Pragya Pankaj Jaiswal Section (A) PRN 19010421058

SYMBIOSIS INTERNATIONAL (DEEMED UNIVERSITY)
(Established Under Section 3 of the UGC Act 1956)

Re-accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ grade (3.58/4)| Awarded Category – I by UGC
1 2 2 0 6 7
Seat No. (In Figures)
Seat No. (In Words) :- ONE LAKH THWENTY TWO THOUSAND SIXTY SEVEN
PRN :- 19010421058
Programme :- BA-LLB Semester :- III
Course :-POLITICAL SCIENCE
INSTRUCTIONS :
a. Please read the instructions on the question paper carefully.
b. The Students can either type the answers in the answer booklet and submit it in ms-word
format or manually write the answers in the answer booklet in clear and legible handwriting and
share the scanned copy of the answer booklet in pdf format as a single file.
c. Please fill in the above details carefully and attach it as the first page of your submission.
d. The submitted answers should not be copied from each other or from Internet sources.
Q1. (A)
Answer 1. (A):-
Civil society can be seen as different from the Ancient and Medieval times. So firstly we will try
to understand what is Civil Society. Civil society now-a-days has become a very fashionable
words used by everyone in day to day life. It is take-off point for humane government. Civil
society has influenced a lot of groups and movements like human rights, ecology, women, peace,
humanitarian, etc. and this tells us how the growth of everyone and participation is important to
make an accountable government. It secures all sections of society especially the weaker and
marginalized sections of society giving and ensuring them equal and important rights.
Civil society can be seen different from ancient times. This concept of civil society was evolved
from the philosophical discourses of the ancient Greek and Roman period. Civil society can be
seen as a political association which orders all its members to follow all its laws and regulations
to ensure peaceful order and good government. It is legal recognition of natural rights of
individuals that transforms political society in civil society. In other words we can say that it is
the moral duty of each and everyone to maintain peace and harmony between the individualistic
claims and the collective interests, and is imposed by the state. It forms the basis of the state.
According to Gramsci civil society represents the institutions like church, schools, etc that help
in socialization of individuals acting as “Instrument of Consent”.
The term civil society is from a very ancient time has its meaning has changed from period to
period that is not self-evident to talk. All ancient societies were more or less complex agrarian
societies organized politically in states. Aristotle and Cicero used the term that fell into disuse
much during the later part of ancient period and medieval period. Civil society can be
represented as civility, peace and order, which were absent in the “state of nature” according to
Hobbes. During the ancient times many philosophical theorists like Tocqueville put forward their
idea of how they see civil society. They combined the constitution with separation of powers and
a strong civil society which therefore will stand and contribute to the general development and
encourage the democracy strongly.
The roots of an Indian autonomous civil society is not to be found in the contemporary rise of a
modern state but foremost in the ancient and medieval history of the country. Cast “panchayats”,
village “panchayats”, or traders guilds all illustrates forms of local institutions that had long been
untouched by the variations of the political spheres and remained autonomous from state control.
Indian society had been characterized in pre-colonial times by a form of “insularity” that thus
ensured an certain independence from state power but also resulted in a stagnation and an
impossible unity of the population. However, the modern definition of an Indian civil society has
to confront the radical transformation of the State and its consequences on the role of the non-
state actors. The transition to independence was accompanied with the rise of a welfare state,
extending state powers into areas that had been previously left to civil society.
Civil society has various different components like
 Private Enterprises
 Church
 Denominational Organisations
 NGOs :- A widely shared view identifies civil society with the set of nonprofit or
nongovernmental (worldwide) organizations. The contemporary “nonprofit sector” refers
to the realm of society inhabited by such voluntary organizations, in contrast to both
public sector governmental entities and for-profit sector businesses.
 Community groups
 Labour unions
 Indigenous groups
Civil society includes civic engagements that promote associational life, a good society, and a
public sphere in which ideas and ideologies can be discussed and debated. Civil society consists
of different opinions and interest and conflicts can be moderated. It can challenge the abuses of
executive and legislative authority, and checks the arbitrary policies of government. It also
challenges authorized state to prosecute, penalize, sanction, and punish errant public officials.
These society gives a constant flow to the public in large and tells them about the governmental
malfeasance or inefficiency with high level of regularity and publicity. Civil society is a way for
good institutional democracy. Civil society gives a solution and maintain self-management and
active participation against a state which can be seen bureaucratic. In this way the masses can see
to it whether the state is curbing the freedom of individual.
We can see civil society comes into action when state tends to neglect its primary functions,
when it functions to serve the interests of the dominant sections or when it acts arbitrarily. The
state’s relationship with civil society is the key issue in political sociology. The state’s functions
are primarily to maintain internal social order and to protect civil society from external threats to
its security. The state is often portrayed by liberals as a neutral arbiter between conflicting
interests. It is not dominated by any section of society, but instead pursues policies that maximise
individual liberty. This benefits the whole of society by improving the general performance of
the economy. Within civil society individuals are free to pursue their own desires, as long as this
does not encroach upon the liberty of others. Liberals argue for equality of opportunity and mer-
itocracy, and liberalism is an agency-based theory in that levels of economic success are seen as
proportionate to the level of an individual’s effort.
Civil society promotes the following:
 Citizenship Development
 Policy formulation and advocacy
 Watchdog role
 Welfare service delivery
 Impacting the electoral politics
 Reform and social change
 Collective action
Civil society contributes the state in the following ways:
 Creating a more open and democratic society.

