8.

3 Analyzer Sampling: Stack Particulates To Receiver

AT
D. H. F. LIU (1982, 1995) B. G. LIPTÁK (2003)

Sample Particulates

Flow Sheet Symbol

Types of Sample: Gas-containing particulates

Standard Design Pressure: Generally atmospheric or near atmospheric

Standard Design
Temperature: −25 to 1500°F (−32 to 815°C)

Sample Velocity: 400 to 10,000 ft (120 to 3000 m) per min

Materials of Construction: 316 or 304 stainless steel for pitot tubes; 316 or 304 stainless, quartz, or Incoloy for
sample probes

Costs: Probes only in 3- to 10-ft (1- to 3-m) lengths with glass, quartz, or stainless steel
lining: from $1300 to $2500; $10,000 to $15,000 for a complete EPA particulate
sampling system (Reference Method 5)

Partial List of Suppliers: Bacharach, Inc. (www.bacharach-inc.com)

Baldwin Environmental Products (www.bei-reno.com)
MSA Instrument Div. (www.msanet.com)
MGP Instruments (www.mgpi.com)
Racwill Environment (www.pacwill.ca)
Rupprecht & Patashnick Co. (www.rpco.com)
Sensidyne, Inc. (www.sensidyne.com)
Sierra Monitor Corp. (www.sierramonitor.com)
Teledyne Analytical Instruments (www.teledyne-ai.com)
Thermo Anderson (www.thermoandersen.com)

INTRODUCTION 2. A two-module sampling unit that consists of a separate

Stack gas sampling has already been discussed in the previ-
ous section in connection with Figure 8.2aa. In this section
the emphasis will be on particulate sampling, and in that
connection, the topics of traverse point locations and pitot
tube designs will be emphasized.
heated compartment with provision for a filter assembly,
and a separate ice-bath compartment for the impinger
train and bubblers
3. An operating–control unit with a vacuum pump and a
standard dry gas meter
4. An integrated, modular umbilical cord that connects
the sample unit and pitobe to the control unit

Figure 8.3a is a schematic of an EPA particulate sampling

THE EPA PARTICULATE SAMPLING SYSTEM train (Method 5). As shown in the figure, the system can be
readily adapted for sampling sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur
1,2
A complete Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) partic- trioxide (SO3), and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) mist (Method 8).
1–8
ulate sampling system (Reference Method 5) is comprised
of four major subsystems: Microprocessor-Controlled Stack Sampling

1. A pitot tube probe or pitobe assembly for temperature In these sampling packages, a microprocessor directs the
and velocity measurements and for sampling automatic sampling method, which can be selected to follow

1189
© 2003 by Béla Lipták
1190 Analytical Instrumentation

Temperature Sensor
Impinger Train Optional, May be Replaced
Probe By an Equivalent Condenser
Thermometers
Thermometer Vaccum
Thermometer By-Pass
Filter Gauge
Pitot Tube Heated
Check Valve
Area Holder
Temperature Valve Orifice
Sensor Stack
Probe Wall Main
Valve
Vaccum
Line
Reverse-Type
Pitot-Tube
Air-Tight Dry Gas
Pump Meter
Pitot
Manometer Impingers Ice Bath
EPA Particulate Sampling Train (Method 5)
(Federal Register, Vol. 36, Nos. 234 and 247)

Stack Thermometer
Wall Midget Midget Silica Gel
Bubbler Impingers Drying Tube

Glass
Probe (End Packed Wool
With Quartz or
Pyrex Wool)

Ice Bath
Sampling Case for SO2, SO3, and H2SO4 MIST (Method 8)

FIG. 8.3a
Top: EPA particulate sampling train (Method 5). Bottom: Sampling case for SO2, SO3, and H2SO4 mist (Method 8).

