Pangasinan State University

Bayambang Campus

Bayambang, Pangasinan

SY 2019-2020

NAME: Jasmin B. Turalba Professor: Mam. Susie Martinez Sison

Course/Year: BPA III-1 Date: November 3, 2020

Assignment.

Motivation Theories

Motivation is a state-of-mind, filled with energy and enthusiasm, which drives a person to work in a
certain way to achieve desired goals. Motivation is a force which pushes a person to work with high level
of commitment and focus even if things are against him. Motivation translates into a certain kind of
human behaviour.

1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Abraham Maslow postulated that a person will be motivated when his needs are fulfilled. The need
starts from the lowest level basic needs and keeps moving up as a lower level need is fulfilled. Below is
the hierarchy of needs:

Physiological: Physical survival necessities such as food, water, and shelter.

Safety: Protection from threats, deprivation, and other dangers.

Social (belongingness and love): The need for association, affiliation, friendship, and so on.

Self-esteem: The need for respect and recognition.

Self-actualization: The opportunity for personal development, learning, and fun/creative/challenging

work. Self-actualization is the highest level need to which a human being can aspire.

2. Hertzberg’s two factor theory

Hertzberg classified the needs into two broad categories namely hygiene factors and motivating factors.
Hygiene factors are needed to make sure that an employee is not dissatisfied. Motivation factors are
needed for ensuring employee's satisfaction and employee’s motivation for higher performance. Mere
presence of hygiene factors does not guarantee motivation, and presence of motivation factors in the
absence of hygiene factors also does not work.

3. McClelland’s theory of needs

McClelland affirms that we all have three motivating drivers, and it does not depend on our gender or
age. One of these drives will be dominant in our behaviour. The dominant drive depends on our life
experiences.

The three motivators are:

Achievement: a need to accomplish and demonstrate own competence People with a high need for
achievement prefer tasks that provide for personal responsibility and results based on their own efforts.
They also prefer quick acknowledgement of their progress.

Affiliation: a need for love, belonging and social acceptance People with a high need for affiliation are
motivated by being liked and accepted by others. They tend to participate in social gatherings and may
be uncomfortable with conflict.

Power: a need for control own work or the work of others People with a high need for power desire
situations in which they exercise power and influence over others. They aspire for positions with status
and authority and tend to be more concerned about their level of influence than about effective work
performance.

4. Vroom’s theory of expectancy

Victor Vroom stated that people will be highly productive and motivated if two conditions are met: 1)
people believe it is likely that their efforts will lead to successful results and 2) those people also believe
they will be rewarded for their success

People will be motivated to exert a high level of effort when they believe there are relationships
between the efforts they put forth, the performance they achieve, and the outcomes/ rewards they
receive.

5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y

Douglas McGregor formulated two distinct views of human being based on participation of workers. The
first is basically negative, labelled as Theory X, and the other is basically positive, labelled as Theory Y.
Both kinds of people exist. Based on their nature they need to be managed accordingly.

Theory X: The traditional view of the work force holds that workers are inherently lazy, self-centred,
and lacking ambition. Therefore, an appropriate management style is strong, top-down control.
Theory Y: This view postulates that workers are inherently motivated and eager to accept responsibility.
An appropriate management style is to focus on creating a productive work environment coupled with
positive rewards and reinforcement.

Principles of the Appraisal

1. The Causal Postulate.

2. The Continuity Postulate.
3. Principle of Identification.
4. Principle of Qualitative Rating.
5. Principle of Sampling.
6. Principle of Pricing.
7. Principle of Generation of Property Value.
8. Principle of Cost Forecasting.
9. Principle of Comparison as Used in Sales Analysis.
10. Principle of Earnings—Forecasting.
11. Principle of Present Worth of an Earning Expectancy.

www.appraisers.org/docs/default-source/college-of-fellows-articles/definitions-c

Principles of the assessment

The main way that we decide which method to use is by choosing the method/s that best meets the
Principles of Assessment, which require that assessment must be:

Valid

Any assessment decision of the RTO is justified, based on the evidence of performance of the individual
learner.

Validity requires:

a) assessment against the unit(s) of competency and the associated assessment requirements covers the
broad range of skills and knowledge that are essential to competent performance;

b) assessment of knowledge and skills is integrated with their practical application;

c) assessment to be based on evidence that demonstrates that a learner could demonstrate these skills
and knowledge in other similar situations; and

d) judgement of competence is based on evidence of learner performance that is aligned to the unit/s of
competency and associated assessment requirements.

