Professional Documents
Culture Documents
_____________________________________________
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA
1
Appendix 1
Course structure for Semester system
B.Tech. Degree in Chemical Technology
Semester I: 26 Credits
Theoretical: 18 credits
PAPER PERIODS EVALUATION SCHEME CREDITS
SUBJECT
NO. L T P TA CT ESE TOTAL
Paper I CT101 a Organic Technology 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 101 b Inorganic Technology I 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Paper II CT 102 a Engineering Mathematics and Statistics 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 102 b Strength of Material 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 103 a Process Calculation 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Paper III Chemical Engineering I
CT 103 b 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
(Fluid Mechanics I)
L – Lecture, T – Tutorial, P - Practical
Practical: 8 credits
PAPER NO. SUBJECT PERIODS EVALUATION SCHEME CREDITS
L T P SE VV LR TOTAL
CT 151 Organic Technology Laboratory 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
CT 152 Engineering Drawing I 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
CT 153 Inorganic Technology Laboratory 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
CT 154 Workshop Practice 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
SE — Sessional, VV — Viva voce, LR — Lab Report
CER = Ceramic Engineering, OLT = Oil Technology, PPR = Petrochemical & Petroleum Refinery
Engineering, PFC = Pharmaceutical & Fine Chemical Technology
Theoretical: 18 credits
PAPER NO. PERIODS EVALUATION SCHEME CREDITS
SUBJECT
L T P TA CT ESE TOTAL
Paper IV CT 201 a Inorganic Technology II 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 201 b Biotechnology 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Paper V CT 202 a Energy Technology 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Chemical Engineering II
CT 202 b 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
(Process Heat Transfer I)
CT 203 CER (a) Ceramic Fabrication Process 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Physics and chemistry of ceramic
CT 203 CER (b) 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
clays
Technology of Fats, Oils and
CT 203 OLT (a) 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
waxes
Paper VI CT 203 OLT (b) Introduction to surface Coating 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 203 PPR (a) Natural Gas, Crude Oil and
2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Petroleum Products Overview
CT 203 PPR (b) Refinery Operations I 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Pharmaceutical Chemistry &
CT 203 PFC (a) 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Pharmacopoeial Analysis
CT 203 PFC (b) Biochemistry and Microbiology 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Practical: 8 credits
PAPER NO. SUBJECT PERIODS EVALUATION SCHEME CREDITS
L T P SE VV LR TOTAL
CT 251 Engineering Drawing II 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
CT 252 Energy Technology (Fuel) 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
CT 253CER Instrumental and Chemical Analysis of
0 0 6 50 40 10 100 4
Ceramic Raw Materials and Products
2
CT 253 OLT Extraction of oils & analysis of oils &
0 0 6 50 40 10 100 4
meals
CT 253 PPR Testing & Evaluation of Crude Oil and
0 0 6 50 40 10 100 4
Petroleum Products
CT 253 PFC (a) Pharmaceutical Chemistry I 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
CT 253 PFC (b) Microbiology I 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
Theoretical: 18 credits
PAPER NO. PERIODS EVALUATION SCHEME CREDITS
SUBJECT
L T P TA CT ESE TOTAL
Paper VII CT 301 a Machine theory 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Electrical Engineering &
CT 301 b 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Electronics
Paper VIII Chemical Engineering III
CT 302 a (Fluid Mechanics II & Process 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Heat Transfer II)
Chemical Engineering IV
CT 302 b 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
(Separation Process – I)
CT 303 CER (a) Refractories I 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 303 CER (b) Glass & Vitreous Coating I 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Technology of Soaps and
CT 303 OLT (a) 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Synthetic detergents
Paper IX CT 303 OLT (b) Chemistry & Technology of Paints 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 303 PPR (a) Refinery Operations II 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 303 PPR (b) Petrochemicals Fundamentals 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 303 PFC (a) Medicinal Chemistry I 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 303 PFC (b) Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Practical: 8 credits
PAPER NO. SUBJECT PERIODS EVALUATION SCHEME CREDITS
L T P SE VV LR TOTAL
CT 351 Chemical Engineering Laboratory I 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
CT 352 Electrical Engineering & Electronics
0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
Laboratory
CT 353 CER Physical and Chemical Testing of Ceramic
0 0 6 50 40 10 100 4
Raw Materials and Products
CT 353 OLT (a) Surface Coating I 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
CT 353 OLT (b) Fats and Oil Processing 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
CT 353 PPR Solvent Extraction, Hydrodesulfurisation,
0 0 6 50 40 10 100 4
Hydro cracking
CT 353 PFC (a) Pharmaceutical Chemistry II 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
CT 353 PFC (b) Microbiology II 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
Theoretical: 18 credits
PAPER NO. PERIODS EVALUATION SCHEME CREDITS
SUBJECT
L T P TA CT ESE TOTAL
Paper X CT 401 a Material Science and Technology 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Chemical Engineering V
CT 401 b 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
(Mechanical Operations)
Paper XI CT 402 a Process Dynamics and Control 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 402 b Process Instrumentation 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 403 CER (a) Refractories II 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 403 CER (b) Glass & Vitreous Coating II 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Technology and Purification of
PaperXII CT 403 OLT (a) Oils,Fats and other derivatives
2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Essential Oils and Cosmetic
CT 403 OLT (b) 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Technology
3
CT 403 PPR (a) Refinery Operations III 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Petrochemical manufacturing
CT 403 PPR (b) processes and Important individual 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
petrochemicals
CT 403 PFC (a) Medicinal Chemistry II 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 403 PFC (b) Industrial Pharmacy I 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Practical: 8 credits
