CEO Midterms

CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION
ENGR. JANE CRISTEL B. DE LEON

1st Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021
Republic of the Philippines

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Echague, Isabela
1 | Civil Engineering Orientation

CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION
By: Engr. Jane Cristel B. De Leon
Course Description:
Introduction to various tracks and specialization of Civil Engineering, emphasis on

ethics, responsibility and professionalism
Course Objectives:
At the end of this course, the following will be attained:

1. Understand the History of Civil Engineering and the profession
2. Familiarize with the practices of Civil Engineers in relation to their interaction
with the society
3. Know the trend of Civil Engineering Development
4. Understand and Familiarize with the Current Fields/Careers of Civil Engineering
5. Understand the relationship of Civil Engineering to Environmental Science
Course Content
I. History of Civil Engineering
II. Civil Engineering and Society and other profession
III. Current Fields and Careers of Civil Engineering
IV. Civil Engineering Sustainability and the Future
V. Relationship of Civil Engineering to Environmental Science
Class Policies
1. Every Monday/Sunday evening is the uploading of modules in FB Messenger.

2. Question about the lessons shall be entertained during office hours only (8:00
3. Questions about the lessons shall be entertained during office hours only (8:00
AM to 5:00). Communicate in English.
4. Other policies shall be imposed if deemed necessary.
Grading System: Passing Mark: 60%
Prelim: 15%
Midterm: 20%
Finals: 20%
Quizzes: 10%
Research Work: 20%
Activity: 15%

Module 1
History of Civil Engineering
Introduction
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design,
construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including
public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines,
structural components of buildings, and railways.
Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is
considered the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is
defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. Civil engineering
takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in
the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.
Learning Outcome/Objective
At the end of this chapter, the students shall be able to:
1. Knowledge on the Ancient History of Civil Engineering

2. Recognize the work of Civil Engineering in Modern Times
3. Discuss and Understand the Educational and Institutional History of Civil
Engineering
4. Identify the Development and Origin of Civil Engineering and it Profession
in the Philippines.
Learning Content/Topic
A. Ancient History of Civil Engineering
It is difficult to determine the history of emergence and beginning of civil

engineering, however, that the history of civil engineering is a mirror of the history of
human beings on this earth. Man used the old shelter caves to protect themselves of
weather and harsh environment, and used a tree trunk to cross the river, which being
the demonstration of ancient age civil engineering.
Civil Engineering has been an

aspect of life since the beginnings of
human existence. The earliest practices
of Civil Engineering may have
commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC
in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia
(Ancient Iraq) when humans started to
abandon a nomadic existence, thus
causing a need for the construction of
shelter. During this time, transportation
became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing.
Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and
architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations
referring to the same person, often used interchangeably. The construction of
Pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700-2500 BC) might be considered the first instances of
large structure constructions.

Around 2550 BC, Imhotep, the first
documented engineer, built a famous stepped
pyramid for King Djoser located at Saqqara
Necropolis. With simple tools and mathematics
he created a monument that stands to this day.
His greatest contribution to engineering was his
discovery of the art of building with shaped
stones. Those who followed him carried
engineering to remarkable heights using skill and
imagination.
Ancient historic civil engineering constructions include the Qanat water

management system (the oldest older than 3000 years and longer than 71 km,) the
Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447-438 BC), the Appian Way by Roman
engineers (c. 312 BC), the Great Wall of China by General Meng T’ien under orders
from Ch’in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c. 220 BC) and the stupas constructed in ancient
Sri Lanka like the Jetavanaramaya and the extensive irrigation works in
Anuradhapura. The Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire,
including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbours, bridges, dams and roads.
Other remarkable historical structures are Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan

built in 691 BC; Li Ping's irrigation projects in China (around 220 BC); Julius Caesar's
Bridge over the Rhine River built in 55 BC, numerous bridges built by other Romans
in and around Rome(e.g. the pons Fabricius); Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct,
Nimes, France) built in 19 BC; the extensive system of highways the Romans built
to facilitate trading and (more importantly) fast manoeuvring of legions; extensive
irrigation system constructed by the Hohokam Indians, Salt River, AZ around 600
AD; first dykes defending against high water in Friesland, The Netherlands around
1000 AD; El Camino Real - The Royal Road, Eastern Branch, TX and Western
Branch, NM (1500s AD).
Machu Picchu, Peru, built at
around 1450, at the height of the Inca
Empire is considered an engineering
marvel. It was built in the Andes
Mountains assisted by some of history’s
most ingenious water resource
engineers. The people of Machu Picchu
built a mountain top city with running
water, drainage systems, food production
and stone structures so advanced that
they endured for over 500years.
A treatise on Architecture, Book called Vitruvius' De

Archiectura, was published at 1AD in Rome and survived to give
us a look at engineering education in ancient times. It was
probably written around 15 BC by the Roman architect Vitruvius
and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus, as
a guide for building projects.
Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and

construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters,
rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom
supplanted by advances. Structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were
repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental.
One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and
mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in

the 3rd century BC, including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our
understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes’ screw.
Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD,
based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations.
B. Civil Engineering in Modern Times

The beginnings of civil engineering as a separate discipline may be seen in
the foundation in France in 1716 of the Bridge and Highway Corps, out of which in
1747 grew the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (“National School of Bridges
and Highways”). Its teachers wrote books that became standard works on the
mechanics of materials, machines, and hydraulics, and leading British engineers
learned French to read them. As design and calculation replaced rule of thumb
and empirical formulas, and as expert knowledge was codified and formulated, the
nonmilitary engineer moved to the front of the stage. Talented, if often self-taught,
craftsmen, stonemasons, millwrights, toolmakers, and instrument makers became
civil engineers. In Britain, James Brindley began as a millwright and became the
foremost canal builder of the century; John Rennie was a millwright’s apprentice
who eventually built the new London Bridge; Thomas Telford, a stonemason,
became Britain’s leading road builder.
John Smeaton, the first man to call himself a civil engineer, began as an
instrument maker. His design of Eddystone Lighthouse (1756–59), with its
interlocking masonry, was based on a craftsman’s experience. Smeaton’s work was
backed by thorough research, and his services were much in demand. In 1771 he
founded the Society of Civil Engineers (now known as the Smeatonian Society). Its
object was to bring together experienced engineers, entrepreneurs, and lawyers to
promote the building of large public works, such as canals (and later railways), and
to secure the parliamentary powers necessary to execute their schemes. Their
meetings were held during parliamentary sessions; the society follows this custom
to this day.
The École Polytechnique was founded in Paris in 1794, and the Bauakademie
was started in Berlin in 1799, but no such schools existed in Great Britain for another
two decades. It was this lack of opportunity for scientific study and for the exchange
of experiences that led a group of young men in 1818 to found the Institution of Civil
Engineers. The founders were keen to learn from one another and from their elders,
and in 1820 they invited Thomas Telford, by then the dean of British civil engineers,
to be their first president. There were similar developments elsewhere. By the mid-
19th century there were civil engineering societies in many European countries and
the United States, and the following century produced similar institutions in almost
every country in the world.
Formal education in engineering science became widely available as other

countries followed the lead of France and Germany. In Great Britain the universities,
traditionally seats of classical learning, were reluctant to embrace the
new disciplines. University College, London, founded in 1826, provided a broad
range of academic studies and offered a course in mechanical philosophy. King’s
College, London, first taught civil engineering in 1838, and in 1840 Queen Victoria
founded the first chair of civil engineering and mechanics at the University of
Glasgow, Scot. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, founded in 1824, offered the first
courses in civil engineering in the United States. The number of universities
throughout the world with engineering faculties, including civil engineering,
increased rapidly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Civil engineering today is
taught in universities on every continent.
C. Educational and Institutional History of Civil Engineering

In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all
things civilian as opposed to military engineering. The first engineering school, The
National School of Bridges and Highways, France, was opened in 1747. The first

self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton who constructed the Eddystone
Lighthouse. In 1771, Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian
Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally
over dinner. Though there was evidence of some technical meetings, it was little
more than a social society.
In 1818, world’s first engineering society, the
Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in
London, and in 1820 the eminent engineer Thomas
Telford became its first president. The institution
received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally
recognizing civil engineering as a profession. Its
charter defined civil engineering as: “Civil
engineering is the application of physical and
scientific principles, and its history is intricately
linked to advances in understanding of physics and
mathematics throughout history. Because civil
engineering is a wide ranging profession, including
several separate specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of
structures, material science, geography, geology, soil, hydrology, environment,
mechanics and other fields.”
The first private college to teach Civil Engineering in the United States was
Norwich University founded in 1819 by Captain Alden Partridge. The first degree in
Civil Engineering in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute in 1835. The first such degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by
Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1905.
D. The History and Development of Civil Engineering and its Profession in the
Philippines
During Spanish Time
The history of the architecture and civil engineering profession in the

Philippines were almost synonymous to each other. In more than three-and-a-half
centuries of Spanish subjugation, there were no Filipino civil engineers. Social
prejudice constrained the repressed indio builders to content themselves to be
called mere Maestro de Obras (Master Builders) even if they could design and build
any type of structure that technology could allow at that time. Master Builders as of
today were equivalent to Construction Foreman.
Civil Engineering, as practiced in the Philippines during the Spanish era, was
not by virtue of an academic title. There were no civil engineering schools in the
country at that time and the only architects/engineers with academic degrees were
Spaniards.
The walled city in Intramuros was

established by the Spaniards as a model
community. The Friar Architects/Engineers
during that time were the ones who built the
government buildings, bridges, residential and
other structures, incorporated European
standards in engineering and architectural
installations.
The Walled City of Intramuros, Manila
During the 18th and 19th centuries,
Filipino engineers were assigned the task of
maintaining, repairing and/or remodelling infrastructure systems in all 'pueblos' or
towns including churches, convents and government buildings.
Maestro de Obras were called by the Ilustrados or the elite group to build
structures in villas and mansions.

1571
Miguel Lopez de Legaspi founded the City of Manila on June 24, 1571
The Spaniards started building Fort Santiago (Fuerte de Santiago) after the
establishment of the city of Manila under Spanish rule on June 24, 1571.
1577
With the arrival of the Franciscan Order to Manila in 1577, they began with
construction of wood and cane churches that succumbed to natural catastrophes. In
1739 they constructed a stone church that was financed by the public charity and
became one of richest in Intramuros.
1586
Designed and built by Jesuit priest Antonio Sedeno from 1586 to 1587, it is
one of the oldest stone fortifications in Intramuros. Began as a circular fort called
Nuestra Senora de Guia. Renovated in 1593 to join the walls of the city. Fort fell in
disrepair and, in 1644, construction began for a new baluarte which was completed
between 1653 and 1663. Resembling an ace of spades, it housed a foundry during
the 18th century.
The baluarte was breached by British forces with cannon fire in 1762.
Restored and strengthened after the British occupation but was damaged during the
1863 earthquake. It was destroyed during the Battler of Manila in 1945. Restoration
began in 1979 and completed in 1992.
1599
St. Augustine Church is the oldest stone church in the Philippines. It was built
in 1599: however, it was also destroyed and rebuilt many times. It is an immense
structure of thick walls of Corinthian and Ionic designs.
1621
In 1621, Don Bernardino Castillo, a generous patron and a well-known

devotee of St. Sebastian. Patron of Archers, donated his lot, which is now the
present site of the San Sebastian Church. The original church, which was made of
wood, was burned in 1851 during a Chinese uprising. The succeeding structures
were destroyed twice by fire and an earthquake in 1859. 1883. and 1880
respectively.
Father Esteban Martinez, the parish priest at that time, approached the
Spanish Architect Genero Palacios with a plan to build a fire and earthquake-
resistant church made entirely of steel. Ambeth Ocampo states that the present San
Sebastian church was ordered knockdown in steel parts from the Societe Anonyme
des Enterprises de Travaux Publiques in Brussels. Belgium.
Two Belgian engineers supervised the construction of the church. On June 12.
1888, the first shipments of steel parts were brought to the Philippines. For two
years, the church was assembled with local artists and craftsmen joining the Belgian
firm in applying the final finishing touches on this new church of steel. The stained
glass windows were imported from the Henri Oidtmann Company, a German stained
glass firm. The engineering technique used in the construction of the church,
including metal fixtures and the overall structure, were from Gustave Eiffel, the
creator of the Eiffel Tower. This was confirmed when Chinese-American architect. I.
M. Pei, visited the Philippines in the late 70's. He came to confirm what he heard
about Gustave Eiffel designing a steel church in Asia.

1632
Puente Grande was the first bridge to be erected across the grand Rio del
Pasig. Built in 1632, this wooden bridge connects Intramuros and Binondo together,
making it easier and relatively faster to travel from one end to the other. It underwent
several reconstructions and renovations as it was always heavily damaged by
earthquakes. After the 1883 earthquake. Puente Grande was renamed to Puente
de Espatia. The bridge was replaced in 1875 widening its spans to masonry of six
and two central houses. It can accommodate both pedestrians and vehicles
including horse or carabao drawn carts and carriages, and tranvia. This bridge was
replaced for the last time with a neo-classical design by Juan Arellano in the 1930s
and was called the Jones Bridge.
1645
Manila was hit by an earthquake and was reconstructed
1686
Irrigation and Water System
The first artesian wells were built in Bells, Pampanga by Fr. Manuel Camanes.
The water system in Manila (now MWSS) had its beginning from the water works
constructed by Fr. Juan Peguero in 1686. The first irrigation system was constructed
in Tanay, Rizal by Fr. Jose Delgado.
(17th Century)
Cavite Friar Land Irrigation System is one of the oldest irrigation systems in
the Philippines. Sometimes in the 17th century, the Spanish period encomiendas or
Spanish Royal lands grants were implemented in Cavite. The priests were granted
by the Spanish King, portions of the agricultural land in Cavite. They subdivided the
lands in to four estates namely: Naic Estate. Santa Cruz de Malabon (Tanza) Estate,
San Francisco de Malabon (General Trias) Estate and Imus Estate, all of which are
now popularly called as Cavite Friar Lands.
1846
The Pasig River Light House was the first lighthouse (masonry-built) erected
in the Philippines. It was first lighted on 1846 and deactivated on 1992. It was then
located on the north jetty at the mouth of Pasig River, (San Nicolas, Manila) marking
the entrance to the river for vessels around Manila Bay, looking to dock on the ports
along the banks of the river in Manila.
A light station has been established on the site since 1642. The first lighthouse
structure was erected by the ruling Spanish government and lit on September 1.
1846. From its location at the mouth of the historic river, which divides Manila into
two sections, it was a welcoming beacon for over a century to all mariners of inter-
island vessels when bringing their vessels up into the river for berthing along its busy
wharves.
The lighthouse, which was known locally as Farola (Spanish for lighthouse")
was one of the most conspicuous landmarks in the harbor of Manila in the early part
of the 20th century. The building and later expansion of the Port of Manila, south of
the light station and subsequent land reclamations, has greatly altered the location
of the lighthouse obscuring it from the wide expanse of Manila Bay
The lighthouse was demolished in 1992 and was replaced with an

architecturally simpler lighthouse with the new tower built on the foundation of the
old one. The Philippine Coast Guard Station of Manila is located adjacent to the

lighthouse and the community that developed from the reclaimed lands is now
known as 'Parole (Filipino for "lighthouse").
The present tower is a white conical concrete structure with a height of 46 feet
(14.02 m) and a focal plane of 43 feet (13.11 m). The old tower was taller at 49 feet
(14.94 m). Lighthouses in the Philippines are maintained by the Philippine Coast
Guard.
1852
Puente Colgante (which is the term for a suspension bridge in Spanish:

literally. hanging bridge) was the first suspension bridge built in Southeast Asia when
it was started in 1849 and completed in 1852. It was built and owned by Ynchausti
y Compaiiia, the business headed by Jose Joaquin de Ynchausti. He commissioned
the design from Basque engineer Mafias Menchacatorre. The bridge was first
named Puente de Claveria, likely in honor of the Governor-General of the Philippines
Narciso Claveria, who served from 1844-1849.
Puente Colgante was the first suspension bridge, not only the Philippines but
in South East Asia as well, and probably the first toll bridge of its kind in the
Philippines, a precursor of the modem Sky Way, albeit for pedestrian use only.
The suspension bridge measured 110 metres (360 ft) long and 7 metres (23
ft) wide, and had two lanes that allowed passage of horses and carabao-drawn
carriages. It was also opened for pedestrians traveling on foot between Quiapo and
Intramuros and nearby areas.
In 1854 Ynchausti brought together the Ynchausti family holdings under the
above name. A Basque Spaniard born in Cadiz, de Ynchausti immigrated to the
Philippines in the second quarter of the nineteenth century and built a business
empire. In 1889 Ynchausti y Compaiiia was the largest company in the Philippines.
The 20th-century writer Nick Joaquin described the bridge as it was in the
1670s: `Across the city's river now arched ... the amazing Puente Colgante,
suspended in the air, like a salute to the age of science and engineering. The
Industrial Age found its expression in the Philippines in the form of a bridge
unparalleled throughout Asia."
Historians dispute local traditions that say the bridge was designed by Gustave
Eiffel, who designed the Eiffel Tower in Paris. (This is also asserted about the
Puente de Ayala.) They note the original bridge has been documented as designed
by a Basque. (In addition. the 1930s work was performed a decade after Eiffel died
in 1923.)
1867
The project for public supply of fresh water to the city dates from the early 18th
century. Before this, the city had to be content with a fresh water supply based on
cisterns. In 1867, the town council decides to take on the challenge of a project to
supply fresh water to the whole of the city. In 1882 the first public water fountain
gushed forth its waters, and shortly after this, the technology of the times was
successful in providing Manila with a fresh water supply from sources up-river.
1868
It was in 1868 when the Bureau of Public Works and Highways (Obras
Publicas) and Bureau of Communications and Transportation (Communicationes y
Meteologia) were organized under a civil engineer known as 'Director General'.
1878-1918

The founding of Carriedo Waterworks
Manila didn't get running water until 1878, when the municipal waterworks was
established by Governor Domingo Moriones, with money from a fund that by then
had become legendary as the Carriedo Legacy.
A 'public-spirited citizen." Don Francisco Carriedo y Peredo was a Basque

from Santander who during his life conferred immense benefits on the Philippines,
having migrated in the Philippines eady in the 18th century. One of his 'obras pias"
(pious works), was a legacy he left in his will for the building of a Manila water
system. Though Sefior Carriedo did not live long enough to see his legacy since he
died in 1743. Manila was to be without running water for more than a century longer.
Thanks to Govemor Moriones who acted on providing Manila with running water that
the Carriedo Legacy was finally fulfilled.
1875
On June 25. 1875. King ALFONSO XII of Spain promulgates the Royal Decree
directing the Office of the Inspector of Public Works of the Philippines to submit a
general plan of railroad in Luzon
1876
The General Plan for Railways was drawn up in 1876 for the island of Luzon.
and included a network totalling 1.730 kilometers. A 192 Km stretch of track was
constructed between Manila and Dagupan. This operated a regular service as from
1892. The most outstanding works carried out on the railway system were the bridge
over the great Pampanga River and the building of Tutuban Station. in the Tondo
district.
The tremendous growth of the city of Manila led the administration to

contemplate. in 1878. the setting up of a public transport network. Five tramway
lines would link the city with its outskirts.
1878
The concession for constructing five tramways in Manila and its suburbs was
approved. The plan included a main station at San Gabriel and the crossing of the
river via the "Puente de Espana"
1880
School for Maestro de Obras called Escuela Practica y Artes Oficios de Manila
was founded. Its first Filipino graduates were Julio Hernandez (1891). Isidro Medina
(1894). Arcadio Arellano (1894) and Juan Carreon (1896)
Puente de Convalecencia or better known as the Ayala Bridge was completed

in 1880. Originally it is composed of two separate spans connected by the Isla de
Convalecencia. which is home to Hospisio de San Jose. dropping point for
abandoned babies. the bridge over this island was originally made of wooden arched
trusses.
1883
On November 1. 1883. the study of the first railroad project between Manila
and Dagupan done by Antonio dela Camara was approved
1887

On July 31. 1887. construction of the Manila-Dagupan railroad was started
1892 On November 24. 1892. the entire line from Manila to Dagupan. with a total
length of 195.4 kms. was completed and put into commercial operations
18th and 19th CENTURY
Road work in the Philippine Islands during the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries. under the Spanish regime. consisted in the opening of routes of
communication throughout the Islands. in a very thorough manner. and leaving a
very valuable asset to the present Government in the matter of the width of right of
way. which was incorporated into the law and became a part of the public domain.
The location of these routes has been justified. inasmuch. that few changes have
been made in the general alignment. except when new sections have opened up
and a change in location justified. Grades have been improved and method of
construction changed. The right of way. as established by law. has made possible
the construction methods of to-day. The use of broken stone or gravel on road work
seems not to have been practiced by the Spaniard. as little evidence is found to
promulgate this berief.
Two types of construction under Spanish regime were practiced: First.

pavement of cut Spanish road. Cut adobe stone pavement. Stone. This was usually
of the adobe quality. probably used because it is easily quarried. cut. and handled.
the size used called "ordinario" 20 by 20 centimeters and 50 centimeters long. This
makes a very smooth and pretty pavement. but. where an ordinary amount of traffic
is encountered. wears very rapidly. Had a hard stone been used. the result would
have been of a permanent nature.
Second. Spanish road. rubble-stone pavement cobblestones. The pavement

of cobblestone consisted of boulders probably taken from river beds varying in size
from 10 to 30 centimeters in diameter. This type was very durable and lasting. so
long as the individual stones retained their position in a bed of earth. Owing to the
size used there was no bond. and stones were easily displaced. unless covered with
earth. sand. or gravel. This pavement was very rough and. had a second or top
course of small gravel been used and bound together with a binding material. would
have been in use to-day. Attention is often called to the good roads that existed
during the Spanish regime.
First Philippine Republic (Aguinaldo)
1898
The Organic Decree issued by Gen. Emilio Aquinaldo establishing the

Philippine Revolutionary Government created four (4) government departments
among which was the Department of War and Public Works.
In 1896. after four (4) centuries of Spanish colonization. our Filipino forebears
started the revolutionary movement and the struggle to gain freedom began. On
June 12. 1898. Gem Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippine Independence in
Kawit. Cavite. The Organic Decree of the Philippine Revolutionary Government on
June 23. 1898 issued by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo provided for the creation of four (4)
Departments in the government. one of which was the DEPARTMENT OF WAR
AND PUBLIC WORKS.
Though once included in the Department of War. now Department of National

Defense. its functions as builder and maintainer of roads. bridges and other public
works structures are inherent in the present Department_ The inclusion of public
works in the War and Department can be explained by the exigencies of the
revolutionary period. The construction of fortifications and trenches was needed in
the cause for freedom which our heroes had fought for.

When Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States in 1898. the public
works and activities were placed under the U.S. Army engineers. 1899 The Malolos
Constitution was ratified during a general assembly of Congress. and the first
Council of Government of the First Philippine Republic was created.
1899
The Malolos Constitution was ratified during a general assembly of Congree

and the first Council of Government of the First Philippinr Repyblic was created.
From January 21. 1899 to May 7. 1899. with Apolinario Mabini as President of
the Cabinet (i.e. Prime Minister). Gracio Gonzaga served as the Secretary of Public
Welfare. which included the transportation and communications portfolio.
When Mabini was replaced by Pedro Paterno as President of the Cabinet.

among the seven departments set up was the Communicaciones y Obras Publicas
(i.e. the Communications and Public Works Department). Maximo Patemo was
appointed as Secretary of Public Works and Communications. Since then. Public
Works. Transportation. and Communications have been grouped into one
department.
During American Regime
The coming of the Americans brought about drastic changes in our

engineering culture. The new colonizers pursued -benevolent' policies that focused
on English education. public health. free enterprise. and representative governance
thus bringing with them were military engineers. Thomasite teachers. doctors and
evangelist.
Under the civil government established in July. 1901. such 'assimilation"

manifested itself physically in the form of infrastructures. Highways. bridges.
schools. hospitals. and government buildings steadily transformed the Philippine
landscape.
1899
In his letter dated January 4. 1899 to Filipinos. US Major-General Elwell S.

Otis. the Military Governor of the Philippines. announced US President William
McKinley's instructions for the islands' Benevolent Assimilation. The instructions
stated that the management of public property and revenue. and the use of all public
means of transportation. were to be conducted by the military authorities (i.e. by the
US Army) until such time that they would be transferred back to civilian authority.
Thus. the Bureau of Engineering was placed under the supervision of American
military engineers. The ports were opened to commerce for all foreign nations.
1900
Foundation of the Liceo de Manila. a private institution offering academic

course for maestro de obras and headed by Leon Ma. Guerrero. The first private
school to offer an academic title for Maestro de Obras. (the forerunner of formal
education in architecture/engineering)
The introduction of reinforced concrete in the Philippines was in the 1900s and
its use in the construction of the Masonic Temple (Grand Lodge of the Philippines).
the first multi-structure in Escotta. Manila.
On April 20. 1900. the US military authorities returned the railroad to its owner

Early 1900's
Transportation in the Philippines was depended largely on trails. waterways.

railroad. earth roads and partially-gravelled roads. Highway in the Philippines at that
time is nothing more than a dream to most Filipinos. The US government initiated
the development of roadways in the Philippines connecting towns. cities and
provinces. The popular Macadam road type was introduced. It gained acceptance
because of abundant supply of stones and gravel.
1901
By virtue of Act No. 83 passed by the Philippine Commission on February 6.

1901. public works and projects were placed under the Provincial Supervisions'.
The 1901 municipal code (February 6. 1901) provided for popularly elected
municipal board members who were responsible for collecting taxes. maintaining
municipal properties. and undertaking necessary construction projects.
1902
The first professional association of architecture and surveyors was born on

September 14. 1902 with the creation of the Academia de Arquitectura y
Agrimensura de Filipinas (AAAF).
Bureau of Engineering and Construction of Public Works and Bureau of

Architecture and Construction of Public Buildings - were created by Act Numbers
222 and 268 of the Philippine Commission and placed under The Department of
Commerce and Police
The Philippine Commission passed Act Nos. 222 and 268 creating the
Department of Commerce and Police which gave birth to the Bureau of Engineering
and Construction of public works and the Bureau of Architecture and Construction
of public buildings.
The Philippine Bill of 1902 (July 1. 1902) or the Philippine Organic Act
authorized the Government of the Philippine Islands to provide for the needs of
commerce. This includes improving harbours. constructing maintaining bonded
warehouses. wharves. piers. light-houses. signal and life-saving stations. buoys.
and like instruments of commerce. as well as to adopt and enforce regulations. (The
US Congress authorizes the Philippine Government to grant franchise and
concession for the construction of public utilities and services)
On December 8, 1902, the first Railroad Legislation Act (Philippine

Commission Act No. 554) was passed granting the Manila Railroad Company
(MRRCo) the right to construct branch lines
1903
AAFF changed the name of association to Academia de Arquitectura.

Ingeniera y Agrimensura de Filipinas (AIAAF) — including civil engineers and
surveyors
But everything was confused and disorganized under our tolerant new
masters. Even in government. it took several years before the Philippine commission
could buckle down to work and create the first Philippine assembly.
1904

The above-mentioned Academia merged with the Liceo and established the
Escuela de Ingeniera y Arquitectura, which offered a five-year course in architecture
and civil engineering.
1905
The Escuela ceased to operate after its first year of inception. The Bureau of
Public Works was created and placed under Department of Commerce and Police
on October 26, 1905
Act No. 1401 of the Philippine Commission passed on October 4, 1905,

abolished engineering districts and positions of district engineers. On October 26 of
the same year. however, by virtue of a Reorganization Act. the Bureau of Public
Works was created and placed under the Department of Commerce and Police.
Along with the economic growth of the country was the need for a more extensive
road network that would penetrate the rural areas. In order to achieve that end,
provincial boards were created in 1907 with authority to collect double cedula taxes
to finance the construction of provincial roads and bridges. In addition, the national
government appropriated P1,700,000 as aid to such constructions.
1906
On July 7. 1906, Philippine Commission Act No. 1510 was enacted giving the
concession of the railway to Speyer and Co. with Mr. Horace Higgins as General
Manager
1907
The Faculty of Engineering of the University of Santo Tomas (UST) is the

oldest engineering school in the Philippines. It was established on May 18, 1907, as
School of Civil Engineering with one program offering leading to the degree of
Master of Science in Civil Engineering (MSCE). From faculty records, it appeals that
it was only in 1912 when the earliest batch of students was conferred their MSCE
degrees.
Don Ramon Irureta-Goyena headed the UST-COE. During the early years of
U.S. occupation, most of the civil engineers in our country came from America. The
College was patterned after the University of Havana in Cuba and was fast set up
at the second floor of the old UST building in Intramuros.
1908
The above-named Escuela was reorganized and reopened its doors to

students but this time offered a three-year course for architecture, civil engineering
and electrical engineering.
1909
Wawa Dam (also known as Montalban Dam) is a gravity dam constructed over
the Marikina River in the municipality of Rodriguez in Rizal province. Philippines.
The slightly arched dam is situated in the 360-metre (1,180 ft) high Montalban Gorge
or Wawa Gorge, a water gap in the Sierra Madre Mountains, and east of Manila. It
was built in 1909 during the American colonial era to provide the water needs for
Metro Manila. It used to be the only source of water for Manila until Angat Dam was
built and Wawa was abandoned. Due to insufficiency of water supply for Metro
Manila, there was a strong clamor to reuse the dam.
1910
The Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines. in a resolution

passed on June 3. 1910, appointed Mr. W.J. Colbert as acting Dean of the College

of Engineering. His appointment was set to effect on June 13. 1910 thereby creating
the College of Engineering. Dean Colbert was authorized to prepare the curriculum
and select the necessary teaching personnel for the new course. Initially, a four-year
course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science with an additional degree of
Civil Engineer upon completion of an extra year of study was approved. The first
instructor to be appointed was Mr. Jose P. Katigbak of the City Engineer's Office of
Manila, as instructor in graphics (drawing) on a part-time basis.
The first appearance of motor vehicles in the Philippine highways in 1910.

Roads and bridges had to be kept in good condition at all times. Naturally. there was
a need for funds to keep the roads passable the whole year round.
1911
In 1911. the AIAAF was dissolved when the civil engineers (and other
engineering profession) withdrew to form their own professional organization (The
Philippine Society of Engineers), but not before it has struggled for the passage of
an Engineers and Architects Law.
1912
The Escuela was closed.
The Irrigation Act of 1912: Under the American regime, the government
initiated policies to stimulate national economic growth through irrigation
development. The Irrigation Division under the Bureau of Public Works (BPW) was
established in 1908 (the friar lands were sold to govt. which in turn were sold to the
tenants in 1902). The Irrigation Act was passed in 1912. This regulated the
appropriation of public waters, investigation, construction, operation and
maintenance of irrigation systems. It also regulated the appropriation of public
waters, prescribed rules on water rights and provided for the securing of payments
for irrigation services from the beneficiaries.
1913
The first NIS, the San Miguel River Irrigation System in Tarlac with a service
area of 6000 hectares was inaugurated in 1913. During World War I. all
appropriations for irrigation was withdrawn and the Irrigation Division was
downgraded to a section in the Design Division of the BPW. Through legislative Act
No. 2562, financial assistance was given to existing private irrigation systems
covering a minimum of 25 ha., through duly organized corporations or associations
of landowners.
1914
Communal irrigation systems (CIS) were simple structures. The earliest on

record is as far back as 1914, mostly located in the Ilocos area of northern
Philippines and known as the zanjera. The term zanjera is derived from the Spanish
term for turnout and used locally to refer to a co-operative irrigation society the
function of which was to secure a stable and reliable supply of water for its members.
Most zanjeras may have two or more sittios or barrios. Membership may comprise
of all land owner or tenants or a combination of both. Water from these systems
were usually obtained from river diversions by bamboo and rock structures-the
brush dam." Being temporary structures, the community was brought together in its
reconstruction on a regular basis. Different zanjeras may share a single main or
diversion dam. In this case, necessary social adaptations were made to settle
conflicts between individuals or groups. The construction, repair and maintenance
costs of the physical system were shared by all the members through contributions
in materials or labor.
1916

On February 4, 1916. By authority of Philippine Legislature Act No. 2574,
former Governor General Harrison negotiates the acquisition of the MRRCo by the
Philippine Government
The Reorganization Act 2666 as amended by Act No. 2803 dated November
18. 1916 gave birth to the Department of Commerce and Communications
(Department of Commerce and Police transformed to The Department of Commerce
and Communications), consisting of the Bureau of Commerce and Industry. Bureau
of Supply. Bureau of Public Works. Bureau of Posts. Bureau of Labor and Bureau
of Coast and Geodetic Survey.
To raise such needed funds, motor vehicles and drivers plying the highways
were required to register with fee in 1921. To keep pace with further development in
transportation and communications, the Department of Commerce and Police was
transformed into the Department of Commerce and Communications under
Reorganization Act No. 2666 of 1916.
18 January 1917 - 03 October 1922
When the first cabinet comprised of Filipinos was organized. Gov. Gen.
Francis. B. Harrison appointed Cebu governor Dionisio Jakosalem as Secretary of
Commerce and Communication. The construction of roads and public buildings
marked his administration as governor of Cebu. He is credited with having linked the
southern and northern parts of the province with roads.
1919 —1954
Metropolitan Water District was founded 1921
The Engineers and Architects Law (Act No. 2985) passed on February 23.
1921. The law created separate Board of Examiners for civil engineering and
architecture. They were schooled abroad as civil engineers and architects. Due to
the Engineers and Architects Law of 1921. Filipinos were allowed to practice as
Architects and Engineers because of their experience as Maestro de Obras in the
Spanish Period.
Public Act No. 2985 was enacted empowering the Secretary of Commerce
and Communication to appoint members of the boards of the architecture and
engineering professions. The Act, which contained very general provisions on the
regulation of engineering and architecture, was later amended by Acts No. 3159 and
3182.
1928
A group of civil engineers from the government sector formed the Philippine
Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) which was the first civil engineering organization
in the Philippines with Engr. Marcia! Kasilag as its first president.
Engr. Kasilag thereupon received the honor of holding PRC Registration

Number 1 for Civil Engineers. He then occupied a high-ranking position in the
government and the early members of PSCE were government engineers. There
were relatively few civil engineers in private practice during that time as most of the
early graduates were readily engaged by the various government agencies.
1930's
Puente Colgante Bridge was replaced by a modern steel arch bridge during
early 1930's. It was renamed Quezon Bridge after Manuel L Quezon, the president
of the Philippines at that time.

1931
Department of Commerce and Communications renamed as the Department

of Public Works and Communications
More development for the Department took place in 1931 when the Philippine
Legislature passed on May 1 of that year Act No. 4007, renaming the Department
of Commerce and Communications as Department of Public Works and
Communications. This Ac, however, did not state the proper composition and
functions of the DPWC.
Commonwealth Government
1935
On August 2. 1935. Act Number 4211 was enacted — permitting under-aged

persons to take the board exam on condition that they will not practice their
profession until they attained the required age of 21.
During the inauguration of the Commonwealth Government on November 15.

1935. a reorganization of the DPWC was undertaken. Under the set up. it was
composed of the Bureau of Public Works. Ports. Aeronautics. Coast and Geodetic
Survey. Metropolitan Water District Division of Marine. Railway and Repair Shop.
National Radio Broadcasting. Irrigation Council and Board of Examiners for Civil.
Mechanical. Chemical and Mining Engineers.
1937
The Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE) was formed from a group
of civil engineers in the private sector with Engr. Enrique Sto. Tomas Cortes as its
first president
The objectives of both organizations were similar with each other in which both
of them wants to: "elevate the standards of the profession, encourage research and
engineering knowledge and technology, foster fellowship among members, and
promote interrelation with other technological and scientific societies".
The PACE being the most active than the PSCE led to the transfer of many
PSCE members to PACE.
1938
In 1938, statutes for practice of architecture from engineering separated by

law —National Assembly Bill No. 1850
On January 31. 1938, the first Bicol train was put into operation
On May 8. 1938, the unified system of railroad from San Fernando. La Union
in the North to Legazpi in the South was formally inaugurated
1940
Highway 54 was the former name of the Epifanio delos Santos Avenue
(EDSA). Stretching some 54 kilometers. Highway 54 serves as a lifeline for
hundreds of thousands of Filipinos passing or doing business in Metro Manila.
It formed a major part of the circumferential roads in Metro Manila. From the
south. it passes through five cities Pasay. Makati. Mandaluyong. Quezon City, and
Caloocan. Its southem endpoint is at the rotunda near the SM Mall of Asia in Pasay

City while its northern point is at Monumento in Caloocan City near the Andres
Bonifacio monument.
When the avenue was constructed in 1940 by engineers led by Florencio

Moreno and Osmundo L. Monsod. it was first named as North and South
Circumferential Road. But at the end of World War II, the American occupiers
changed the name to Highway 54.
But in 1959, by virtue of Republic Act 2140, the highway was renamed in honor
of Epifanio de los Santos, a famous statesman of the province of Rizal.
During Japanese Occupation (World War II)
1941
The tides of war in the Pacific came in December 1941 and thereby interrupted
the normal operations of the schools and colleges. By order of the President of the
Philippines, all schools were closed. When the Japanese forces entered Manila in
January 1942, they occupied the College/School buildings.
In 1941, outbreak of World War II, the Department of Public Works and
Communications (OPWC) and other government offices were practically abolished
due to dislocation of manpower, lack of funds, materials and equipment, installation
of enemy administration and the setting up of resistance movement.
24 December 1941 to 01 August 1944
During the Japanese occupation, the exiled Commonwealth government of

President Manuel Quezon issued Executive Order 396, which reorganized and
grouped the cabinet. The Department of Public Works and Communication became
the Department of National Defense. Public Works. Communications and Labor with
Basilio Valdes as Secretary.
1942
On Philippine soil, to mitigate the sufferings of the people under the iron-clad
rule of the Japanese, the Philippine Executive Commission was established. Under
President Jose P. Laurel's administration. Quintin Paredes served as Minister of
Public Works and Communications.
Caliraya Dam is an embankment dam located in the town of Lumban province

of Laguna, in the Sierra Madre Mountain Range of the Philippines. The reservoir
created by the dam. Lake Caliraya, initially supplied one of the oldest hydroelectric
plants in the Philippines, and later became a popular recreational area for numerous
water sports and fishing. The dam construction was started in 1939 and a small
hydroelectric plant was operated in 1942.
Continuation of Commonwealth Government (After the War)
After the Second World War, the new independent Philippine government
continued the rehabilitation and construction of roads, bridges, buildings and other
infrastructures, through the reparations and war damages paid by the Japanese
government. Other financial grants and aids received from the US government were
used in the construction and rehabilitation of roads, bridges, buildings and other
infrastructures.
1944
President Sergio Osmefta issued Executive Order 15-W on August 8. 1944

reorganizing and consolidating the Executive Departments of the Commonwealth

government with Secretary Basilio Valdes as Secretary of National Defense and
Communications.
1945
The reorganization of the government after it was re-established on Philippine

soil was undertaken with Executive Order No. 27 on February 27. The Department
of National Defense and Communications was again named Department of Public
Works and Communications.
08 March 1945-1946
Justice Sotero Cabahug replaced Secretary Valdes as Secretary of Public

Works and Communications.
Third Republic
1946
Resuming its operation in 1946, the Department of Public Works and

Communications (DPWC) started with limited human resources, funds, materials
and equipment. An office of the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads was set up to
cooperate with the Philippine Bureau of Public Works in implementing the highway
program as authorized by the Philippine Rehabilitation Act of 1946.
1946 -1948
Ricardo Nepumoceno served as Secretary of Public Works and

Communications under the administration of President Manuel Roxas, lie continued
to do so under the administration of President Elpidio Quirino.
1947
The authority of the Department of Public Works and Communications was

further expanded when, in 1947, the Motor Vehicles Office was placed under its
direct supervision.
1948
The country's premiere airport. Manila International Airport Authority was

originally a US Air Force base until 1948, when it was turned over to the Philippine
government's National Airport Corporation. The fledgling civil aviation airport's
facilities were nothing more than the current domestic runway and a small building
as its only passenger terminal.
1949 Laws separating statutes between architects and engineers passed

1950's. The momentum to rebuild from the ashes of WWII and replace destroyed
public edifices and utilities made the 1950s an eventful decade for the construction
industry.
1950 — 1956
The Ambuklao dam was the highest and biggest in the Far East. It is made of
earth and rockfull which measures 129 meters in height and 452 meters in length.
The elevation of its crest is 758 meters and the roadway that runs through the top of
the dam has an elevation of 756 meters. There are 8 Tainter radial gates at the
clam's spillway. Each spillway measures 12.5 meters by 12.5 meters and is 127
meters in length. The gross storage capacity of the dam's reservoir is 327,170,000
cubic meters and it has a usable storage capacity of 258,000,000 cubic meters. The

drainage area is 686 square kilometers and is 11 km long with a maximum width of
1 km. Construction began on July 1950 and opened on December 23, 1956.
1950
On June 17, 1950, the Architects (Philippine Institute of Architects) prepared

and lobbied the passing of the first Architect's law (RA 545) while the Civil Engineers
(Philippine Association of Civil Engineers), the Civil Engineering law (RA 544,
through the efforts of PACE President Alberto Guevarra) was also passed the same
year. They jointly celebrated the passing of their respective laws at the Manila Hotel
Winter Garden.
1951
Department of Public Works and Communications (DPWC) was reconstituted

as The Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications (DPWTC)
President Elpidio Quirino under Executive Order No. 392 in 1951, the DPWC
was again reconstituted to Department of Public Works. Transportation and
Communications (DPWTC) to include the Bureaus of Public Works. Posts.
Telecommunications. Motor Vehicles Office, Irrigation Council. Flood Control
Commission. Radio Control Board, National Transportation Board and Government
Quarters Committee.
Taking cognizance of the social impact of the road network to national growth,
the Philippine Highway Act of 1953 or Republic Act No. 917 providing for an effective
highway administration modified apportionment of highway funds and gave aid to
provinces and cities for the improvement and maintenance of roads and bridges.
In relation to road and bridge construction and maintenance, the Bureau of

Public Highways was created in 1954 by virtue of the Republic Act No. 1192 and
placed under the Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications.
This Act provided for a more effective management of the Philippine Highways under
a Commissioner. Active plans & programs were formulated & implemented.
With the abolition of National Airport Corporation in 1951, ownership and

management of the airport fell to the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CM) under
the Department of Commerce & Industry. In 1956, the CAA was transferred to the
Department of Public Works, Transportation & Communications.
1954
Bureau of Public Highways (BPH) was created and placed under The
Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications (DPWTC)
R.A. No. 1192, AN ACT TO CREATE THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC HIGHWAYS,

ABOLISHING THE DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS OF THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC
WORKS Approved, August 25, 1954.
R.A. No. 1080 was enacted on June 15, 1954 — making bar and board exam
(passers) are equivalent to First-Grade Civil Service eligibility.
1955
REPUBLIC ACT No. 1383 was approved on June 18. 1955 "AN ACT
CREATING A PUBLIC CORPORATION TO BE KNOWN AS THE NATIONAL
WATERWORKS AND SEWERAGE AUTHORITY'
The first road classification system in the country was established through
Republic Act No. 917, known as the Philippine Highway Act, enacted in 1953 and

Executive Order 113, series of 1955 which classified roads into national roads
(national primary and national secondary), 'national aid' roads (roads of sufficient
importance for eventual reclassification at a later stage) and
provincial/city/municipal/barangay roads.
1955 -1970
National Waterworks and Sewerage System Authority (NAWASA) was

created through RA 1383
1956
On June 16. 1956, the Civil Engineering law was further amended by Republic
Act No. 1582. On the same year, the Architecture law was further amended by
Republic Act No. 1581.
Ambuklao Dam is part of a hydroelectric facility in Brgy. Ambuklao. Bokod.

