BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
LESSON 2: EVOLUTION AND MAIN BRANCHES OF
ENGINEERING
Learning Objectives:
After studying this competency, the reader should be able to:
- Understand the concepts of engineering profession and importance
of engineers, as well as the common traits of good engineers
especially industrial engineers
- Integrate theory with the practical aspects of Engineering especially
Industrial Engineering
- Acquire importance of engineering and common traits of engineers
especially industrial engineers
THE EVOLUTION OF ENGINEERING
- Ancient Era
Engineering started in ancient times, a long time ago when people were
using a wheel, pulley, lever, and wedge to create something useful.
Agriculture began in the Middle East as early as 9000 B.C. They made
bronze tools, plow, wheel, sailboat, potter's wheel, improved irrigation
techniques, trade, and commerce. Indeed, it is a big transformation in their
society as urban civilizations during that time.
According to history, the world's first civilization evolved along with four
great river systems where agriculture is very abundant. These four river
valleys were: the Tigris-Euphrates in Mesopotamia, the Nile in Egypt, the
Indus in India, and the Huang in China. Archaeological evidence confirms
BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
that 3500 B.C. was the world's oldest civilization in Sumer, Mesopotamia
followed by Egypt -3100 B.C., India 2500 B.C., and China - 1700 B.C.
Sumerians were highly creative people and their contributions to a society
marked successfully. The most famous is a Sumerian ziggurat, a tower made
up of massive stone structures in 2000 B.C. Meanwhile, The Great Pyramids,
the tomb for the pharaohs in Egypt is said to be one of the major engineering
accomplishments of all time with a base of 756 feet square and a height of
480 feet. These pyramids were the invention of the son of Kanofer, the royal
architect of Memphis in 3000 B.C. He is Imhotep, the first engineer to be
known by name according to historians but he is more familiar as an architect
than as an engineer. However, these massive engineering structures of
pyramids are second in magnitude only to the Great Wall of China, the
powerful symbol of Chinese civilization's enduring strength with 13,000 miles
in length. The Sumerians and Egyptians were expert mathematicians as they
solved and measured their great contributions through computations.
Among the many other shreds of evidence of the innovations and skills of
the civil and military engineers during the ancient times are also tackled here.
Athena Nike and Parthenon are the temples at the Acropolis in Athens. These
are Greece's most famous monuments and great architectural buildings in
ancient times. The Colosseum or Coliseum, also known as the Flavian
Amphitheatre in Rome, Italy is a marvel of Roman Engineering as the largest
amphitheater and gladiatorial arena. The Antikythera mechanism is an
ancient Greek mechanical device and the world's first analogical computer to
chart the movement of the sun, moon, and planets.
Important notes:
Agriculture - the deliberate cultivation of crops and the racing of livestock.
IIEC0111: INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. RJ L. BRIONES
 BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
Civilization - an advanced stage of social development usually characterized
by farming, a legal system, metal tools, cities, and writing.
Culture - the customs, techniques, and arts of a people or nation.
Nile - comes from the Semitic word Nahal, meaning "river", which the Greek
changed to Neilos. The Egyptians called the river Ar, meaning "black".
Pharaoh - a ruler in Egypt, heads the dynasty, meaning "royal house".
Rome - the city's name comes from groma, a Latin word meaning "crossroads".
- Renaissance Era
Renaissance era or the so called European Renaissance, the period in
European civilization from around 14th to 17th centuries after the Middle
Ages is said to be the beginning of the "modern age". It started in Italy where
the revival of classical learning and wisdom took place. Among the notable
Renaissance engineers were Mariano di Jacopo detto il Taccola and Thomas
Savery.
Mariano di Jacopo detto il Taccola (1382 - 1453), had diverse jobs as
an Italian administrator, polymath, artist, notary, superintendent of roads,
university secretary, sculptor, and hydraulic engineer of the early
Renaissance. He is known for his technological treatises De ingeneis and De
machinis, which feature annotated drawings of a wide array of innovative
machines and devices. His work was widely studied and copied by later
Renaissance engineers and artists, among them were Francesco di Giorgio and
Leonardo da Vinci.
