to get good transient response, less torque
Embedded ripple; reduced harmonics in phase currents and also with delay compensation. The comparison between
Communication the simulation and experimental results are presented at the end. The DBP control is suitable for the high
Circuits performance applications and it is easy to implement in the PMSM drives.
Gates
Torque ripple reduction, Space vector pulse © 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.
width modulation (SVPWM)
Model predictive control (MPC)
Dead-Beat predictive controller (DBPC)
Permanent magnet synchronous motor
(PMSM)

1. Introduction ues, torque can be controlled. The performance evaluation of DTC,

AC drives are dominating in the variable speed drive market.
It also replaces the DC drives in the high performance applica-
tions and torque control requirements. In the industrial field such
as electrical vehicles, electrical traction, servo control system, wind
power generation, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)
is widely used. The PMSM drive has several benefits such as i)
high efficiency, ii) high power density, iii) high torque to weight
ratio, iv) excellent dynamic performances. For high dynamic per-
formances PMSM drives requires high dynamic control strategies
[1]. In the recent days commonly used variable speed control
techniques are broadly classified into two categories. They are (i)
Field Oriented Control (FOC) and (ii) Direct Torque Control (DTC).
The conventional DTC is widely accepted control strategy and it
has hysteresis comparators and switching table [2]. The hysteresis
comparators has the current limiting values and it maintains the
current value within the given limits. By limiting the current val-
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: thangarajansk@gmail.com (K. Thangarajan), asrpsg@gmail.com
(A. Soundarrajan).
MPDTC, DDTC methodsof a SPMSM is simulated and performance
results are explained in [3]. The mathematical model of PMSM
based on SVPWM with PI controller is implemented using MATLAB
in [4]. The simulation of model predictive control with SVPWM
based on PMSM using Simulink block is quiet simple [5].
The Model Predictive Control (MPC) is to maintain a certain
degree progress compared with the previously explained ideal
flux path technique. The researchers did many experiments in the
PMSM motor with MPC controller in a different predicting strate-
gies. Among them, some of the few transactions are listed. At first,
a comparative study between the MPC and PID controller is made
in the aircraft applications. This study is implemented in the verti-
cal take-off and landing in lab prototype is explained in [7]. The
simulation of speed control of PMSMs project is done by using
MPC controller is presented and concluded that enables the flexi-
ble control because of the presence of cost function estimation and
prediction methods [8]. The ANFIS and LMS algorithm also imple-
mented to predict the current control strategy, hybrid set control
in the field oriented parameter control is presented in the paper
[9]. and [10]. The torque ripple compensation of variable speed
drives [11]. and the PMSM model with field-weakening is imple-
mented in the paper [12].

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103081
0141-9331/© 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.
2 K. Thangarajan and A. Soundarrajan / Microprocessors and Microsystems 75 (2020) 103081

List of nomenclature

isd Stator current components w.r.to direct axis

isq Stator current components w.r.to quadrature axis
Usd Stator voltage components w.r.to direct axis
Usq Stator voltage components w.r.to quadrature axis
LU  &Lq Stator inductance components w.r.to d & q axis
sd
Pp Number of pole pairs
ωm Mechanical speed w.r.to rotor frame
ec Electromotive Force(EMF) constant
Tem Electro-magnetic torque developed in PMSM
TL &J Load torque& moment of inertia Fig. 2. Space vector diagram.
Ts &Tc Sampling period &control period
Table 1
ia , ib , ic Actual armature current components
Sector number and its conditions to find duty cycle.
id , iq Stationary current components referred to dq axis
iα , iβ Two stationary current co-ordinates Sector Conditions Values

r Align rotor flux on d-axis 1 arg>=0 and arg<pi/3 0.1 to 1.047

PM Permanent magnet flux modulus 2 arg>=pi/3 and arg<2∗ pi/3 1.047 to 2.094
Rs Stator resistance 3 arg>=2∗ pi/3 and arg<pi 2.094 to 3.14
4 arg>=-pi and arg<-2∗ pi/3 -3.14 to -2.094
ωq Rotor flux angular velocity
5 arg>-2∗ pi/3 and arg<-pi/3 -2.094 to -1.047
isq &isd d-axis & q-axis projections of Stator Current is 6 arg>=-pi/3 and arg<0 -1.047 to 0.1
arg & mag Argument & magnitude values