Benguet province in the Philippines. The development of the Agno River for
purposes of hydroelectric power generation, flood control, and irrigation had been
conceived as eady as the late 1940s. Preliminary investigations for development at
Ambuklao and Binga Dam sites were undertaken as early as January 1948. With
maximum water storage capacity of 327.170.000 cubic metres (265.240 acre•ft), the
facility, which is located 36 km (22 mi) from Baguio city, can produce up to 105
megawatts of electricity to Luzon grid. The main source of water comes from the
Agno River which originates from Mt. Data.
Ambuklao Dam bagan its construction on July 1950 and opened on December
23. 1956.
1957
Agusan Dam started construction on May 1956 and it opened on December

29. 1957.
1960's
Philippines had created one of the top countries in the world that produces
architects and engineers since the 60's
Private and infrastructure developments were not in existence in the country

to make use of these new architects and engineers
Shortage of projects in the country have resulted to an influx of Filipino

architects and engineers migration to the US and Europe which started in the 60's
Inexpensive labor and be able to communicate in English of these Filipino

professionals made them attractive to be hired by these developed countries
Due to their proficiency in English (compared to other immigrants). Filipino

architects/engineers have successfully assimilated in the political and economic
structure in their host country
Many architects and engineers have established their own firms and/or had
'broken the ceiling" within their firms
Due to their numbers. Filipino architects and engineers globally have formed
their own groups and made alliances with other Filipino associations
Many Filipino architects and engineers in the Philippines have found contract
work overseas

The North Luzon Expressway (NLE or NLEx), and which is formerly called the
North Diversion Road and Manila North Expressway (MNEX), and officially known
as Radial Road 8 is a 2 to 8-lane limited-access toll expressway that connects Metro
Manila to the provinces of the Central Luzon region in the Philippines. It is one of
the two branches of the Radial Road 8 (R-8) of Metro Manila (Quirino Highway is
the other). It was built in the 1960s.
The North Luzon Expressway (NLE or NLEx), and which is formerly called the
North Diversion Road and Manila North Expressway (MNEX), and officially known
as Radial Road 8 is a 2 to 8-lane limited-access toll expressway that connects Metro
Manila to the provinces of the Central Luzon region in the Philippines. It is one of
the two branches of the Radial Road 8 (R-8) of Metro Manila (Quirino Highway is
the other). It was built in the 1960s.
The expressway begins in Quezon City at a cloverleaf interchange with EDSA:

a continuation of Andres Bonifacio Avenue. It then passes through Quezon City.
Caloocan, and Valenzuela in Metro Manila. Meycauayan. Marilao. Bocaue.
Balagtas. Guiguinto. Malolos. Plaridel, and Pulilan in Bulacan. San Simon. San
Fernando. Mexico and Angeles in Pampanga. The expressway currently ends at
Mabalacat and merges with the MacArthur Highway, which continues northward into
the rest of Central and Northern Luzon.
Presently, it was maintained by Toll ways Management Corporation with a

total length of 84 km
1960-1980's
The automobile age. It was during the decade that road construction becomes
a matter of priority of the government under the slogan: This nation is on Wheels."
1960
Binga Dam is a dam connected to a hydroelectric power plant situated at

Barrio Binga. Barangay Tinongdan in Itogon. Benguet. Philippines. The plant was
constructed in 1956 and was opened in 1960, three years after Ambuklao Dam was
opened. It is located 31 km southeast of Baguio City and 19 km downstream of
Ambuklao Dam. Improvement of the dam is on-going for it had received heavy
damage during the 1990 Luzon earthquake, and its installed capacity of 100 MW is
being upgraded to 120 MW.
In 1960, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures prepared a system

of units designated the 'Systeme Internationale d' Unites' with the abbreviation SI for
worldwide adoption. It has been adopted and used by most of the over 160 countries
in the world, with the exception of Borneo, the Sultanate of Brunei, Liberia and
notably the United States.
1961
The first thirteen years of the airport were marked by the building of
infrastructure dedicated to international flights. The international runway and
associated taxiway were built in 1953, and 1961 saw the completion of a control
tower and a terminal building for the exclusive use of international passengers at the
southwest intersection of the runways. This system came to be officially known as
the Manila International Airport (MIA).
The Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) was

founded.
1961-1967

Angat Dam located at Norzagaray. Bulacan started its construction on
November 1961 and opened on October 16. 1967 with height of 131 meters, length
of 568 meters and base width of 550 meters. The source of darn is the Angat River,
with a capacity of 850 million cubic meters
1963
REPUBLIC ACT No. 3597 was approved on June 22. 1963 (NAWASA Act)
AN ACT AMENDING CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT

NUMBERED THIRTEEN HUNDRED EIGHTY-THREE. ENTITLED "AN ACT
CREATING A PUBLIC CORPORATION TO BE KNOWN AS THE NATIONAL
WATERWORKS AND SEWERAGE AUTHORITY'
The National Irrigation Administration is a government-owned and controlled

corporation tasked with the development and operation of Irrigation Systems all over
the country. It was created under RA 3601 which was signed on June 22. 1963 by
then President Diosdado P. Macapagal.
Its forerunner was the Irrigation Division of the defunct Bureau of Public
Works. By virtue of Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1 issued by President Ferdinand
Marcos, all irrigation activities were integrated under the NIA. The Agency's power
was likewise broadened and capitalization increased from P300 M to 2 B by the
issuance of PD 552 on September 11. 1072. Capitalization was further increased to
P10 B under PD 1702 on July 17. 1980.
NIA absorbed the functions of the Irrigation Division of the Bureau of Public
Works and the Irrigation Unit of the Bureau of Lands and Friar Lands Irrigation
System. This hybrid nature of MA enabled it to use funds from the government
treasury for constructing and rehabilitating irrigation systems, the underlying
premise being that irrigation benefited not only the farmers, but the broader society
as well.
1964
On June 20. 1964. Republic Act No. 4156 is enacted. It changes the corporate
name of Manila Railroad Company (MRRCo) to Philippine National Railways (PNR)
1965
R.A No. 4566 was enacted on June 19. 1965 — regulating constructions or
The Contractor's License Law'
1967
Angat Dam is a concrete water reservoir embankment hydroelectric dam that

supplies the Manila metropolitan area water. It was a part of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa
water system. The reservoir supplies about 90 percent of raw water requirements
for Metro Manila through the facilities of the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage
System and it irrigates about 28.000 hectares of farmland in the provinces of
Bulacan and Pampanga. Construction began on November 1961 and it opened on
October 16. 1967.
R.A. No. 5181 was enacted on September 8. 1967 — requiring residence and
reciprocity in the exercise of professions by aliens.
During Martial Law (Marcos Era)
1965-1973 President Ferdinand Marcos appointed Manuel Syquio as Acting

Secretary of Public Works and Communications.

1970's
The 70's is commonly known as the Martial Law years. Declared in 1972. the
first few years of its implementation brought about good things to our country. But
its later years proved to be the most trying times of our country. Incidentally. the
construction industry in the Middle East was at its peak and civil engineers and
architects were in demand.
In the early 1970's, there were already 591 national and municipal ports plus
200 private ports scattered all over the country necessitating the need for long-range
planning and rationalization of port development.
1971 - 1997
On 19 June 1971. Republic Act 6234 was enacted. It dissolved the National
Waterworks and Sewerage System (NAWASA) and created in its place the
Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS). MWSS was thus given
the mandate 'to ensure an uninterrupted and adequate supply and distribution of
potable water for domestic and other purposes at just and equitable rates? The
proper operation and maintenance of sewerage systems was likewise part of its
mandate.
1971
On August 20. 1971. Republic Act No. 6366 was passed amending the PNR
Charter
1972
PACE President Engr. Cesar A. Caliwara, exerted a serious effort in merging

the two organizations. Leaders of PACE and PSCE negotiated, and talked about the
choice of name. Some concerns were raised such as formal accounting and turnover
of assets and liabilities, accreditation of bonafide members and election rules for the
first officers which were sooner resolved.
1973
On June 1973. President Ferdinand E. Marcos issued Presidential Decree

223, creating the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) regulating all
professions and accrediting only one organization to represent each profession.
On December 11, 1973, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

issued Registration Certificate No.53896 to the PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS. INC. (PICE). This was the culmination and fulfilment of a vision to
merge two separate organizations of civil engineers in the country, the Philippine
Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) and the Philippine Association of Civil Engineers
(PACE).
Presidential Decree No. 198, also known as The Provincial Water Utilities Act
of 1973.' was signed into law on May 25, 1973. That law created the Local Water
Utilities Administration or LWUA in the national level and provided for the
establishment of Water Districts in provincial cities and municipalities.
A feasibility study and airport master plan was drawn up in 1973 by Airways
Engineering Corporation. The detailed engineering design of the new MIA
Development Project (MIADP) was undertaken by Renardet-Saufiaransplan/F.F.
Cruz Consultants while the design of the International Passenger Terminal building
was prepared by Architect L.V. Locsin & Associates. A USS29.6 Million loan was
arranged with the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to finance the project.

1974
On February 1974, the first election of officers of PICE was held and Engr.
Cesar Caliwara became its first president. In order to truly unite the civil engineers
of the Philippines, provincial chapters were organized.
Bureau of Public Highways (BPH) was expanded as The Department of Public

Highways (DPH)
The former Bureau of Public Highways was expanded and restructured into
the Department of Public Highways (DPH) for a more effective administration of the
country's highway system through Administrative Order No. 2, dated July 1, 1974.
1975
The first International convention was held in the Philippines on May 20 to 24.
1975 with the theme 'Civil Engineering in Disaster Prevention Control." (Philippine
Institute of Civil Engineers)
On August 13. 1975, the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC)

recognized the PICE as the only official organization of civil engineers in the
Philippines with Accreditation No. 007
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 693 (Construction of Magat Dam) was enacted

on May 7. 1975
PD No. 693 - Authorizing the Construction of the Magat River Multi-Purpose

Project in Isabela. Providing for the Financing Thereof, and for Other Purposes.
National Housing Authority (NHA) was created under PD 757 to oversee

housing development on a national level.
The Philippine Ports Authority was created under Presidential Decree No. 505
which was subsequently amended by P.D. No. 857 in December 1975.
In 1975. President Ferdinand Marcos, by a Presidential Decree, the System

International (SI) system of units was mandated in the Philippines
1976
With the shift in the form of government, national agencies were renamed from
Departments to Ministries. In 1976. Department of Public Works. Transportation and
Communications (DPWTC) became Ministry of Public Works. Transportation and
Communications (MPWTC) & Department of Public Highways (DPH) as Ministry of
Public Highways (MPH).
In 1976, the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) was created through
the National Water Code of the Philippines Mater Code of the Philippines) to
coordinate policies concerning water resources.
1977
PD 1096, otherwise known as the National Building Code of the Philippines

(the 'NBCP") signed by then Pres. Ferdinand Marcos on 19 February 1977 and its
Implementing Rules and Regulations ('IRR'):
Pantabangan Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam on the Pampanga River

located in Pantabangan in Nueva Ecija province of the Philippines. The multi-
purpose dam provides water for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation while
its reservoir. Pantabangan Lake, affords flood control. The reservoir is considered

one of the largest in Southeast Asia and also one of the cleanest in the Philippines.
Construction on the dam began in 1971 and it was completed in 1977.
In May 1969, the Congress of the Philippines authorized the development of

the Pampanga Basin with Republic Act No. 5499. In October of that year, detailed
studies of the Pantabangan site were carried out and lasted two years. By June 11.
1971. Pantabangan was an old town of around 300 years old. President Ferdinand
Marcos and many others arrived for a ground breaking ceremony in Palayupay.
Pantabangan. Nueva Ecija, to signal the beginning of the construction of
Pantabangan Dam. The dam went into operation in February 1977 and was
completed later in May. Approximately 1.300 people were relocated from the dam's
reservoir zone.
1978
Under the 1973 Constitution, a Parliamentary Form of governance was

established and departments were renamed into ministries establishing the formal
ministry system. Hence, the Department of Public Works and Communications
became the Ministry of Public Works. Transportation and Communications
(MPWTC).
The National Engineering Center (NEC) was established as per P.D. No.
1295. It is an agency supported by the National Government and by the UNDP. The
NEC will be an umbrella body under which the non-teaching activities of the college
will be administered. These units include: The National Hydraulics Research Center
(NHRC), the Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry (TCAGP),
the UP Industrial Research Center (UPIRC), and the Transport Training Center
(ITC), and the Building Research Services (BRS).
On June 11. 1978. Presidential Decree Number 1594 or The Prescribing

Policies. Guidelines. Rules and Regulations for Government Infrastructure
Contracts' was promulgated.
Presidential Decree No. 1350 was promulgated on April 7. 1978 — allowing

applicants for citizenship to take the board exam pending the approval of their
petition.
1978 -1982
The construction and appurtenant structures was authorized by P.D. 693

signed on May 7. 1975 by the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos. The Magat Dam
was constructed in 1978 and inaugurated by the Late Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos on
October 27. 1982 and started operations in 1983.
Implementation of this multipurpose project was based on the preliminary

study conducted in 1973 by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) with the
assistance of the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) and the United
States Agency for International Development (USAID).
It was a Rock-fill dam with a height of 114 meters and length of 4. 160 meters.
1979
On July 23. 1979 under Executive Order No. 546. MPWTC was again
restructured into two (2) Ministries — the Ministry of Public Works (MPW) and the
Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC), integrating all bureaus and
offices concerned with public works functions and activities under the Ministry of
Public Works. The same went true with all offices involved in transportation and
communications which were placed under the supervision and administration of the
Ministry of Transportation and Communications. Minister Jose P. Dans served as
head of the MOTC.

On July 23. 1979. by Executive Order No. 546. PNR becomes one of the
attached agencies of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, now
DOTC 1980's Major highways and expressways were constructed through the
financial assistance and loans from foreign banks
1980
In 1980 President Marcos founded the Rural Waterworks Development

Corporation (RWDC), responsible for water supply in areas where neither MWSS
nor LWUA carries out the service or assists the LGUs, respectively. The RWDC was
expected to create rural water supply associations in order to construct, operate,
and maintain their own water supply systems in communities with fewer than 20,
000 inhabitants.
On July 12, 1980, the country's president. Ferdinand E. Marcos, created the
Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) as a government agency. The Chairman was the
then First Lady and Governor of Metro Manila. Imelda Romualdez Marcos. This
LRTA confined its activities to determining policies, to the regulation and fixing of
fares, and to the planning of extensions to the system. The project was called
Metrorail and was operated by a sister company of the former tramway company
Meralco called Metro, Inc.
Initial assistance for building the LRT project came from the Belgian
government which granted a P300 million "soft" and interest-free loan with a
repayment time of 30 years. The project was expected to pay for itself within a period
of 20 years out of revenue alone. A Belgian consortium consisting of ACEC (Ateliers
de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi, BN), (Constructions Ferroviaires, et
Metalliques, fomierly Brugeoise et Nivelles). TEI (Tractionnel Engineering
International) and TC (Transurb Consult) provided an additional loan of P700 million.
The consortium provided the cars, signalling, power control, telecommunications,
training and technical assistance. The entire system was expected to be financially
"in the red- well into 1993. Against an expected gross revenue of P365 million for
the first operating year, government losses were thought likely to reach P216 million.
The system was designed as a public utility rather than as a profit center.
Construction of the line started in October 1981, and was the responsibility of
CDCP (Construction and Development Corporation of the Philippines), with
assistance from the Swiss firm of Losinger and the American company Dravo, the
latter, through its Philippine subsidiary. The government appointed Electrowatt
Engineering Services of Zurich (Switzerland) to manage and supervise the project.
Electrowatt set up offices in Manila and became responsible for extension studies
of the system which eventually comprised 150 km of routes along all major corridors
in about 20 years' time.
Martial Law executed Letter of Instruction 1000 on March 20, 1980 — the
Malacanang edict of having just one organization for each profession to be
accredited by the Professional Regulations Commission.
1981
MPW and MPH were merged to become The Ministry of Public Works and
Highways (MPWH)
Under Executive Order No. 710 dated July 27. 1981, the Ministries of Public
Works and Public Highways were merged for a more effective and sustained
implementation of infrastructure projects. Under the restructured set-up, the agency
was known as the Ministry of Public Works and Highways (MPWH) with 14 regional
offices. 94 districts and 60 city engineering offices, five (5) bureaus and six (6)
service offices, in addition to corporations and councils attached to the Ministry for
administrative supervision.

In as early as 1981, the Philippine Board of Examiners for the Various
Licensure Examinations for the Practice of Engineering and Architecture began to
use the new system of units. SI.
1980's
The increase of handheld calculators revolutionized engineering, with faster

and more efficient calculations leaving the old slide rule behind.
1982
Magat Dam is a large rock-fill dam on the island of Luzon in the Philippines.
The dam is located on Magat River, a major tributary of Cagayan River. Construction
of the dam started in 1975 and completed in 1982. Magat Dam is one of the largest
dams in the Philippines and has two primary purposes: as a source of irrigation water
and as a provider of hydroelectric power.
The construction and appurtenant structures was authorized by P.D. 693

signed on May 7. 1975 by the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos. The Magat Dam
was constructed in 1978 and inaugurated by the Late Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos on
October 27. 1982 and started operations in 1983.
Implementation of this multipurpose project was based on the preliminary

study conducted in 1973 by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) with the
assistance of the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) and the United
States Agency for International Development (USAID).
Subsequent detailed and extensive dam site investigation and engineering

studies further confirmed the feasibility of what is now known as NIA's most daring
infrastructure project and one of Asia's biggest dams today.
It was Southeast Asia's first large multipurpose dam. The dam is pad of the
Magat River Multipurpose Project (MRMP) which was financed by the World Bank
and whose purpose is to improve on the existing Magat River Irrigation System
(MARIS) and to triple the production of rice in the Cagayan River basin. The project
was jointly financed by the Philippine Govemment and the World Bank which
extended a USS150M loan to finance the foreign exchange requirement. In addition,
a USS9M loan from Bahrain was obtained for the purchase of other equipment for
the diversion tunnels, soils laboratory and model testing. The total project cost is
USS3.4B (yr. 1975).
The Magat Dam is located on the Magat River at the boundary between the
municipalities of Alfonso Lista in the province of Ifugao and Ramon in Isabela both
on the island of Luzon, approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi) north of Metro Manila.
The Magat River is the largest tributary of the Cagayan River, the longest river in
the country.
1984
Ipo Dam is a gravity concrete water reservoir dam found in the Philippines.
The dam is located about 7.5 kilometres downstream of the Angat Dam in
Norzagaray. Bulacan province. It was a pad of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system.
Its normal level is 110 m.
The Ipo Dam is a gravity concrete dam located about 7.5 kilometres
downstream of the Angat Dam near its confluence with the Ipo River in Bulacan. It
was completed in January 1984 with a maximum storage capacity of 7.5 million
cubic metres, an increase of about 2,500 million litres per day (MLD) from the old
Ipo Dam, which used to be located 200 metres upstream of the new dam.

The spill level of the dam is at an elevation of 101 metres and it has seven
radial floodgates. The watershed topography is characterised by mountainous
terrain similar to the Angat Reservoir Watershed with moderate forest cover. The
watershed has an area of about 70 square kilometers and receives an average
annual rainfall of 3,500 millimeters. Tributaries to the Angat River at this section
include the Ipo, Sapa Pako and Sapa Anginon Rivers. These tributaries drain into
the Angat River from the eastern section of the watershed.
Water from the dam is diverted to the Novaliches Portal and the La Mesa Darn
through three intake structures going down to three connecting tunnels into five
connecting aqueducts.
After EDSA Revolution
1987
Finally, by virtue of Executive Order No. 124, dated January 30, 1987, the
Ministry of Public Works and Highways (MPWH) is now known as the Department
of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) with five (5) bureaus, six (6) services, 16
regional offices, 24 project management offices. 16 regional equipment services and
118 district engineering offices.
As the primary engineering and construction arm of the government, the

DPWH is responsible for the planning, design, construction and maintenance of
infrastructures such as roads and bridges flood control systems, water resource
development projects and other public works in accordance with national objectives.
On August 17, 1987. Republic Act No. 6639 was enacted and the MIA was
renamed the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. The MIA Authority however,
retained its corporate name since the law did not amend the original or revised
charters of the MIAA.
1989
On August 23. 1989, the Tutuban Station and part of the railroad yard was
leased out for shopping mall development. PNR Management Center transfers to its
Training Center site in Caloocan City and PNR Operations Center transfers to its
railway station in Paco, Manila.
The La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park consists of the La Mesa Dam and an
ecological nature reserve site in Quezon City commissioned in 1929 in the
Philippines. It is part of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system, which supplies most
of the water supply of Metro Manila. The La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose
reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of 27
square kilometers. The water collected in the reservoir is treated on-site by the
Maynilad Water Services, and at the Balara Treatment Plant further south by the
Manila Water. Both water companies are private concessionaires awarded by the
Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, the government agency in charge
of water supply. It is a vital link to the water requirements of 12 million residents of
Metro Manila considering that 1.5 million liters of water pass through this reservoir
every day. It is also the last forest of its size in the metropolis.
1991
And for the first time, a "Civil Engineering Week' for the period November 3 to
9. 1991 was declared by Maiacaiiang thru Proclamation No.799 issued on
September 20. 1991 by President Corazon C. Aquino. The C.E. week was
celebrated nationwide thru coordinated activities of all PICE chapters and the PICE
National Board culminating in the most successful and well-attended '91 PICE
Annual Convention (1.400 plus registered participants).

