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Apostolic Vicariate of Bontoc-Lagawe Educational System (AVBLES)

CATHOLIC SCHOOLS IN MOUNTAIN PROVINCE (CSMP)

Trends, Networks,
and Critical
Thinking Skills in
the 21st Century
QUARTER IV:
ENHANCED CONTENT STANDARDS:
Analyze the concepts of democratic interventions, ICT, social and neural networks.

ENHANCED PERFORMANCE STANDARDS:


Create a proposal and explain the kind of future they want and illustrate how they will
get there by using ICT, social, neural networks and all the concepts learned
being a HUMSS student.

ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES:


ELC 1: Assemble pictures that show the concept of democracy its dimensions, practices,
participation and institution.
ELC 2: Examine how ICT enslaves, emancipates, and empowers individuals.
ELC 3: Creates a social map that traces the various roles that students play in the
community (family members, community leader, etc.) and ranks the significance
of the roles played within the community.
ELC 4: Create a proposal and explain the kind of future they want and illustrate how
they will get there by using ICT, social, neural networks and all the concepts
learned by being a HUMSS student.

LESSON 1: Democratic Interventions


LESSON 2: Information Communication Technology (ICT)
LESSON 3: Neural and Social Networks
LESSON 4: Proposal of The Kind of Future They Want
Prepared by: MICHELLE B. KIW-WA
SVSI

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LESSON 1: DEMOCRATIC INTERVENTIONS
What is Democracy?
Democracy
- a form of government in which the “rulers are elected by the people”
- came from the Greek word “demokratia” which means rule of the people. It was coined from
two words: "demos" means people and "kratos" refers to "power" which means in
democracy the power is vested in the people.
- a political system where people have a voice and power to intervene in the government
decision
- It is not only a form of government but it is associated with participation, rights and freedom
of the people in the country.
❖ Abraham Lincoln defined the most common meaning of democracy as "the government of the
people, by the people, and for the people." In other words, the government comes from the people,
exercised by the people, and for the purpose of the people's interests and well-being.
Some Main Points in Democracy
✓ Practicing the rights like right to vote and the right to decision-making
✓ There is freedom
✓ The primary source of [political power is the common people
✓ There is a social equality and respect for the individuals
✓ Laws are made for the common good and for the progress of the country
What is Democratic Practice?
Democratic Practice is a set of principles and practices that guide how people interact and work
together every day to improve their community and to create a more just society.
What are some democratic practices?
A. Suffrage or the right to vote. It gives the people the opportunity to exercise sovereignty by
choosing the candidates who will govern and serve them. Eligible voters have the right to elect the
government of his/her country by secret vote. It is only fair that they have a direct hand in choosing the
officials.
B. Public assembly and consultation. "The Public Assembly Act of 1985," makes sure that the
people exercise their right to a peaceful assembly. Citizens have a set of rights and responsibilities,
including the right to participate in decisions that affect public welfare. This act stipulates that rallies,
demonstrations, marches, public meetings, processions, or parades (collectively referred to as public
assembly) can be held in public places to express opinion, to protest against, or to air grievances on
certain issues.
C. Majority rule and minority rights. It is the making of binding decisions by a vote of more than
one-half of all persons who participate in an election. Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United
States, expressed the concept of democracy in 1801 in his first Inaugural Address. He said All…will bear in
mind this sacred principle. That though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will be rightful
must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect and to
violate would be oppression.
D. Conduct of a plebiscite to amend a constitutional provision. The Constitution embodies the
fundamental laws of the land from which all other laws should be in accord. The change in a provision of
the constitution, such as increasing the number of years of the term of office of the president, cannot be
carried out without the approval of the people or general constituencies in a process called a plebiscite. A
plebiscite is an electoral process for approving or rejecting a change or amendment in the Constitution. It is
in the process of direct vote-say yes or no; accept or reject.
E. Private sectors/Enterprise. Establishing a private enterprise or business is a product of
democracy. Citizens have the right to make us a business as long as private sectors follow the policies
imposed by the government.
F. Civil Society. Establishing civil organizations is visible in a democratic country. It is a type of
organization/society established by a group of people with one common interest like establishing an
association of the drivers and union for laborer.
Democratic participation is the involvement or engagement with something that is freely done,
without coercion, and without threat or fear.
Importance of Participation in Democracy
1. Democracy provides equality and admission to opportunities for all its citizens in the
government;
2. Checks and balances the government to prevent possible abuse of political power from the
officials;
3. Allows citizens to influence and suggest policies and laws through a plebiscite in selecting
delegates or representatives.
4. Allows the popular majority to oust a representative or a politician who holds too much power