U.S. EPA Method 5 or other international methods specified
by Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI), British Standards
Institution (BSI), or International Standards Organization
(ISO). The microprocessor stores all measurements, reviews
and diagnoses all inputs, controls the required parameters,
calculates isokinetic conditions, and either reports the results
in a printed form or transfers them to a floppy disk.
Besides the controller, such a package usually consists
of a probe, a filter (hot) box, a cold box, a flexible sample
line, glassware, a node box, and a monorail system. The probe
is usually 3, 5, 7, or 10 ft (0.9, 1.5, 2.1, or 3 m) and made
of stainless steel with a glass liner. Most probes are jacket
heated and are provided with both a liner thermocouple and
a stack temperature thermocouple.
This section will give a detailed description of each of
the four subsystems: the pitot assembly, the heated and ice-
bath compartments, and the control unit.
The Pitot Tube Assembly
The procurement of representative samples of particulates
suspended in gas streams demands that the velocity at the
entrance to the sampling probe be precisely equal to the
stream velocity at that point. This is accomplished by regu-
lating the rate of sample withdrawal so that the static pressure
within the probe is equal to the static pressure in the fluid
stream at the point of sampling.
A pitot tube of special design is used for such purposes
with means for measuring the pertinent pressures. The pres-
sure difference can be maintained at zero by automatically
controlling the sample draw-off rate. Figure 8.3b shows a pitot
tube manometer assembly for measuring stack gas velocity.
The Type S (Stauscheibe, or reverse) pitot tube consists
of two opposing openings: one made to face upstream and
the other downstream during the measurement. The pressure
difference detected between the impact pressure (measured
against the gas flow) and the static pressure is related to the
stack velocity.
Type S Pitot and the Sampling Probe Figure 8.3c illustrates
the construction of the Type S pitot tube. The external tubing
diameter is normally between 3 and 3 in. (4.8 and 9.5 mm).
16 8
As can be seen, there is an equal distance from the base of
each leg of the tube to its respective face-opening planes.

© 2003 by Béla Lipták

 8.3 Analyzer Sampling: Stack Particulates 1191

0.75 − 1.0 In. *

(1.90 − 2.54 cm)
Dt Type S Pitot Tube
x ≥ 3/4 In.(1.90 cm) for Dx =1/2 In. (1.3 cm)
Leak-Free
Connections Dx
3 In. (7.62 cm)* Temperature Sampling Nozzle
Sensor
(a)
Bottom View : Showing Minimum Pitot Nozzle Separation.
Static Pressure
Sampling Sampling Opening Plane
Type S Pitot Tube
Probe Nozzle
Impact
Pressure
Dt
Opening
Plane

Manometer Type S
Pitot Tube Nozzle Entry
Plane
* Suggested (Interference Free)
Pitot Tube-Thermocouple Spacing Side View: (b)
To Prevent Pitot Tube from Interfering with Gas Flow
Streamlines Approaching the Nozzle, the Impact Pressure
Opening Plane of the Pitot Tube Shall be Even with or
FIG. 8.3.b Above the Nozzle Entry Plane.
Type S pitot tube manometer assembly.
FIG. 8.3d
Proper pitot tube with sampling probe nozzle configuration to pre-
Transverse
vent aerodynamic interference. (a) Bottom view: minimum pitot
Tube Axis
nozzle separation. (b) Side view: to prevent pitot tube from inter-
A B fering with gas flow streamlines approaching the nozzle, the impact
pressure-opening plane of the pitot tube shall be even with or above
Face the nozzle entry plane.
Opening
Planes
(a)
Duct Diameters Upstream from Flow Disturbance* (Distance A)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
A-Side Plane
50
Minimum Number of Traverse Points