1993
The Board of Civil Engineering (at PRC) held its first fully computerized (board)
examinations on May 29. 1993 and released the results on November 9. 1993.
1995
On February 28. 1995, the Syllabi for the Subjects in the Civil Engineering
licensure examinations were promulgated.
1997
The privatization of MWSS
In 1997, the Legislature passed into law Republic Act 8041, also known as
'The Water Crisis Act.' The Act, which paved the way for the privatization of MWSS,
had as its primary objectives the following:
Transfer financial burden to the private sector
Improve service standards
Increase operational efficiency
Minimize tariff impact
In August that year, the Philippine government entered into a 25-year

Concession Agreement with two private consortia comprised of local and
international partners. This effectively transferred the operational responsibilities of
MWSS to Manila Water Company. Inc. (for the East Zone) and Maynilad Water
Services. Inc. (for the West Zone).
2000
RA 8981 or Professional Regulations Commission (PRC) Modernization Act

of 2000 was enacted and signed into law on December 5. 2000 by President Joseph
Ejercito Estrada
2001
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers. Inc. (PICE) has been awarded by the
Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) as the Most Outstanding Accredited
Professional Organization.
2003
The San Roque Dam, operated under San Roque Multipurpose Project
(SRMP) is a 200 meters tall. 1.2 kilometer long embankment dam on the Agno River.
It spans the municipalities of San Manuel and San Nicolas. Pangasinan and is nearly
200 km north of Metro Manila.
The dam impounds a reservoir with a surface area of about 12.8 square
kilometers extending North into the municipality of Itogon. Benguet. A gated spillway
protects the dam from overtopping. Each wet season, the run-off is stored for later
release via water turbines to generate power and irrigate crops. Agno River is the
third largest river in the Philippines with a total length of 221 kilometers and a
drainage basin at the Project site of 1.225 square kilometers. The river originates in
the Cordillera Mountains, initially flows from north to south, and divides into several
channels in the flat central plain of Luzon and meanders westerly through the
provinces of Pangasinan and Tarlac before emptying into the Lingayen Gulf.

San Roque Power Corporation (SRPC) financed and constructed the SRMP
under a power purchase agreement (PPA) with the National Power Corporation
(NPC) on a Build-Operate-Transfer (80T) basis. SRPC substantially completed the
SRMP at midnight. February 14. 2003, at which time its peaking power, irrigation,
flood control and enhanced water quality benefits became available to the
surrounding regions, which include the Northwest Luzon Economic Growth
Quadrangle. In reality, all but its power benefits have been available since mid-2002
when the dam and spillway were completed. Ownership of the dam and spillway
was transferred to NPC upon construction completion, as it contributed funds for the
non-power components on behalf of several agencies. SRPC will own and operate
the power generating facilities for 25 years, after which their ownership transfers to
NPC.
Republic Act Number 9184 or 'AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE

MODERNIZATION. STANDARIZATION AND REGULATION OF THE
PROCUREMENT ACTIVITIES OF THE GOVERNMENT AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES' was enacted by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on January 10.
2003.
The United Architects of the Philippines (UAP) and the Philippine Institute of
Civil Engineers (PICE) signed a joint resolution supporting the passage of
Architecture and Civil Engineering bills delineating their respective scope of practice
and to strengthen their collaborative efforts in common goals. The two professional
groups through their leaders stressed the need for the immediate passage of their
respective bills, which would benefit their hundreds of thousand members
nationwide.
2004
Last March 17. 2004. RA 9266 or 'The Architecture Act of 2004' was passed
into law.
Republic Act No. 9275 was approved on March 22. 2004 'AN ACT
PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND
FOR OTHER PURPOSES"
2005
In 2004, the Architecture Act was passed and signed into law. But in 2005, a
petition for declaratory relief filed on May 3 2005 by the PICE and Engr. Leo Cleto
Gamolo to declare null and void Sections 302.3 and 302.4 of the Revised
Implementing Rules and Regulations ('Revised IRR") of Presidential Decree No.
1096 (the 'National Building Code). The said provisions require that architectural
documents submitted in applications for building permits must be prepared, signed
and sealed by architects. PICE claim that the said sections of the Revised IRR, by
effectively prohibiting Civil Engineers from also preparing, signing and sealing
architectural documents, are contrary to the National Building Code and the
Republic Act No. 544 (the 'Civil Engineering Law'), which purportedly gave Civil
Engineers the said right.
2006
Since November 2006 CE Board Exam, the Professional Regulation

Commission releases only Top 10 Board Exam Performers and stopped releasing
the 11th to 20th places
Executive Order No. 566 issued by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo dated

September 8. 2006 directing the Commission on Higher Education to regulate the
establishment and operation of review centers and similar entities
2007

November 2007 CE Board Exam was invalidated (retake last January 2008
for Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering)
Note: Results of retake exam (Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering) was

released last January 2008
Commission on Higher Education makes Implementing Rules and

Regulations (IRR) based on Executive Order No. 566
2008 up to present
After several court hearings at the Manila Regional Trial Court, the PICE's
motion was denied on January 29. 2008 and the RTC ruled in favor of the architects.
[National Capital Judicial Region. Regional Trial Court. Branch 22 Manila —
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers. Inc. and Leo Cleto Gamolo. Petitioners versus
The Honorable Hermogenes Ebdane Jr., in his capacity as Secretary of Public
Works and Highways as Respondent, and United Architects of the Philippines as
Intervenor-Respondent for Civil Case Number 05-112502 for: Declaratory Relief.
Injunction with prayer for Writ of Preliminary Prohibition and/or Mandatory Injunction
and Temporary Restraining Order.
Teaching and Learning Activities
In your own words, discuss the following:
1. Civil Engineering in Ancient Times

2. Civil Engineering in Modern Times
3. Civil Engineering in the Philippines
4. As a future Engineer what do you think is your Historical Contribution in the future?
For Research:
1. Prepare a list of Civil Engineering works/structures in Earliest times and give the
story behind it.
2. Prepare a list of Civil Engineering works/structures in Modern times and give the
behind it.
Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FLTM) Adapted.
Google Classroom, Google Meet, Module
References
 https://civilshastra.com/2019/03/18/a-short-history-of-civil-engineering/
 http://www.thecivilengg.com/History.php
 https://www.britannica.com/technology/civil-engineering/Construction
 http://civilengineerthoughts003.blogspot.com/2013/08/the-history-of-civil-
engineering.html#.XzTAwuhKjIV

Module 2
Civil Engineering & Society and other Profession
Introduction
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design,
construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including
works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines and
railways.
There are two major types of engineering roles performed by civil engineers;
1) Consultant engineers who focus on design work and generally spend more time
in the office or working with clients.
2) Contractors who are more involved in keeping an eye on the physical

construction and are usually based on site.

1. Define Civil engineering
2. Understand the duties of a Civil Engineer
3. Recognize the different kind of profession for a Civil engineer
4. Knowledge on the Engineering Profession in the Philippines
A. What is an Engineer?
“Engineering is concerned with the implementation of a solution to a practical

problem. A scientist may ask "why?" and proceed to research the answer to the
question. By contrast, engineers want to know how to solve a problem and how to
implement that solution. In other words, scientists investigate phenomena, whereas
engineers create solutions to problems or improve upon existing solutions. A
scientist builds in order to learn. An engineer learns in order to build.”
“Engineering is concerned with the implementation of a solution to a practical

problem. A scientist may ask "why?" and proceed to research the answer to the
question. By contrast, engineers want to know how to solve a problem and how to
implement that solution.
In other words, scientists investigate phenomena, whereas engineers create

solutions to problems or improve upon existing solutions.
A scientist builds in order to learn. An engineer learns in order to build.”
One way to define engineering is: “how to do new things in new ways” (Win
Phillips, 1997)
Another definition is: "Engineering is the application of math and science to

create something of value from our natural resources." The difference between
science and engineering was explained well by Theodore Von Karman, an
aerospace engineer. As he stated: "Scientists discover the world that exists;
engineers create the world that never was."
Even the etymology of the word “engineer” reveals their problem-solving

nature: “It is a myth that engineer originated to describe those who built engines. In
fact, the words engine and engineer (as well as ingenious) developed in parallel

from the Latin root ingeniosus, meaning "skilled". An engineer is thus a clever,
practical, problem solver.”
What is Civil Engineering?
Civil Engineering is the oldest and quintessential engineering profession. It

encompasses a variety of sub-disciplines and jobs. The civil engineering curriculum
at the University of Colorado (CU) and most other U.S. universities emphasize the
following major sub-disciplines:
 structural
 water resources
 geotechnical
 construction
 transportation
Architectural engineering is often a related but separate degree (such as at

CU). Surveying is a skill used by many civil engineers, but there is a separate
professional licensure for land surveyors. Urban planning is an activity that uses
skills from a variety of the civil engineering sub-disciplines.
Some interesting thoughts on civil engineering by Bugliarello (1994) include:

Civil engineering is “the modification of nature to create and improve human
habitats.”
Civil engineers work toward an ideal that is “a standard of perfection, beauty,

or moral and physical excellence, especially as an aim of attainment or
realization.” Civil engineers strive to “match deep functionality with aesthetics
in every manifestation of the profession.” Engineers should be mindful that
there is a “moral compact between the engineer and world society.”
“Professional engineers should work for the welfare of the public. They are
responsible for observing societal needs, and often have the position and resources
to improve society. As professionals, engineers are expected to set examples in the
work field and to establish themselves as assets to society.” T.D. Oates, 1993
Duties of Civil Engineers
Civil engineers conceive, design, build, supervise, operate, construct and

maintain infrastructure projects and systems in the public and private sector,
including roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, bridges, and systems for water
supply and sewage treatment. Many civil engineers work in planning, design,
construction, research, and education.
Civil engineers typically do the following:
 Analyze long range plans, survey reports, maps, and other data to plan
and design projects
 Consider construction costs, government regulations, potential
environmental hazards, and other factors during the planning and risk-
analysis stages of a project
 Compile and submit permit applications to local, state, and federal
agencies, verifying that projects comply with various regulations
 Oversee and analyze the results of soil testing to determine the
adequacy and strength of foundations
 Analyze the results of tests on building materials, such as concrete,
wood, asphalt, or steel, for use in particular projects
 Prepare cost estimates for materials, equipment, or labor to determine a
project's economic feasibility

 Use design software to plan and design transportation systems,
hydraulic systems, and structures in line with industry and government
standards
 Perform or oversee surveying operations to establish building locations,
site layouts, reference points, grades, and elevations to guide
construction
 Manage the repair, maintenance, and replacement of public and private
infrastructure
Civil engineers also must present their findings to the public on topics such
as bid proposals, environmental impact statements, or property descriptions.
Many civil engineers hold supervisory or administrative positions ranging
from supervisor of a construction site to city engineer, public works director, and
city manager. As supervisors, they are tasked with ensuring that safe work
practices are followed at construction sites.
Other civil engineers work in design, construction, research, and teaching.
Civil engineers work with others on projects and may be assisted by civil
engineering technicians.
Civil engineers prepare permit documents for work on projects in renewable
energy. They verify that the projects will comply with federal, state, and local
requirements. These engineers conduct structural analyses for large-scale
photovoltaic, or solar energy, projects. They also evaluate the ability of solar array
support structures and buildings to tolerate stresses from wind, seismic activity,
and other sources. For large-scale wind projects, civil engineers often prepare
roadbeds to handle large trucks that haul in the turbines.
Civil engineers work on complex projects, and they can achieve job
satisfaction in seeing the project reach completion. They usually specialize in one
of several areas.
Construction engineers manage construction projects, ensuring that they
are scheduled and built in accordance with plans and specifications. These
engineers typically are responsible for the design and safety of temporary
structures used during construction. They may also oversee budgetary,
time-management, and communications aspects of a project.
Geotechnical engineers work to make sure that foundations for built
objects ranging from streets and buildings to runways and dams, are solid.
They focus on how structures built by civil engineers, such as buildings and
tunnels, interact with the earth (including soil and rock). In addition, they
design and plan for slopes, retaining walls, and tunnels.
Structural engineers design and assess major projects, such as buildings,
bridges, or dams, to ensure their strength and durability.
Transportation engineers plan, design, operate, and maintain everyday
systems, such as streets and highways, but they also plan larger projects,
such as airports, ship ports, mass transit systems, and harbors.
Water Resources engineers covers a broad spectrum, but is primarily
concerned with the study of selected topics in applied hydrology,
hydraulics, applied limnology, water resources systems analysis, water
resources, environmental impact assessment, hydraulic structures,
irrigation and drainage.
The work of civil engineers is closely related to the work of environmental
engineers.
Civil Engineering Functios

The functions of the civil engineer can be divided into three categories: those
performed before construction (feasibility studies, site investigations, and design),

those performed during construction (dealing with clients, consulting engineers,
and contractors), and those performed after construction (maintenance and
research).
 Feasibility studies
No major project today is started without an extensive study of the

objective and without preliminary studies of possible plans leading to a
recommended scheme, perhaps with alternatives. Feasibility studies may
cover alternative methods—e.g., bridge versus tunnel, in the case of a water
crossing—or, once the method is decided, the choice of route. Both economic
and engineering problems must be considered.
 Site Investigations
A preliminary site investigation is part of the feasibility study, but once a

plan has been adopted a more extensive investigation is usually imperative.
Money spent in a rigorous study of ground and substructure may save large
sums later in remedial works or in changes made necessary in constructional
methods.
Since the load-bearing qualities and stability of the ground are such
important factors in any large-scale construction, it is surprising that a serious
study of soil mechanics did not develop until the mid-1930s. Karl von
Terzaghi, the chief founder of the science, gives the date of its birth as 1936,
when the First International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Engineering was held at Harvard University and an international society was
formed. Today there are specialist societies and journals in many countries,
and most universities that have a civil engineering faculty have courses in soil
mechanics.
 Design
The design of engineering works may require the application of design

theory from many fields—e.g., hydraulics, thermodynamics, or
nuclear physics. Research in structural analysis and the technology of
materials has opened the way for more rational designs, new design concepts,
and greater economy of materials. The theory of structures and the study of
materials have advanced together as more and more refined stress analysis
of structures and systematic testing has been done. Modern designers not
only have advanced theories and readily available design data, but structural
designs can now be rigorously analyzed by computers.
 Construction
The promotion of civil engineering works may be initiated by a private

client, but most work is undertaken for large corporations, government
authorities, and public boards and authorities. Many of these have their own
engineering staffs, but for large specialized projects it is usual to employ
consulting engineers.
The consulting engineer may be required first to undertake feasibility

studies, then to recommend a scheme and quote an approximate cost. The
engineer is responsible for the design of the works, supplying specifications,
drawings, and legal documents in sufficient detail to seek competitive tender
prices. The engineer must compare quotations and recommend acceptance
of one of them. Although he is not a party to the contract, the engineer’s duties

are defined in it; the staff must supervise the construction and the engineer
must certify completion of the work. Actions must be consistent with duty to
the client; the professional organizations exercise disciplinary control over
professional conduct. The consulting engineer’s senior representative on the
site is the resident engineer.
A phenomenon of recent years has been the turnkey or package

contract, in which the contractor undertakes to finance, design, specify,
construct, and commission a project in its entirety. In this case, the consulting
engineer is engaged by the contractor rather than by the client.
The contractor is usually an incorporated company, which secures the

contract on the basis of the consulting engineer’s specification and general
drawings. The consulting engineer must agree to any variations introduced
and must approve the detailed drawings.
 Maintenance
The contractor maintains the works to the satisfaction of the consulting

engineer. Responsibility for maintenance extends to ancillary and temporary
works where these form part of the overall construction. After construction a
period of maintenance is undertaken by the contractor, and the payment of
the final installment of the contract price is held back until released by the
consulting engineer. Central and local government engineering and public
works departments are concerned primarily with maintenance, for which they
employ direct labour.
 Research
Research in the civil engineering field is undertaken by government

agencies, industrial foundations, the universities, and other institutions. Most
countries have government-controlled agencies, such as the United
States Bureau of Standards and the National Physical Laboratory of Great
Britain, involved in a broad spectrum of research, and establishments in
building research, roads and highways, hydraulic research, water pollution,
and other areas. Many are government-aided but depend partly on income
from research work promoted by industry.
How to become a Civil Engineer

Civil engineers need a bachelor's degree. They typically need a graduate
degree and a license for promotion to senior positions. Although licensure
requirements vary from state to state, civil engineers usually must be licensed if
they provide services directly to the public.
 Education for Civil Engineers
Civil engineers need a bachelor's degree in civil engineering, in
one of its specialties, or in civil engineering technology. Programs in civil
engineering and civil engineering technology include coursework in
math, statistics, engineering mechanics and systems, and fluid
dynamics, depending on the specialty. Courses include a mix of
traditional classroom learning, work in laboratories, and fieldwork.
Programs may include cooperative programs, also known as co-ops, in
which students gain work experience while pursuing a degree.
Further education after the bachelor's degree, along with the
PE license and previous experience, is helpful in getting a job as a
manager.
 Important Qualities for Civil Engineers

Licenses, Certifications and Registrations for Civil Engineers
Licensure is not required for entry-level positions as a civil engineer. A

Professional Engineering (PE) license, which allows for higher levels of leadership
and independence, can be acquired later in one's career. Licensed engineers are
called professional engineers (PEs). A PE can oversee the work of other
engineers, approve design plans, sign off on projects, and provide services directly
to the public. State licensure generally requires
 A degree from an ABET-accredited engineering program

 A passing score on the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam
 Relevant work experience, typically at least 4 years working under a
licensed engineer
 A passing score on the Professional Engineering (PE) exam
The initial FE exam can be taken after earning a bachelor's degree.

Engineers who pass this exam commonly are called engineers in training (EITs) or
engineer interns (EIs). After meeting work experience requirements, EITs and EIs
can take the second exam, called the Principles and Practice of Engineering.
Each state issues its own licenses. Most states recognize licensure from
other states, as long as the licensing state's requirements meet or exceed their
own licensure requirements. Several states require continuing education for
engineers to keep their licenses.
B. What is a profession?
A PROFESSION is defined by:
1. Knowledge - requires formal education, judgment and discretion that are

not routine and cannot be mechanized; continuing education required 2;
2. Organization - sets standards for admission to profession, enforces

standards of conduct, establishes codes of ethics 3;
3. Public Good - purpose of service and preservation of public welfare.
“America’s engineers have always played a vitally important role in developing

America’s way of life and standard of living. From constructing bridges and highways
to exploring the vast earth beneath us, America’s engineers are helping to keep
America moving and safe.” George Bush, 1989
“The American engineering profession needs to reassert its leadership; to

raise its eyes and voices, roll up its sleeves, and do again for the nation what it did
a century ago: make it a winner in the world marketplace. If competing and winning
-- rather than puttering and theorizing -- become the real stuff of an engineering
career, our best men and women, our winners, will once again gravitate toward the
profession, and the impending decline of American engineering will become a thing
of the past.” John F. Welch, Jr. Competitiveness: The Real Stuff of American
Engineering. 1989.
“History provides the big picture, why large-scale projects were built and what
their benefits are to society...You can wake people up to the importance of
infrastructure, the efforts of the 2 civil engineers who have improved the quality of
life through its design and construction, why it needs to be repaired, and where tax
dollars will be going. You can use history to educate...engineers ...about where our
present problems came from.” James M. Fels, 1990; in Morley 1994.
What do engineers need to know?