2. Mathematical modelling of PMSM

The PMSM mathematical model can be designed for continu-

Field Weakening Techniques have been developed and research ously operating time mode. In a rotating frame of a PMSM model
is going on to eliminate the drawbacks and to improve the better consists of two dynamics. They are:i) Electrical and ii) Mechanical
performance. The decoupling of torque and flux are used to con- dynamics. The general block diagram of PMSM model in the rotat-
trol the torque of the DC machine. The same principle is behind ing frame (d-q axis) are shown in the Fig. 1.
the field oriented control techniques. It facilitates a self-sufficient
control of field and torque independently to handle the parallel 2.1. Electrical dynamics
field oriented quantities in order to perform high dynamic ap-
plications. The Limitations of FOCs are i) High sensitivity to ma- The differential equations of PMSM model with respect to elec-
chine parameters and ii) Large computing cost. The speed finite trical dynamics part can be expressed as
set of predictive control fed by matrix converter is a novel way disd U  Lq Rs
in the MPC controller. This method overtakes the conventional cas- = sd + Pp ωm isq − i 
dt Ld  Ld  Ld sd
caded control scheme with single control logic. It controls both the
disq Usq Ld  Rs ec dm
phase current and speed simultaneously in [13]. In FOC, no dead- = − Pp ωm isd − isq − Pp ωm = ωm (1)
time compensation was necessary because, if a voltage error pro- dt Lq Lq Lq Lq dt
duces a current error then it will be corrected by the PI controller. The electromagnetic torque developed by PMSM rotor can be
The generalized explicit predictive and DB controller are used expressed as
to control the motor and robust control practice is implemented 3
in [14–17]. Tem = Pp [ec isq + (Ld − Lq )isd isq ] (2)
2

Fig. 1. General block diagram of PMSM model – rotating frame.

 K. Thangarajan and A. Soundarrajan / Microprocessors and Microsystems 75 (2020) 103081 3

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of SVPWM control.

Fig. 4. Simulation diagram of SVPWM control based PMSM.

2.2. Mechanical dynamics Euler method is used to obtain the discrete time model of
PMSM. The discretization techniques are presented in [18]. and
The differential equations of PMSM model with respect to me- [19]. The Euler method affords an unpretentious model without in-
chanical dynamics part can be expressed as troducing any undesirable supplementary nonlinear terms.
 Rs
 Lq Ts
isd (k + 1 ) = 1 − Ts i  (k ) + Ts Pp ωm (k )isq (k ) + Us (k )
d ωm 1 Ld sd Ld  Ld 
= (Tem − Tl ) (3)
dt J (4)
4 K. Thangarajan and A. Soundarrajan / Microprocessors and Microsystems 75 (2020) 103081

Table 2
Parameters of the PMSM.

Symbol Description Rating

P Rated power 3 kW
Rs Stator resistance 1.3Ω (ohm)
Ls Stator inductance 0.000835H
PM PM rotor magnetic flux 0.175wb
B Viscous friction coefficient 0.001 kg m2 s−1
p No. of pole pairs 4
J Moment of inertia 0.0008 kg m2

 
Rs Ld 
isq (k + 1 ) = 1 − Ts isq (k ) − Ts Pp ωm (k )isd (k )
Lq Lq
ec Ts
− Ts Pp U  (k ) (5)
Lq Ld sd

Ts 3
ωm ( k + 1 ) = ωm ( k ) + ∗ Pp [ec isq (k )
J 2
+(Ld − Lq )isd (k )isq (k ) − Tl ] (6)

3. Space vector pulse width modulation control

3.1. SVPWM based control

The Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) is the basic

technique to take the ideal flux path, when the PMSM is powered
by 3φ sine wave voltage [6]. By approaching the flux circle with
the actual flux made by inverter so as the motor could acquire
constant sine magnetic field. By this way it is easy to achieve high
performance with reduced torque ripple.In the process of control-
ling PMSM, the currents in 3φ armature winding in ia , ib and ic are
undergone certain transformation to get current components in d-
q axis. By Clark’s transformation,the 3φ Stationary co-ordinates are
transformed into 2φ Stationary co-ordinates. These expressions are
given in Eq. 7.
 √ √

