PART 1: General Requirement Technical Specification For Sewer Network

SECTION 1.09 SAFETY PRECAUTION MEASURES

1.09.1 GENERAL

A. Contractor shall take all necessary measures for public safety for all project
components according to the requirements of municipalities and other concerned
authorities.

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PART 2: EXCAVATION AND BACKFILLING

SECTION 2.01 SCOPE

A. The Work Covered in this Division Comprises: Clearing of the site, and excavation
and backfilling for roads, structures and trenches and protection work related to gabions,
riprap, stone pitching and geotextiles.

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SECTION 2.02 SITE CLEARING

2.02.1 CLEARING AND GRUBBING

A. The Contractor shall remove and dispose of all vegetation, surface debris, stones
and rocks from areas where the Works are to be performed.

B. When shown on drawings or directed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall remove
and dispose of pavement layers including asphalt and granular layer to the surface of the
subgrade. Moreover the ground surface under all structures shall be cleared of all existing
concrete foundations (if any) and stumps.

C. Trees shall be removed carefully, stored and / or relocated as specified or as

instructed by the concerned Authorities and the Engineer.

2.02.2 REMOVAL OR REALIGNMENT OF OBSTRUCTION AND

UTILITIES

A. The Contractor shall remove wholly or in part and dispose of all obstructions,
buildings, fences, abandoned pipelines and others, as indicated on drawings or as directed
by the Engineer.

B. Where indicated on the Drawings, utilities are to be realigned or salvaged as

directed by the Engineer.

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SECTION 2.03 EXCAVATION

2.03.1 GENERAL

A. Earth: naturally occurring, man made or placed material that can be removed
manually or by mechanical shovel, bulldozer or other mechanical equipment.

B. Rock/Hard Materials: naturally occurring, man made or placed material of more

than one cubic meter that cannot be destroyed or removed by methods used for removal of
earth described in Clause A but requires the use of pneumatic tools, impact breakers or, if
allowed, explosives for its removal.

C. Materials and conditions: the Contractor shall assess the nature of the work and the
materials to be excavated, and shall take sole responsibility for his assessment of materials
and conditions.

D. Ground-water level is to be established at the time the various excavations are

carried out.

2.03.2 TOP SOIL

A. Topsoil: before beginning general excavations or filling, the Contractor shall

excavate topsoil from required areas and keep separate from excavated subsoil.

B. The Contractor shall stockpile excavated topsoil required to carry out subsequent
top-soiling operations in temporary spoil heaps on the Site as instructed.

C. Surplus Topsoil: The Contractor shall remove from the Site to a tip provided by the
Contractor

2.03.3 EXCAVATING

A. General

A.1 All excavation shall be performed to the line, grades, cross section and sizes shown
on the drawings, or/and directed by the Engineer.

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A.2 Methods: The Contractor shall submit with the Tender details of proposed methods
of working which may cause nuisance, damage or danger to people and/or property.

A.3 Materials arising from excavations are to remain the property of the Employer
unless instructed to be removed from the Site as per the Engineer or the authorities
instructions.

B. Excavations for Adjacent Utilities

B.1 Underground services must be set out so that their excavations do not encroach
below a line drawn at an angle from the horizontal from the nearest lower edge of building
foundations. The angle shall be 45 degrees for dry stable soil or 30 degrees for wet clays or
soils below water table. If this condition cannot be met obtain instructions before
proceeding.

B.2 Where an excavation encroaches below a line drawn at an angle from the horizontal
of 45 degrees for dry stable soil or 30 degrees for wet clays or soils below water table from
the nearest formation level of another higher excavation then all work within the lower ex-
cavation and backfilling thereto must be completed before the higher excavation is made.

C. Excavated formations are to be inspected and approved before new work is laid on
them. The Contractor shall give 24 hours written notice of when excavations will be ready
for inspection. If, after inspection, surfaces become unsuitable due to water, frost or other
causes, excavate further and backfill with approved material all at the Contractor's expense.
The Contractor shall place concrete or other fill as soon as possible after inspection.

D. The bottom 200 mm thickness of excavation shall be removed by hand just prior to
placing concrete blinding or pipe laying.

E. The Contractor shall level or grade and compact bottoms of excavations to

Engineer's approval.