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and abuses it;
5. Promotes freedom where citizens enjoy human rights, allows people to engage the business
and innovations;
6. Becomes competent, firm, and stable when the state is ruled by leaders who have
dedication and transparency;
7. Provides political education to the people telling them of the state affairs; and
8. Upholds change since the citizens have the opportunity to participate in the involvement of
the government.

Representative and Participatory Democracies


Democracy has several forms. Two of the most popular types are representative democracy and
participatory democracy.
Representative Democracy
In the modern period where large populations usually form societies, Representative Democracy
(also called indirect democracy) is observed to be more popularly exercised. It is a political system where
qualified citizens exercise their political power through representatives. The sovereign power remains on
the citizens but its exercise is delegated to the representatives they elect. By extension, the citizens,
through their votes, allow these representatives to make choices and decisions on their behalf.
Participatory Democracy
Quite similar to representative democracy is participatory democracy which also encourages a
more active and wider involvement of citizens. While representative democracy motivates individual
citizens. To contribute to policymaking, participatory democracy offers more opportunities for members of
the population to contribute to decision-making through popular assemblies. It has variants. In a direct
democracy, all eligible citizens and qualified voters directly or personally involve themselves in making
political decisions. In the Philippines, one popular demonstration of participatory democracy was the EDSA
People Power of 1986. Through the people’s direct involvement in a series of protests, the dictatorial rule
of President Ferdinand Marcos was toppled down.
What is Political Democracy
It is a political power exercise in a nation that is fairly contributed and shared by the people. The
citizens have the right to legislate through performing their rights of suffrage and delegate deserving
representatives for a certain position. This means, that people carry exclusive rights to directly or indirectly
participate in political systems
Political institutions
These are government organizations that intend to establish, enforce, and implement laws in a
state. Their function is to negotiate conflicts, create political policies, uphold economic stabilities, and
promote social and cultural systems including population concerns.
What is Democratic Intervention
It is a political association being established to empower and protect pro-government ideas that aim
to uphold widely the democratization of the country.
FOUR DEMOCRATIC INTERVENTIONS IN POLITICS:
1. Political Corruption – one of the undemocratic practices that is present in the political system. It
can hibernate social ills that suddenly haunt societies in the world. The reason why people are
dissatisfied with their leadership is because they forgot to provide necessary needs of the people
including their safety, and protection from fast-growing economic change, and failure to include
them in their programs and other project implementations.
2. Basic Needs – poverty and hunger are two common complaints by most societies if these are
unable to be undertaken and solved. The agony between the rich and poor is continuing to grow
and there is a mechanism that leads to create extra activities like prostitution, robbery, human
trafficking and drug syndicates just to survive the said problem.
3. Association – This includes democratic biases that weaken the traditional family bond and kinship
which were discouraged from existing by putting pressure on work, migration and urbanization.
There is a huge distance between government in providing assistance and concern to the ordinary
citizens which causes a low amount of livelihood support and leads leaders to a highly corrupt, self-
centered, and inefficient head of a state.
4. Participation – The active participation of citizens is imperatively effective in promoting democratic
practices in the country. People's engagement in various collective actions to execute voluntary
services can help tackle and solve problems. Exercising our responsibility in political processes
determines that we work together, collide with each other, and ensure to one another that we have
one common goal to achieve.