PAPER NO. SUBJECT PERIODS EVALUATION SCHEME CREDITS
L T P SE VV LR TOTAL
CT 451 Equipment design 0 1 3 25 20 5 50 2
CT 452 Chemical Engineering Laboratory II 0 1 3 25 20 5 50 2
CT 453 CER Synthesis, Fabrication and
0 2 6 50 40 10 100 4
Characterization of Ceramics
CT 453 OLT (a) Surface Coating II 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
CT 453 OLT (b) Essential Oils, Cosmetics, Soaps &
0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
Detergents
CT 453 PPR Preparation and testing of
0 2 6 50 40 10 100 4
Petrochemical products
CT 453 PFC (a) Pharmaceutical Chemistry III 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
CT 453 PFC (b) Industrial Pharmacy 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
Semester V: 26 Credits
Theoretical: 18 credits
PAPER NO. PERIODS EVALUATION SCHEME CREDITS
SUBJECT
L T P TA CT ESE TOTAL
Paper XIII Numerical Analysis & Computer
CT 501 a 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Fundamentals
Computer programming &
CT 501 b 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Networking Principles
Paper XIV CT 502 a Engineering Thermodynamics 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 502 b Reaction Engineering 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 503 CER (a) Hydraulic binders and concrete 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 503 CER (b) Electronic and Fine Ceramics 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Technology and processing of
CT 503 OLT (a) Fats and other derivatives for 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
edible purposes
Principles of Paint technology,
Paper XV CT 503 OLT (b) Polymeric reactions and important 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Polymeric resins
Plants & Equipments in Refineries
CT 503 PPR (a) and Petrochemical industries; 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Utilities and Offsite facilities
Preparation and Characterization
CT 503 PPR (b) 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
of important Polymers
CT 503 PFC (a) Medicinal Chemistry III 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 503 PFC (b) Industrial Pharmacy II 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Practical: 8 credits
PAPER NO. SUBJECT PERIODS EVALUATION SCHEME CREDITS
L T P SE VV LR TOTAL
CT 551 Computer Laboratory I 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
CT 552 Plant Design 0 0 6 50 40 10 100 4
CT 553 Research Project Work - Foundation 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
4
Semester VI: 26 Credits
Theoretical: 18 credits
PAPER NO. PERIODS EVALUATION SCHEME CREDITS
SUBJECT
L T P TA CT ESE TOTAL
Paper XVI Chemical Engineering VI
CT 601 a 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
(Separation Processes II)
Chemical Engineering VII
CT 601 b 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
(Separation Processes III)
Paper XVII CT 602 a Business management 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 602 b Industrial economics 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Paper XVIII Safety and Pollution Control in
CT 603 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Process Industries
Paper XIX CT 604 CER Advanced Ceramics 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
CT 604 OLT Fat based Industrial Chemicals 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Management & Control of refinery
CT 604 PPR 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
and petrochemical plants
CT 604 PFC Fine Chemical Technology 2 1 0 10 5 35 50 3
Practical: 8 credits
PAPER NO. SUBJECT PERIODS EVALUATION SCHEME CREDITS
L T P SE VV LR TOTAL
CT 651 Technical Seminar & Communication
0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
skill
CT 652 Computer Laboratory II 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
CT 652 In plant Training and Factory visits 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
CT 653 Research Project Work - Final 0 0 3 25 20 5 50 2
5
UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
Syllabi for Courses for 6-semester B.Tech. Examination in
Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta.
Semester I
(Theory)
Paper I
Water treatment and conditioning, Scale and sludge formation, Desalination of water, Membrane process,
Piezodialysis., Reverse Osmosis.
Chemistry and applications of rare earth elements and their oxides.
Selected chemical industries – Fertilizers, caustic soda, chlorine, soda ash.
Electrochemical Industries and important products.
Electrothermal Industries - Artificial abrasives, Calcium Carbide, Graphite.
Nuclear Fuels, Nuclear Reactor.
Important industrial gases – CO2, H2, O2, He.
Production of important mineral acids – H3PO4, H2SO4, HCl and HNO3.
Commercial Production of Dichromate, Permanganate and Alum.
6
Paper II
Algebra of matrices: Rank, consistency of a system of linear equations, Hermitian, Skew-Hermitian and
Unitary matrices. Eigen values and Eigenvectors, Caylay-Hamiltons’s theorem, quadratic forms.
Vector Calculus: Gradient, Divergence, Curl, Line integral and Surface integral, Green’s theorem and
Stoke’s theorem.
Partial differential equations, ordinary simultaneous differencial equations (Picard’s method).
Fitting of a curve (Method of least squares)
Frequency distribution, mean, mode, median, standard deviations, bivariate data, correlation coefficient.
Statistical inference and estimation (point and interval), testing of hypothesis; Coodman fit.
Analysis of variance, experimental design.
Nonparametric statistics; wilcoxan rank, friedman analysis.
Strength and elasticity of materials: Introduction – Hook’s law. Elastic constants. Stress-strain
diagrams.Temperature stresses.
Analysis of thin cylinders and spherical shells.
Analysis of thick cylinders.
Stress and strain at a point. Principal stresses and strains. Theories of failures, yield criteria.
Properties of sections: Moment of inertia, modulus of section and radius of gyration.
Beams: Bending moment and shearing force diagram from simple cantilevers, simply supported and
overhanging beams for various types loads. Bending stress in beams. Deflections of beams.
Torsion of shafts under torsion and bending conditions.
Helical spring.
Strain Energy, Energy equations and the applications to engineering problems.
Columns & Struts, Riveted joints.
Paper III
Units and Dimensions: Basic and derived Units, Different ways of expressing units of quantities and physical
constants. Dimensional analysis and representation of results.
Stoichiometric principles: Properties of gases, liquids and solids, Critical properties.
Properties of mixtures and solutions and phase equilibria, vaporisation, drying, condensation. Wet and dry
bulb thermometry. Concept of relative humidity, molal humidity, dewpoint, partial saturation.
Material Balance: Recycle, purging, bypass in batch, stagwise and continuous operations in systems with and
without chemical reactions.
7
Energy balance: Thermophysics – concept of and calculations involving energy. Heat, work and enthalpy of
reversible processes and combustion of fuels.