Based on the 1995 Civil Engineering Education Conference of the American
Society of Civil Engineers, the following areas were identified as fundamental
elements which should be incorporated into Undergraduate engineering education
(ASCE 1995):
1. A global vision and approach to problem identification and problem

solving in areas such as infrastructure, environment, facilities, and
systems
2. A basic management knowledge base in areas such as business,

resources, personnel management, communication skills, costs and
value judgments, and time management
3. A solid foundation in personal and inter-personal attributes ethics
4. An involvement with engineering practice as the formal education evolves
These elements were therefore chosen as emphasis areas for this course, and
should provide a foundation for you as both professional engineers and in your future
courses. What you learn here should help you identify areas where you will need to
be strong in order to succeed as an engineer, and therefore in selecting courses
which will allow you to build your skills in these areas.
Desired Attributes of an Engineering Graduate
1. Good Communication Skills
2. Higher ethical standards
3. Ability to think critically and creatively; independently and cooperatively
4. Flexibility
5. Grasp of Engineering Science fundamentals (math, statistics, physics and

life sciences, information technologies)
6. Good understanding of design and manufacturing processes
7. Basic understanding of the context in which engineering is practiced

(economics, history, environment, customer and societal needs)
8. Possess a multi-disciplinary, system perspective
Skills in order of importance (in your career):
• Writing
• Engineering
• business/financial
• personal interaction
• computer
Civil engineering is moving somewhat away from the gold-standard of “design

for function”, and expanding to embrace “design to cost and environmental
compatibility”. It is important to recognize the revolution that has occurred in

engineering since the 1960s. Computers and the web have changed many aspects
of the job. Specifically, computers have replaced many things that engineers used
to do. No longer are high-level skills with a slide rule and detailed manual
computations needed, because computers have assumed much of this burden. This
has resulted in significant time savings, freeing engineers to focus on broader
integration issues of importance.
MORE is expected of engineers than any other profession! Civil engineers

are responsible for the well-being of the entire population via water treatment,
wastewater treatment, air pollution control, road design, and design of
dams/buildings/bridges. Our work often goes unrecognized. The public tends to take
the quality of our work for granted – until something goes wrong or performs below
expectations.
Many of the US Top 7 “Critical Technologies” identified by the National

Government are related to Civil Engineering:
2. Environmental Quality
6. Materials
7. Transportation
“You must learn how to learn. This is part of your preparation for being an
engineer; our profession will require that you keep up with new developments while
you work: Life-long learning”. Dave DiLaura, “Being Smart is Not Enough.”
What kinds of jobs are there for Civil Engineers?
Civil engineers held about 232,000 jobs in 2000 (US Department of Labor;
http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos030.htm). Civil engineering jobs tended to fall into a few
main sectors. These job sectors and the approximate percentage of civil engineers
employed within each are listed and described below.
 Federal Government ~10%

Transportation Bureau
Environmental Protection Agency
Department of Energy, Department of Defense, etc.....
Military - Army Corps of Engineers, Air Force Center for Environ.
Excellence
State or Local Government ~22%

State Department of Transportation
State Department of Natural Resources
County or City Engineer
Public Utilities
Water or Wastewater Treatment Plant, Sanitation Department
Consulting Firms ~51%

Consulting such as CH2M Hill, MWH, Earth Tech, etc…
Construction and Manufacturing ~12%

Industry such as Exxon, Kiewit, etc...
Self Employed ~5%

Ex: usually 1-person “consulting firm” such as Laube Engineering,
Greeley CO Other
Other < 1%
Includes Peace Corps, Universities, research laboratories, etc. . .

During a career, many people change jobs and job type. For example, many
Civil Engineers start in consulting and later move into government positions. Others
move from consulting into self-employment. In almost all cases, self-employment
comes after learning on-the-job under licensed professional engineers (PE’s),
gaining your own PE, and then significant world experience.
What do Civil Engineers do?
Every job and career path is different. The information below provides some
examples and advice about a typical job path. However, every person, every
employer, each job is different and there are no specific rules. Expect the
unexpected. Variety and diversity are the key trait of civil engineering to remember.
If you don’t like one civil engineering job, don’t despair. There is a fit for your skills,
aspirations, and talents out there waiting for you.
First year engineer
Getting off to a strong start is the key to a successful career. Learn the
way things are done, and figure out what you need to do to earn credibility and
respect. Your first impression on your employers will determine the types of
job assignments they give you.
Tips:
A proper attitude is vital

Have realistic expectations and be willing to earn your place in the
organization. Expect work to be different than college Learn the “art of
being new”
Demonstrate maturity by showing you know how much you DON’T know
Learn as much as you can about your company and the people in it by
listening. College only gives you part of what you need to be
successful. There will be on the job training, so don’t believe you know
everything when you start. Recognize what you don’t know, and make
an effort to learn it quickly. Don’t be afraid to ask questions.
Learn the culture - each company has its own unique personality and culture
The culture is a unique set of rules and norms, often unspoken and
informal, about how you should behave. Watch how others behave,
observe how people communicate and work together.
Be conscious of making a good impression

Everyone is trying to assess your abilities and strengths, so work hard
to build a good reputation. You want people to notice your maturity,
good judgment, and ability to fit into a team. Show that you want to fit
into the corporate culture. Make an extra effort, do whatever is asked
no matter how trivial.
Learn what your boss wants and expects

Search for opportunities and projects on which you can contribute
Find a mentor to give you advice and help you adapt

A mentor can help you learn the culture, learn what your boss expects
A mentor can help you build a network of colleagues
What you might do:

 write engineering reports (>50% of time)
 call clients and vendors (~10-20%)
 perform design calculations, or calculation checks
 field work: construction oversight; inspection; surveying (~20%)
 data analysis
 special trainings

“The feeling of being part of an effective team is the best feeling in the
world. You WANT to go to work. You don’t mind staying late and working on
stuff if people have faith and trust in your abilities...”
Liz McMahon, during 2nd consulting job at V&K
“Most of my time went to data processing (inputting data into the

computer, working with spreadsheets, etc.) and field work (groundwater
sampling and well monitoring).”
Dr. Victor Magar, currently in the Environmental Restoration Dept. at Battelle
Some examples of civil engineering jobs, based on interviews with

working civil engineers and listed job posting are given below. These have
been grouped by number of years of work experience, as your activities and
expectations of employers grow and evolve as engineers gain experience.
2 - 5 yrs
Environmental Engineer II.

 Analyze and review air quality permit applications.
 Incorporate applicable state and federal regulations with review
conclusions to develop draft air quality operating permits.
 Assist in the writing and review of air quality construction permits.
Requirements:
 BS or higher degree in Civil, Mechanical, Chemical, or
Environmental Engineering from an accredited engineering
curriculum or registered as Engineer-In-Training.
 Two years environmentally related experience, including one
year of experience specifically in air quality engineering.
Excellent written and oral communication skills: State Position, Aug 24, 1997 Post Ad
~5 years as engineer
 Business development
- write proposals; talk with industry to develop a relationship meet
with clients
 Project engineer
- coordinate the activities of other junior engineers
- decide who will do what?
- delegate check their work
 training
- specialty workshops to develop new skills
- present work at technical conferences
“Project Engineer, PE with minimum 4 years experience. Must be

capable of providing coordination, scheduling, and supervision in the technical
design of residential and commercial projects. Verifiable experience in design
of utilities, grading and drainage. Ability to coordinate with clients and review
agencies.”
Aug 24, ‘97 Post Ad
Water Resources - “...successful candidate will be highly energetic,

motivated and a self-starter. We require a BSCE, PE, and 5 years WATER
RESOURCES experience. Experience should include hydrologic and
hydraulic analysis, watershed planning, and computer modelling. HEC1, HEC
RAS, EPA NET, and other model proficiencies are desirable. Masters degree
in Water Resources strongly preferred.”

Structural engineer - “5 to 10 yrs experience in structural design of
commercial or light industrial diverse building systems. Must be able to
communicate well with other disciplines and construction personnel. PE
required.”
>10 years as engineer
 project manager
- select a project engineer
- make sure project stays on budget and on time
- interact closely with client to ensure they get what they want
“Project Manager: Architect/Engineer with minimum 7 yrs experience to

coordinate design of major projects. Requires excellent organizational and
communication skills, management of project information, maintenance of project
schedules, budgets, and communication with internal technical, construction
personnel, and clients. Professional registration required.”
“Project Manager. National environmental remediation firm is seeking qualified

candidates...minimum 5 yrs experience in remediation managing long-term or multi-
task projects (health and safety, quality assurance/quality control, budget control,
training and supervision, field crew management, interpreting specs/prints, etc)
required. Requirements include operation of wastewater treatment processes,
computer literacy, and willingness to be at remote sites for 6 to 8 months/yr. Current
40-hr OSHA certification desired.”
“Project Manager, PE with 7-8 yrs experience. Must be capable of providing

coordination scheduling, and supervision in the technical design of residential,
commercial, and municipal projects. Ability to coordinate with clients, review
agencies and attend public meetings.”
Quality
“value engineering” = “accomplishing a required function at a lower cost, without any

reduction in quality”
David Berry, Bench Mark, Burns & McDonnell, Perspectives on Quality
1. identify basic and required functions

2. identify secondary and unnecessary functions
3. Determine the cost to worth ratio for each function
4. Look for alternatives in high cost-to-worth areas
Salaries
Salary numbers are somewhat hard to find and are highly variable. In
particular, getting current numbers is challenging. This is important because
salaries tend to increase over time due to inflation. Salaries vary by region due
to the local cost of living. Salaries clearly tend to increase as employees have
more years of work experience. Salaries are generally higher for people who
have earned higher degrees (BS vs. MS vs. PhD). Frequently magazine or
web-based surveys are based on people who chose to respond, so the data
are not fully inclusive.
In addition, the yearly salary number ignores bonuses. There has

recently been a trend for companies to give more bonuses, as incentives for
hard work, rather than simply set raises. In a survey, 55% of all engineers

surveyed received bonuses. So if the company does well, the engineers will
be rewarded. This tends to make up for the “dragging” state of pay raises,
which failed to keep pace with inflation in 1995.
The US department of Labor provides the following data on Civil

Engineering salaries:
“Median annual earnings of civil engineers were $60,070 in 2002. The

middle 50 percent earned between $48,360 and $74,700. The lowest 10
percent earned less than $39,960, and the highest 10 percent earned more
than $91,010. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest
numbers of civil engineers in 2002 were:
Federal government $67,410

Local government 62,210
Architectural, engineering, and related services 59,060
State government 58,350
Nonresidential building construction 54,190
According to a 2003 salary survey by the National Association of

Colleges and Employers, bachelor’s degree candidates in civil engineering
received starting offers averaging $41,669 a year; master’s degree candidates
received an average offer of $47,245, and Ph.D. candidates were offered
$69,079, on average, as an initial salary”
(http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos030.htm#earnings)
It’s important to realize that the average salary increases based on the
level of education you’ve received. Salaries also increase based on the
number of years you’ve worked as an engineer.
2003 web data (http://www.payscale.com/salary-survey/vid-3268/fid-6886)

shows how salaries tend to increase with more experience:
Years’ Experience Salary Range Average

<1 $35,000 - $47,500 $40,000
1-4 $39,000 - $49,000 $42,000
5-9 $48,000 - $56,000 $52,000
10 - 19 $59,000 - $82,000 $65,000
>20 $45,000 - $120,000 $70,000
Thoughts for the Future
Consider getting an advanced degree at some point in your career. The

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) now considers the Master’s degree to
be the basic preparation for professional practice. This is driven largely by the ever
expanding breadth and depth of technical knowledge that is relevant to a practicing
civil engineer.
“On October 9, 2001, the ASCE Board of Direction unanimously approved

revised Policy 465: Academic Prerequisites for Licensure and Professional
Practice. The policy states, "ASCE supports the concept of the Master's
degree or Equivalent as a prerequisite for licensure and the practice of civil
engineering at a professional level."”
(http://www.asce.org/professional/educ/report100901.cfm)
“Today, engineering is becoming increasingly specialized. Students should

plan to pursue their master’s degree, regardless of their engineering discipline.
Working between the bachelor’s and masters is encouraged, but the master’s
degree should not be neglected. With a master’s degree, engineers will be given

noticeably more responsibility, more important tasks, more technical tasks, they will
move up the corporate ladder more rapidly, and they will have greater selfconfidence
and better technical skills. ...a master’s degree will pay off with higher salaries and
more rapid advancement.” Victor S. Magar, PE, PhD, Aug. 1997
Therefore, you may want to consider the CU combined BS/MS degree. If you
want to know more, talk to your advisor.
C. Civil Engineering Profession in the Philippines
The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers
The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers or PICE is a professional

organization for civil engineers in the Philippines. It was formed by merging two
separate organizations of civil engineers: one group working from government
sector and the second group working in the private sector.
History
On December 11, 1973, the

Securities and Exchange Commission
issued Registration Certificate No
53896 to the PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE
OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, INC. (PICE).
This was the culmination and fulfilment
of a vision to merge two separate
organizations of civil engineers in the
country, the Philippine Society of Civil
Engineers (PSCE) and the Philippine
Association of Civil Engineers (PACE).
The Philippine Society of Civil
Engineers (PSCE) was formed sometime in the late twenties by a group of
civil engineers mostly from the government sector. It was the country's first
civil engineering organization with the late Engr. Marcia! Kasilag as its first
president. Engr. Kasilag holds the No 1 slot in the PRC Registry of Civil
Engineers. He then occupied a high-ranking position in the government and
the early members of PSCE were government engineers. There were
relatively few civil engineers in private practice during that time as most of the
early graduates were readily engaged by the various government agencies
In 1937, another group of civil engineers in the private sector, led by

Enrique Sto. Tomas Cortes formed the Philippine Association of Civil
Engineers (PACE) Mr Cortes was its first president The major objectives of
both associations were similar to elevate the standards of the profession,
encourage research and engineering knowledge and technology, foster
fellowship among members, and promote interrelation with other technological
and scientific societies.
The Philippine Association Civil Engineers (PACE) proved to be the

more active between the two groups and this resulted to the transfer of many
PSCE members to PACE PACE, under the leadership of President Alberto
Guevarra, was mainly responsible for the passage of Republic Act No. 544
otherwise known as the "Civil Engineering Law" in 1950. It was a milestone in
establishing prestige and safeguarding the interest of the civil engineering
profession in the country.

It was sometime in 1972 under the administration of the late PACE
President Cesar A. Caliwara when more serious effort was exerted to merge
the two societies. Panel representatives were designated by both
organizations to convene and start a series of talk. Leading members of PACE
and PSCE, Eduardo Escobar. Pedro Afable. Angel Lazaro. Jr.. Andres Hizon.
Ambrosio Flores. Tomas de Guzman. Lucas Agbayani, to mention a few were
involved in the negotiation. The choice of a new name, formal accounting and
turnover of assets and liabilities, accreditation of bonafide members and
election rules for the first officers were some of the concerns that were sooner
resolved. Finally, an election of the first officers and directors of the Philippine
Institute of Civil Engineers, Inc. (PICE) was held sometime in February 1974
and Cesar A. Caliwara became the first President. During his term, the first
International convention was held in the Philippines on May 20 to 24.1975 with
the theme " Civil Engineering in Disaster Prevention Control: Proceedings in
this convention were published into a book and sold to members and public.
Also, the drive to organize provincial chapters was intensified in order to truly
unite the civil engineers of the country. Another historical milestone was the
accreditation (no. 007) of PICE by the Professional Regulation Commission
on August 13. 1975 as the only official recognized organization of civil
engineers in the Philippines.
President Mariano R. Balauag's administration which succeeded

Caliwara's was also characterized by an even vigorous campaign for
membership thru the formation of seventeen (17) Provincial Chapters within a
years time, making a total of twenty four (24) chapters, considerably boosting
the PICE membership. The publication of the "Philippine Civil Engineer”, the
official organ of the stitute was envisioned during his term. PICE's 3rd
president. Ramon G. Hechanova, highlighted his administration by expanding
further the activities of PICE, such as the Continuing Education Program,
publication of the Philippine Civil Engineer, increased the annual membership
dues, studied proposed amendments to the By-laws particularly on the
electoral voting, proposed amendments to Article 1723 of the civil code
pertinent to exploitation of civil engineers in practice, and the creation of the
"Ten Outstanding Civil Engineers" (TOCE) Awards. The establishment of the
PICE Foundation Inc. was envisioned during his terrn. A convention on the
theme 'Civil Engineering in the 80's“ and the annual election held on
November 9,1980 marked the closing of Hechanova's Administration, Jesus
S. Hipolito. a noted professor in Structural Engineering and leading contractor
became PICE's Fourth President on January 1.1981, Hipolito had not yet
finished his term in office when President Marcos named him Minister of Public
Works on November 11,1981, His incumbency then marked the period when
PICE was headed by cabinet members which is no doubt, another feather on
its cap. It was during Minister Hipolito's tenure that the PICE foundation, Inc.
was finally established for the purpose of acquiring a permanent home for the
Institute. It was also during his term that the local engineering consultants have
been given due recognition by foreign financing institutions like the World
Bank. A convention on the theme "Upgrading Civil Engineering
Professionalism and Consultancy" was held which reflected his main
obsession and direction for his entire incumbency. Hipolito served for two
years until December 1. 1982.
The fifth President of the PICE is youthful and handsome Angel L.

Lazaro III, son of Arch./Engr. Angel L. Lazaro. jr., one of the original pillars of
the Institute. "Lilo" Lazaro, as he is fondly called, has a doctorate degree in
Structural Engineering and was then the Dean of the De La Salle's College of

Engineering. He also headed a consultancy group bearing his name and was
actively involved in the government's infrastructure program. The term of
President Lazaro although for one year only (1983), is considered very fruitful
in terms of visible accomplishments. For the first time, the PICE membership
broke the 10.000 mark with 11.448 active members with the formation of ten
(10) new provincial chapters and seven (7) new student chapters. Also for the
first time, existing specialty and fraternal associations of civil engineers such
as ASEP, AGCEP, DACEL and ACE were formally invited to join the Institute
of emphasize and realize the unity of civil engineering profession. The
administration of Dr. Lazaro is also characterized by the intense desire of PICE
members to unite in protecting the right of civil engineer particularly on the
issues confronting the civil engineering profession against the perceived
machination of other technical professions who want to amend the existing
C.E. Law for their selfish interests. Among the various programs implemented.
the Continuing Professional Education (CPE) was given emphasis thru the
conduct of several Regional Technical Conferences and Lecture Seminars in
the local chapters which directly benefited more than a thousand members.
Aber P. Canlas, then the deputy Minister of Public Work and Highways
(MPWH) became the sixth president of PICE in 1984 and kept the presidency
until the end of 1986. It was during Canlas' administration that PICE was
involved in an International activity thru the holding of the 4th conference of
the ASEAN Federation of Engineering Organizations or CAFEO-4, which was
hosted by the Philippine Technological Council (PTC) on September 25-27,
1985 at the Philippine Plaza Hotel. President Canlas, then PICE
representative in the PTC, was the chairman of the federation's Governing
Body and PICE became the lead organization that successfully managed that
prestigious international affair. The seventh President of PICE is the amiable
and ever-jolly Juanito "Janet" Nery Ferrer who was elected when he was
Undersecretary of DPWH. He eventually became the full-pledged secretary of
DPWH before his second term ended in 1988 He herefore became the second
Cabinet Secretary to serve the PICE presidency after past president Jesus
Hipolito. President "Janet', as he popularly known, is well remembered for his
vision in establishing a more solid moral foundation for the next generations
of Filipino Civil Engineers. He was very concerned about the moral re-
orientation and regeneration of our people after the 20 year plunder of the past
government regime. Also, he felt that civil engineers had to bring back the
pride and dignity of the civil engineering profession. It was during Ferrer's
administration that serious efforts were exerted to acquire a permanent
headquarters for the PICE and acquire sophisticated office and equipment
such as microcomputer to better serve the needs of the general membership.
Thru very successful fund-raising activities, the initial amount of P550, 000.00
was placed in the bank as a trust fund under the PICE Foundation, Inc the
plan then was to acquire an office space at the Strata 200 Bldg. of the Ortigas
Complex. And as part of the decentralization program of his administration, a
very successful midyear National Convention was held in Davao City in July
1988 ably hosted by the local PICE chapter of that beautiful and alluring
southern metropolis. The eight President of the Institute is David M Consunji,
a former Secretary of the Department of Public Works, Transportation and
Communication (DPWTC) and the president of a very prestigious construction
firm bearing his name. President Consunji served for two (2) terms striving to
maintain the momentum of the Institute's growth for the last 15 years from
1974 His first term was spent mostly in consultation with the local chapters
trying to identify the problems that beset the Institute because he believed in

the dictum that problems known are already half solved. It is to the credit of
the Consunji administration that the present successful program on Continuing
Professional Education (CPE) for civil engineers was finally resolved and
eventually adopted by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) as a
pre-requisite in the renewal of professional license. The ninth President of
PICE is the ever-smiling Romulo M Del Rosario, Undersecretary of the
Department of Public Works and Highways, then in-charge of all DPWH
infrastructure projects in Bicol, the Visayas and the whole of Mindanao.
The first term of President Del Rosario was characterized by an active

campaign for membership and re-activation of the in-active local chapters
including the creation of new and viable chapters, i.e., the PICE AFP-OND
chapter with Charter No 72 and headed by no less than the Chief of the
Engineering Corps of the AFP, Brigadier General Dominador Catibog, jr., as
its charter president. Also, it was during his first term in Office that the
Continuing Professional Education (CPE) program was successfully launched
with a series of Regional Technical Consultation (RTC's) or training seminars
conducted in coordination with DPWH and hosted by local PICE chapters in
regional cities. This seminars and other trainings conducted by the local
chapters gave the membership the chance to earn CPE credits units required
by PRC in the renewal of Professional License. And for the first time, a "Civil
Engineering Week" for the period November 3 to 9, 1991 was declared by
Malacariang thru Proclamation No 799 issued on September 20,1991 by
President Corazon C. Aquino. The C E week was celebrated nationwide thru
coordinated activities of all PICE chapters and the PICE National Board
culminating in the most successful and well-attended '91 PICE Annual
Convention (1,400 plus registered participants) The second term of President
Del Rosario was considered very memorable mainly because of the induction
of the Philippine President Fidel V. Ramos as PICE Life Member holding
Certificate No 239. Three new chapters were organized, namely: Camarines
Norte, Angeles City and Tawi-Tawi and given Charter Nos 73, 74 and 75,
respectively. Also life members increased significantly by 51% from 182 in
1992 to 276 as of October 26,1992 Another significant achievement of his
administration is the conferment of the first batch of PICE Fellows, composed
mostly of PICE presidents. The 1992 National Convention surpassed the
record set in 1991 which was highlighted by the Testimonial Dinner in honor
of the Philippine President Fidel V. Ramos at the Fiesta Pavilion of the Manila
Hotel on November 3, 1992.
The tenth President of the Institute is the ever-humble Engr. Antonio A