What is a social democracy?


It is a political pattern adhering to a continuous and peaceful transition of capitalist and socialist
practices by organizing democratic welfare.

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What is a Social Institution?
It characterizes gradual mechanisms to build up a social order that emphasizes achieving societal
needs and stabilities, like family, education, healthcare, religion, economy, and government.
Their function is to collaborate and unite in order to come up with one purpose and goal. They also
contribute a lot to making society and people work together to attain democratic principles and practices.
SOCIAL INTERVENTIONS
These are programs designed to address social welfare and develop the human status of living to
alleviate poverty and ensure public health, child protection, nutritional care, financial assistance, literacy,
and employment.
1. Social Welfare – to equip the status of living and securing the earning stability of every citizen.
2. Safety Net – to ensure and provide the best possible support among people in times of hardship
and other unpredictable crises.
3. Social Protection - making a set of programs and projects to alleviate poverty and vulnerability
factors, promote the efficiency of labor markets, avoid participation or engagement of people to
risks, developing their capability to safeguard or protect themselves against ant identified hazards
including crimes, trafficking, discrimination, and even inadequate income.

The democratic practices in the country are meant to benefit the people. If only its resources,
workforce and funds were never exploited by several individuals, finding solutions for the country’s
multitude of economic and political problems would never be impossible.
EXAMPLES of DEMOCRATIC PRACTICES
1. Freedom of Speech – the ability to express thoughts, opinions, ideas and perceptions freely.
2. Inclusiveness and Equality – the practice of embracing and accepting all types of people in
society and treating them fairly and justly.
3. Suffrage – this is the right of a citizen to exercise the process of voting in any political election.
The foundation of every healthy democracy, ensuring that government authority derives from
the will of the people.
4. Citizen Participation – is a process that gives a person a chance to make positive effects on
public decisions and can take the initiative to improve quality of life, work, and the relationship
between society and government.
5. Right to Life – the right to live harmoniously in society, that no one has the right to punish, kill, or
destroy the sanctity of living
6. Minority Rights – the rights subject to members of ethnic groups, religious groups, gender and
sexual crisis.
7. Constitutional Government – is defined by the existence of a constitution which may be a legal
instrument or merely a set of fixed norms or principles generally accepted as the fundamental
law of the polity that effectively controls the exercise of political power.
On the other hand, undemocratic practices are practices that affect society and government in
many different ways, usually denying the people's rights to freedom of expression, property ownership,
religious practices, etc.
These practices include corruption, martial law, vote buying, and any other ordinances that restrict
freedom among its citizens. Although these were common trends in the country in the past, they were
eventually overshadowed by corruption and poverty, which are the main problems of most 3rd world
countries today. Furthermore, undemocratic practices are still severe problems in the country but there are
already a few ways to deal with such problems to prevent any further troubles in the government and the
society. And one of those effective ways of dealing with societal problems is the education of the young
people.
The Effects of Undemocratic Practices:
1. Poverty – the state of being insufficient in needs and showing inferiority in many manners.
2. Gender Biases – an unfair or unequal treatment of one gender to another. It shows prejudice or
preference towards a person's identity.
3. Political Marginalization – a social exclusion or disadvantage to the growth and development of the
society
4. Racial Inequality – it is a practice and belief that groups are identified as one superior and possess
high standards of physical traits and appearance.
5. Cultural Domination – it means that culture dominates other cultures by overtaking its economy,
policy, and behavioral aspects.
6. Crisis of representation – the co-occurrence of the financial crisis and the exposure of a political
class riddled with corruption reveals starkly the state was in, a crisis of representation.
7. Politics of recognition - define our identity always in dialogue with, sometimes in struggle against,
the things our significant others want to see in us