Thermochemistry – heat of formation, combustion, solution, dilution and the effects of pressure on them.
Calculation of theoretical and actual flame temperature during combustion of fuels.
Energy balance of systems with and without chemical reactions, unsteady state material and energy balances.
Combined material and energy balances for nuclear, electrochemical, photochemical and biochemical and
less conventional separation processes.
Typical industrial applications.
Fluid properties, application of dimensional analysis to fluid flow problems, Bernoulli’s equation, Newtonian
and Non-Newtonian fluids, Fanning equation, friction factor vs. Raynold’s plot; Concept of equivalent
length; boundary layer theory, laminar and turbulent flow, Pressure drop and energy considerations in flow
of fluids, flow through packed bed, settling of solids, free settling hindered settling, zone settling, batch
settling test; principles of sedimentation tanks, fluidization.
(Practical)
8
Water analysis, Hardness, chlorides, TDS
Application of Hg2 (NO3) 2 in estimation of Fe3+ in inorganic materials
Complexometric method of determination of cations using EDTA: Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Fe3+, Al3+,
Bi3+, Mn2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and some of their mixtures.
Volumetric method of determination of anions: SO42-, Cl-, P2O5.
Standardization of HCl and KMnO4 by EDTA.
Estimation of some trace elements in inorganic materials by colorimetric, flame photometric titration.
Application of atomic absorption spectroscopy for analysis of trace elements.
Differential Thermal analysis of some inorganic minerals and ores
Neutralization reactions by pH meter.
Fitters Shop: The distinguishing features and properties of cast iron, mild steel, carbon steel, brass, gum
metal and white metal to be explained.
Use of different hand tools: filling chiseling, grinding, marking, threading, fitting of different sizes of pipe
lines.
Carpentry shop: The distinguished features of different varieties for timber to be explained. Use of different
wood working tools: planning, sawing, chiseling, different types of joint-tenon, mortise, dovetail, beam and
concealed joint.
Simple jobs on center lathe and saping machines.
Demonstrations: slotting, milling and grinding machines.
Semester II
(Theory)
Paper IV
Concept of Fe-C phase equilibrium diagram and its application in Iron and Steel metallurgy. Production of
iron, steel, aluminium, copper, zinc.
Structure of metals. Electron theory of metals.
Thermal behavior of metals. Phases in metal system. Phase diagrams- solid solution system, Eutectic and
Peritectic systems. Isothermal transformation, Transformation upon continuous cooling, Martensitic
transformation, TTT curve, phase transformation in alloy steel, effect on transformation points.
Heat treatment of steel. Normalizing, Mar tempering, Austempering, Hardenability, Theory of tempering,
Casehardening, Carburising, Cyaniding, Nitriding, Induction hardening, Flame hardening, Diffusion coating.
Annealing, Non-equilibrium austenite decomposition and hardening.
Applications:
Carbon steel and Alloy steel.
Creep, Time dependant strain mechanism, creep resistant alloy.
Methods of studying metal structures.
Planning of a chemical Industry.
9
Course No. CT 201 b.
Biotechnology ----- 50 Marks/ 3Credit
Introduction to Biotechnology:
Bioprocesses: Biooxidation, bioesterification, biohydrolysis, biotransesterification, etc.
Reactors and separation processes in Biotechnology: Concepts and types of Bioreactors, and their
applications in various related industries.
Applications in food, flavour, antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes, alcohols, Perfumery chemicals,
biodegradable polymers, etc.
Applications of Biotechnological processes in i) fats and oil industries, ii) pharmaceutical & fine chemical
industries, iii) petrochemicals & petroleum refinery industries
Bioleaching and improvement of mineral dressing, biosorption of metals.
Concepts of environmental Biotechnology: Air, industrial wastes from all kinds of chemical industries and
other wastes (Hospital/Municipal)
Energy Biotechnology: Biogas, biodiesel, methane, hydrogen: basic principles and biotransformations
bioenergy economics.
Energy crisis in India. Conventional energy sources: solid fuels, fossil fuel: coal it’s origin and classification.
Testing and processing of coal: preparation, washing, storage, and carbonization.
Liquid fuel: liquid fuel from crude oil. Synthetic and other liquid fuels. Storage and handling of liquid fuels.
Gaseous fuels: Natural gas. Manufacture of other commercial gaseous fuels. Analysis of fuel gases.
Non conventional, renewable energy sources: Introduction to solar energy, nuclear energy, wind energy,
geothermal energy, tidal energy, biogas energy.
Furnaces: General classification and description of different types of furnaces with special reference to
furnaces used in ceramic, glass, petroleum, oils and pharmaceutical industries. Heat saving applications.
Burners.
Refractories and insulating materials.
Combustion stoicheometry and heat balance calculations.
Conduction mechanism of heat transfer, Fourier’s law, steady state of heat transfer through composite slabs,
composite cylinders and unsteady state heat transfer – use of Gurney-Lurie chart.
Convection: Heat flow mechanism by convection, individual and overall transfer coefficient, log-mean
temperature difference, forced convection inside tubes and ducts – Dittus-Boelter equation, Reynold’s
analogy, Natural convection, condensation of single and mixed vapours, heat transfer to boiling liquids.
Types of heat exchange equipment and design of heat exchangers – shell and tube heat exchangers, double
pipe heat exchangers, condensers and reboilers. Application of heat transfer – regenerators and recuperators.
Radiation: Concept of black body and laws of black body radiation, Kirchoff’s law, emissivity, radiant heat
transfer between surfaces separated by non-absorbing media and radiation error in pyrometry.
10
Heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation.
Paper VI
Introduction to different types of clays used in ceramic industries – the availability and applications. Origin
and classification of clays – geological aspects. Influence of different internal and external factors on the
attributes of clays.
Basic features of silicate structures.
Structural classification of clay minerals.
Atomic disposition and charge distribution in different layer lattice minerals.
Physico-chemical relationship in clay-water system. Rheological properties and their applications. Plasticity
of clays.