F. Headings: The Contractor shall drive accurately to required line and gradient and
provide adequate support. Construct in approved lengths to size required to contain
permanent work. The Contractor shall obtain approval from the Engineer before
commencing activities.

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G. Support

G.1 Sides of Excavations: Responsibility for upholding sides of excavations rests with
the Contractor.

G.2 Earthwork Support: The Contractor shall use as necessary to support sides of
excavations and remove on completion unless otherwise instructed. In the event of any
collapse occurring while excavations are open this will be the Contractor’s full
responsibility and he should re-excavate and reinstate such excavations and other work
affected at the Contractor's expense and responsibility.

G.3 Steel Sheet Piling: The Contractor shall use as necessary to support sides of
excavations and remove on completion unless otherwise instructed.

G.4 Special Support: The Contractor shall use as necessary to uphold excavations
against sides of adjoining buildings, public footpaths, roads and the like and remove on
completion unless otherwise instructed.

G.5 Unstable Ground: The Contractor shall inform the Engineer without delay if any
newly excavated face will not remain unsupported sufficiently long to allow the necessary
earthwork support to be inserted. If the instability is likely to affect adjacent structures or
roadways take appropriate emergency action. Responsibility for preventing instability rests
with the Contractor.

H. Waterways: Temporary diversion as necessary of ditches, field drains and other

waterways encountered during the excavations is to include reinstatement on completion.
If reinstatement is not possible the Contractor shall obtain instructions.

I. Existing watercourses which have been diverted and are to be filled must be cleared
of all vegetable growth and soft deposits before filling.

J. Existing Foundations

J.1 Where old foundations, beds, drains etc. are encountered the Contractor shall obtain
instructions before proceeding.

J.2 Breaking out old foundations, beds, drains etc. is to include sealing off drain ends,
removing contaminated earth and disinfecting as necessary and according to the Engineer
instructions.

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K. Backfilling of excavations shall be as specified in other Sections of these

specifications.

L. Unauthorised Excavations: The Contractor shall backfill and compact as instructed

at no expense to the Employer.

M. Water: All excavations shall be kept free from water arising from any source at all
times. The discharge of any water from the excavations must not effect other parts of the
works or adjoining areas.

N. Pumping: The Contractor shall not disturb material in and around excavations by
pumping operations.

O. Sumps: The Contractor shall obtain approval of location of any sumps and fill with
approved material when no longer required.

P. Permanent drainage system is not to be used for disposal of water from excavations
without approval.

Q. The Contractor shall keep all excavations adequately drained at all times. Damage
to any part of the work due to poor drainage facilities shall be repaired at the Contractor's
expense.

R. All excavated slopes shall be cut to the slopes shown on the Drawings.

2.03.4 DISPOSAL OF MATERIALS

A. No excavated material shall be wasted without written permission from the

Engineer. Suitable material from excavation shall be used for embankment construction or
backfill, as directed by the Engineer.

B. Surplus Subsoil: The Contractor shall remove from the Site surplus excavated
materials not specified as to be spread and leveled or stockpiled to a tip provided by the
Contractor.

C. Tip: The Contractor shall use only public dumpsites assigned by the concerned
authorities for disposal of surplus excavated material removed from the Site and pay all tip
fees.

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2.03.5 ROCK EXCAVATION

A. All blasting shall be carried out in such a manner as will produce the least possible
disturbance of the material left in place.

B. All the necessary precautions shall be taken to ensure that the blasting shall not be
dangerous to people or property.

C. Where necessary or directed, the Contractor shall provide heavy mesh blasting mats
for protection of persons, properties, and the Works. If, in the opinion of the Authorities
and the Engineer, blasting would be dangerous to persons or adjacent structures, or is being
carried out in an unsafe or unacceptable manner, the Engineer may prohibit blasting and
order the rock to be excavated by other means.

D. If the flow of traffic is to be interrupted during blasting operations, the Contractor

shall secure approval of his schedule for such interruptions and his proposed methods for
safeguarding the public and property.

E. All drilling and blasting shall be done in such a manner as will most nearly
complete the excavation to the required grade lines, and produce the least practicable
disturbance of the material to be left in place. Blasting by means of drill holes, tunnels, or
any other methods shall be entirely at the Contractor's risk.

