1.

Calculate the energy cost (free-energy change) of pumping an uncharged solute against a
1.0 x 104-fold concentration gradient at 25 °C.
2. Calculate the energy cost (free-energy change) of pumping Ca2+ from the cytosol, where
its concentration is about 1.0x10-7 M, to the extracellular fluid, where its concentration is
about 1.0 mM. Assume a temperature of 37 °C (body temperature in a mammal) and a
standard transmembrane potential of 50 mV (inside negative) for the plasma membrane.
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3. Calculate the maximum [ glucose ] ∈ [ glucose ] out ¿ ratio that can be achieved by the

plasma membrane Na+-glucose symporter of an epithelial cell when [Na +]in is 12 mM,
[Na+]out is 145 mM, the membrane potential is -50 mV (inside negative), and the
temparute is 37 °C.