Disturbance
PA Note: Sta
Longitudinal Dt A 40 ck A Measurement
1.05 Dt ≤ P ≤ 1.50 Dt Dia
Tube Axis B PB me Site
PA = PB ter
>2 B
30 Stac 4I
kD n. (
B-Side Plane iam 0.6 Disturbance
eter 1m
(b) =12 )
20 to 2
4 I
n. (
0.30
to 0
A or B 10 *From Point of any .61
m)
(c) Type of Disturbance
(Bend, Expansion, Contraction, etc.)
0
FIG. 8.3c 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Properly constructed Type S pitot tube. (a) End view: face-opening Duct Diameters Downstream from Flow Disturbance* (Distance B)
planes perpendicular to transverse axis. (b) Top view: face-opening
planes parallel to longitudinal axis. (c) Side view: both legs of equal FIG. 8.3e
length and center lines coincident, when viewed from both sides; Minimum number of traverse points for particulate traverses.
baseline coefficient values of 0.84 may be assigned to pitot tubes
constructed this way.
eliminates the major aerodynamic interference effects. The
This distance (PA and PB) is between 1.05 and 1.50 times the probe nozzle is of the bottom-hook or elbow design. It is
external tube diameter. The face openings of the pitot tube made of seamless 316 stainless steel or glass with a sharp,
should be aligned as shown. tapered leading edge. The angle of taper should be less than
Figure 8.3d shows the pitot tube in combination with the 30°, and the taper should be on the outside to preserve a
sampling probe. The relative placement of these components constant internal diameter (ID).

© 2003 by Béla Lipták

1192 Analytical Instrumentation
For probe lining of either borosilicate or quartz glass,
probe liners are used for stack temperatures up to approxi-
mately 900°F (482°C); quartz liners are used for temperatures
between 900 and 1650°F (482 and 899°C). Although boro-
silicate or quartz glass probe linings are generally recom-
mended, 316 stainless steel, Incoloy, or other corrosion-resistant
metal may also be used.
Selecting the Sampling Point The specific points of stack
sampling are selected to ensure that the samples collected are
representative of the material being discharged or controlled.
These points are determined after examination of the process
of the sources of emissions and their variation with time.
In general, the sampling point should be located at a
distance equal to at least eight stack or duct diameters down-
stream and two diameters upstream from any source of flow
disturbance, such as expansion, bend, contraction, valve, fit-
ting, or visible flame. (Note: This eight and two criterion is
adopted to ensure the presence of stable, fully developed flow
patterns at the test section.) For rectangular stacks, the equiv-
alent diameter is calculated from the following equation:
Equivalent diameter = 2(length × width)/(length + width)
8.3(1)
Traversing Point Locations Next, provisions must be made
to traverse the stack. The number of traverse points is 12. If
the eight and two diameter criterion is not met, the required
number of traverse points depends on the sampling point dis-
tance from the nearest upstream and downstream disturbances.
This number may be determined by using Figure 8.3e.
The cross-sectional layout and location of traverse points
are as follows:
1. For circular stacks, the traverse points should be
located on two perpendicular diameters, as shown in
Figure 8.3f and Table 8.3g.
2. For rectangular stacks, the cross section is divided into
as many equal rectangular areas as traverse points,
such that the ratio of the length to width of the ele-
mental area is between 1 and 2. The traverse points
are to be located at the center of at least nine and
preferably more equal areas, as shown in Figure 8.3f.
Pitot Tube Calculation Form The velocity head at various
traverse points is measured using the pitot tube assembly
shown in Figure 8.3b. The gas samples are collected at a rate
proportional to the stack gas velocity and analyzed for carbon
monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and oxygen (O2).
The pitot tube is calibrated by measuring the velocity
head at some point in the flowing gas stream with both the
Type S pitot tube and a standard pitot tube with a known
coefficient. Other data also needed for calculation of the
volumetric flow are stack temperature, stack and barometric
pressures, and wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatures of the gas
sample at each traverse.
© 2003 by Béla Lipták
Rectangular Stack
(Measure at Center of at least 9 Equal Areas)
R
0.916 R
0.837 R
0.707 R
0.548 R
0.316 R
Circular Stack
(10-Point Traverse)
FIG. 8.3f
Traverse point locations for velocity measurement or for multipoint
sampling.
Table8.3h gives the equations for converting pitot tube
readings into velocity and mass flow, and a typical data sheet
3
for stack flow measurements.
Sampling Velocity for Particle Collection Based on the range
of velocity heads, a probe with a properly sized nozzle is
selected to maintain isokinetic sampling of particulate matter.
As shown in Figure 8.3i, a converging stream will be devel-
oped at the nozzle face if the sampling velocity is too high.
Under this subisokinetic sampling condition, an excessive
amount of lighter particles enters the probe.
Because of the inertia effect, the heavier particles, espe-
cially those in the range of 3 microns or greater, travel around
the edge of the nozzle and are not collected. The result is a
sample indicating an excessively high concentration of
lighter particles, and the weight of the solid sample is in error
on the low side. Conversely, portions of the gas stream
approaching at a higher velocity are deflected if the sampling
velocity is below that of the flowing gas stream.
Under this superisokinetic sampling condition, the lighter
particles follow the deflected stream and are not collected,
while the heavier particles, because of their inertia, continue
into the probe. The result is a sampling indicating high con-
centration of heavier particles, and the weight of solid sample
is in error on the high side.
Isokinetic Sampling Isokinetic sampling requires the precise
adjustment of the sampling rate with the aid of the pitot tube
9
manometer readings and nomographs such as APTD-0576. If
the pressure drop across the filter in the sampling unit becomes
too high, making isokinetic sampling difficult to maintain, the
filter may be replaced in the midst of a sample run.
To measure the concentration of particulate matter, the
sampling time for each run should be at least 60 min, and
the minimum volumetric rate of sampling should be 30 dry
3 4
scfm (51 m /h).
 8.3 Analyzer Sampling: Stack Particulates 1193