Methods of identification of clay minerals.
Effect of heat treatment on the phase transformation of clay minerals.
Differential thermal analysis of clay minerals. Ion exchange properties - its importance and methods of
measurement. Colloidal properties of clay-water systems. Particle size, shapes and their distribution in
relation to properties. Suitability of clay for particular industries.
Processing and beneficiation of some commercial clays and conversion to mono-ionic forms.
Introduction to fats and oils technology, demand and supply position of edible and non-edible oils. Source
and availability of fats and oils; vegetable source, marine source, microbial source.
Biosynthesis of fats and oils
Physical properties of fats and oils: thermal rheology, polymorphism, surface active, spectral and optical
properties.
11
Chemical composition of fats and oils; fatty acids, triglycerides, non-triglycerdes, minor constitutents. Basic
reactions of fats and oils: Hydrogenation, oxidation and auto -oxidation, polymerization, hydrolysis,
esterification, interesterification, sulphonation,amidati-on,methasis and cometathesis, pyrolysis etc.
Fats and oils analysis : Basics of various methods of analysis; physical and chemical methods of analysis;
chromatographic methods of analysis( TLC, GLC, HPLC): spectroscopic methods of analysis (UV,
IR,NMR): detection of adulteration by chemical, spectroscopic and other instrumental methods.
Fats in nutrition, health and disease and dietary guidelines.
Handling, Storage, grading and pretreatments ( Mechanical and Heat Treatements) of oil -bearing materials.
Extraction of fats and oils (Theory and Practice): extraction by pressing (Expeller,Extruder) solvents (polar
and nonpolar) and biorenewable solvents (super critical gases, alcohols, acetones). Extraction by
biotechnology process , extraction of starch, protein, dietary fibre and other constitutents from seeds,cakes
and meals for food,feed and industrial processes.
Rending technology for recovering animal fats and marine oils.
Natural Gas & Crude oil exploration , production, transportation and storage ;
Crude oil evaluation and analysis ;
Petroleum products overview with specifications and standard test methods
ASTM & TBP distillation, Atmospheric & vacuum distillation, Desalting, Neroxing, Gas Plant Operation.
Organic and inorganic pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals with reference to commercial methods of
preparation, pharmacopoeial analysis and uses.
12
Course No. CT 203 PFC (b) ----- 50 Marks/3 credits
Biochemistry and Microbiology
Metabolic pathways and electron transport chain, protein biosynthesis, DNA/RNA biogenesis. Enzyme –
kinetics, coenzyme, inhibitors. Classification, identification, isolation, preservation, growth kinetics of
microbes. Methods of sterilization. Disinfection. Concept of Industrial microbiology.
(Practical)
Different keys, bolts, nuts, threads, cotter, rivets and riveted joint.
Cast iron pipes and joints. Shaft coupling. Pulleys. Plumber block.
Tube vice. Eccentric. Stuffing Box. Welded joints.
Drawing selected elements and small assemblies.
Sampling techniques for solid, liquid and gaseous fuels for analysis.
Test of solid fuels: proximate and ultimate analysis of coal and coke. Calorific value of coal and coke.
Sulphur in coal.
Washability tests of coal. Phosphorous in coke.
Carbonization assay of coal.
Tests of liquid fuels: viscosity, flash point, fire point, water content, carbon residue, ash, calorific value,
aniline point.
Tests of gaseous fuels: Orsat analysis, calorific value.
Calibration of thermocouples.
Thermal conductivity of insulating materials.
Practical on oilseeds and Oils/Fats etc.; Pretreatment and storage of oil-bearing materials; Extraction of oils
and fats from vegetable and animal sources: pressing, solvent rendering; Analysis of seed cakes; Extraction
of protein and other non-oil components.
Analysis Oils: Physical tests- density, refractive index, slip point, cloud point, cooling curve, solubility –tests
in solvents, color measurements, etc. Fatty acid composition analysis by GLC. Conjugated diene, triene
content by UV method.
Chemical tests – acid value, peroxide & anisidine values, saponification and iodine values, hydroxyl values,
oxirane values, Reichert-Meissl, Reichert-Polenske, Kirchner values, unsaponifiable matter, gum
(phospholipids) content, wax content, acetone and benzene insolubles, color reactions of oils. Detection of
adulterants.
Limit test of As, Heavy metals, Pb, Fe, Hg, sulfate, chloride etc.
14
Semester III
(Theory)
Paper VIII
15
Course No. CT 302 b.
Chemical Engineering – IV ----- 50 Marks/ 3Credit
(Separation Processes I)
Mass Transfer Operations: General principles of diffusion and mass transfer, molecular and eddy diffusion of
fluids, diffusivities, mass transfer coefficients and their relationships, interphase mass transfer, N.T.U.,
H.T.U. methods.
Distillation: Vapour-liquid equilibria, batch and equilibrium distillation, steam distillation, azeotropic and
extractive distillation, enthalpy concentration diagram, rectification column design, McCabe – Thiele
method, Ponchon – Savarit method.
Glass Technology I:
Concept of Glassy state. Structural requirement, Role of different glass forming oxides. Silicate and non-
silicate glasses. Structure of Glass – XRD, SAXS and SANS and other methods of determining glass
structure.
Different types of commercial glasses and their compositions.
Raw materials for glasses – their availability, processing and batch calculation.
Melting operations:
Different types of furnaces, refractories and fuels. Design of the glass tank furnace and physicochemical
considerations involved in the melting operations and refining. Batch melting reactions.
Properties imparted by different constituents.
16
Finishing, annealing of glasses. Strains, its detection, measurement and remedial measures, Devitrification of
glass.
Viscosity of glass, measurement at different temperatures, its importance in different stages of glass melting.
Physical properties of glass – Density, refractive index of glass, thermal expansion, specific heat of glass,
surface tension, strength of glass, electrical conductivity of glass, dielectric properties, mechanical
properties, surface properties.