 Challenging corruption.
 Enabling good governance.
 Ensuring accountability and transparency.
 Ensuring public participation.
 Empowering people.
 Reducing poverty.
In other words, the public sphere (civil society) should in their view provide the foundations for
a transformation of the state and the economy.
This argumentation conceals the assumption that the quality of civil society cannot exceed the
quality of its organised .
Q.2(A)
Answer. 2(A)
Democracy is derived from the Greek root ‘Demos' which means ‘The People'; ‘Cracy' stands for
'rule' or ‘Government'. Democracy means people-power or rule by the people. The idea came
from the ancient Greeks who combined the words demos (people) and krates (rule) to create the
term.
According to Abraham Lincoln's “What is Democracy?”- “Government of the people, by the

people, for the people.”
A.V. Dicey (1835-1922) treated democracy as a form of government under which majority
opinion determines legislation.
James Bryce (1838-1922) defined democracy as 'the rule of the people expressing their
sovereign will through the votes'. He reduced it to 'the rule of the majority.'
Churchill on democracy, “No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has
been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have
been tried from time to time.”
The term is typically used in the context of a form of government in which all the citizens have a
vote. In a democratic government, the people's views influence the laws and decisions made by
the government. The development of democracy can be traced back to ancient times, particularly
to ancient Greece.
Evolution-
Around 2500 years ago in Ancient Greece, the people of the city-state of Athens developed a
way of making decisions that was different from the autocratic ways of the past. Athens was the
first city state to allow ordinary citizens access to government offices and courts.
The Middle Ages was a period of European history from fall of the Roman Empire (476 AD)
until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD. It is also known as the Dark Although there was not
a democracy directly in place the Middle Ages, Christianity was widely followed and so many
democratic ideas were understood and followed by many of the people. Christianity taught that
all men were created equal.
Democracies developed throughout the 20th century. Democracies have resulted from wars,
revolutions, decolonisation and economic circumstances. The number of democracies continues
to grow and it has been speculated that this trend may continue in the future to the point where
democratic nation-states become the standard form of human society. Throughout history,
democracies have been the exception rather than the norm. In the present day world, about 60
percent of the world's nations are democracies. Other nations have rulers assigned by heredity or
have used the military to take leadership by force or rule by wealth.
Democracy is a new thing in the world; well-developed forms of it have been in practice less
than a century. We are still learning what it is and how to operate it. New features are continually
being offered and put on trial; no doubt there is a great deal more to be learned about it.
Principle on which Democracy based:
 Republicanism- Voters hold sovereign power through elected representatives.