TABLE 8.3g
a
Location of Traverse Points in Circular Stacks
Traverse Number of Traverse Points on a Diameter
Point
Number
on a
Diameter 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
1 14.6 6.7 4.4 3.2 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1
2 85.4 25.0 14.6 1.5 8.2 6.7 5.7 4.9 4.4 3.9 3.5 3.2
3 75.0 29.6 19.4 14.6 11.8 9.9 8.5 7.5 6.7 6.0 5.5
4 93.3 70.4 32.3 22.6 17.7 14.6 12.5 10.9 9.7 8.7 7.9
5 85.4 67.7 34.2 25.0 20.1 16.9 14.6 12.9 11.6 10.5
6 95.6 80.6 65.8 35.6 26.9 22.0 18.8 16.5 14.6 13.2
7 89.5 77.4 64.4 36.6 28.3 23.6 20.4 18.0 16.1
8 96.8 85.4 75.0 63.4 37.5 29.6 25.0 21.8 19.4
9 91.8 82.3 73.1 62.5 38.2 30.6 26.2 23.0
10 97.4 88.2 79.9 71.7 61.8 38.8 31.5 27.2
11 93.3 85.4 78.0 70.4 61.2 39.3 32.3
12 97.9 90.1 83.1 76.4 69.4 60.7 39.8
13 94.3 87.5 81.2 75.0 68.5 60.2
14 98.2 91.5 85.4 79.6 73.8 67.7
15 95.1 89.1 83.5 78.2 72.8
16 98.4 92.5 87.1 82.0 77.0
17 95.6 90.3 85.4 80.6
18 98.6 93.3 88.4 83.9
19 96.1 91.3 86.8
20 98.7 94.0 89.5
21 96.5 92.1
22 98.9 94.5
23 96.8
24 98.9
a
Percent of stack diameter from inside wall to traverse point.