Reliable
Evidence presented for assessment is consistently interpreted and assessment results are comparable
irrespective of the assessor conducting the assessment.

Flexible

Assessment is flexible to the individual learner by:

a) reflecting the learner’s needs;

b) assessing competencies held by the learner no matter how or where they have been acquired; and

c) drawing from a range of assessment methods and using those that are appropriate to the context, the
unit of competency and associated assessment requirements, and the individual

Fair

The individual learner’s needs are considered in the assessment process.

Where appropriate, reasonable adjustments are applied by the RTO to take into account the individual
learner’s needs.

The RTO informs the learner about the assessment process, and provides the learner with the
opportunity to challenge the result of the assessment and be reassessed if necessary..

Making sure that we only choose methods that meet these principles will also make sure that we are
choosing methods that are best suited to our particular context and purpose This means that we will be
collecting evidence that is meets the Rules of Evidence and which also uphold the legal and ethical
requirements of our work.

Fortress Learning PO Box 11116, Centenary Heights, QLD., 4350

Principles of the collection of real property Tax

Real properties such as land, buildings and machineries are assessed by the Municipal Assessor’s Office
and real property taxes are due every year based on the assessment level and fair market value of the
real property. The Real Property payment is made at the Land Tax Section of the Municipal treasurer’s
Office.

Payments can be made in annual, semi-annual, or quarterly basis.

B.) Define the Following :

1. ACQUISITION COST

An acquisition cost, also referred to as the cost of acquisition, is the total cost that a company recognizes
on its books for property or equipment after adjusting for discounts, incentives, closing costs and other
necessary expenditures, but before sales taxes. An acquisition cost may also entail the amount needed
to take over another firm or purchase an existing business unit from another company. Additionally, an
acquisition cost can describe the costs incurred by a business in relation to the efforts involved in
acquiring a new customer.

2.APPRAISAL

An appraisal is a valuation of property, such as real estate, a business, collectible, or an antique, by the
estimate of an authorized person. The authorized appraiser must have a designation from a regulatory
body governing the jurisdiction of the appraiser. Appraisals are typically used for taxation purposes or to
determine a possible selling price for an item or property.

3. ASSESSMENT

An assessment occurs when an asset's value must be determined for the purpose of taxation.1

Some assessments are made annually on certain types of property, such as business property, while
others, like a person's IQ, may be made only once.

 The most common assessment that most people experience is the assessment of their property
for the purpose of calculating tax.
 Property tax assessments are based on comparable sale prices and the level of tax set by the
local or state government.

4. ASSESSMENT LEVEL

Batch-level activities are work actions that are classified within an activity-based costing accounting
system, often used by production companies. Batch-level activities are related to costs that are
incurred whenever a batch of a certain product is produced. However, these costs are accounted for
regardless of the related production run’s size. Examples of these batch-level cost drivers can often
include machine setups, maintenance, purchase orders, and quality tests.

5. ASSSESSED VALUE

An assessed value is the dollar value assigned to a property to measure applicable taxes. Assessed
valuation determines the value of a residence for tax purposes and takes comparable home sales
and inspections into consideration. It is the price placed on a home by the corresponding
government municipality to calculate property taxes.

In general, the assessed value tends to be lower than the appraised fair market value of property.

6. FAIR MARKET VALUE

In its simplest sense, fair market value (FMV) is the price that an asset would sell for on the open
market. Fair market value has come to represent the price of an asset under the following usual set
of conditions: prospective buyers and sellers are reasonably knowledgeable about the asset,
behaving in their own best interest, free of undue pressure to trade, and given a reasonable time
period for completing the transaction. Given these conditions, an asset's fair market value should
 represent an accurate valuation or assessment of its worth. The term is commonly used in tax law
and the real estate market.

7. REASSESSMENT

A reassessment refers to a periodic reevaluation of a property’s value for tax purposes. State and
local governments assess property taxes based on two variables: property values and tax rates. Local
laws vary, but reassessment generally takes place every one to five years or when a property
changes hands. Some municipalities also reassess in the event of a refinancing.

www.investopedia.com/terms/a/acquisition-cost.asp