Mansueto, a PICE Fellow and formerChairman of the PRC C.E. Board of
Examiners. A former City Engineer of Cebu, Engr Mansueto has long retired
from government service and headed a private consultation group. His
administration will be well remembered because of his spirited fight against
the proposed amendment to RA 544 (Civil Engineering Law) and the National
Consultancy Act of 1992 which would authorize corporate firms or juridical
persons to practice civil engineering under the guise of consultancy. From
initial indications at the time, PICE was winning this fight with the wholehearted
support of the different local chapters who sent in strong resolutions to our
legislators supporting the vehement and opposing stand of the National Board
in this regard. Mother very notable achievement of this administration is the
serious initiative to put up a PICE building of its own with the help of all local
chapters particularly the Metro Manila Chapters who were invited to join the
Building Fund Drive. It was hoped then that the PICE Building will house the
National Secretariat and the PICE Library and a dormitory to serve transient

members coming to Metro Manila. On the General Membership growth, the
administration of President Mansueto is credited with the formation of
additional five (5) chapters, namely: Tarlac, Barran, Calbayog, !locos Sur,
Catanduanes and San Carlos City, Negros Occidental, who were given
Charter Nos 76,77,78,79,80 and 81, respectively. Also in this year, the
membership finally topped the 20,000 mark with 397 life members. The 1993
National Convention held on November 11-13, 1993 at the Philippine Plaza
Hotel, broke previous records of attendance and activities implemented. In
1994, Nelson Q Irasga was elected as the eleventh President of PICE He was
re-elected in 1995 He caused a more intensive Continuing Professional
Education (CPE) program in the chapter level thru the creation of a Speakers'
Bureau which offered assistance in technical seminars. Regional Consultative
Conferences were likewise successfully conducted in NCR and region I to XII.
An apprenticeship program for civil engineering graduates was launched
during President basga's 1994 term. The program provided opportunities to
new Civil Engineers to have proper exposure and training in various fields of
practice for three months in selected top government and private offices.
Ground work was also laid out for the establishment of scholarship grants to
deserving CE students all over the Philippines.
During the year, the National Secretariat moved to a more convenient

and newer office at PASDA Mansions, Quezon City. It was here that modern
office equipment such as computer, a laser printer and a fax machine were
acquired by the National Board. These were significant acquisitions that were
meant to expand services to its wide membership. As part of the thrust to get
first-hand information and status of chapters. President Irasga initiated and
convened a dialogue with the chapter Presidents. The inputs were necessary
for the formulation of programs and policies which will ultimately be beneficial
to all PICE members. In this meeting, CPE and other policies concerning the
operation of the national office were clarified for smoother implementation
thereof
Publication and printing of the PICE Bulletin, a newsletter in newspaper

form was likewise started. Meantime, PICE's collection increased by 30%
compared to the previous year and were placed in trust deposits, using the
interest earnings only to cover the office rent and purchase of new equipment.
Another significant event for PICE in 1994 was the signing of a mutual
Agreement of Cooperation with ASCE, the American Society of Civil
Engineers. The agreement provides for an exchange of technical, scientific
and professional knowledge between the two organizations. The holding of
the 20th National Convention in November 1994 proved to be another
unmatched success. Some 3,500 delegates participated in the convention
surpassing previous attendance records. Perhaps the most outstanding
achievement of the Irasga administration is the acquisition of 3 condominium
units at Cityland 10 Tower II, right in the heart of Makati City. The property was
purchased in outright cash in the amount of P 4,003,384 90 from compounded
revenues of PICE from 1992 to 1994 (the terms of PP Romulo M. Del Rosario,
Antonio A Mansueto and Nelson Q. Irasga). Four more chapters were formed
in 1995, North Metro Manila, South Metro Manila, Osamiz City and
Cabanatuan Nueva Ecija chapters. It was also in 1995 that efforts to establish
the PICE Research &. Development Foundation were started. The general
idea was to convert the existing PICE Foundation to serve as the R&D group
for civil engineering.

Then DPWH Undersecretary Vicente B. Lopez was elected PICE
President in 1996. During this year, vigorous discussion and consultation were
made by the National Board with the chapters and other affiliate, association,
attempting to come up with a more up-to-date Civil Engineering Law. The
issue of creating Specialty Boards in the Professional Regulation Commission
Board of Civil Engineering was likewise a hotly debated subject. When all pros
and cons were presented to the membership during the 1996 National
Convention for resolution, the decision was to leave RA544 or the Civil
Engineering Law as is as its provision have been time-tested. During the year,
2 regular chapters and 6 student chapters were formed. Three issues of the
Philippine Civil Engineering journal were published and computerization of
membership data was completed with the procurement of new computers and
printers. The new National Administrative Office was re-organized with the
appointment of a new National Administrative Officer, a position vacant for
some years after Melinda del Rosano's retirement. The New National Office
provided expanded services to chapters and members and coordination was
closer. Membership report and remittances of share on dues to chapters
became regular. A serious effort to implement the members' 0-Base was
started. The CPE program of PICE was established complementary to PRC's
guidelines. Various chapters were able to sponsor their own seminars with the
support of the PICE Speakers Bureau and the National Administrative Officer.
PICE entered into Agreement of Cooperation with the Korean Society of Civil
Engineers. One outstanding feat of the Lopez Administration was the receipt
of award from the American Society of Civil Engineers for PICE to host the 1st
Civil Engineering International Conference to be held in 1998, outside the
USA, besting other offers from the other countries. The Mid-year Convention
in Baguio City and likewise the 22nd National Convention were very well
attended and further boosted the financial position of PICE. One of the most
distinguished contractors in the Philippines, the unassuming and spirited
Felipe F Cruz was elected president in 1997 and re-elected 1998. He will
always be remembered as the PICE President who made PICE popular in the
international civil engineering circles, among other feats. PICE's hosting of
First International Civil Engineering Conference in the Asian Region
sponsored by the American Society of Civil Engineers and the Japan Society
of Civil Engineers, on the Theme: Asian Infrastructure, Sustainable
Development and Project Management held on February 19-20, 1998 at the
Manila Hotel was a smashing success. At present, PICE has formal linkage
with international professional associations such as the ASCE - American
Society of Civil Engineers; JSCE - Japan Society of Civil Engineers; KSCE -
Korean Society of Civil Engineers and the CSCE - Canadian Society for Civil
Engineering. PICE was the proud recipient of the ASCE INTERNATIONAL
HISTORIC CIVIL ENGINEERING LANDMARK AWARD for the IFUGAO RICE
TERRACES. Dubbed as the eighth wonder of the world and built 2000 years
ago, the Ifugao Rice Terraces is the best example of a sustainable
development project that still works. A simple awarding ceremony was held on
February 17, 1998 at a view point in Banaue which is now known as the
Engineers View Point. ASCE President Luther Graef with PICE officials led by
President FF Cruz and Past President Vicente B. Lopez, unveiled the
permanent marker specially made and flown from the US and mounted on a
monument designed by Engr. Angel Lazaro Jr., depicting the Ifugao culture
and art The three societies ASCE, JSCE and PICE made a donation to the
Ifugao Terraces Commission for the upkeep and other programs for the Ifugao
Rice Terraces.

The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Inc celebrated its 25th
Founding Anniversary in 1998. The deep sense of unity manifested by the
then leaders of the Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE) and the
Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) was given due recognition during
the 24th National Convention citing the meaningful merger of PSCE and PACE
into the PICE and how this merger resulted to a strong single union of civil
engineers in the country that is now the PICE. During the term of F. F Cruz
PICE acquired another properly in Quezon City, to be its National
Headquarters. The Makati Cityland Condo units were later converted into the
PICE Center for Continuing Professional Education and the Computer
Training Center. The CPE Program of the PICE intensified and almost all PICE
chapters were able to develop their capability in conducting their local
seminars with speakers coming from the PICE National Speakers' Bureau
through the National CPE Committee and the National Administrative Office.
Because of the commitment of the National Board to intensify the membership
campaign in the PICE , PICE regular chapters reached 94 while student
chapters (DECS-accredited) rose to 104 at year-end. PICE has about 43,000
regular members on record, 7,900 student members, 1,574 life members, and
44 Fellows. The National Administrative Office continued to accommodate the
request from Engineering offices, Consultants or Contractors to post their C E
Staff requirements at the Headquarters Bulletin Board. Members who come
daily scan our Bulletin Board to check out our Employment opportunities. PICE
has also started to receive applications for reference for apprenticeship
coming from new C E Graduates or graduating students. Dissemination of
various profession or organization - related informations to all chapters, other
groups is another service that has greatly improved since the acquisition of
modern office equipment. PICE also offered free assistance to members
residing in the provinces in the renewal of their PRC licenses, provided there
is proper Chapter endorsement and authorization.
With the changing trends in the practice of civil engineering and the new
direction that the construction industry itself is taking, 1998 PICE President
Felipe F Cruz spearheaded the transformation of the old PICE Foundation,
Inc., first by expanding its objectives and setting a wider participation of past
presidents who will act as Trustees and of leading members who will actively
participate in the R & 0 work, then renaming it the PICE Research and
Development Foundation and causing the necessary SEC registration.
Attendance in the National Conventions in 1997 and 1998 increased from the
previous years.
Bashir ID Rasuman, the president of PICE Cebu Chapter was elected

14th president of PICE in 1999. It was during his term that the national board
started an outreach program with the chapters by holding some of the board
meetings in the regional centers and inviting the officials of the chapters within
the said region to the meeting to achieve a closer interaction. The Outreach
program proved to be effective because the national board members became
closer to the chapters and were able to address their concerns on a more
special level especially that the PRC cancelled the requirements for CPE units
for the renewal of PRC license and the chapters were starting to experience
its repercussions. The Chapters have by this time developed the capability to
organize their own CPE program with minimal help from the national office.
The PICE Computer Center was organized and computers and engineering
softwares were acquired. The PICE Training Center planned out some training
courses on the 5 areas of specialization. The PICE Library was revived and
new books were acquired. In 1999 the PICE National Office transferred to a

new and bigger office in Quezon City, complete with a Board room and Library.
The By-Laws were also studied and a set of amendments were presented to
the Electoral College and were ratified. One of the outstanding features of the
Amended By-Laws is the institutionalization of the the establishment of the five
(5) Specialty Divisions for Construction Management and Engineering;
Structural Engineering; Transportation Engineering; Geotechnical
Engineering and Water Engineering. Also, the College of Fellows was
constituted and Angel R Lazaro, Jr became its 1st Chancellor. PICE, upon
closer study of the situation, withdrew as an intervenor in the court case of
CECOPHIL vs. DPWH, a conflict concerning the question of allowing
corporations to practice civil engineering. PICE gave financial assistance to
deserving masteral students in the completion of their thesis, under the
auspices of the PICE Research and Development Committee. On the
international involvement of PICE, Pres. Rasuman, for PICE, signed an
Agreement of Cooperation with the Chinese Institute of Civil and Hydraulics
Engineers. Also, Pres. Rasuman and Past President F F Cruz were attending
meetings with its international counterparts from the American Society of Civil
Engineers, the Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Korean Society of Civil
Engineers and the Chinese Institute of Civil and Hydraulics Engineers for the
holding of the 2nd International Civil Engineering Conference in the Asian
Region (CECAR 2) PICE also is a charter organizer of the Asian Civil
Engineering Coordinating Council (ACECC), the body established to oversee
the preparations for the international conference otherwise known as CECAR
The 25th national Convention of PICE was held in Cebu City after SEC
clarified the provisions of the By-Laws concerning the venue of the National
Conventions. It has an unmatched attendance record of 5,300 delegates.
Efren H Sison was elected president for 2000 and 2001 His administration is
anchored on the concept under the acronym USA Unity + Strength =
Achievement. He initiated fast moving programs and continued others
designed and intended to provide and enhance the opportunities for the
professional development and personal advancement of members. This year,
the 5 specialty divisions were reconstituted and criteria and guidelines for
accreditation of specialist members were circularized to all members. The
earning of CPD units was set to be one of the requirements for a members
elevation to the status of Specialist Member.
PICE and ASEP entered into a Memorandum of Agreement with the

Office of Civil Defense/National Disaster Coordinating Council under the Dept.
of National Defense for the National Emergency Response Action Program.
In this partnership PICE and ASEP were setting up a network for the provision
of technical assistance in times of earthquakes and calamities and more
importantly, for disaster preparedness. PICE was to provide the bulk of expert
technical volunteers while ASEP will provide the technical training. The signing
of the NERAP Memorandum of Agreement coincided with the opening of
CAST 2000, a specialty conference on concrete jointly sponsored by PICE
and ASEP. CAST 2000 had an impressive technical program with about 30
never before presented technical papers. PICE harnessed its relationship with
other groups to achieve PICE's objective: the advancement of knowledge and
practice of civil engineering and entered into a Memorandum of Agreement
with the following organizations: PRC Board of Civil Engineering, Association
of Consulting Civil Engineers of the Philippines and the Council of Engineering
Consultants of the Philippines to sponsor a seminar at least once a year about
the practice of foreign civil engineers in the Philippines as embodied in the
PRC Board of Civil Engineering Resolution 23 of 2000 (revising No 17, series

of 1998) PRC Board of Civil Engineering to cooperate with the PRC Board of
Civil Engineering in launching an awareness campaign, extend assistance,
monitor, file complaints regarding the practice of foreign civil engineers. The
Philippine Association of Building Officials formed a partnership with PICE in
the pursuance of the National Emergency Response Action Program or
NERAP. PICE will coordinate with the Building Officials in the conduct of rapid
evaluation of structures in times of earthquakes or disasters where the NERAP
teams will be required. The Publications Committee regularly printed
newsletters and a special issue of the Journal on Disaster Preparedness. In
the INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, PICE renewed its Agreements of
Cooperation with the following Societies: ASCE, JSCE and KSCE PICE also
co-founded the Asian Civil Engineering Coordinating Council (ACECC) along
with ASCE, JSCE and KSCE. ACECC will organize the Civil Engineering
Conferences in the Asian Region, the first was held in Manila in 1998 and the
next one will be in Tokyo, Japan in 2001 It was during his term that PRC
conferred the Most Outstanding Civil Engineer Award for 2000 to past
president, Felipe F Cruz.
In the area of MEMBERS' WELFARE, the PICE actively pursued Free

regional seminars were conducted in conjunction with the Regional
Consultation Meeting of the National Board in San Fernando City, La Union
for Region I and CAR, Olongapo City for Region III and Naga City for Region
V. Insurance coverage for the PICE members was made possible with a
scheme where PICE will earn from premiums which will be used to establish
a PICE Scholarship Program under the chairmanship of IPP Bashir D
Rasuman. The reach-out program started by IPP Rasuman was continued and
offered opportunities for the chapter presidents to confer and interact with the
national board members to discuss chapter and professional issues. In 2000,
PICE was fully computerized. The PICE website, VANN [me org ph, was
launched in July 2000 and contains almost every imaginable data about PICE,
even the contents of our Library and links with international counterpart
associations. Total membership was 50,192 and Life Members at 2,188 at
year end. Eight Members have been elevated to the status of Fellow, namely
Rafael F. Erfe, Dr. Romeo A. Estariero, Capistrano Ramientos, Jr., Bashir D.
Rasuman, Hermenegildo P Manzano, Jr., Eustaquio T. Coronel, Jr., Emilio M
Morales and Rolando G Roque In the Student Affairs, three new student
chapters were added to the 116 chapters Perhaps the best achievement of
our PICE Students in schools located in Metro Manila was the volunteer work
for the Habitat for Humanity in their Muntinlupa project Several housed were
built by the students. A combination of hands-on learning and community work
in progress. The 1st National Student Summit was held during the National
Midyear Convention in Iloilo City at the Central Philippines University on June
28 to July 1, 2000. For the first time, the search for the Most Outstanding Civil
Engineering Student was launched known as MOCES. PICE gave the highest
commendation to Bryan Christopher Que of De La Salle University for
academic excellence and contributions to the furtherance of the PICE student
program. PICE bestowed the CIVIL ENGINEERING LANDMARK AWARD to
the Banaue Rice Terraces as the 1st PICE Landmark Award. For the CIVIL
ENGINEERING MANUAL AND PROFESSIONAL FEE, the Board approved
the adoption of the Manual of Practice prepared by the Mis. Oriental-Cagayan
de Oro City Chapter. The year was capped with the 26th National Convention
hosted by PICE Makati Chapter held at the Manila Hotel attended by some
1,880 delegates. On the second term of Pres. Efren H. Sison, the year 2001
is perhaps the most momentous one for PICE so far. This was the year that

PICE won the most coveted PRC award -The Most Outstanding Accredited
Professional Organization of the Year Most of the criteria for this award
perfectly matched the program of Pres. Sison and were the focus of his
administration - Continuing Professional Development, Community Extension
Program, Members' Welfare and Student Career Development Program and
Value Formation For the Continuing Professional Development, the
accreditation of Specialist Members under the Five Specialty Division started.
Civil Engineers who have been given the certificate of recognition by PRC
automatically became a Specialist Member. A power-packed committee
headed by President Efren H Sison prepared the Manual of Professional
Practice for Civil Engineers. This book was copyrighted and launched last
October 24, 2001.
The PICE National Board started to workout MOAs with Colleges and
Universities to make this a textbook for the ethics subject in the CE course.
The Manual was prepared to guide civil engineers in the practice of their
profession. Regional conferences were conducted from July to October 2001
in Regions IV, VI, I/CAR and III. The topics selected were those that are
pertinent to the respective regions and offered opportunities for net-working
and fund-raising for the chapter. Meanwhile the Midyear National Convention
was hosted by PICE Cagayan de Oro - Misamis Oriental Chapter with DPWH
Sec. Simeon A Datumanong as the Guest Speaker Free Seminars were
conducted from January 2001, for professionals and students conducted
separately almost every weekend. The National Board sponsored this
program, with the assistance of the chapter where the seminars are held. This
program addresses two objectives - Continuing Professional Development
and Member's Welfare. Some of the main topics presented in the free
seminars were The State of Civil Engineering Profession Today, Disaster
Quick Response Action Program, and other technical topics. PICE has
concentrated on its community extension work because civil engineering is a
profession in the Service of the Society. The Disaster Quick Response
Program (DQRP) is an undertaking of the PICE and ASEP with OCC)-NOCC-
ONO for the rapid assessment of structures during calamities. Trainings were
financed by the OCD-NDCC and started in August 2001 at Baguio City. PICE
also entered to a Memorandum of Agreement with the Philippine Building
Officials (PASO) for this undertaking. This program highlights the members'
spirit of volunteerism and concern for the community. PICE wants to involve
all members who will become DORP volunteers in the rapid inspection of
affected structures during earthquakes. PICE entered into a Memorandum of
Agreement with the Habitat for Humanity for the construction of houses for the
marginalized families. The student members provided the manpower in the
construction of the houses while, professional members provided the technical
supervision. As part of the Outreach program of the National Board of
Oirectors,regular consultation meetings were conducted with the officials of
the chapters Batangas, !locos Norte - Laoag, Davao, Isabela, Baguio,
Bacolod, Iloilo, Naga, Pangasinan, Angeles City, Oriental Mindoro,
Pampanga, Leyte, Cabanatuan - N Ecija, La Union. The national officers truly
networked with the members and became very familiar with the particular
settings of the chapter. The computerization program for PICE Operations was
completed in 2001 PICE now has an integrated membership data bank serving
all our chapters nationwide. The Data Bank also has other information related
to the practice of the profession. Our official websrte was launched in July2001
- and main e-mail address picenatl@skyinet net The PICE Library has an
impressive selection of publications available to all members. The PICE

Insurance Program was also launched for the insurance coverage of
members. The Student Career Development program featured free seminars
for student members to inculcate good values and professional background
training PICE will propose to the Academic Community the possibility of
prescribing the Manual of Professional Practice for Civil Engineers as a
textbook for the Civil Engineering Course and in return, PICE will conduct
seminars for students in lieu of OJTs, The CE Education Forum - Full support
was extended to the Civil Engineering Education Congress in May 2001 The
formation of the Association of Civil Engineering Educators of the Philippines
was realized in that conference. Organizational Gains - PICE has various
Standing and Special Committees to attend to the plans and programs of PICE
for the profession and members in: Organizational Aspect, Practice of the
Profession, Community Service, International Affairs, Members, Welfare, Civil
Engineering Education, Student Activities. Landmark Award - The 1st National
Outstanding Civil Engineering Historic landmark Award went to the IFUGAO
RICE TERRACES. While, the 2nd National Outstanding Civil Engineering
Historic landmark Award went to the MT. SAMAT CROSS. International
Relationships- the cause of the success of the First International Civil
Engineering Conference in the Asian Region in 1998, ASCE, PICE and JSCE
initiated the formation of the ACECC - Asian Civil Engineering Coordinating
Council.
Pres. Efren H Sison and PP Bashir 0. Rasuman and Chair of

International Affairs signed an Agreement of Cooperation with the Hongkong
Institution of Engineers' (HKIE) President Dr. John W. K Luk and Secretary
and Director General Ir P K Kwok. As of Dec 31, 2001 PICE had a total of
54,509 members 52,026 regular and alternate members and 2483 life
members in 95 Chapters and over 16,000 student members in 120 student
chapters. DPWH Undersecretary, Manuel M Bonoan served his first term as
PICE National President in 2002 The PICE National Board of Directors
continued the implementation of the following plans and programs:
 Continuing Professional Development

