LITERATURE REVIEW

e. Moisture Conditions during curing

W
T

2.1.8 Reinforced Concrete

A T
S
T S
RCC I
RCC PCC

2.1.9 Importance
C J A I
O
T

2.2 HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE (363, 2010)

T
H S C

2.2.1 Definition
A ACI H S C

Concrete that has a specified compressive strength for design of 8000 psi (55 MPa) or greater

T MP

A MP

I MP

T HSC I
MP
HSC MP I
MP
MP

H S C
 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2.2 Materials for Production

I
A
T
T

a. Binder
T HSC
HSC H
S
C SCM
A

Portland cement: T T
C F

Pozzolans: P T C H

Fly Ash: F

Silica Fume 9 : S

T SO
SO

b. Admixtures
A HSC A
T
HSC T

Retarding Admixtures: HSC

R
C
N
A

High Range Water Reducing Admixture (HRWR): HSC

T HRWR

S T IP T
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HRWR
S

Air Entraining Admixture: I HSC

T
T
T

T
P A
E T

c. Sand and Aggregates

B
H

Sand: I
A

Aggregate: A C
F

 I

 H

 T F
T
H S C

 K

 L
 H

2.2.3 Proportioning
C
HSC

a. Strength Required (318, 2011)

A HSC
I
HSC T
T
N
T
LITERATURE REVIEW

HSC
T

T
I
ACI

b. Test age
S
T P

Early Age: S P

T
T III A
T III

Twenty Eight Days: A

T HSC

Later Age: C

T
N

c. w/c ratio
W
I
B

d. Aggregate ratios (Caldarone, 2009)

U HSC T

e. SCMs
S HSC
S
S

V
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Silica Fume: I I
D Q
A

f. HRWR
T HRWR T

2.2.4 Fresh HSC

I US UK
A
T

T
Q
G

a. Ordering
I
I HSC
F

b. Batching
B
T
P I HSC

F C B P S
LITERATURE REVIEW

c. Mixing
T
E HSC

F T M M T

d. Transportation
T HSC
S
P

Truck Mixing: T
T
S
A
T
HSC

Pumping: H S C
P

Belt Conveyors: I

 A
 T

e. Placement Procedures
T HSC

f. Curing
C
I HSC HSC
HSC
S
 LITERATURE REVIEW

 T
P

 F

 I

g. Quality Control and Testing

Q

Planning: T
HSC A

Concrete Plant: QC
T

Delivery: QC
A T

Placing: P I
QC

Testing: M

E HSC
T

2.3 SPECIFICATIONS
H S C
T

T HSC
H

2.3.1 Cement
T T I T
ASTM C N QC
T
 LITERATURE REVIEW

T ASTM C S C C R

2.3.2 Course and Fine Aggregates

Deleterious Substances
W
H A B
H

H
T

 S
 A
 B D
 B

T
D S T ASTM

T ASTM C L D S F A
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T ASTM C L D S C A
LITERATURE REVIEW

Fine Aggregate: E
A ASTM C C M T

Course Aggregates: O
T

Grading
T

Fine Aggregates: F

T ASTM C F A G

Coarse Aggregate: A ASTM O T D E

S T

A
G ASTM S N log

T
T
T

ASTM E S T M D A G S
 LITERATURE REVIEW

F C A G
 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.3.3 Silica Fume

S HSC H

Chemical Requirements
A ASTM C

 T SO A
SO
 T

 T L

T ASTM S F C R

Physical Requirements
A ASTM C

 F
 T P

T ASTM S F P R

2.3.4 HRWR
T HRWR
ASTM C C M S
HRWR
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Dosage Requirements
ASTM HRWR

HRWR

Item Requirements
Water Content, % of Control 88
Deviation from Initial setting time 1 hr. earlier,
nor 1.5 hr. later
Final setting time Not more than 1 hr. earlier
nor 1.5 hr.
later

Compressive strength Min. % of control

1 day 140
3 days 125
7 days 115
28 days 110
90 days 117
6 months 100
1 year 100
Flexural Strength, Min. % control
3 days 110
7 days 100
28 days 100
Relative durability factor, Min 80

T HRWR S

2.4 A NEW METHOD OF MIXING

T
O P T

2.4.1 Mechanism of Failure in Concrete

W
H

Transition Zone
T
C OH D C OH
I
T
R
T