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FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 1: True or False
1. In a democracy, elected officials stay in power for as long as they want.
2. Just being able to vote does not make a country democratic.
3. Political decisions shall stem from the will of the majority, expressed by means of appointment.
4. Democracy promotes equality.
5. Democratic practice involves transparency, trust, and confidence.
6. Allowing people to participate and contribute ideas in any way is not a democratic practice.
7. Dictatorial government is democratic in nature.
8. Suffrage is an example of democratic practice.
9. Choosing who or what we want to become is a democratic practice.
10. In participatory democracy, majority votes are usually needed to pass/win an election.
11. Political institutions can also be called “organization.”
12. Family is a form of political institution.
13. Society cannot survive without social institutions.
14. Social institutions create laws.
15. Institutions are not so important in a democratic country
16. Undemocratic practices are legal in a democratic country.
17. Democracy is a great way to choose one’s leaders during elections.
18. Vote buying is okay if the price is right.
19. Democracy is the rule of the government but the decision of the citizens.
20. In democracy, the minority wins.

LESSON 2: INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Technology - a manner of accomplishing a task, especially using technical processes, methods,


or knowledge.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) – the tools and the processes to access,
retrieve, store, organize, manipulate, produce, present and exchange information by
electronic and other automated means (Marquez, 2018).
Communication - a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a
common system of symbols, signs, or behavior
Information - knowledge obtained from investigation, study, or instruction
Digital Divide – the natural consequence of advancements in ICT. It refers to the discrepancy
in people’s access and skills related to ICT.
FUNCTIONS OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
Data Capture – Data capturing, storage and transmission are important functions of ICT. With
the
aid of computer devices such as hardware and software, usually data is captured by key
board, bar codes, video camera, mouse etc.
Data storage – is an issue of covering space, which depends on following factors such as disk
space availability and flexibility of ICT in terms of making the data available for use.
Data transmission – data can be transmitted from one place to another place or from one
computer to another computer. For this purpose, various devices like modems , a n d cables are
used. For transmitting data, various types of networks like Local Area Network (LAN), Wide
Area Network (WAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), internet, intranet, extranet etc. are used.
Data Processing – is the method of conversion of data into meaningful information. The
processing is done in a sequence of operations that translates inputs such as geographical maps,
images, satellite imageries, aerial photographs, or in the form of tabular data collected from in-site
surveys, government records, or personal observations into output in the form of dimensional model
or in other visual forms.
Data Manipulation – is the process of summarizing, re-arranging, improving or scientific
designs achieved either physically or by processor software. ICT helps in operating the information
and makes new information from present information.
Data Retrieval – is the process of discovering required information. ICT supports the recovery
of information either in the form of features or characteristics or both in a computer-generated form.
Data can be retrieved from one source to another source with the help of computer software.
Data Display – Data display includes presenting information in the form of text, graphics,
audio, and video. Display can be made through computer screens, speakers and
printers. (Prasad & Prasad, 2009)
TWO CONVERGING TECHNOLOGIES OF ICT
Computation technology - it provides a capability for processing data to be converted into
information.
Communication technology - it enables the required information to be coded and transmitted
through communication channels for intended users.