Thomas Savery (1650 - 1715), was an English military engineer and
inventor who built and patented the first crude steam engine in 1698 for
BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
supplying water in large buildings, widespread public water supply, and for
draining of mines. His other amazing inventions were clocks, an arrangement
of paddlewheels, and an odometer for measuring the distances traveled by
ships.
Important notes:
Renaissance - a French word that means "rebirth".
- Modern Era
Modern era started after the classical period from the mid-18th century
to the end 19th century when notable historical milestones happened such as
Revolutions of French, American, Russian, Industrial, and Great Diversion.
Thus, it brought a big leap to the use of electricity and gas engines. This
results in the emergence of technology when televisions, the radio, electric
fans, typewriters, telephones, microwave ovens, cameras, other electrical
devices, and automobiles were invented. Among the famous engineers were
John Smeaton, William George Armstrong, Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, and
Josiah Willard Gibbs.
John Smeaton (1724 - 1792), was an English civil engineer and a
physicist, known as the "Father of Civil Engineering" since he constructed
bridges, harbors, canals, mariner's compass, windmills, steam engines, and
related mechanical engineering works.
William George Armstrong (1810 - 1900), a British industrialist,
engineer, eminent scientist, and armaments manufacturer who invented
high-pressure hydraulic machinery, modern inventor, philanthropist,
artillery, and revolutionized the design and manufacture of guns. He built
IIEC0111: INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. RJ L. BRIONES
 BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
Cragside in Northumberland, the first house in the world to be lit by
hydroelectricity together with the architect Richard Norman Shaw.
Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (1832 - 1923), was a French civil engineer and
architect who built the world-famous Eiffel Tower for 1889 Exposition
Universelle in Paris and fondly called "the magician of iron".
Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839 - 1903), was a preeminent American
mathematical-engineer, scientist, chemist, and theoretical physicist. He was
noted for his contributions to physical chemistry and statistical mechanics.
Thus, he received lots of awards. He was awarded as the first American
doctorate in engineering (Ph.D.) in 1863 by Yale. Albert Einstein praised
him as "the greatest mind in American history", American Mathematical
Society described him also as one of the greatest scientists American has
ever produced and the international scientific community awarded the
highest honor in 1901 by the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London.
THE MAIN BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING
Chemical Engineering
Chemical engineering is the engineering discipline that uses Chemistry
to create chemicals and materials in laboratories. These chemicals will
commonly produce medicines, paints, plastics, fertilizers, pesticides, paper,
films, polymers, petroleum, and powders. Common physical operations are
Mixing, filtering, distillation, food processing, evaporation, and drying. This
field is a foundation of sciences such as chemistry, physics, and biology.
BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering
Civil engineering is the second-oldest main branch of engineering next
to military engineering. This profession is responsible for the design and
construction of buildings, railroads, railways, sewage systems, tunnels, dams,
canals, bridges, airports, water, and power systems for everyone since ancient
times. The earliest practice of civil engineering started since the building of
shelter in ancient times. Among the well-known masterpieces for public use
of this discipline were the pyramids of Egypt, Great Wall of China, aqueducts
of Rome, and other useful non-military works. The specialized sub-disciplines
are knowledge of structures, soils, environment, mechanics, material science,
geology, geography, hydrology, surveying, structural, and construction.
Electrical Engineering
Electrical engineering is the newer branch of engineering in the later
19th century in the USA and UK. EE is the largest engineering discipline with
subfields of electronics, microelectronics, robotics, control systems, radio-
frequency, signal processing, computers, digital, power, instrumentations,
telecommunications, and signal processing. The Serbian-American Nicola
Tesla, an outstanding student of the Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria is
one of the famous electrical and mechanical engineers, physicists, and
inventors.
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest and broadest engineering
disciplines emerged in the early nineteenth century. Mechanics can be seen
IIEC0111: INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. RJ L. BRIONES
 BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

even the time of ancient Greece when steam engines and gears were produced
which influenced the development of this field. ME is engaged in mechanical
works and systems of manufacturing plants, heating and cooling systems,
control systems, automation, medical services, mills, shops, power, transport
system, weapons, robotics, industrial equipment, and machineries. Anything
that has moving items, involves mechanical works. They perform according
to the needs of people for technologies, health, energy, climate change,
hunger, transportation, space explorations, and other things that need a
solution.

IIEC0111: INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. RJ L. BRIONES