Thermodynamic basis of phase separation in glasses. Immiscibility in glasses. Kinetics of demixing.
Application of immiscibility diagrams. Spinoidal decomposition.
Additive rules.
Vitreous Coating I:
Vitreous Enamel
Concept of glassy coatings on metals and related fundamental considerations.
Composition of enamels and properties imparted by the different constituents.
Characterization of different types of enamels and their application in different fields. Jewellery enamels.
Enamel raw material: Their classification, availability and processing.
Fe – C phase diagram.
Characterization of different types of metals: Cast iron, steel, aluminium and various alloys used for
enameling.
Preparation of metal surfaces for enameling, thermal degreasing, chemical cleaning, annealing, nickel
flashing, etc.
Present status of soap and detergent industries; Raw materials for soap industry and their selection.Kinetics
and Phase reactions in soap boiling.
Physico- chemical properties of soap solutions. Plants and Processes employed in soap manufacture.
Recovery of by-products, various households and industrial soaps, soap additives, metallic soaps,
miscellaneous application of soap-based products, testing and evaluation of soaps.Chemistry and technology
of synthetic detergents (anionic, cationic, non-ionic, and amphoteric), detergent additives.Formulations and
processing of detergent powders, tablets, liquid and pastes for household and industrial applications. Bio-
surfectants and enzyme detergents, dry cleaning systems.
Bio-degradation of surfactants, Eutrophication and Ecological aspects,Eco-friendly washing systems. Natural
saponin based surfactants. Modern trends in detergent formulations, Testing and evaluation of synthetic
surfactants.
Technology of synthetic resins like alkyds, polyesters, polyurethanes, UF, MF, epoxy, silicones, rubber
resins, etc. Types and mechanism of polymerization reactions, concepts of functionality, polymeric resins
like NC, acrylics, vinylics, etc. Methods of different polymerization systems, viz., bulk, solution, suspension
and emulsion and their mechanisms.
Fundamentals of pigmented coatings. Principles of paint colour matching. Pigment- binder geometry, oil
absorption, CPVC and LCPVC characteristics.
Principles of paint formulation and paint manufacture, paint additives, paint defects.
Coating classifications and various types of coating systems.
Use of ball and pebble mills; sand, bead and shot mills; attritor and vibration mills.
Surface preparations and paint application systems; corrosion and its prevention.
17
Course No. CT 303 PPR (a) ----- 50 Marks/ 3Credit
Refinery Operations II
Thermal and Catalytic cracking; Visbreaking; Coking; FCC; Hydrocracking; Alkylation; Isomerization;
Polymerization; Residue upgradation; Reforming.
(Practical)
Course No. CT 351 ---- 50 Marks/ 2Credit
Chemical Engineering Laboratory I
Experiments on: Flowmeters, pumps, heat transfer coefficients, crushing and grinding, mass transfer
coefficients, distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, evaporation, absorption, drying, filtration.
Raw materials: Hardness, texture, thermal analysis - DTA and TGA, FTIR, XRD.
Refractories: Fusion range, Refractoriness under load, Porosity, Modulus of rupture, Thermal expansion,
reheat shrinkage, Thermal spalling, Thermal conductivity.
Glass: Viscosity, density, strain, chemical durability.
Fine ceramics: Mechanical, thermal and electrical properties.
Preparation of silica gel, precipitated silica, microfine silica, alumino-silicate hydrogel.
Physical testing of cement: initial and final setting time
Soundness, compressive and tensile strength, surface area.
Clay testing: Particle size distribution by Andreasen pipette method.
Water plasticity, Atterberg plasticity Index, vitrificatin range.
PH titration curves.
Physical texture and hardness testing.
Preparation, analysis and testing of stand oil, blown oil, double boiled oil, dehydrated castor oil, and
chemically modified drying oils.
Preparation, analysis and testing of Linoleate, rosinate, octoate, and naphthenate of Lead, Cobalt, Manganese
and Zinc;
Analysis and testing of solvents;
Preparation, analysis and testing of ester gum, limed rosin, phenolics, oleoresinous varnish and spirit varnish;
19
Course No. CT 353 PFC (b) ---- 50 Marks/ 2Credit
Microbiology II
Sterility testing, differential staining, isolation of lipase, amylase and protease producing organism, BOD,
COD determination.
Semester IV
(Theory)
Paper X
Size reduction: Energy and power requirements in comminution, size reduction equipment.
Screening: Particle size analysis, screening equipment, classification, cyclone separation, electrostatic
precipitation, elutriation, jigging, flotation.
Filtration: Theory, equipment, filter medium, filter aid, centrifuges.
Mixing and agitation.
20
Course No. CT 402 a.
Process Dynamics and Control ----- 50 Marks/ 3Credit
Introduction to chemical process control with examples, objectives of process control, control strategies and
alternative control schemes, process stability, concept of optimum performance of chemical process.
Mathematical modeling of liquid level problems, stirred tank heater, mixing processes, CSTR, distillation
column, absorption column, distributed parameter systems, linearization, SISO and MIMO systems.
Degrees of freedom, deviation variables, steady state gain, time constants, review of Laplace transform,
input-output model, system response for first order and higher order systems, dynamics with dead time,
inverse response.
Feedback control, P, PI, PID controllers and their response.
Control system instrumentation: sensors for liquid level, flow, pressure, temperature, and pH measurement,
transmission line, comparator, controller, and final control elements, control valve sizing, pneumatic and
electronic controllers.
Closed loop control systems, transfer function of individual elements, servo and regulator problems,
dynamics of P, PI and PID controllers.
Stability of closed loop control systems, Routz-Hurwitz test, root locus analysis.
Feedback controller design, controller tuning, Ziegler-Nichols rules, Cohen and Coon rules, Integral error
criteria, controller selection, process identification.
Frequency response, Bode plot and Nyquist diagram.
Introduction to advance control strategies: feed forward, control, cascade control, ratio control, adaptive
control and inferential control.