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BENEFITS OF ICT
A. Facilitating public and private sector activities areas such as in:
1. Public Administration - ICT brings transparency and efficiency to administrative work.
Online working systems will leave no scope for laziness and dishonesty in work.
2. Urban and Rural Development - telecentres in rural areas can facilitate economic
liberation. Mobile telephony can also help rural entrepreneurs in keeping in touch with their
market outside their communities.
3. Transport - used to improve road, air and rail transportation. These operations include
payment for parking meters, identification of authorized parking space occupants.
B. Improving the quality of life for citizens in:
1. Health - it supports the efficient exchange of information between health professionals,
enable transfer of patient records between sites, telemedicine and thus improve
clinical effectiveness, continuity, and quality of care by health professionals.
2. Special Needs (for the Physically Challenged) - can be extremely useful in providing
access to communication, and education and open up opportunities for them. Examples are
Braille keyboards can help visually impaired or blind people, Short Message Service (SMS)
can be used to send and receive messages by the hearing impaired, the voice-activated
dialing service can be used by the visually impaired.
3. Education - it helps in facilitating learning and the exchange of educational materials. The
online learning system is another web-based application that is revolutionizing the learning
platform of education.
4. Environment – it helps collect data about environmental issues. They allow access
to information and provide a support system to manage and monitor environmental issues.
5. Agriculture - can be used to impart information directly to farmers and the farming
community. It can handle agricultural issues such as water utilization and management, pest
control, harvest management and so forth.
C. Facilitating Activities in the Business Sector such as:
1. Manufacturing - linking the process chains in manufacturing as opposed to
improving or facilitating single steps in the production lines. The mass production of goods
and services is gradually giving way to a network-based production and manufacturing
system.
2. Electronic Commerce - Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is the use of the internet
or telecommunications to carry out business of any type. Common examples of e-commerce
are online shopping, online banking, online stock trading etc.
3. Travel and Tourism - It is used to provide multimedia information about
destinations to prospective travelers. With the aid of ICT applications, prospective travelers
can view a destination, book accommodation, book flight and other forms of transport, and
pay for all these without leaving their homes.
IMPACT OF ICT
The impact of information technology can be visualized at local, national, regional
and global levels both in positive and negative form. The following are the major affected areas due to
information technology.
Positive Impact Negative Impact
IMPACT OF ICT ON SOCIETY
Access to information huge increase in access to reducing education and understanding
information and services, due to the vast amount of misleading
speed on the internet saves time and and incorrect information.
is inexpensive availability of public
services
Employment created a new segment of reduced employment machines have
employment replaced several categories of job
emergence of a new class of IT employment.
literate people.
IMPACT OF ICT ON BUSINESS
Information improved inventory management, increased competition among
management and stock control, resulting in less companies
wastage, better cash flow, etc. expense over the new branch of
knowledge management
Economic Suppliers and customers are Shopping online leaves
available around the clock in shoppers at risk of online credit and
different parts of the world theft.
Increased business online retail models are
opportunities cost reduction advancing closure of high-street
shops

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IMPACT OF ICT ON ACADEMICS
Students Easy access of learning materials The cost involved cannot be met by
from all over the world. poor students as well as some
Easy access to various educational educational institutions.
cores and professors. Lack of face-to-face collaboration
and campus life.
Academicians Learners get a wider range of means Learners, and sometimes teachers,
and experience some extra can get hooked on the technology
inspiration. aspect, rather than the topic content.
Effective sharing of information. Large areas of the course may
Time saving. not be helped.
Trainers may need some technical
training
IMPACT ON MEDICAL
Efficiency in bringing medical help to Can adopt a more luxuries lifestyle
medical facilities can be extended to and can lead to physical problems
rural communities e.g. obesity, eye problem etc.
IMPACT ON ADMINISTRATION
Better use of resources
Improved governance through e-governance

DELVING into INFORMATION and COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY


The term "internet" was first introduced in 1974 and the internet is an abbreviation of the words
"inter-networking". The term "Internet and Communication Technology" was used by researchers in the
1980s, but only became widely used in the 90s after a report to the British government by Dennis
Stevenson.
Information and Communication Technology enables the various forms of communication that we
enjoy today, for instance, the internet which paved the way for social networks such as Facebook, Twitter,
and Linkedin. According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations
(UNESCO), Information and Communication Technology or ICT is the collective term that refers to:
... the tools and the processes to access retrieve, store, organize, manipulate, produce, present and
exchange information by electronic and other automated means. These include hardware, software and
telecommunications in the forms of personal computers, scanners, digital cameras, phones, faxes, modern
CD and DVD players and recorders, digitized video, radio, and TV programs and multimedia programs.
Information and Communication Technologies are mechanisms that help us in transmitting,
receiving, storing, accessing and processing information through electronic media. This definition enables
us to include computers and telecommunication devices while conveniently excluding printer media such
as books, magazines and newspapers, yet admits their digital versions such as e-books and e-journals,
among others Developments in ICT have put most parts of the world within reach of information
dissemination and connectivity. This enables us to relatively fast track many researches, procedures and
processes that need real-time and up-to-date information to accomplish which results in us having a lot of
the things that we are able to enjoy today and make our lives easier. From cures to common illnesses, day-
to-day weather forecasts, stock market predictions foreign films, and global news, to the most viral
YouTube Video to date; ICT has influenced our lives in numerous ways.
Social Relationships and Social Media
From the Insider article written by Kelly Burch, social media can foster genuine relationships and
allow people to connect in any way and it can often expand people's social circles. Kathryn Moore, Ph.D.,
a psychologist says you can connect with those people in similar situations and share worries, fears, and
celebrations. Up to 64% of teens report they have made a new friend online, and 83% of teens report that
social media makes them feel more connected with their friends.
Social media can negatively affect relationships when you start comparing yourself to other people,
including your friends, just based on their social media accounts, Moore says. For example, some may fear
their lives aren't as good as their friends and withdraw from friendships because they feel they're not good
enough.
That impact on self-esteem and isolation is part of the reason that increased social media usage
has been associated with depressive symptoms. If you're constantly comparing your life to a picture-perfect
image that others, put forth on social media, you might not feel good about yourself, and you may be more
likely to develop depression.
The Impact of Technology on People's Social Relationships
1. Bringing People Together
The primary issue that many people faced only two decades ago was communication. All of us
were limited to a close set of people with whom we could communicate.
2. Easier Organization of Communities

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Not only we can communicate with a single person, but it is possible to create group chats where
you can exchange messages with both small and big groups of people.
3. Birth of New Issues in Face-to-Face Communication
While being able to communicate with people online has improved social relationships significantly,
there are some issues with face-to-face communication. This also causes frustration in different
social circles, especially if we are referring to quality family time
Social Relations and Technology: Continuity, Context, and Change
1. The Convoy Model of Social Relations
The convoy model was developed to specify the scientific study of social relations by detailing the
antecedent factors influencing social relations (personal and situational), identifying multiple
dimensions of social relations, and illustrating how these factors influence health and well-being
(Antonucci, 2001).
2. Population Demographic Shifts
Technological advances have occurred within the context of broader demographic changes,
including shifts in mortality, fertility, mobility, and marital patterns (Bianchi, 2014).
3. Intergenerational Relations
Families are changing such that intergenerational ties, especially those across more than two
generations, are becoming increasingly salient (Antonucci, Jackson, & Biggs, 2007; Bengtson,
2001; Swartz, 2009).
4. Immigrant Aging
New and varied ways to communicate across geographic distances have created a world of
possibilities for immigrants. The advent of communication technologies such as Skype, WhatsApp,
Viber, and FaceTime (among others), has made the ability to connect with close others who are
geographically distant almost effortless.
5. Marital Patterns
A population trend that has widespread implications for how older adults use technology is the
heterogeneity of marital statuses, including "gray divorce" (i.e., divorce after the age of 50; Brown&
Lin, 2013) and never-married older adults (Cooney & Dunne, 2001).
6. Social Relations and Health
New technologies have been found to directly influence health due to the possibilities they generate
to better connect with others. New ways to create and sustain social relations may represent viable
alternative sources for developing a sense of community in situations where mobility is limited or
restricted.
7. Social Support, Intervention, and Technology
Innovative uses of technology have been applied to create social support interventions that
maximize good health and well-being. The use of the Internet has opened new avenues for
enhancing social support for older adults, especially to address the threat of social isolation and
loneliness.
Politics and social media
Politics and social unrest have been around since man first gathered into groups to survive.
Someone always wants to be in charge, and someone is always unhappy with the way things are. Leaders
have always used private or public communication tools and propaganda to gain or maintain power, and
those who oppose them have always used the same to overcome them when necessary (et tu, Brute?).
The printing press brought information to the masses in the 500s. The postal service moved things a step
further in early American history. Today, those same ideas have been continued with Twitter, Facebook,
and blogs.
The difference today, with instant communication possible on a global scale through email, IM, and
social media, is that these things happen much faster, and often much more effectively. With the near-
ubiquitous nature and adoption of social media and online information dissemination in general, being able
to monitor that activity is more important than ever for both sides of the equation - the leaders and the
people.
Social and Political Movement
A social movement is a loosely organized effort by a large group of people to achieve a particular
goal, typically a social or political one. This may be to carry out, resist or undo a social change. It is a type
of group action and may involve individuals, organizations or both.
Aberle's Four Types of Social and Political Movements: redemptive, reformative, revolutionary and
alternative.
Political Movements in the Philippines:
Communism in the Philippines
Environmentalism in the Philippines
Federalism in the Philippines
Islamism in the Philippines
Left-wing politics in the Philippines,