Fig. 5. Simulation results obtained from SVPWM based PMSM control (a) Input DC
voltage Vdc , (b) Phase output currents iabc, (c) Rotor speed ωm , (d) Electromagnetic
torque developed, (e) Ripple content in the output torque.
  2 1 1 3 3
iα iβ = 1 − − 0 − [i a i b i c ] (7)
3 2 2 2 2
By Park’s transformation, the 2φ Stationary co-ordinates are
transformed into synchronous rotating co-ordinates. These expres-
sions are given in Eq. 8.
 
[id iq ] = [Cosθ − Sinθ Sinθ Cosθ ] iα iβ (8)
The basic space vector diagram is shown in the Fig. 2. The sec-
tor determination and duty cycle calculation is as follows. The ref-
erence speed and the actual speed from position and speed sensing
unit is given as inputs to the error signal comparator. The output
error signal is generated and it given as the input to proportional
plus integral (PI-1) controller. Theschematic diagram of SVPWM
control is shown in the Fig. 3.
The PI-1 gives the value of isqref and isq from the park transfor-
mation block is given to the comparator and error signal produced
and then this signal is given to the PI-2 as input to get the Vsqref .
Similarly isdref and isd from the park transformation block is com-
pared and the resultant signal generated is given to the PI-3 to get
the Vsdref .
Duty Cycle is calculated as D = 0.5 ∗ (1 + [dx, dy, d0]). The
Vsqref and Vsdref is given as the input the inverse park transformation
which is transformed from d–q axis to αβ components. The Vsα ref
and Vsβ ref are agreed to generate the gate pulses in the SVPWM.
The six gate pulses is generated from the SVPWM block is set as
the input the 3φ inverter which is coupled with the 3φ PMSM mo-
tor.
 K. Thangarajan and A. Soundarrajan / Microprocessors and Microsystems 75 (2020) 103081 5

Fig. 6. Block diagram of MPC Control.

Table 3
Quantitative comparison of results.

Parameters Simulation Experimental

SVPWM MPC DBPC DBPC

Phase output current, A 11 9 10 10

Rotor speed output, RPM 1498 1499 1499 1499
Speed settling Time, s 0.2 0.006 0.005 0.008
Electromagnetic Torque output (Nm) 5 8 12 12.2
Torque ripple 9% 7% 2% 3%
Acoustic noise level High Medium Low Low