Digital computer control, Z-transformation, discrete time dynamics, digital feedback controller design.
Design of control system for complete process plants.
Details of zirconia, fusion cast, thermal insulating, refractories, carbon and carbon bearing refractories,
refractory composites, non-oxide refractories.
21
Crystalline phases and microstructure of refractories.
Selection of refractories for different applications – Iron and Steel Industry, Non-ferrous industries, Cement,
Glass and hydrocarbon processing industries.
Monolithics:
Ramming mass, Gunning materials, Castables – low cement, ultra low cement, zero cement, self flow
castables.
Ferrous Metals – Pig iron, Blast furnace, Cast iron, Sponge iron, Corex & Mandrex Process, Effect of
chemical elements on iron and steel, Steel making process. Classification of steel, Application of carbon
steel, Influence of the constituents on steel, alloy steel, Effect of alloying elements on steel.
Non-Ferrous Metals & Alloys – Aluminium, Copper and Zinc – their extraction, alloys and applicatons.
Powder Metallurgy – Process description, maintenance of metal powders, blending of powders, compaction,
pre-sintering, sintering, secondary operation, products of powder metallurgy, Advantages of the process,
Disadvantages & limitation.
Ingot casting and continuous casting techniques of steel.
22
Course No. 403 OLT (a) ---- 50 Marks/ 3Credit
Technology and Purification of Oils, Fats and other derivatives
An overview on different undesireable components and subsequent purification techniques, need for
purification, etc.
Removal of fat insoluble impurities ( filtration, sedimentation, centrifugation, etc.)
Removal of fat soluble impurities : degumming ( chemical and enzymatic ), deacidification ( alkali refining,
physical refining, esterification, miscella refining, etc.), bleaching ( chemical, adsorption ), deodorization,
winterization, etc.
Plants and equipments associated with the purification process ( centrifuge, filtration unit, settling tank,
stirrer ), materials of construction, etc.
Utilization of refinery by-products ( gums, soap stocks, deodorizer distillates, fatty acid distillates, waxes,
recovery of oil and of bleaching earth, etc.)
Designing of refinery plant, costing of refining, process control, effluent and environmental control, plant lay
out.
Analysis, testing and specification of cru8de and refined oils.
Biotechnology in refining processes.
Membrane refining of fats and oils.
23
Course No. CT 403 PFC (a) ---- 50 Marks/ 3Credit
Medicinal Chemistry II
Chemistry and pharmacology of
chemotherapeutic agents – sulfur drugs, antileprotic & antitubercular drugs, antifungals, antineoplastics
and antibiotics.
antiprotozoals & others, viz., antiamoebic, antimalarials & anthelmentics.
(Practical)
Course No. CT 451 ---- 50 Marks/ 2Credit
Equipment Design
Each student is required to submit two bound type-written copies of a project report on the complete
design including drawing with specifications of process equipment reactors of a plant manufacturing
product(s) related, to one's course / subject to be worked out under the guidance of a faculty member. The
design should be as far as practicable and be based on the consideration of optimum technical process
operating condition and shall include proper instrumentation and control. The examination shall include
a viva-voce examination on the design report,
Experiments on: Flow of fluid through packed beds, fluidization, elutriation, specific surface area of
powders, leaching, valves and fillings, to verify Bernoulli’s equation, Raleigh equation, to obtain vapour-
liquid equilibrium data, terminal velocity and spray drying.
Preparation of Soda-lime Silica glass with different coloring oxides, e.g. CoO, FeO, Boro-silicate glass with
alkali and alkaline earth oxides, opal glass with different opacifying agents – Fluoride & Phosphate, low
melting Phosphate glass in various systems.
Determination of alkali resistance of glass, alkalinity of glass. Thermal shock test on glass wares, density of
glass, strain in glassware by Polariscope and demonstration of cord viewers.
24
Fabrication of some high alumina & basic bricks, fabrication & evaluation of refractory castables.
Fabrication of refractory shapes by semi dry and dry process, drying and firing characteristics. Synthesis of
aggregates, bonding materials and precursors by conventional and non-conventional method. Testing &
evaluation of various important properties of refractories as per IS. Refractory corrosion test.
Preparation of Whiteware body, Milling of raw materials, rheological measurement of slip, fabrication of
green body, by slip casting, pressing, drying & firing biscuit and glost firing. Preparation of glazes &
application of glaze on body, and firing. Determination of water absorption, True density, Bulk density &
Modulus of rupture of various fired whiteware bodies. Determination of thermal shock resistance of fired
white ware bodies. Measurement of glaze thickness by Penetrometer. Determination of acid solubility of
ceramic body & glaze. Determination of alkali solubility of ceramic body & glaze.
Compilation of some traxial composition and fabrication by slip casting, tape casting technique.
Metal surface preparation – cleaning, pickling, Ni dipping and neutralization. Formation and melting of
enamel frits, compounding of a recipe of enamel slip with frit, opacifiers and other additions, melting. Sieve
analysis of milled enamels, determination of consistency of enamel slip. Application of enamel by dipping,
spraying. Firing of enamelwares. Study of defects of enameled ware. Testing of vitreous enamel wares: Test
of resistance to Acid and Alkali, resistance to boiling water, resistance to thermal shock, resistance to impact,
warpage and abrasion resistance, adherence to enameled specimens by Adherence meter method.
Preparation of alkyds, polyesters, acrylics etc.; Preparation of inorganic and organic pigments and their
testing according to specifications.
Preparation of different types of paints like primer, ready mixed paints, synthetic enamels, stoving enamels,
etc.
Preparation of panels. Testing of surface coating according to specifications. Examinations and reporting of
weathered and defective surface coatings.
Preparation of paint additives like anti-settling agent, anti-skinning agent, dispersing agent, etc.
Essential Oils and Cosmetics: Extraction and analysis of major essential oils and cosmetic products
Preparation of perfumery chemicals - ionone, alpha-amyl cinnamic aldehyde, terpineol and important
components; Preparation of creams, hair oils, shampoos and toothpaste.