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Filipino nationalism
Separatism in the Philippines Socialism in the Philippines
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 2: Elaborate your understanding by answering the following questions
1. How does media/ICT influence political movements in the Philippines?
2. How does politics change from the past to the present?
3. How will you use ICT to make your political movement stronger?
4. What are the positive and negative effects of ICT on social relationships and human life?
5. How can ICT improve our lives and our future?

LESSON 3: Neural and Social Networks


What is a Connection?

Connection refers to something that links or


associates two or more things with each other. It is the
point of contact that connects and forms a relationship
between a person and things. It can also be explained as
the manner and feeling of understanding between two or
more people that eases communication. A connection is
what binds two or more people, concepts, or things to form
a relationship.
Here are some examples that can be considered a
connection:
• A person that you know from other another school or
constitution.
• The feeling you feel towards music makes you more
engaged in it.
• The link or bond between mother and child.
• Personal connection increases your engagement and
interest in things or people.
Building connections with others is important in facilitating
understanding between people which produces better
moods, relationships, work outcomes, and interest in
things and people.
Example of connection

What is a Relationship?
Relationship refers to the way things, concepts, and people are
connected or related. It can also refer to the close connection between
people that is established over an extended period. A relationship is a
by-product of connection.
Here are some examples that can be considered a relationship;
• Boyfriend and girlfriend relationship.
• Family members (mother and child, husband and wife, etc.)
• Boss-employee relationship
Building a good relationship with others helps make a better place to be.
When people have a strong relationship in the workplace, team players
are more likely to perform better and build camaraderie that helps the
team to better perform and function as a team.

Example of Business Relationship

What is a Network?
Network is the process of interacting with others to exchange
information or ideas among people with a common profession
or interests. It is used by people to expand their circle of
acquaintances in an informal setting. Through networking,
people can find out information about many things such as
news, trends, jobs, concepts, ideas, information technology and
more in the world.
An example of networking is working with different divisions of
the same company to exchange and acquire information to
solve business problems.

Example of Network
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What is a Neural Network?
It is a computing system that works like neurons in the human brain. This is a modeled human
brain modification created to recognize patterns. It is a software called "neutrons" connected together that
is able to solve a problem which strengthens the connections to succeed and diminishes those that lead to
failure. This neutral network can run and copy as the human brain does. It can also adapt to innovate the
input that brings out the best possible outcome. Neural Network is a software simulation, (imitation of the
operation of a real-world process or system) with plenty of interconnected brain cells inside the computer.
The system can learn things, recognize patterns, and make
decisions like the human way. Simply put, this neural network is an
artificial intelligence.
Neural networks can improve decision processes such as:
• Credit card and Medicare detection
• Medical and disease diagnosis
• Robotic control system
• Optimization of logistics for transportation networks
• Targeted marketing
• Predictions for the financial status of stock prices, currency
and
bond ratings.
• Language processing and voice recognition
• Quality Control
• Evaluation of Ecosystem
• Forecasting or energy and electricity
• Raw photos and video vision interpretation through computer
Example of a simple neural network:
According to David Rumelhart et al. (1986, p. 56), a neural network generally consists of the
following components:
- a set of processing units
- the state of activation of a processing unit
- the function used to compute the output of a processing unit
- the pattern of connectivity among processing units
- the rule of activation propagation
- the activation functions
- the rule of learning employed

SOCIAL NETWORK
A social network is a social structure made up of a set of social actors (such as individuals or
organizations), sets of dyadic ties, and other social interactions between actors. The social network
perspective provides a set of methods for analyzing the structure of whole social entities as well as a
variety of theories explaining the patterns observed in these structures. The study of these structures uses
social network analysis to identify local and global patterns, locate influential entities, and examine network
dynamics.