The Clark transformation is involved to produce the two αβ
components from the abc voltage produced in the inverter output
as per the Eq. 7. This cycle follows the closed path to produce the
continuous sine magnetic field. The same principle is simulated in
MATLAB as per the numerical calculation made from the theoreti-
cal explanation and simulated diagram and its results are clearly
presented in the section III.b. The sector number determination
and its conditions to find the duty cycle is tabulated in Table 1.
3.2. Simulation of SVPWM control
The simulation of SVPWM control of PMSM is a closed loop
control, so that the feedback taken from the output torque and ro-
tor speed is given as an input after comparing with the reference
signal. Here the subsystem block in Fig. 4. is used to produce fluxes
fα and fβ and given to get the response from SVPWM. It gener-
ates the six gate pulses to the switches which is present in the
VSI inverter. . The 3φ inverter output currents are transformed in
to two stationary coordinates by Clark’s transformation as in Eq. 7.
The two stationary coordinates is renovated to the rotating coordi-
nates by Park’s transformation as in Eq. 8. The variation of torque,
flux, current and its derivatives are given as input to the system to
maintain the ideal flux path.
From the simulation results, Vdc is given from a dc source of
300 v is constant for SVPWM which is shown in the Fig. 5(a).
The produced output phase currents with distorted harmonics are
shown in Fig. 5(b). Due to the harmonics present in the current
waveform, the torque ripples are present in the electromagnetic
torque output which implies proportionality between current to
the torque and is shown in the Fig. 5(e).
Also, there is a chance to produce the acoustic noise because
of the harmonics current and torque ripple present is 9.375%. The
rotor speed and torque waveform is shown in the Fig. (c) and (d).
The electromagnetic torque produced in the motor is 5.2 Nm. The
settling time of thespeed of motor is 0.2 s.
4. Model predictive control
4.1. MPC based control
The Model Predictive Control (MPC) is intended on the basis of
operation research techniques which is subjected to minimize the
time and cost and to maximize the performance of the system. To
improve steady state error and current ripple, inverter dead-time
and actuation delay compensation are used for the predictive con-
trol methods.To detention the control objectives, an optimization
problem can be displayed as:
Minimize objective function(Control Set), subject to predictive
model andconstraints like Ld ≤ Lq , etc.control set includes all pos-
sible voltage vectors. Predictive Model – Predicted currents for
every vector in control set are generalized. Control objective is
entrenched into the objective function explicitly and some con-
straints can be enforced as well.
The earlier step of the MPC control is to compare the reference
speed wm ∗ with the actual speed wm and error signal generates
is given as an input the PI controller. The output of the PI con-
troller is separated into the two signals; one is directly taken as
torque reference and other signal is fed into the Maximum Torque
per Ampere (MTPA) gives the flux reference. These signals are di-
rectly given to the MPC controller which consists of cost function
minimization, torque and flux prediction and estimation. The volt-
age source, Vsget from the MPC block and send it to the SVPWM
produces pulses for the voltage source inverter to the PMSM mo-
tor. These blocks are shown in the Fig. 6. and the MPC controller
is designed on the basis of the expressions (9)-(16).
4.2. Simulation of MPC control
The MPC control based on PMSM consist of the fragmentdq-abc,
PWM inverter, PMSM, MPC are shown in the Fig. 7. The dq-abc gets
the id ∗ , iq ∗ , i0 and θ taken as feedback from the PMSM motor out-
put. The current iabc ∗ is engaged to PWM inverter is set to PMSM
motor. The MPC controller acquires duty cycle and angle output
vector simultaneously in order to solve the optimization problem.
6 K. Thangarajan and A. Soundarrajan / Microprocessors and Microsystems 75 (2020) 103081

To launch the rotating d-q coordinates and support the rotor

flux  r on the d-axis. The stator voltage equation of PMSM in the
rotating d-q coordinates can be expressed as:

dxy Vd (x, y )=Rs isd +Ld isd −ωr Lq isq (9)

dxy Vq (x, y )=Rs isq +Lq isq −ωr Ld isd +ωr ψPM (10)

Ld ≤ Lq and Vd and Vq are the d-axis and q-axis projections of vec-

tor Vxy , which can be expressed as:

Vd (x, y )= M(x )cos[θv (x, y )−θr ] (11)

Vq (x, y )= M(x )sin[θv (x, y )−θr ] (12)

Where θ r  [0,2π ] is the rotor flux angle.

In a successive of Eq. (9)-(12) can be disseminated via Euler ap-
proximation and then the predictive model of PMSM can be ex-
pressed as:
 Tc Rs

ixy
sd
(k + 1 ) = 1 − isd (k ) + [dxyVd (xy ) − esd (k )] (13)
Ld
 
Tc Rs Tc
ixy
sq (k + 1 ) = 1− isq (k ) + dxyVq (xy ) − esq (k ) (14)
Lq Lq

esd (k ) = −ωr (k )Lq isq (k ) (15)

esq (k )= −ωr [Lq isq (k )+ψPM ] (16)

isd xy (k+1) and isq xy (k+1) are the predictions of isd andisq w.r.to
vs = dxy Vxy at instant (k+1)Tc . isd (k)andisq (k) are the sampling
quantities of isd and isq at instant kTc .
From theMPC simulation output, Vdc is given from a dc source
and is kept constant for all the three investigators which is shown
in the Fig. 7(a). The output waveform of the phase currents pro-
duced with distorted harmonicsis shown in the Fig. 7(b).Due to the
harmonics present in the current waveform is moderate, less ripple
present in the electromagnetic torque output.
The output torque is proportional to the currentas shown in the
Fig. 7(e). There is a possibility to produce the acoustic noise be-
cause of the harmonic current and torque ripple present in the
output which is of the value6.55%.The rotor speed and torque
waveform is shown in the Fig. 7(c) and 7(d). The electromagnetic
torque produced in the shaft is 8.2Nm. The speed settling time of
this controller is 0.0066s.