 Members' Personal Welfare
 Community Extension Program
 Student Career Development and Value - Formation Program
 Setting of the civil engineering professional standards and ethics
 Upgrading of the civil engineering education
 International program
 Issues on Practice of the profession and legal matters
Continuing Professional Development (CPO) Program is still the main

thrust of the PICE for the advancement of the knowledge and practice of civil
engineering. Among the projects that were implemented for the CPO Program
are the conduct of a series of Regional Conferences, Free Seminars (under
the Members' Welfare Committee) and the technical tracks during Midyear
and National Convention. Regional Conferences were held in Region IV —
March 25, 2002 in Sta. Cruz, Marinduque; in Region V — August 30-31, 2002
in, Legazpi City; in Region I/CAR (Left Side) — September 6-7, 2003 at
Pangasinan; in Region III - October 4-5, 2002 at Olongapo City; in Region IV
— October 11-12, 2002 in Batangas City. The Free Seminars were well
attended. Modules for the professional and student levels were simultaneously
held. Topics on value formation and how to select the area of specialization
were featured in the free seminars for students. The Student members'

participation in PICE events had increased over the years. PICE took on the
noble task of creating a program and sustaining a culture of professional
excellence for the young prospective engineers. It is now one of the missions
of PICE. The role of the 5 Specialty Divisions were further strengthened in
upgrading the level of practice thru specialization and the evaluation of
members to the specialist category. From 2000, the Five (5) SPECIALTY
DIVISIONS developed the criteria and requirements to be upgraded to the
PICE Specialist Member Category.
The Activities of the Specialty Divisions are:
 periodic assessment of the quality of practice

 setting of standards and practices
 preparation of CPO Program for implementation by the various
chapters
 administration of technical sessions during national conventions,
conferences and seminars
 peer recognition
The Members' Welfare Program was also strengthened, aimed at

providing opportunities and perks for personal development of members. The
PICE Library Facilities, the PICE Website are in place and an e-mail network
was started. Disaster Quick Response Program (DQRP), the PICE program
that combines the practice of profession with active community involvement,
gave focus on the concerns for safety/prevention of loss lives and destruction
of properties. With the Office of Civil Defense-National Disaster Coordinating
Council's support, The training of volunteers from our Chapters continued. The
training for Luzon chapter volunteers in Region I, II, Ill, NCR and part of Region
IV was conducted last June 14-15, 2002 at NIAAuditorium and attended by
some 200 volunteers from PICE and the LGUs The PICE-ASEP-DORP Team
in close coordination with the Office of Civil Defense-National Disaster
Coordinating Council (OCO-NOCC) thru Major General Melchor Rosales (Ret
), OCD-NDCC Administrator, was involved in the rapid assessment of
Structures after the March 6, 2002 earthquake in the areas of General Santos
city, Koronadal, Sultan Kudarat and Sarangani Provinces. Our chapters in the
areas were quick to provide information & participated in the inspection of
damaged structures.
In July 2002 PICE also participated in the Mini-Sagip Internal

Assessment of Domestic Response capability of the Philippines to National
Disaster & also the Sagip 2002 Program of the OND Sagip 2002 or the 3rd
International Work Group Seminar & Exercises Multilateral Disaster Response
& Humanitarian Assistance Program.
Other Achievements:
 The use of the Manual of Practice for Civil Engineering was further
promoted to set the civil engineering professional standards and
ethics.
 Upgrading of the civil engineering education through advocacy
work; involvement in the review of the Civil Engineering curriculum.
 PICE submitted to Professional Regulation Commission PICE's
position on the WTO-GATS issues on Cross Border Supply,
Commercial Presence, Consumption Abroad, Mobility Movement of
Natural Persons

 PICE was one of the signatories in the Code of Good Governance
for all professions which was initiated and formulated by the
Professional Regulation Commission. The purpose is to define the
ethical environment in which all Filipino professionals shall
discharge their professional duties.
 PICE's involvement in the revision of the Implementing Rules and
Regulations for the National Building Code intensified
 The preparations of a Civil Engineering Code was started during the
year.
 On the proposed amendments to the PICE By-laws, the Electoral
College approved the following amendments to the PICE by-laws at
the Bacolod Convention Plaza Hotel on June 28, 2002 during the
National Mid-Year Convention and the Referendum consisting of
the Retirement of Members; Deletion of Section 7 — Retirement of
Members and replace it with President Emeritus or Member
Emeritus and Section 13, Article II was amended that approved the
amnesty for members and Proposed Fee Increases for the
Ratification of the Electoral College.
 PBAC Representation - PICE has established partnership with Non-
Government Agencies as we participated in the various activities of
some agencies: Land Bank, Bureau of Treasury, Bureau of
Fisheries , Civil Service Commission, University of the Philippines
— Diliman, Philippine Ports Authority.
 The Awards for Most Outstanding Chapter, Chapter Special
Awards: Outstanding Community Project and Outstanding
Newsletter were given. Also the Most Outstanding Civil Engineering
Student Awards (MOCES) 2002; Best Celebrated Civil Engineering
Week for 2002 and the Mutya ng PICE 2002 Award.
 PICE has yet to install the Landmark Awards for The 1st National
Outstanding Civil Engineering Historic Landmark Award the
IFUGAO RICE TERRACES and the 2nd National Outstanding Civil
Engineering Historic landmark Award the MT. SAMAT CROSS
Code of Ethics
Fundamental Principles
Civil engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of
the civil engineering profession by:
1. using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human

welfare and the environment;
2. being honest and impartial and serving with fidelity the public, their
employers/employees and clients;
3. striving to increase the competence and prestige of the civil
engineering profession; and
4. supporting the professional and technical societies of their
disciplines.
Fundamental Canons
1. Civil Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare
of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of
sustainable development in the performance of their duties

2. Civil Engineers shall perform services only in areas of their
competence
3. Civil Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective
and truthful manner.
4. Civil Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer
or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of
interest
5. Civil Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit
of their services and shall not compete unfairly with others
6. Civil Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and
enhance the honor, integrity, and dignity of the civil engineering
profession.
7. Civil Engineers shall continue their professional development
throughout their careers, and shall provide opportunities for the
professional development of those civil engineers under their
supervision.
The R.A. 544, Civil Engineering Law
Republic Act No. 544

(As Amended by R.A. 1582)
An Act to Regulate the Practice of Civil Engineering in the
Philippines
Approved, June 17, 1950 (As amended by R.A. No. 1582, approved on June 16, 1956).
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in

Congress assembled:
Article I
TITLE OF THE ACT AND DEFINITION OF TERMS
Section 1. Title of Act.” This Act shall be known as the “Civil Engineering Law.”
Section 2. Definition of Terms.”
a) The practice of civil engineering within the meaning and intent of

this Act shall embrace services in the form of consultation, design,
preparation of plans, specifications, estimates, erection, installation
and supervision of the construction of streets, bridges, highways,
railroads, airports and hangars, port works, canals, river and shore
improvements, lighthouses, and dry docks; buildings, fixed
structures for irrigation, flood protection, drainage, water supply and
sewerage works; demolition of permanent structures; and tunnels.
The enumeration of any work in this section shall not be construed
as excluding any other work requiring civil engineering knowledge
and application.
b) The term “civil engineer” as used in this act shall mean a person
duly registered with the Board for Civil Engineers in the manner as
hereinafter provided.

Article II
BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS
Section 3. Composition of Board.” Within thirty days after the approval of this Act
there shall be created a Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers, hereinafter
referred to as the Board, to be composed of a chairman and two members
who shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines, upon
recommendation of the Commissioner of PRC. The members of the Board
shall hold office for a term of three years after appointment or until their
successors shall have been appointed and shall have qualified. The first
members of the Board appointed under this Act shall hold office for the
following terms: One member for one year; one member for two years; and
one member for three years. Each member of the Board shall qualify by
taking the proper oath of office before entering upon the performance of his
duties. Any member of the Board may be removed by the President of the
Philippines, upon recommendation by the Professional Regulation
Commission for neglect of duty, incompetency, malpractice,
unprofessional, unethical, immoral, or dishonorable conduct, after having
been given opportunity to defend himself in a proper administrative
investigation: Provided, That during the process of investigation, the
President of the Philippines, upon the recommendation of the PRC, shall
have the power to suspend such member under investigation and shall
appoint a temporary member in his place. Vacancies in the Board shall be
filled for the un-expired term only.
Section 4. Powers and Duties of the Board.” The Board for Civil Engineers is vested
with authority, conformable with the provisions of this Act, to administer
oaths, issue, suspend and revoke certificates of registration for the practice
of civil engineering, issue certificates of recognition to civil engineers
already registered under this Act for advanced studies, research, and/or
highly specialized training in any branch of civil engineering subject to the
approval of the PRC, to investigate such violations of this Act and the
regulations, there under as may come to the knowledge of the Board and,
for this purpose, issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum to secure
appearance of witnesses in connection with the charges presented to the
Board, to inspect at least once a year educational institutions offering
courses in civil engineering, civil engineering works, projects or
corporations, established in the Philippines and, for safeguarding of life,
health and property, to discharge such other powers and duties as may
affect ethical and technological standards of the civil engineering
profession in the Philippines. For the purpose of this Act, the Director of
Public Works and/or his authorized representative in the provinces and
chartered cities shall be ex-officio agents of the Board and as such it shall
be their duty to help in the enforcement of the provisions of this Act. The
Board may, with the approval of the Professional Regulation Commission
issue such rules and regulations as may be deemed necessary to carry out
the provisions of this Act. The board shall also adopt a code of ethics in the
practice of civil engineering and have an official seal to authenticate its
official documents.

Section 5. Qualifications of Board Members.” Each member of the Board shall, at the
time of his appointment:
a) Be a citizen and resident of the Philippines;
b) Be at least thirty years of age and of good moral character;
c) Be a graduate of civil engineering from a recognized and legally

constituted school, institute, college or university.
d) Be a registered civil engineer duly qualified to practice civil engineering

in the Philippines;
e) Have practiced civil engineering, with a certificate as such, for a period

of not less than ten years prior to his appointment.
f) Not be a member of the faculty of any school, institute, college, or

university where civil engineering course is taught, nor have a
pecuniary interest in such institutions;
g) No former members of the faculty of any school, institute or university

where civil engineering is taught can become a member of the Board
unless he had stopped teaching for at least three consecutive years.
Section 6. Fees and Compensation of Board.” The Board for Civil Engineers shall
charge for each application for examination the sum of P100 (one hundred)
payable to the collecting and disbursing officer of the PRC upon filing of
said application, and for each certificate of registration, fifty pesos. Each
member of the Board shall receive a compensation of fifteen pesos for each
applicant examined. A civil engineer in the service of the Government of
the Republic of the Philippines appointed as member of the Board shall
receive the compensation as herein provided, in addition to his salary in the
Government. All authorized expenses of the Board, including the
compensation provided for herein, shall be paid by the collecting and
disbursing officer of the PRC out of such appropriation as may be made for
the purpose. (See RA 6511 & PD 223)
Section 7. Annual Report.” The Board shall, at the end of each fiscal year, submit to
the PRC a detailed report of its activities and proceedings during the period
covered by the fiscal year ended.
Article III
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION
Section 8. Examination Requirement.” All applicants for registration for the practice
of civil engineering shall berequired to pass a technical examination as
hereinafter provided.
Section 9. Holding of Examination.” Examination of candidates desiring to practice

civil engineering in the Philippines shall be given in the City of Manila of
each year, provided that such days do not fall on official holidays, otherwise
the examinations shall be held on the days next following.

Section 10. Subjects of Examination.” Applicants for certificate of registration as civil
engineer shall be examined, in the discretion of the Board, on the
following subjects: mathematics, including algebra, plane and spherical
trigonometry, analytics, descriptive and solid geometry, differential and
integral calculus, and rational and applied mechanics; hydraulics;
surveying, including highway and railroad surveying; plane, topographic
and hydrographic surveying, and advance surveying; design and
construction of highways and railroads, masonry structures, wooden and
reinforced concrete buildings, bridges, towers, walls, foundations, piers,
ports, wharves, aqueducts, sanitary engineering works, water supply
systems, dikes, dams and irrigation and drainage canals.
Section 11. Executive Officer of the Board.” The Commissioner of Professional

Regulation Commission shall be the executive officer of the Board and
shall conduct the examinations given by the said Board. He shall
designate any subordinate officer of the Professional Regulation
Commission to act as the Secretary and custodian of all records including
examination papers and minutes of the deliberation of the Board.
Section 12. Qualifications for Examination.” Any person applying for admission to the
civil engineering examination as herein provided shall, prior to the date of
the examination, establish to the satisfaction of the Board that he has the
following qualifications:
a) Be at least twenty-one years of age;
b) Be a citizen of the Philippines;
c) Be of good reputation and moral character; and
d) Be a graduate of a four-year course in civil engineering from a school,

institute, college or university recognized by the Government or the
State wherein it is established.
Section 13. Oath of Civil Engineers.” All successful candidates in the examination
shall be required to take a professional oath before the Board of Civil
Engineers or other Government Officials authorized to administer oaths,
prior to entering upon the practice of the civil engineering profession.
Section 14. Seal and Use of Seal.” All registered civil engineers shall obtain a seal of
such design as the Board shall authorize and direct: Provided, however,
that the serial number of the certificate issued by the Board shall be
included in the design of the seal. Plans and specifications prepared by,
or under the direct supervision of a registered civil engineer shall be
stamped with said seal during the life of the registrant’s certificate, and it
shall be unlawful for anyone to stamp or seal any documents with said
seal after the certificate of registrant named thereon has expired or has
been revoked, unless said certificate shall have been renewed or re-
issued.
Section 15. Exemption from Registration.”
1. Registration shall not be required of the following persons:

a) Officers or enlisted men of the United States and Philippine
Armed Forces, and civilian employees of the Government of
the United States stationed in the Philippines while rendering
civil engineering services for the United States and/or
Philippines.
b) Civil engineers or experts called in by the Philippine

Government for consultation, or specific designand
construction of fixed structures as defined under this Act,
provided that their practice shall be limited to such work.
2. Any person residing in the Philippines may make plans on

specifications for any of the following: a. Any building in chartered cities
or in towns with building ordinances, not exceeding the space
requirement specified therein, requiring the services of a civil engineer.
b. Any wooden building enlargement or alteration which is to be used
for farm purposes only and costing not more than ten thousand pesos.
c. Provided, however. That there shall be nothing in this Act that will
prevent any person from constructing his own (wooden or light
material) residential house, utilizing the services of a person or persons
required for the purpose, without the use of a civil engineer, as long as
he does not violate local ordinances of the place where the building is
to be constructed.
3. Nor shall anything in this Act prevent draftsmen, student clerk-or-work,

superintendents, and other employees of those lawfully engaged in the
practice of civil engineering under the provisions of this Act, from acting
under the instruction, control or supervision of their employer.
4. Nor shall anything in this Act prevent any person who prior to the
approval of this Act have been lawfully engaged in the practice of
“maestro de obras” to continue as such, provided they shall not
undertake the making of plans supervision for the following classes of
work:
a) Building of concrete whether reinforced or not.

b) Building of more than two stories.
c) Building with frames of structural steel.
d) Building of structures intended for public gathering or assemblies
such as theatres, cinematographs, stadia, churches, or
structures of like nature.
5. Nor shall anything in this Act prevent professional architects and

engineers to practice their professions.
Section 16. Refusal to Issue Certificate.” The Board for Civil Engineers shall not issue
a certificate to any person convicted by a court of competent jurisdiction
of any criminal offense involving moral turpitude, or to any person guilty
of immoral or dishonorable conduct, or to any person guilty of immoral or
dishonorable conduct, or to any person of unsound mind. In the event of
a refusal to issue a certificate to any person, the Board shall give to the
applicant a written statement setting forth its reason for such action, which
statement shall be incorporated in the records of the Board.

Section 17. Suspension and Revocation of Certificates. “ The Board shall have the
power, after due notice and hearings to suspend or revoke the certificate
of registration for any cause mentioned in the preceding section.
Section 18. Re-issue and Replacement of Certificates. “ The Board may, after the
expiration of one year from the date of certificate of registration is revoked
and for reasons it may deem sufficient, entertain an application for a new
certificate of registration from the registrant concerned. Such application
shall be accomplished in the same form prescribed for examination, but
the Board may, in its discretion, exempt the applicant from taking the
requisite examination.
Section 19. Transitory Provisions.” As soon as this Act takes effect, any person
desiring to practice the profession of civil engineering shall be required to
obtain a certificate of registration in the manner and under the conditions
hereinafter provided. All civil engineers duly licensed under the provisions
of Act Numbered Twenty-nine hundred and eighty-five, as amended, at
the time this Act takes effect, shall be automatically registered under the
provisions hereof. Certificates of registration held by such persons in good
standing shall have the same force and effect as though the same have
been issued under the provisions of this Act. All graduates in civil
engineering from a school, institute, college, or university recognized by
the Government who have passed the civil service examination for senior
civil engineer and have been practicing or employed in the Government
as such during five years are exempted from taking examination.
Article V
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Section 23. Preparation of plans and supervisions of construction by registered civil

engineer.” It shall be unlawful for any person to order or otherwise cause
the construction, reconstruction, or alteration of any building or structure
intended for public gathering or assembly such as theaters,
cinematographs, stadia, churches or structures of like nature, and any
other engineering structures mentioned in section two of this Act unless
the designs, plans, and specifications of same have been prepared under
the responsible charge of, and signed and sealed by a registered civil
engineer, and unless the construction, reconstruction and/or alteration
thereof are executed under the responsible charge and direct supervision
of a civil engineer. Plans and designs of structures must be approved as
provided by law or ordinance of a city or province or municipality where
the said structure is to be constructed.
Section 24. The practice of civil engineering is a professional service, admission to

which must be determined upon individual, personal qualifications.
Hence, no firm, partnership, corporation or association may be registered
or licensed as such for the practice of civil engineering: Provided,
however, That persons properly registered and licensed as civil engineers
may, among themselves or with a person or persons properly registered
and licensed as architects, form, and obtain registration of, a firm,
partnership or association using the term “Engineers” or “Engineers and
Architects,” but, nobody shall be a member or partner of such firm,
partnership or association unless he is duly licensed civil engineer or
architect, and the members who are civil engineers shall only render work
and services proper for a civil engineer, as defined in this Act, and the

members who are architects shall also only render work and services
proper for an architect, as defined in the law regulating the practice of
architecture; individual members of such firms, partnership or association
shall be responsible for their own respective acts.
Section 25. Reciprocity requirements.” No person who is not a citizen of the

Philippines at the time he applies to take the examination shall be allowed
to take it unless he can prove in the manner provided by the Rules of
Court that, by specific provision of law, the country of which he is a citizen,
subject, or national either admits citizens of the Philippines to the practice
of the same profession without restriction or allows them to practice it after
an examination on terms of strict and absolute equality with citizens,
subjects, or nationals of the country concerned, including the
unconditional recognition of degrees issued by institutions of learning duly
recognized for the purpose by the Government of the Philippines:
Provided, That if he is not a citizen of the Philippines, and was admitted
to the practice of a profession in the Philippines after December 8, 1941,
his active practice in that profession, either in the Philippines or in the
state or country where he was practicing his profession, shall not have
been interrupted for a period of two years or more prior to July 4, 1946,
and that the country or state from which he comes allows the citizens of
the Philippines by specific provision of law, to practice the same
profession without restriction or on terms of strict and absolute equality
with citizens, subjects or nationals of the country or state concerned.
Section 26. Roster of civil engineers.” A roster showing the names and places of
business of all registered civil engineers shall be prepared by the
Commissioner of PRC periodically but at least once a year. Copies of this
roster shall be placed on file with the PRC and furnished to all department
heads, mayors of all chartered cities, to the Director of Public Works, to
such other Bureaus, government entities or agencies and municipal and
provincial authorities as may be deemed necessary and to the public upon
request.
Section 27. Repeal. “All laws, parts of laws, orders, ordinances, or regulations in
conflict with the provisions hereof; including parts of Act Numbered
Twenty-nine hundred and eighty-five, as amended, as pertains to the
practice of civil engineering, are hereby repealed, except the provisions
of Act Numbered Thirtyone hundred and fifty nine amending Act
Numbered Twenty-nine hundred and eighty-five, pertaining to the practice
of “maestro de obras.”
Section 28. Construction of Act.” If any part or section of this Act shall be declared
unconstitutional, such declarations shall not invalidate the other
provisions hereof.
Section 29. Effectivity. “This Act shall take effect upon its approval.”

