Presented By

Md Manzar Nezami
Md Mustafa kamal
A microprocessor is an electronic device that
consists of millions (or billions) of transistors
packed into one IC.
Its function is to execute instructions in the
form of programs, calculate and store its
results.
Microprocessors are used widely in our
everyday lives.
µP is a complex, powerful device:
◦ Able to process huge amounts of data.
◦ Built using transistors etched on silicon die.
◦ Needs external components to support operation.
Microcomputer system – support µP
operations.
The microprocessor can be used to perform
complex operations by giving it instructions.
These instructions are called programs.
Programs are loaded into memory, and are
executed line-by line by the microprocessor.
Definition: A complete electronic system
built around the microprocessor to support
the microprocessor operation.
May consist of CPU, memory, I/O (disk
drives, keyboard, mouse), system bus, and
supporting circuitry.
CPU as the “brain” – controls actions of all
components.
 ROM Floppy RAM

Supporting
CD-ROM CPU Circuitry

Keyboard Mouse HDD

 Memory

Power Supply CPU LCD Display

Keypad
A µP-based system consists of many
components:
◦ CPU.
◦ Memory.
◦ I/O: disk drives, keyboard, mouse.
◦ System Bus.
◦ Supporting circuitry.
All components communicate using System
Bus.
 Interrupt
Parallel I/O Serial I/O
Circuit

System Bus

Timing CPU Memory

 CPU

“Master” of all components.

Job:
◦ Get instructions from memory.
◦ Execute instructions.
◦ Perform calculations (may use math co-processor).
◦ Control bus operations.
CPU consists of:
◦ ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit):
Performs arithmetic/ logic computations.
◦ CU (Control Unit):
Responsible to retrieve instructions, analyze, then
execute.
◦ Registers:
Fast internal storage.
Used to temporarily store addresses, data, processor
status.
 Memory

Stores instructions and data for CPU.

Each memory location given unique address.
◦ CPU refers to address to access.
Types:
◦ Read-Only Memory (ROM).
◦ Random-Access Memory (RAM).
◦ Non-Volatile Memory (NVM).
 Timing

Synchronizes all components in the system.

◦ All components refer to the clock timing for
operations.
Generates square waves at constant
intervals.
Crystal oscillator + timing circuitry.
Higher clock speed allow computers to
function faster.
Input/Output.
Connects µP with external devices:
◦ Add functionality to µP.
Interfaces with µP using ports.
Examples:
◦ Keyboard.
◦ Mouse.
◦ Display monitor.
Built into board

Using card slots.

An electric motor together with its control equipment and energy
transmitting device forms an Electric Drives. Some examples of electric-
drive systems are: A ceiling fan motor with regulator and also with blades,
a food mixer with food to be processed, a motor and conveyer belt with
material on its belt and so on.
Electric drives are mainly two types:-
DC Drives
AC drives
 AC drives are those in which motive power provided by ac
motors. Though speed control of dc motors is easy as
compared to ac motors, but ac motors have some advantages
which outweighed the advantages of dc motors, and so with
the development of different techniques of speed control of ac
motor drives, now days, ac motor drives are more extensively
use in industries.
Low maintenance cost.
AC drives have a better power factor in most
applications.
Harmonics reduction is cheaper in case of AC
drives.
Higher transient response capability.
AC drives are of lower cost in comparison to
DC drives.
High braking cost.
Complex braking strategy.
Complex and expensive speed control
technique.
Problem of switching losses.
High insulation cost.
Two types of controlling

Hardwire control

Electronic control/digital control

Small size
Fast response
Less power consumption
Accurate and efficient
Controlling range increased
System reliability is much more than
conventional one.
economical
Control of 4-quadrant micro computer
controlled dc drive system
 3-phase
AC Supply
Microcomputer
Line synchronizing
circuit
Thyristor to be triggred

Current control Firing angle

Evaluation
Pulse
Timer
Ampli-
And
fier
logic
Current Four quadrant
comparator M
logic

Speed Control DA Motor

Current

Speed
Speed D A Signal
Comparator W

Refrence
speed Start/stop
 start

Initialization
Start
comman
no
d? yes
Read reference speed

Read motor speed Changeover sequence

Calculate speed error & current

reference
stop
Torque Comman
reversal yes
no d?
? no yes
Read motor current Stop sequence

Compute current error

Compute firing angle & output firing stop
signal