5. Dead-Beat predictive control

5.1. DBPC based control

The main objective of the deadbeat controller with delay com-

pensation is to minimize the torque ripples, sinusoidal phase cur-
rents with constant torque output. The reasons for the undesired
fluctuations of phase currents, oscillations in the output, acoustic
noises are uncertainties, imperfection and harmonics produced in
the back emf. The proposed model consists of prediction and cor-
rection of the flux produced and maintains the ideal flux path by
choosing the vector in SVPWM which is fed by DBPC. The block
diagram of DBPC based PMSM is shown in the Fig. 8.

5.2. Simulation of DBPC Control

Fig. 7. Simulation Results obtained from MPC based PMSM Control (a) Input DC
Voltage Vdc , (b) Phase Output Currents iabc , (c) Rotor Speed ωm , (d) Electromagnetic The Dead-Beat predictive (DBP) controller designed on the ba-
torque developed, (e) Ripple Content in the output torque. sis of the equations with delay compensation techniques is used
for quick response. The succeeding Fig. 9. shows thesimulation of
 K. Thangarajan and A. Soundarrajan / Microprocessors and Microsystems 75 (2020) 103081 7

Fig. 8. Block diagram of DBPC control based PMSM.

Fig. 9. Dead-Beat predictive controller.

DBPC based PMSM motor control. The current prediction vector is scheme, the computation time is considered as zero, so that the
calculated as voltage is applied just in the moment when the current is sam-

 pled, in instant (k).
Ï(k+1) = ik + T Fk ik + dk + L−1
0 vk − ( 1/T ) Kη η k
By Ïk = i0 where Kη  R2x2 symmetric gain matrix, and

k the motor is 12.2 Nm. The speed settling time also less as 0.005 sec
nk = en
(n=0 )
The prediction error can be defined by,
ek =ik −Ïk
The DBPC blockis composed with the required speed reference
ωm ∗ , d-q axis reference current idq ∗ , actual speed ωm as feedback,
3φ stationary currents iabc , angular rotational theta θ r andinputs
voltages to produce vαβ for the SVPWM block. The two level volt-
age source inverter and dead time aregiven iabcand dc voltage vdc
as input.The output response got from the PMSM are presented in
the Fig. 10. The output values are tabulated at the end and the
comparative results also presented in the section VII. A Constant
Vdc is given from a dc source toall the three investigators consid-
ered in this paper is shown in the Fig. 10(a).The rise time is ob-
tained precisely as one sampling period and no overshoot.There is
no harmonics present in the currentwaveform, so torque ripple is
less in the output torque as shown in the Fig. 10(b)and 10(e).
Some delay is introduced to compensate the computation
time, sensors and actuation propagation time. In the conventional
(17)
Acoustic noise and fluctuation of motor is less and torque ripple
present is only 2%.The rotor speed and torque waveform is shown
in the Fig. 10(c) and (d). The electromagnetic torque produced in
(18) in the DBPC controller.
6. Hardware Implementation
(19) 6.1. Experimental setup
From the MATLAB simulation sections, Dead-Beat (DB) con-
troller is tremendous in the reduction of the torque ripple in the
output of PMSM motor drive. So acoustic noise production can also
be in lower range in this controller. The identical hardware setup
is made in laboratory to analyse its performance with the regular
atmospheric condition. The investigational arrangement consists of
voltage source inverter circuit,deadbeat controller implemented in
DSP processor,3φ PMSM motor as shown in the Fig. 11.
6.2. Experimental results analysis
The output results are got from the cathode ray oscillo-
scope,tachometer and are plotted. The d-axis current indicates the
amplitude of phase currents and q-axis current waveform is ex-
8 K. Thangarajan and A. Soundarrajan / Microprocessors and Microsystems 75 (2020) 103081

actly proportional to the electromagnetic torque produced by the

motor.
The d-q axis phase currents with fluctuations are shown in the
Fig. 12(a) and 12(b). From the analytical point of view, there is an
impact of Vdc and Nm plays a vital role in the PMSM drive. The
DBP control results obtained from numericalsimulationsand hard-
ware implementation are quite identical with reduced ripples and
harmonics.
The parameters employed in the PMSM drive in the Table 2.
andquantitative comparison and values are clearly presented in the
Table 3. The graphical representation shows the d-q axis phase