 Limited Government- Constitutional principle that ensures that government powers are
limited in order to protect individual rights.
 Checks and balances- Constitutional principle that give each branch of government the
ability to limit the power of other branches.
 Federalism- A form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or
national, government and state governments.
 Separation of Power-Constitutional principle that divides power among different
branches of government.
 Popular Sovereignty-Rule by the people.
 Individual Rights- Constitutional principle that recognizes people's fundamental rights.
Mechanism of liberal democracy-
 There should be more than One Political Party Freely contest election and Competing for
Political Power.
 Political Offices should not confined to any particular caste and class.
 Periodic Elections should based on Universal Adult Franchise and equal particlpation.
 Protection of Civil Liberties
 Independence of the Judiciary and media should be work freely.
The merits of democracy are as follows:
 It is a more accountable form of government

 It improves the quality of decision making
 It provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts.
 It enhances the dignity of the citizens.
 It allows us to correct our own mistakes.
The demerits of democracy are as follows:
 Instability of the government due to frequent changing of leaders.

 Delay in implementation of plans as they are to be consulted by many people.
 Bad decisions taken by the leaders
 Leads to corruption as it is based on electoral competition.
 Tendency of politicians to play for votes.
 Unnecessarily spending during election in campaigning.
Types of Democracy:
1. Direct
2. Indirect
3. Participatory
4. Representative
5. Protective
6. Developmental
 Direct democracy- In a direct democracy, such as ancient Athens, all citizens (only adult
males who had completed their military training; women, slaves and plebs were not
citizens) are invited to participate in all political decisions. This form of democracy is no
longer practiced. In this form of democracy citizens are continuously involved in the
exercise of power and decision is by majority rule.
Illustration - While direct democracies are hard to find in reality, Switzerland is close to
the best example. The government of Switzerland uses popular initiatives, optional
referendums and mandatory referendums to oppose amendments and demand bills. The
nation also votes on all issues through popular vote.
 Indirect Democracy- Indirect democracy is the political concept used to denote the
organization of a government based on a democratic foundation, but with the actual
decisions about government being made by representatives of the people. Indirect
democracy is in contrast to the practice of “direct democracy,” where the people not only
form the basis of the government but also actually make, administer, and judge the
laws. “Indirect democracy” is representative democracy or rule by the people through
their representatives.
Illustration- The United Kingdom is a great example of a indirect democracy. The U.K.

parliament is broken down into the House of Commons and House of Lords. These
houses, along with the prime minister, work to make laws, check government spending
and review the work of the government. The judicial branch is headed by a monarch.
India also uses a indirect democratic government. Unlike the U.K., India’s head of state is
the president.
 Participatory Democracy- A participatory democracy is a model of democracy in which

citizens have the power to make policy decisions. Participatory democracy emphasizes
the broad participation of people in politics.
However, this is not a direct democracy, in which citizens are directly responsible for
making policy decisions. In a participatory democracy, citizens can influence policy
decisions, but do not make them. Politicians are still responsible for implementing those
policy decisions.
Illustration- The United States does not have a pure participatory democracy, but at
some levels of government, we can see examples of a participatory democracy playing
out.
We can see participatory democracy in local and state forms of government, where
citizens have multiple access points to influence policymakers. Town hall meetings are a
way for local and national politicians to meet with constituents to hear their opinions on
topics they are interested in or to discuss upcoming legislation.
 Representative Democracy:- A representative democracy is a system where citizens of a