F. Unless otherwise approved by the Engineer, rock cuts higher than 3 m shall be
formed using pre-splitting. Prior to starting the pres-splitting operation the Contractor shall
submit a layout plan showing the location of drill-holes, type of explosive to be used and
sequence of firing. This plan does not absolve the Contractor of his responsibilities for the
safety of people and structures, or for producing a satisfactory stable rock face. No extra
cost is charged by the Contractor for using pre-splitting.

G. All overbreaks, overhangs loose blocks or unstable parts of the cut face, and
benches shall be cleared and cleaned, to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

H. Backfilling of overbreakage shall be carried out as directed, using approved soil or

crushed materials or other special aggregate or cyclopean concrete, as shown on the
Drawings or as directed by the Engineer. Undrained pockets shall not be left in the surface
of the rock.

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2.03.6 ROAD EXCAVATION (FOR PREPARATION OF SERVICE ROADS

ALONG PIPELINES)

A. Scope

A.1 These Works shall consist of excavating material in cut sections of the road,
including water courses, ditches and wadi relocations (but excluding borrow pits and
structural excavation) all as and where shown on the Drawings, and hauling the excavated
material either to locations for road embankments or to stockpiles or to waste.

A.2 These Works shall also include any necessary excavations outside the ROW
ordered by the Engineer to safeguard and protect the Works. These may include diversion
of existing water courses, channels; excavation of materials obstructing or impairing the
flow along stream channels; and excavation of unstable materials which may slide or
encroach into ditches or onto the ROW. Disposal of all such excavated materials shall be
as instructed by the Engineer.

B. Classification of Road Excavation

B.1 Any information concerning properties of the soil which may be shown on the
plans, in the Bill of Quantities, in supplementary reports, or as a result of discussion with
the Engineer or others shall be considered as gratis and shall not be a basis for the
Contractor's determination of his bid prices.

C. Utilization of Excavated Materials

C.1 All materials removed from the excavation shall be used in the formation of the
embankment, subgrade, shoulder, and at such other places as directed, unless it is declared
unsuitable and ordered to be wasted by the Engineer.

C.2 Unsuitable material shall include:

 Unstable materials incapable of being compacted to the specified density

using ordinary compaction methods at optimum moisture content for the
equipment being used for compaction.

 Material too wet to be compacted and circumstance prevent suitable in-

place drying prior to incorporation into the work.

 Materials which are otherwise unsuitable for use in or under the

embankment.

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C.3 No excavation material shall be wasted without written permission from the
Engineer.

C.4 Excavated rock which is not immediately suitable for incorporation in the works
can either be broken down to acceptable sizes or wasted at Contractor's expense.

D. Drainage of Excavation Areas

D.1 The Contractor shall schedule road excavation and embankment and drainage
Works so that they complement each other. If the Contractor's earthwork progress exceeds
the progress of the drainage construction to the point where the road becomes a dam to
cross drainage, the Engineer may order the Contractor to open adequate waterways through
the highway at the locations where drainage structures are to be installed. Any damage to
the highway caused by water passing through these openings shall be repaired at the
Contractor's expense.

D.2 During construction, surfaces in excavation areas shall be adequately drained at all
times. Side ditches or gutters emptying from cut to embankment shall be so constructed as
to avoid damage to embankments by erosion.

D.3 Damage to the Works attributable to saturation or erosion through failure to provide
adequate drainage shall be repaired by the Contractor at his expense.

D.4 Whenever groundwater is encountered which may adversely affect construction, the
Contractor shall advise the Engineer who will evaluate the situation and order necessary
remedial measures to drain or extract water.

E. Slopes, Subgrade and Ditches

E.1 All excavated slopes, subgrade and ditches shall be finished true to lines, grades
and cross sections as shown on the Drawings.

E.2 Slopes, except in massive rock or other material which require special treatment,
shall be trimmed to slopes not steeper than the specified slope angles and rounded at top
and bottom to a smooth profile to blend in with the adjacent terrain. Material shall not be
loosened beyond the specified slope lines. High cut areas shall continuously be monitored
by an engineering geologist or a geotechnical Engineer.

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