Module 3
Current Fields and Careers of Civil Engineers
Introduction
There are a number of sub-disciplines within the broad field of civil engineering. General
civil engineers work closely with surveyors and specialized civil engineers to design grading,
drainage, pavement, water supply, sewer service, dams, electric and communications supply.
General civil engineering is also referred to as site engineering, a branch of civil engineering
that primarily focuses on converting a tract of land from one usage to another. Site engineers
spend time visiting project sites, meeting with stakeholders, and preparing construction plans.
Civil engineers apply the principles of geotechnical engineering, structural engineering,
environmental engineering, transportation engineering and construction engineering to
residential, commercial, industrial, and public works projects of all sizes and levels of
construction.
1. Understand and Familiarize with the Current Fields/Careers of Civil Engineering

2. Know the trend of Civil Engineering Development
A. Structural Engineering
Structural engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering in which structural

engineers are trained to design the 'bones and muscles' that create the form and shape
of man-made structures. Structural engineers need to understand and calculate the
stability, strength and rigidity of built structures for buildings and nonbuilding structures.
The structural designs are integrated with those of other designers such
as architects and building services engineer and often supervise the construction of
projects by contractors on site.[2] They can also be involved in the design of machinery,
medical equipment, and vehicles where structural integrity affects functioning and safety.
See glossary of structural engineering.
Structural engineering theory is based upon applied physical
laws and empirical knowledge of the structural performance of different materials and
geometries. Structural engineering design uses a number of relatively simple structural
concepts to build complex structural systems. Structural engineers are responsible for
making creative and efficient use of funds, structural elements and materials to achieve
these goals.
History
Structural engineering dates back to 2700 B.C.E. when the step pyramid for
Pharaoh Djoser was built by Imhotep, the first engineer in history known by name.
Pyramids were the most common major structures built by ancient civilizations
because the structural form of a pyramid is inherently stable and can be almost
infinitely scaled (as opposed to most other structural forms, which cannot be linearly
increased in size in proportion to increased loads).
The structural stability of the pyramid, whilst primarily gained from its shape,
relies also on the strength of the stone from which it is constructed, and its ability to
support the weight of the stone above it. The limestone blocks were often taken from
a quarry near the building site and have a compressive strength from 30 to 250 MPa

(MPa = Pa × 106). Therefore, the structural strength of the pyramid stems from the
material properties of the stones from which it was built rather than the pyramid's
geometry.
Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and
construction were carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising
to the role of master builder. No theory of structures existed, and understanding of
how structures stood up was extremely limited, and based almost entirely on empirical
evidence of 'what had worked before'. Knowledge was retained by guilds and seldom
supplanted by advances. Structures were repetitive, and increases in scale were
incremental.
No record exists of the first calculations of the strength of structural members
or the behavior of structural material, but the profession of a structural engineer only
really took shape with the Industrial Revolution and the re-invention of concrete
(see History of Concrete. The physical sciences underlying structural engineering
began to be understood in the Renaissance and have since developed into computer-
based applications pioneered in the 1970s.
Timeline
1452 - 1519 - Leonardo da Vinci made many contributions
 1638 - Galileo Galilei published the book Two New Sciences in which he
examined the failure of simple
 1660: Hooke's law by Robert Hooke
 1687: Isaac Newton published Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia

Mathematica which contains the Newton's laws of motion
 1750: Euler–Bernoulli beam equation
 1700–1782: Daniel Bernoulli introduced the principle of virtual work
 1707–1783: Leonhard Euler developed the theory of buckling of columns
 1826: Claude-Louis Navier published a treatise on the elastic behaviors of

structures
 1873: Carlo Alberto Castigliano presented his dissertation "Intorno ai sistemi

elastici", which contains his theorem for computing displacement as the partial
derivative of the strain energy. This theorem includes the method of "least work"
as a special case
 1874: Otto Mohr formalized the idea of a statically indeterminate structure.
 1922: Timoshenko corrects the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation
 1936: Hardy Cross' publication of the moment distribution method, an important

innovation in the design of continuous frames.
 1941: Alexander Hrennikoff solved the discretization of plane elasticity problems

using a lattice framework
 1942: R. Courant divided a domain into finite subregions
 1956: J. Turner, R. W. Clough, H. C. Martin, and L. J. Topp's paper on the

"Stiffness and Deflection of Complex Structures" introduces the name "finite-

element method" and is widely recognized as the first comprehensive treatment
of the method as it is known today
Structure
The history of structural engineering contains many collapses and failures.

Sometimes this is due to obvious negligence, as in the case of the Pétion-Ville
school collapse, in which Rev. Fortin Augustin " constructed the building all by
himself, saying he didn't need an engineer as he had good knowledge of
construction" following a partial collapse of the three-story schoolhouse that sent
neighbours fleeing. The final collapse killed 94 people, mostly children.
In other cases structural failures require careful study, and the results of
these inquiries have resulted in improved practices and a greater understanding of
the science of structural engineering. Some such studies are the result of forensic
engineering investigations where the original engineer seems to have done
everything in accordance with the state of the profession and acceptable practice
yet a failure still eventuated. A famous case of structural knowledge and practice
being advanced in this manner can be found in a series of failures involving box
girders which collapsed in Australia during the 1970s.
Theory
Structural engineering depends upon a detailed knowledge of applied
mechanics, materials science, and applied mathematics to understand and
predict how structures support and resist self-weight and imposed loads. To
apply the knowledge successfully a structural engineer generally requires
detailed knowledge of relevant empirical and theoretical design codes, the
techniques of structural analysis, as well as some knowledge of the
[[corrosion],] resistance of the materials and structures, especially when those
structures are exposed to the external environment. Since the 1990s,
specialist software has become available to aid in the design of structures,
with the functionality to assist in the drawing, analyzing and designing of
structures with maximum precision; examples include AutoCAD,
StaadPro, ETABS, Prokon, Revit Structure, Inducta RCB, etc. Such software
may also take into consideration environmental loads, such as earthquakes
and winds.
Profession
Structural engineers are responsible

for engineering design and structural
analysis. Entry-level structural engineers
may design the individual structural
elements of a structure, such as the
beams and columns of a building. More
experienced engineers may be
responsible for the structural design and
integrity of an entire system, such as a
building.
Structural engineers often
specialize in particular types of structures,
such as buildings, bridges, pipelines,
industrial, tunnels, vehicles, ships, aircraft,
and spacecraft. Structural engineers who
specialize in buildings often specialize in
particular construction materials such as concrete, steel, wood, masonry, alloys,
and composites, and may focus on particular types of buildings such as offices,
schools, hospitals, residential, and so forth.
Structural engineering has existed since humans first started to construct
their structures. It became a more defined and formalized profession with the

emergence of architecture as a distinct profession from engineering during the
industrial revolution in the late 19th century. Until then, the architect and the
structural engineer were usually one and the same thing – the master builder. Only
with the development of specialized knowledge of structural theories that emerged
during the 19th and early 20th centuries, did the professional structural engineers
come into existence.
The role of a structural engineer today involves a significant understanding of
both static and dynamic loading and the structures that are available to resist them.
The complexity of modern structures often requires a great deal of creativity from
the engineer in order to ensure the structures support and resist the loads they are
subjected to. A structural engineer will typically have a four or five-year
undergraduate degree, followed by a minimum of three years of professional
practice before being considered fully qualified. Structural engineers are licensed
or accredited by different learned societies and regulatory bodies around the world
(for example, the Institution of Structural Engineers in the UK). Depending on the
degree course they have studied and/or the jurisdiction they are seeking licensure
in, they may be accredited (or licensed) as just structural engineers, or as civil
engineers, or as both civil and structural engineers. Another international
organisation is IABSE(International Association for Bridge and Structural
Engineering).[7] The aim of that association is to exchange knowledge and to
advance the practice of structural engineering worldwide in the service of the
profession and society.
Specializations
 Building Structures
Structural building engineering

includes all structural engineering related
to the design of buildings. It is a branch of
structural engineering closely affiliated
with architecture.
Structural building engineering is
primarily driven by the creative
manipulation of materials and forms and
the underlying mathematical and scientific
ideas to achieve an end that fulfils its
functional requirements and is structurally
safe when subjected to all the loads it
could reasonably be expected to
experience. This is subtly different from
architectural design, which is driven by the
creative manipulation of materials and
forms, mass, space, volume, texture, and
light to achieve an end which is aesthetic,
functional, and often artistic.
The architect is usually the lead
designer on buildings, with a structural
engineer employed as a sub-consultant.
The degree to which each discipline
leads the design depends heavily on the
type of structure. Many structures are
structurally simple and led by
architecture, such as multi-story office
buildings and housing, while other
structures, such as tensile
structures, shells and grid shells are
heavily dependent on their form for their
strength, and the engineer may have a
more significant influence on the form,

and hence much of the aesthetic, than the architect.
The structural design for a
building must ensure that the building
can stand up safely, able to function
without excessive deflections or
movements which may cause fatigue
of structural elements, cracking or
failure of fixtures, fittings or partitions,
or discomfort for occupants. It must
account for movements and forces due
to temperature, creep, cracking, and imposed loads. It must also ensure
that the design is practically buildable within acceptable manufacturing
tolerances of the materials. It must allow the architecture to work, and the
building services to fit within the building and function (air conditioning,
ventilation, smoke extract, electrics, lighting, etc.). The structural design of
a modern building can be extremely complex and often requires a large
team to complete.
Structural engineering specialties for buildings include:
 Earthquake engineering
 Façade engineering
 Fire engineering
 Roof engineering
 Tower engineering
 Wind engineering
 Earthquake Engineering Structures
Earthquake engineering structures are those engineered to

withstand earthquakes.
The main objectives of

earthquake engineering are to
understand the interaction
of structures with the shaking ground,
foresee the consequences of possible
earthquakes, and design and
construct the structures
to perform during an earthquake.
Earthquake-proof structures are
not necessarily extremely strong like
the El Castillo pyramid at Chichen Itza
shown above.
One important tool of earthquake engineering is base isolation, which
allows the base of a structure to move freely with the ground.
 Civil Engineering Structures
Civil structural engineering includes all structural engineering related

to the built environment. It includes:
 Bridges  Railways
 Dams  Retaining structures and walls
 Earthworks  Roads
 Foundations  Tunnels
 Offshore structures  Waterways
 Pipelines  Reservoirs
 Power stations  Water and wastewater infrastructure

The structural engineer is the lead designer on these structures, and
often the sole designer. In the design of structures such as these, structural
safety is of paramount importance (in the UK, designs for dams, nuclear
power stations and bridges must be signed off by a chartered engineer).
Civil engineering structures are often subjected to very extreme
forces, such as large variations in temperature, dynamic loads such as
waves or traffic, or high pressures from water or compressed gases. They
are also often constructed in corrosive environments, such as at sea, in
industrial facilities, or below ground.
 Mechanical Structures
The principles of structural engineering apply to a variety of

mechanical (moveable) structures. The design of static structures assumes
they always have the same geometry (in fact, so-called static structures
can move significantly, and structural engineering design must take this into
account where necessary), but the design of moveable or moving
structures must account for fatigue, variation in the method in which load is
resisted and significant deflections of structures.
The forces which parts of a machine are subjected to can vary
significantly and can do so at a great rate. The forces which a boat or
aircraft are subjected to vary enormously and will do so thousands of times
over the structure's lifetime. The structural design must ensure that such
structures can endure such loading for their entire design life without failing.
These works can require mechanical structural engineering:
 Boilers and pressure vessels

 Coachworks and carriages
 Cranes
 Elevators
 Escalators
 Marine vessels and hulls
 Aerospace Structure
Aerospace structure types include

launch vehicles, (Atlas, Delta,
Titan), missiles (ALCM,
Harpoon), Hypersonic vehicles (Space
Shuttle), military aircraft (F-16, F-18) and
commercial aircraft (Boeing 777, MD-11).
Aerospace structures typically consist of
thin plates with stiffeners for the external
surfaces, bulkheads, and frames to
support the shape and fasteners such as
welds, rivets, screws, and bolts to hold the components together.
 Nanoscale Structures
A nanostructure is an object of intermediate size between molecular

and microscopic (micrometer-sized) structures. In describing
nanostructures it is necessary to differentiate between the number of
dimensions on the nanoscale. Nanotextured surfaces have one dimension

on the nanoscale, i.e., only the
thickness of the surface of an object
is between 0.1 and
100 nm. Nanotubes have two
dimensions on the nanoscale, i.e.,
the diameter of the tube is between
0.1 and 100 nm; its length could be
much greater. Finally,
spherical nanoparticles have three
dimensions on the nanoscale, i.e.,
the particle is between 0.1 and
100 nm in each spatial dimension.
The terms nanoparticles and ultrafine
particles (UFP) often are used
synonymously although UFP can
reach into the micrometer range. The
term 'nanostructure' is often used
when referring to magnetic
technology.
 Structural Engineering for Medical Science
Medical equipment (also

known as armamentarium) is
designed to aid in the diagnosis,
monitoring or treatment of medical
conditions. There are several basic
types: diagnostic equipment
includes medical imaging
machines, used to aid in diagnosis;
equipment includes infusion
pumps, medical lasers, and LASIK
surgical machines; medical
monitors allow medical staff to
measure a patient's medical state.
Monitors may measure patient vital signs and other parameters
including ECG, EEG, blood pressure, and dissolved gases in the blood;
diagnostic medical equipment may also be used in the home for certain
purposes, e.g. for the control of diabetes mellitus. A biomedical equipment
technician (BMET) is a vital component of the healthcare delivery system.
Employed primarily by hospitals, BMETs are the people responsible for
maintaining a facility's medical equipment.
Structural Elements
Any structure is essentially made up of

only a small number of different types of
elements:
 Columns
 Beams
 Plates
 Arches
 Shells
 Catenaries

Many of these elements can be classified according to form (straight, plane /
curve) and dimensionality (one-dimensional / two-dimensional):
 Columns
Columns are elements that carry only axial force (compression) or both axial
force and bending (which is technically called a beam-column but practically, just a
column). The design of a column must check the axial capacity of the element and
the buckling capacity.
The buckling capacity is the capacity of the element to withstand the propensity
to buckle. Its capacity depends upon its geometry, material, and the effective length
of the column, which depends upon the restraint conditions at the top and bottom
of the column. The effective length is 𝑲 ∗ 𝒍 where 𝒍 is the real length of the column
and 𝑲 is the factor dependent on the restraint conditions.
The capacity of a column to carry axial load depends on the degree of bending
it is subjected to, and vice versa. This is represented on an interaction chart and is
a complex non-linear relationship.
 Beams
A beam may be defined as an element in which one dimension is much greater

than the other two and the applied loads are usually normal to the main axis of the
element. Beams and columns are called line elements and are often represented
by simple lines in structural modelling.
 cantilevered (supported at one end only with a fixed connection)

 simply supported (fixed against vertical translation at each end and
horizontal translation at one end only, and able to rotate at the supports)
 fixed (supported in all directions for translation and rotation at each end)
 continuous (supported by three or more supports)
 a combination of the above (ex. supported at one end and in the middle)
Beams are elements that carry pure bending only. Bending causes one part of the
section of a beam (divided along its length) to go into compression and the other

part into tension. The compression part must be designed to resist buckling and
crushing, while the tension part must be able to adequately resist the tension.
 Trusses
A truss is a structure comprising members and connection points or nodes.

When members are connected at nodes and forces are applied at nodes members
can act in tension or compression. Members acting in compression are referred to
as compression members or struts while members acting in tension are referred to
as tension members or ties. Most trusses use gusset plates to connect intersecting
elements. Gusset plates are relatively flexible and unable to transfer bending
moments. The connection is usually arranged so that the lines of force in the
members are coincident at the joint thus allowing the truss members to act in pure
tension or compression.
Trusses are usually used in large-span structures, where it would be
uneconomical to use solid beams.
 Plates
Plates carry bending in two directions. A concrete flat slab is an example of

a plate. Plates are understood by using continuum mechanics, but due to the
complexity involved they are most often designed using a codified empirical
approach, or computer analysis.
They can also be designed with yield line
theory, where an assumed collapse mechanism
is analyzed to give an upper bound on the
collapse load. This technique is used in
practice but because the method provides an
upper-bound, i.e. an unsafe prediction of the
collapse load, for poorly conceived collapse
mechanisms great care is needed to ensure that
the assumed collapse mechanism is realistic.
 Shells
Shells derive their strength from their

form and carry forces in compression in two
directions. A dome is an example of a shell.
They can be designed by making a
hanging-chain model, which will act as a
catenary in pure tension and inverting the
form to achieve pure compression.
 Arches
Arches carry forces in compression in one direction only, which is why it is

appropriate to build arches out of masonry. They are designed by ensuring that

the line of thrust of the force remains within the depth of the arch. It is mainly
used to increase the bountifulness of any structure.
Materials
Structural engineering depends on the knowledge of materials and their

properties, in order to understand how different materials support and resist
loads.
Common structural materials are:
 Iron: wrought iron, cast iron

 Concrete: reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete
 Alloy: steel, stainless steel
 Masonry
 Timber: hardwood, softwood
 Aluminium
 Composite materials: plywood
B. Construction Engineering
Construction Engineering is the management and delivery of construction

projects. Construction is considered to be any building projects used for residential,
commercial or industrial applications. Civil Engineers that are educated in the field of
construction management are classified as Construction Engineers.
They are required to plan construction activities, supervise the installation of

structural elements and inspect the building upon completion. Construction Engineers
work with architects and Engineering technicians on building design and on-site
problem solving. Construction Engineers also compile reports which detail the cost
feasibility and estimation of the project.
Use of Computer Aided Design software is common, although not to the same
extent as a structural engineer. Construction Engineers combine project management
skills and mathematical knowledge. Construction Engineers may specialise in
residential housing, bridges, skyscrapers, industrial warehouses or any other
infrastructure that exists. The health of the construction industry in each country
determines the demand for Construction Engineers.
C. Management Engineering
In the past, management engineers have designed systems for control. Today they
are designing systems that support change. With this shift, there is also a switch from a
project or department focus to a systems focus that inevitably involves multiple
departments and disciplines. Management engineering utilizes industrial engineering

knowledge and skills to provide internal consulting services for all departments in an
organization in order to develop, implement, and monitor more efficient, cost-effective
business processes and strategies.
What do management engineers do?
Throughout the hospital environment, management engineers solve operational

problems and improve levels of quality, service, or productivity.ME’s work with members
of a department or service line to develop recommendations for improvement. They focus
on improving the availability and validity of information used in analysis, decision making,
and monitoring operations performance. Management engineers are called upon to
determine the most efficient and effective way to run a hospital department.
What skills do management engineers use?
Management engineering focuses on basic industrial engineering skills.

Observation, data collection, and statistical analysis play a vital role in any project.ME’s
serve as facilitators and technical advisors for projects ranging from staffing levels to new
information system technologies combining communication skills with a strong technical
background.
What types of projects do Management Engineers work on?
Management engineering uses a very participative approach in its projects. The

ME department works on a wide variety of projects that can be classified into two major
categories: quality improvement and management support.
Quality improvement projects focus on improving processes and systems by

evaluating the current system, determining root causes of problems, and developing
recommendations for improvement.
These projects can include:
 Work flow design.

 Scheduling of staff/patients.
 Organizational structure.
 Workload management.
 Inter-departmental coordination.
 Work methods and procedures.
 Defining workplace needs and designing physical workplace layouts.
Management support projects focus on improving decision making, problem
solving, or planning.
 Designing questionnaires or other data collection tools.

 Statistical, mathematical, or graphical analysis.
 Cost benefit analysis.
 Design or implementation of departmental or hospital wide information
systems.
 Developing systems to monitor the performance, costs, and effectiveness of
operations.
 Analyzing the alternative solutions using computer simulation.

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CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION

ENGR. JANE CRISTEL B. DE LEON

Republic of the Philippines

1 | Civil Engineering Orientation

Introduction to various tracks and specialization of Civil Engineering, emphasis on

At the end of this course, the following will be attained:

1. Every Monday/Sunday evening is the uploading of modules in FB Messenger.

Grading System: Passing Mark: 60%

2 | Civil Engineering Orientation

At the end of this chapter, the students shall be able to:

1. Knowledge on the Ancient History of Civil Engineering

A. Ancient History of Civil Engineering

It is difficult to determine the history of emergence and beginning of civil

Civil Engineering has been an

3 | Civil Engineering Orientation

Ancient historic civil engineering constructions include the Qanat water

Other remarkable historical structures are Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan

A treatise on Architecture, Book called Vitruvius' De

Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and

4 | Civil Engineering Orientation

B. Civil Engineering in Modern Times

Formal education in engineering science became widely available as other

C. Educational and Institutional History of Civil Engineering

5 | Civil Engineering Orientation

During Spanish Time

The history of the architecture and civil engineering profession in the

The walled city in Intramuros was

6 | Civil Engineering Orientation

In 1621, Don Bernardino Castillo, a generous patron and a well-known

7 | Civil Engineering Orientation

Manila was hit by an earthquake and was reconstructed

Irrigation and Water System

The lighthouse was demolished in 1992 and was replaced with an

8 | Civil Engineering Orientation

Puente Colgante (which is the term for a suspension bridge in Spanish:

9 | Civil Engineering Orientation

A 'public-spirited citizen." Don Francisco Carriedo y Peredo was a Basque

The tremendous growth of the city of Manila led the administration to

Puente de Convalecencia or better known as the Ayala Bridge was completed

10 | Civil Engineering Orientation

18th and 19th CENTURY

Two types of construction under Spanish regime were practiced: First.

Second. Spanish road. rubble-stone pavement cobblestones. The pavement

First Philippine Republic (Aguinaldo)

The Organic Decree issued by Gen. Emilio Aquinaldo establishing the

Though once included in the Department of War. now Department of National

11 | Civil Engineering Orientation

The Malolos Constitution was ratified during a general assembly of Congree

When Mabini was replaced by Pedro Paterno as President of the Cabinet.

During American Regime

The coming of the Americans brought about drastic changes in our

Under the civil government established in July. 1901. such 'assimilation"

In his letter dated January 4. 1899 to Filipinos. US Major-General Elwell S.

Foundation of the Liceo de Manila. a private institution offering academic

12 | Civil Engineering Orientation

Transportation in the Philippines was depended largely on trails. waterways.

By virtue of Act No. 83 passed by the Philippine Commission on February 6.

The first professional association of architecture and surveyors was born on

Bureau of Engineering and Construction of Public Works and Bureau of

On December 8, 1902, the first Railroad Legislation Act (Philippine

AAFF changed the name of association to Academia de Arquitectura.

13 | Civil Engineering Orientation

Act No. 1401 of the Philippine Commission passed on October 4, 1905,