Heated Compartment (Hot Box)
As shown in Figure 8.3a, the probe is connected to the
heated compartment that contains the filter holder and other
particulate-collecting devices, such as cyclone and flask. The
filter holder is made of borosilicate glass, with a frit filter
support and a silicone rubber gasket.
The compartment is insulated and equipped with a heat-
ing system capable of maintaining a temperature around the
filter holder during sampling at 248 ± 25°F (120 ± 14°C), or
such other temperature as specified by the EPA. The ther-
mometer should measure temperature to within 5.4°F (3°C).
The compartment should be provided with a circulating fan
to minimize thermal gradients.
Ice-Bath Compartment (Cold Box)
The ice-bath compartment contains a number of impingers and
bubblers. The system for determining stack gas moisture
content consists of four impingers connected in series, as shown
in Figure 8.3a. The first, third, and fourth impingers are of
the Greenburg–Smith design. To reduce the pressure drop, the
tips are removed and replaced with a 0.5-in. (12.5-mm) ID glass
tube extending to 0.5 in. (12.5 mm) from the bottom of the flask.
The second impinger is of the Greenburg–Smith design
with a standard tip. During sampling for particulates, the first
and second impingers are filled with 100 ml (3.4 oz) of
distilled and deionized water. The third impinger is left dry
to separate entrained water. The last impinger is filled with
200 to 300 g (7 to 10.5 oz) of precisely weighed silica gel
(6 to 16 mesh) that has been dried at 350°F (177°C) for 2 h
to completely remove any remaining water.
A thermometer capable of measuring temperature to
within 2°F (1.1°C) is placed at the outlet of the last impinger
for monitoring purposes. Crushed ice should be added during
the run to maintain the temperature of the gas, leaving the
last impinger at 60°F (16°C) or less.

© 2003 by Béla Lipták

1194 Analytical Instrumentation

TABLE 8.3h
Pitot Tube Calculation Sheet
STACK VOLUME DATA
Stack no. ____________________ Station ____________________
Date ____________________ Page ____________________
Name of firm __________________________________________________________________________________

Reading, Temperature Velocity V3,

Point Position, in. in. of H2O H t 3, ° F ft/sec
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Totals
Average
Absolute temperature: Ts = ts + 460 = °R
Dry-bulb temperature: td = ____________________ °F Barometer: Pb = _______________ in Hg
Wet-bulb temperature: tw = ____________________ °F Stack gauge pressure: _________ in., H2O
Absolute humidity: W = __ lb H2O/lb dry gas Stack absolute pressure: Ps = ___ in., H2O/13.6 ± Ph ___ in., Hg
2
Stack area: As = ____________________ ft Pitot correction factor: Fs = ___________

Component Volume Fraction, Dry Basis × Molecular Weight = Weight Fraction, Dry Basis
Carbon dioxide 44 =
Carbon monoxide 28 =
Oxygen 32 =
Nitrogen 28 =
Average dry gas molecular weight: M = ________
0.62 M (W + 1) 0.62 × __ × __
Specific gravity of stack gas: GS = = = _________________
18 + MW 18 + __
(Reference dry air at same conditions)

29.92 × TS 29.92 × __
Velocity: Vs = 2.9 Fs H = 2.9 × __ H =______________ft./sec.
PS × GS __ × __
2
Volume = ______ ft./sec × _____ ft × 60 _____ = _____ cfm.
530 P 530 __
Standard volume = cfm. × × S = __ × × = __ scfm.
TS 29.92 _ 29.92

© 2003 by Béla Lipták

 8.3 Analyzer Sampling: Stack Particulates 1195

V2

Gas Stream V1

Isokinetic
V1 = V2

V2

Gas Stream V1

Super Isokinetic
V1 >> V2
V1

Gas Stream V2

FIG. 8.3j
Sub Isokinetic Automatic stack train. (Courtesy of ThermoAndersen.)
V1 << V2