Soaps and Detergents: Technical analysis of soaps and synthetic detergents.
Preparation of different types of soaps and synthetic detergents and evaluation of their various
physicochemical and performance characteristics.
Identification, isolation and purification of surfactants from unknown mixtures.
25
Course No. CT 453 PFC (a) ---- 50 Marks/ 2Credit
Pharmaceutical Chemistry-III
Organic reactions involved in preparation of drugs and fine chemicals, viz., Friedel-Crafts reaction,
halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, reduction, oxidation etc.
Synthesis of the following drugs and their assay by Official methods:
Diphenyl hydantoin, paracetamol, iso-nicotinic acid hydrazide (INH), indole acetic acid, xylocaine.
Formulation testing as per I.P. monograph, Preparation of the dosage forms – suspension, emulsion,
ointment, effervescent granules, syrup & invert syrup.
Semester V
(Theory)
Paper XIII
CT 501 a.
Numerical Analysis & Computer Fundamentals ---- 50 Marks/ 3Credit
Numerical Analysis:
Number systems and errors. Floating-point arithmetic.
The solution of non-linear equations. Newton-Raphson method.
Polynomial equations. Systems of linear equations. Gaussian elimination methods including Gauss-Jordan
and Gauss-Seidal methods.
Approximation. Gauss quadrature.
Numerical solution of differential equations by modified Euler and Runge-Kutta methods.
Computer fundamentals:
Elements of a computer:, CPU and control unit, ALU, I/O units, VDU, microprocessors, Hardwares and
integrated chips, LSI, VLSI, MOS, ROM & RWM, CD,floppy drives, modem, etc
Digital processing: Gate circuit, clock signal, Bits, bytes, KB,MB, GB, etc
Operating systems: DOS & WINDOWS
Windows Softwares:MSWORD, MSPOWER POINT, MS EXCEL, MSPAINT,etc.
Computer programming:
Fundamentals: Machine language, assembly language, high level language, compiler.
FORTRAN programming: Arithmatic statements, numerical input/output, transfer of control, flow chart, DO
loops, array and subscripted variables, functions and subroutines, programming technique and numerical
calculations, logical variables and operations, files handling.
26
Programming in C++:The C character sets, identifiers and key words, data types, constants, variables and
arrays, declarations, expressions, statements, symbolic constants, operators and expressions,
arithmetic,unary, relational, logical, conditinal operations, library functions,, data input, output, control
statements, functions, arrays,pointers, structures and unions, data files.
Specific purpose programming for applications in Chemical Technology.
Networking Principles:
Network categories, Devices layered network architecture, Protocols and Standards, Network O.S., Security,
Performance Network. Repeaters, Bridges, Routers, Gateways, Routing Algorithms. Hardware equipment
for error detection, Interface and Modems, Wireless Transmission.
Paper XIV
Effects of process variables on rate of reaction, interpretation of kinetic data in batch and flow systems.
General feature and design equation for batch, plug flow, semi batch, stirred tank reactors.
Elementary problems in the design of homogeneous reactors, batch and flow tubular and stirred tank
reactors.
Catalysis, preparation of catalyst, measurement of catalyst surface area and catalyst porosity, elementary
problems in the design of catalytic reactors, packed and fluidized bed reactors.
Paper XV
Hydrogenation of fats and oil ( selectively, catalyst, process parameters, hydrogenation techniques, low trans
hydrogenation, hydrogen production, process control product characteristics, government regulations,
costing, etc.)
Interesterification of fats and oils ( chemical and biochemical )
Fractionation of fats ( dry and solvent fractionation )
Blending of fats ( government regulations, nutritional aspects, shell life, etc.)
Production of Butter and Ghee.
Margarine, low cost spread fats, shortening, confectionery fats.
Plants and equipments associated with modification techniques.
Equipments viz. Pipe still heaters, Reactors, Distillation columns, Extracts, absorber, PSA, TSA.
Corrosion and its prevention; Materials of construction
Refinery utilities, Effluent Treatment & Environmental protection – water treatment, gas flowing, soil
treatment & incinerator.
(Practical)
Course No. CT 551 ----- 50 Marks/ 2Credit
Computer Laboratory - I
29
Course No. CT 552 ----- 100 Marks/ 4Credit
Plant Design
Each student shall be required to submit two bound type written copies of a project report on a proposed
chemical plant manufacturing product/ products related to one’s course/ subject to be worked out under the
supervision of a faculty member. The report shall include mass and energy balances, type and capacity of
equipment selected and recommended, plant layout, feasibility analysis highlighting market survey, pattern
of assistance available from the central and state governmental agencies, banks and financial institutions.
Assistance for technology, raw materials, finance.
Legal obligation.
The student has to appear at a viva voce examination.
Each student shall be required to carry out under the supervision of a faculty member original investigation
on an industrial problem related to one’s course/subject. She/he shall submit two typewritten bound copies of
a report on Research Project Work – Foundation embodying the results of her/his investigations and shall
defend her/his report in a viva-voce examination.
Semester VI
(Theory)
Paper XVI
30
Paper XVII
The historical background of industrial development in India. The management function, evolution of
management thought, management and social responsibility.
Process of basic management decisions in industry. Fundamental consideration in Industry: basic
management decisions.
Organisation development and types of organization:
Co-ordination and morale.
Total Quality Management (TQM) ISO 9000/BIS 14000
Product development and research, simplification and standardization of product and materials, processes
and materials inspection.
Plant location.
The factory building and plant layout, material handling, the maintenance department.
Motion and time study, establishing time value by time study, utilizing time study data.
The sale and purchase department, budget, managerial control and office administration, classification and
identification.
Material and production control: routine, scheduling and mass production industries.
Business statistics, index numbers, charting, trend curves, management ratios, forecasting, trade indices,
budgeting, statistical methods in industry, quality control.