Fig. 10. Continued

Fig. 10. Simulation results obtained from DBPC (a) Input DC Voltage Vdc , (b) Phase
output currents iabc , (c) Rotor Speed ωm , (d) Electromagnetic torque developed, (e)
Ripple content in the output torque, (f) Rotor angle and torque vs time. Fig. 11. Experimental setup – PMSM control.
 K. Thangarajan and A. Soundarrajan / Microprocessors and Microsystems 75 (2020) 103081
Fig. 12. Experimental outputs(a) isd , (b) isq, (c) vsd , (d)vsq , (e)Rotor speed, (f) Elec-
tromagnetic torque at 300 Vdc.
9
currents idq ,stator output voltages vdq , rotor speed output ωm ,and
electromagnetic torque Te are shown in the Fig. 12.
7. Conclusion
A Performance comparative analysis is taken over with PMSM
drive under SVPWM, MPC and DBPC with delay compensation is
carried out in this paper. The analysis is fully focussed on the re-
duction of torque ripple, harmonics and acoustic noise production
through both simulations and implementation of hardware in the
laboratory. Among all the investigators, DBP controller has the fast
response, better current harmonic reduction, better torque ripple
(≈2%) and provides better performance in the simulation. Reduc-
tion of switching losses can be achieved by choosing a zero vec-
tor in the inverter. As well as in the hardware testing the DBP
controller gives better torque ripple reduction (≈3%), fast settling
time and comparatively low acoustic noise with other two control
strategies.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human partici-
pants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Declaration of Competing Interest
This paper has not communicated anywhere till this moment,
now only it is communicated to your esteemed journal for the
publication with the knowledge of all co-authors.
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Soundarrajan A received the Electrical and Electronics

[17] J. Moos, Predictive deadbeat control for PMSM drive, Master’s Thesis - Power
Engineering B.E. degree from Bharathiyar University of
Electronics and rives, Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University,
Coimbatore, India, in 1999, the M.E. degree in Applied
Denmark, Jun. 2014.
Electronics from PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore,
[18] P. Vaclavek, P. Blaha, Enhanced discrete time model for AC induction machine
India, in 2003, and the Ph.D. degree from Anna Univer-
model predictive control, in: in Proc. 38th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial
sity, Chennai, India, in 2012. From 2007 to 2017, he was
Electron. Soc., Oct. 2012, pp. 5043–5048.
an Associate Professor with the Department of Informa-
[19] T. Nguyen-Van, N. Hori, Discretization of non-autonomous non-linear systems
tion Technology, PSG College of Technology, and Coimbat-
based on continualization of an exact discrete-time model, J.Dynamic Syst.,
ore, India. He is currently a Professor with the Depart-
Meas. Control 136 (2) (Nov.2013).
ment of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PSG Col-
lege of Technology, Coimbatore, India. His research inter-
Thangarajan K received B.E. degree in Electrical and Elec- ests include power Intelligent Controllers, Big Data Ana-
tronics Engineering from Bharathiyar University, Coimbat- lytics for efficient demand side Energy Management, Soft
ore, India in 2002 and M.E. degree from PSG College of Computing, Energy Sources and Utilization and Energy Management System
Technology, Coimbatore, India, in 2007. He is currently
an Associate Professor of Electrical and Electronics Engi-
neering Department with RVS College of Engineering and
Technology, Coimbatore, India. His main research interests
include electrical drives, brushless machines, mathemat-
ical models of electrical machines, drive-system control
and diagnostics, soft computing, renewable energies, and
energy management.