country vote for government representatives to handle legislation and ruling the country
on their behalf. It is a type of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials
representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy. It is one form of Indirect
Democracy.
By far the most common form of democracy across the world is representative
democracy. If you live in a representative democracy, you’ll vote in the people who will
represent you at the regional to the legislative and executive level. This small group of
politicians are supposed to represent the needs and thoughts of the people that voted them
in.
Depending on the governing body, a representative government can be broken down into
different subsets of a democractic government.
Illustration- Australia is a representative democracy.
 Protective Democracy:- The main theme of classical democracy was the participation of
all citizens in the processes of state and the Athenians (where the classical democracy
flourished most prominently) believed that they could achieve equality. So the basis of
classical democracy was equality in respect of rights and privileges.
But the protective democracy highlights a quite different aspect. In the words of
Heywood “democracy was seen less as a mechanism through which public could
participate in political life, and more as a device through which citizens could protect
themselves from the encroachments of government, hence protective democracy”. It is
the primary duty of the state to protect the rights and liberties of citizens and whether this
is properly performed or not people keep a strong vigilance over the functions of state the
authority is accountable to the People and in order to establish it elections are held on
regular basis. There are also other ways of establishing accountability a very important
way of protecting the rights, liberties and distribution of privileges is the division of
powers among legislature, executive and judiciary.
Illustration:- representative country adopts protective democracy.
 Developmental Democracy:- In a developmental democracy citizen’s participation is

generally found and it is done through the voting mechanism which is held continuously.
There is a lack of centralisation of power. All the powers are extended up to the grass-
root level and this enables citizens to participate in the various affairs. Legislature and
administration are separate from each other and the latter has no control over the
legislators. However, as specialists the administrators enjoy certain amount of freedom
and rights. Representative form of government is the main type of developmental
democracy. No other form of government is suitable for developmental democracy.
But the form of democracy here is by no means regarded as an ideal rule. Democracy
enabled the men with the gift of eloquence and oratory to get votes of the people and
secure public office, but such men were thoroughly selfish and incompetent who ruined
the state. The upshot is that ability is sacrificed to numbers, while numbers are
manipulated by trickery. Democracy is based on a illusion of equality.
Illustration:- A country who has election regularly at a fix time and power has given to
grass root level and enables citizens to participate in various affairs that country has
development democracy. This is type of direct democracy, Switzerland has direct
democracy.
Q 3 (B)
Answer 3. (B):-
Citizenship denotes the status of an individual as a full and responsible member of a political
community. Citizen is the status of a person recognized under the custom or law as being a legal
member of a sovereign state or belonging to a nation. Thus citizen is a person who owes
allegiance to the state and in turn receives protection from the state. He must fulfil his duties and
obligations toward the state as the state grants him civil, political and social rights. Citizenship is
the most privileged form of nationality. This broader term denotes various relations between an
individual and a state that do not necessarily confer political rights but do imply other
privileges, particularly protection abroad.
In the present-day society substantive citizenship is defined in terms of three important

components:
 Civil Rights
 Political Rights
 Social Rights
Liberal view
 According to this view civil rights constitute the foundation of citizenship.