Economic planning and policy in India.
Position and problems of chemical industries in India.
Treatment of the subject should have a bias in regard to chemical industry.
World resources: fuels, water, power, iron and steel, manganese steel alloys, non-ferrous metals, position of
India in World Trade.
Industrial Revolution: The historical process, rise of the factory system, social effects of the Industrial
Revolution, growth of monopoly capital, the development of machinery, the steel age, the age of electricity,
the commercialization of inventions.
Price system and resource allocation; concepts of demand, marginal revenue, demand elasticities,
consumer’s surplus and the interrelationships between them, concept of time in economics and short run and
long run cost curves – total cost, marginal cost, average cost; forms of market and price determination of a
commodity in different markets. Concepts of national income; theory of equilibrium nationalincome
determination, theory of investment; money market and theory of rate of interest; inflation theories – brief
outline; commercial banking and central banking; fiscal policy; balance of trade and balance of payments;
measures to correct balance of payments disequilibrium.
31
Paper XVIII ---- 50 Marks/ 3Credit
Paper XIX
Ray theory of fibres, Wave theory of fibres, Types of optical fibres, Transmission and dispersion
characteristics, fibre fabrication process, Mechanical strength of fibres, optical fibre systems.
Ceramic gas and moisture sensors, optical sensors, micro sensors, MEMS based nano scale sensors,
actuators, shape memory alloys, Multiferroies.
Superhand ceramic materials, diamond, BN, Si3N4, C3N4
Composites: Multilayered nanostructured materials, nano ceramics, non-oxide ceramics, nano graphite, nano
quasi-crystalline alloys, nano fibres and nanoclays.
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Smart Ceramics, Semi conducting, Conducting & Super conducting ceramics
Thin Films, Membranes, Special optical Dielectric and Magnetic materials.
Sol – gel, Microwave Processing, Sonochemical techniques, Spark Plasma sintering, microwave surface
plasma CVD.
Nanophotonics, Carbon nanotubes – single walled and multiwalled, nanolithography, molecular imprinting,
Quantum dots and nanowires, CMOS – MEMS, nanotribology and nanomechanics, Patterning techniques in
microelectronics.
Novel nanocrystalline metals and alloys and magnetic nanomaterials, MEMS and SMART devices,
nanomaterials for biosensors, nanoclusters and nanocrystals, epitaxy of nanostructures, one dimensional
metals, biomineralisation.
Small angle neutron scattering, Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)
Resonance Raman Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, HRTEM, Photoluminescence (PL), EDS,
Mossbauer Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, FTIR, DSC, AFM, X-Ray Diffraction, X-Ray
absorption near edge structure, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Electronbeam Physical Vapour
Deposition Technique, Ion beam polishing.
Laser glass, Zero expansion glass and Bulk metallic glass.
Radiation shielding glass. Dosimeter glass. Glasses for cherenkov counter, Scintillation glass. Photonic glass.
Agricultural glass. Faraday rotator glass. Photo thermo refractive index glass and IR transmission glasses.
32
Course No. CT 604 OLT ---- 50 Marks/ 3Credit
Fat based Industrial Chemicals
An overview on oleo chemicals: oleo chemicals raw materials, basic oloeochemicals, oleoshemical
derivatives, etc.
Fat splitting (low, medium and high pressure splitting ), recovery, purification and distillation of glycerol,
separation of fatty acids, distillation of fatty acids.
Fatty alcohols (raw materials, properties, processes and uses) and their derivatives.
Fat- based as well as synthetic surface-active agents ( fatty amines, amides, alkanol amides and their
derivatives).
Fat based chemicals in synthetic lubricants, plasticizer, paints, pigments, various coatings, printing inks, etc.
Fat based and synthetic process auxiliary chemicals for application in different chemical industries like
leather, paper, textile, rubber, plastics, metal working, etc.
Surfactant with intermediate linkages, newer ionic and non-ionic surfactants, polymeric surfactants.
Design considerations for various process equipment associated with oil and paints processing like extractor,
hydrogenator, reaction kettles, distillation equipments, milling equipments, micronizers, etc.
Recent trends in formulations of soaps, detergents, paints, adhesives, etc.
Process control & DCS, LP modeling, refinery scheduling, product pricing, profitability evaluation,
etc.
Safe handling, safety rules, explosive rules, Factories Act, etc.
Energy audit, material audit, Conservation techniques, etc.
Hazop & HAZAN, environmental impact analysis, Disaster management, fire fighting, etc.
Pesticides, dyes, dye intermediates, permitted colors, sweetening agents, preservatives, food additives, and
perfumes and flavoring agents.
Cosmetics. Herbal products.
(Practical)
Course No. CT 651 ---- 50 Marks/ 2Credit
Technical Seminar & Communication Skill
Each student shall be required to prepare and submit one typewritten bound copy of seminar paper on
selected technological topic related to one’s course/subject under the supervision of a faculty member.
She/he shall deliver a talk based on his seminar paper through power point presentation in an open seminar
in presence of faculty members. The attendance in the seminar is compulsory for all the students.
Technical report writing skills, basic communication skills, Power point presentation and Group discussions.
33
Course No. CT 652 ---- 50 Marks/ 2Credit
Computer Laboratory II
Programming for various numerical scientific and engineering calculations using FORTRAN and C++
languages.
Each student shall be required to undergo a course in ‘In plant Training’ for a specified period (6 weeks) in
an industry related to one’s course/subject. She/he shall submit one copy of training report within 30 days of
completion of training and shall appear at a Viva-voce Examination.
Each student shall be required to carry out under the supervision of Faculty member (s) and/or External
member as the case may be, an original investigation on an industrial problem to related to one’s
course/subject. She/he shall submit two typewritten bound copies of a report on Research Project Work –
Final embodying the results of her/his investigation at least 15 days before the commencement of 6th
semester examination and shall defend her/his report in a Viva-voce Examination.
----------------------------
34