FIG. 8.3i
Particle collection and sampling velocity.
Control Unit
As shown in Figure 8.3a, the control unit consists of the
system’s vacuum pump, valves, switches, thermometers, and
totalizing dry gas meter. This system is connected by a vac-
uum line to the last Greenburg–Smith impinger. The pump
intake vacuum is monitored with a vacuum gauge just after
the quick disconnect.
A bypass valve parallel with the vacuum pump provides
fine control and permits recirculation of gases at a low sampling
rate so that the pump motor is not overloaded. Downstream
from the pump and bypass valve are thermometers, a dry gas
meter, and calibrated orifice and inclined/vertical manometers.
The calibrated orifice and inclined manometer indicate
the instantaneous sampling rate. The totalizing dry gas
meter gives an integrated gas volume. The average of the
two temperatures on each side of the dry gas meter gives
the temperature at which the sample is collected. The addi-
tion of atmospheric pressure to orifice pressure gives meter
pressure.
Automatic Sampling Trains In the automatic sampling train
(AST) packages (Figure 8.3j), a microprocessor stores all
measurements, reviews and diagnoses all inputs, controls the
required parameters, calculates isokinetic conditions, and

Stack Velocity Pressure

0-10 mmHg Probe Liner
(0−125 mm H2O) or Temp
(0−4" or 0–10" H2O) −5 to 250°C (23 to 482°F) Monorail
Absolute Stack
Pressure Sample Gas
100−780 mmHg(4−31" Hg)
Stack Filter Temp
Port Box −5 to 250°C (23 to 482°F)
Probe
System Vaccum
Pressure
Heater 100−780 mmHg(4−31" Hg)
Heater
Last Impinger
Stack Temp Method 5 Temp
−20 to 1100°C Stack
(−4 to 2012°F) Filter −5 to 250°C (23 to 482°F)
Wall Cold
Filter Box
Temp Spare
Box
−5 to 250°C (23 to 482°F) Temp
−5 to 250°C (23 to 482°F)
Sample Line

Controller
Temp Gas Meter in
−5 to 250 (23 to 482° F)
Temp Gas Meter Out Orifice
−5 to 250 (23 to 482° F)
Diaphram
Pump Orifice Abs. Pressure Exhaust
100−780 mmHg
PC 4−31 H2O
Printer
Orifice Diff. Pressure
Gas Meter 0−10 mmHg
(0−125 mmH2O. 0−4° H2O)
Config.dwg

Fig. 8.3k
The components of an automatic stack train. (Courtesy of ThermoAndersen.)

© 2003 by Béla Lipták

1196 Analytical Instrumentation

Probe Separation Device The umbilical cord is an integrated multiconductor

P1T1 pv Fabric, Paper, Glass,
assembly containing both pneumatic and electrical conduc-
Probe Membrane, Ceramic, or tors. It connects the two-module sampling unit to the control
Metal Filter Media unit, as well as the pitot tube stack velocity signals to the
Null or Interchangeable
or Single Size Nozzle
manometers or differential pressure gauges.
Cyclone
Probe
Filter Media in Temperature
Nozzle Assembly Control Bath SAMPLING FOR GASES AND VAPORS
When Required
Probe
Particulate or
Nozzle-Cyclone and Gas Absorption
Some commonly used components in stack-sampling sys-
Series-Connected Filter tems are illustrated in Figure 8.3l. If ball-and-socket joints
Duct
and compression fittings are used, any arrangement of com-
Condensor Flowmeter
Freeze-Out Trap ponents is readily set up for field use. The stack sampling
Activated Carbon,
components are selected on the basis of the source to be
T2 Silica Gel, Alumina, etc.
sampled, the substances involved, and the data needed.
∆p P2 A summary of sampling procedure outlines was devel-
Adsorption 10
Condensor Orifice Flowmeter oped by industrial hygienists for specific substances. The
if Required Vacuum Source procedural outlines serve as a starting point in assembling a
stack sampling system, after consideration has been given to
Critical Orifice
the complications that might arise because of the presence
Pump of interfering substances in the gas samples. Other recom-
Water, Steam, or mended sampling procedures that form gases and vapors are
Rotameter Compressed Air given in Reference 11.