 Under this view citizenship begins with the provision of civil rights, and proceeds further
by giving rise to political and social rights respectively.
 What that means is that Liberal freedom can only exist under a suitable regime of law
that protects the citizens from arbitrary interventions and despotism.
 Citizenship in its fully developed form leads to redistribution of goods and services,
benefits and burdens.
 Thus when some people fail to provide for health care, education or housing for their
family, then as citizens they are entitled to state assistance.
 Since citizenship assures a share to all individuals in the common heritage of the
community, it creates in them a bond of allegiance to that community. This aspect of
citizenship strengthens their sense of duty.
 In the liberal tradition, equality before the law and freedom to choose one’s way of living
are the most important aspects.
 Everyone is equally entitled to this freedom; it is the task of the state and the law to
ensure that.
The scope of the rights of citizenship has expanded since antiquity to incorporate more
groups of people and the framework of citizenship has widened from being local into a state-
wide institution. The increased importance of membership has brought the concept of
citizenship and what it means to be a citizen into the forefront of public discussion again. In
modern Western political thought the concept of citizenship is closely connected with the
idea of a self-governing community.
The concept of citizenship includes the legal status and the political recognition as a member
of a community as well as the specific rights and obligations associated with the
membership. The political ideal is that every citizen is equally entitled to the same rights and
duties. The idea of rights is inseparable from the idea of duties. If a person has a right, then
there has to be someone who has the corresponding duty to fulfil that right. If I have a right
not to be injured, other people around me have the duty not to violate or hurt me. Human
rights – or more precisely, the implementation of human rights – are closely connected with
the concept of citizenship. In the contemporary world citizenship has become the primary
category of membership; in a state-centric world it is crucial to be a member of a political
community. In principle human rights are entitled to all people regardless of their social
status, gender or race. Nevertheless, in practice many states violate these rights. People
travelling without proper documents of identification, especially, are often treated harshly.
Still it does not end there; also within the societies there are groups of people that do not have
the same kind of recognition of their status as full members of that society. Various
minorities, especially indigenous ones, have faced severe discrimination based on their status
as minorities.
The liberal concept of citizenship has traditionally bound together equality before the law
and the actualisation of social justice. Welfare-liberals, especially, have concentrated on
equality. The law is considered colour- and gender blind; according to many liberal theorists
this is the only way to guarantee equality within society. Along with freedom to choose one’s
way of living, equality before the law can be held as one of the most important aspects of the
liberal notion of citizenship. According to critics, the liberal understanding of the concept
concentrates almost solely on the legal dimension; from the welfare-liberal point of view, the
formal equality before the law gives everyone the same opportunities. This view can be
called a thin concept of citizenship: any given political theory is based on some kind of view
of human life, or a so called thin or background theory of life. In order to define what is
needed for the society to work, every theory has to have an account of what is good and
worth pursuing. It can be a thin theory that gives just a framework for where to start when
defining the principles of good life . For Rawls, the thin theory takes the “principles of justice
already secured, and then uses these principles in defining the other moral concepts in which
the notion of goodness is involved”.
In the liberal tradition, equality before the law and freedom to choose one’s way of living are
the most important aspects. Everyone is equally entitled to this freedom; it is the task of the
state and the law to ensure that. One of the most important principles of liberal theory is that
citizens should be able to choose their way of living freely as long as they do not harm
others. They should be able to live their life and choose the ends they see worth striving for
free from coercion This principle is called negative freedom (or freedom as non-interference,
as republicans call it) and it is the most important principle of political liberalism.

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SYMBIOSIS INTERNATIONAL (DEEMED UNIVERSITY)

(Established Under Section 3 of the UGC Act 1956)

Programme :- BA-LLB Semester :- III

Course :-POLITICAL SCIENCE

a. Please read the instructions on the question paper carefully.

Civil society has various different components like

Civil society promotes the following:

Civil society contributes the state in the following ways:

 Creating a more open and democratic society.

According to Abraham Lincoln's “What is Democracy?”- “Government of the people, by the

Principle on which Democracy based:

 Republicanism- Voters hold sovereign power through elected representatives.

Mechanism of liberal democracy-

The merits of democracy are as follows:

 It is a more accountable form of government

The demerits of democracy are as follows:

 Instability of the government due to frequent changing of leaders.

Illustration- The United Kingdom is a great example of a indirect democracy. The U.K.

 Participatory Democracy- A participatory democracy is a model of democracy in which

 Representative Democracy:- A representative democracy is a system where citizens of a

Illustration- Australia is a representative democracy.

Illustration:- representative country adopts protective democracy.

 Developmental Democracy:- In a developmental democracy citizen’s participation is

In the present-day society substantive citizenship is defined in terms of three important

 According to this view civil rights constitute the foundation of citizenship.

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