T
Ejector
Gas Meter
FIG. 8.3l
Components of common sampling systems.
either reports the results in a printed form or transfers them
to a floppy disk.
The measured variables include the temperatures of the
stack, probe liner, filter box, condenser outlet, and dry gas
meter (Figure 8.3k). The pressures are detected by an
absolute and a differential pressure transducer and are used
to measure the pressure of the stack gas, the barometric
pressure, and the velocity pressure of the stack gas. The
normal capacity of the vacuum pump that draws the sample
is 0.75 cfm (21 l/min), and the dry gas meter has an operating
range of 0.1 to 1.5 cfm (2.8 to 42 l/min).
The node box provides the interface between the filter
box and the cold box by measuring the temperatures in both.
It measures and stores the temperature, pressure, and velocity
in the stack. The monorail eliminates the need for bulky
supports.
Precise measurements require that the thermometers be
capable of measuring the temperature to within 5.4°F (3°C);
the dry gas meter is inaccurate to within 2% of the volume;
the barometer is inaccurate within 0.25 mmHg (torr) (0.035
kPa); and the manometer is inaccurate within 0.25 mmHg
(torr) (0.035 kPa).
References
1. Environmental Protection Agency, “Standards of Performance for New
Stationary Sources,” Federal Register, 36 (159): 15, 704–715, 722,
August 17, 1971.
2. Environmental Protection Agency, “Standards of Performance for New
Stationary Sources,” revision to Reference Method 1–8, Federal Reg-
ister, 42 (160): 41, 754–841, 789, August 18, 1977.
3. Morrow, N. L., Brief, R. S., and Bertrand, R. R., “Sampling and
Analyzing Air Pollution Sources,” Chemical Engineering, 79 (2): 84–98,
January 24, 1972.
4. Environmental Protection Agency, “Standards of Performance for New
Stationary Sources,” Federal Register, 30 (116): 20, 790–820, 794,
June 14, 1974.
5. Environmental Protection Agency, “Standards of Performance for New
Stationary Sources,” Federal Register, 52(208): 41424–41430, October
28, 1987.
6. Environmental Protection Agency, “Standards of Performance for New
Stationary Sources,” Federal Register, 54 (58): 12621–12627, March
28, 1989.
7. Environmental Protection Agency, “Standards of Performance for New
Stationary Sources,” Federal Register, 55 (31): 5211–5217, February
14, 1990.
8. Environmental protection Agency, “Standards of Performance for New
Stationary Sources,” Federal Register, 56 (30): 5758–5774, February
13, 1991.
9. Rom, J. J., “Maintenance, Calibration and Operation of Isokinetic
Source Sampling Equipment,” Environmental Protection Agency,
APTD-0576.
10. Vander Kolk, A. L., Michigan Department of Public Health, private
communications, September 17, 1980.
11. American Society for Testing and Materials, “Standards of Methods
for Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres,” Part 23, West Consho-
hocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1971.

© 2003 by Béla Lipták

 8.3 Analyzer Sampling: Stack Particulates 1197

Bibliography Laird, J. C., “Unique Extractive Stack Sampling,” 1978 ISA Conference,
Houston.
McMahon, T. K., “The New Sampling/Sensor Initiative,” Control, August
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, PA: American Soci-
2001.
ety for Testing and Materials, 2002.
Pevoto, L. F. and Hawkins, L. J., “Sample Preparation Techniques for Very
Dubois, R. et al, The New Sampling Initiative, 47th Annual ISA Analysis
Wet Gas Analysis,” ISA Conference, Houston, October 1992.
Division Symposium, Denver, April 2002.
Sherman, R. E., Process Analyzer Sample-Conditioning System Technology,
Fussell, E., “Molding the Future of Process Analytical Sampling,” InTech,
New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
August 2001, 32.
Van den Berg, F. W. J., Hoefsloot, H. C. J., and Smilde, A. K., “Selection
Gregg, W., “The Use of Inertial Separators for Sampling,” ISA/93 Technical
of Optimal Process Analyzers for Plant-Wide Monitoring,” Analytical
Conference, Chicago, September 19–24, 1993.
Chemistry, 74(13), 3105–3111, 2002.

© 2003 by Béla Lipták