Shaping the mind through Social Relationships


Social relationships do affect or influence every individual thinking process. As we interact with
every individual around us, we use our thinking skills on how we are going to be able to socialize and fit
with their different characteristics and deal with their different attitudes (Shinize,2018). We individually
undergo a process of thinking first as we socialize and interact with other people around us.
In sociology, the process of shaping and influencing the mind and behavior of a person by way of
orientation to the norms and values of society is called socialization. Socialization, which starts from early
childhood, is an unending process wherein an individual creates a personal identity as he or she learns the
norms, behavior, values, and social skills based on his or her social position. The parents are the first
social actors to socialize within the family. The child is oriented on family values, customs, appropriate
behavior, dos and don'ts, and kinship relations. As a person grows older, he or she learns about
responsibilities, how to behave in certain situations, and has to follow norms through interactions in the
community and society. (Urgel,2017)
Socialization implies social relationships. Therefore, the relationship does what socialization
impacts on the mind and the person.
According to Urgel (2017), a person is a social actor. He possesses physical, spiritual, and mental
faculties that are utilized in dealing with the self, other people, and the surroundings.
Significant Social Roles
Students: Wearing Varying Hats in the Community
There are multiple roles that a person can play in the community: as a child, a brother or sister, a friend or
foe, a leader, a security officer, a fireman, a nurse, a painter, an educator, a priest, a vendor, a street

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sweeper, an accountant, a baker, and a student, among others. Each role has corresponding functions
performed in appropriate situations. These functions are dictated by norms which vary according to the
community and practitioners. The efficient performance of these roles and functions can pave the path for a
person’s recognition and appreciation by the community. The recognized person is also considered worthy
of emulation by the youth and adults alike in the community.
In School They perform the functions of learners: studying lessons and coming to school prepared;
reviewing for examinations, participating in class discussions; joining school organizations to hone their
talents and interests; running as officers of school councils, organizations, clubs, and guilds; getting
involved in intra school and interschool competitions; and engaging in extracurricular activities. The school
is a venue for training the students physically, mentally, attitudinally, emotionally and in some cases,
spiritually. The students are prepared to face life's challenges, to make decisions, and to choose the better
options.
The home or family is the first social agency with which the child comes into contact. Interactions
with other members of the family, parents, siblings and others, have a lasting influence on the personality
of the child and his social behavior.
In the family, the student plays the roles of an elder brother or sister, a house helper, a babysitter,
or an animal keeper. Usually, the student helps in looking after the younger siblings, preparing food,
cleaning the house and accompanying the younger siblings. The role of the family, particularly the parents,
in shaping the social behavioral pattern of the child was highlighted for the first time by Freud.
Using the formulations of psychoanalytic theory, Freud attempted to explain the impact of parental
behavior, parental attitudes and early childhood experiences on the development of the personality and
social behavior of the child. “The family is the society in miniature”, observed Freud. The above statement
highlights the crucial role of the family in the socialization process.
Studies on normal children, by Sears, Baldwin and others, have brought out evidence to show that
extreme shades of child-rearing attitudes and practices on the part of the parents have a definite influence
in shaping the social behavior of children. Some of the behavioral patterns that have been investigated in
this direction are authoritarianism, aggressiveness and dependency.
Outside of the Home Apart from one's own parents, adults in the neighborhood also exert an
influence in the shaping of the social behavior of the growing children. Students can also perform many
roles and functions as they relate and interact with other people, units and organizations. They can serve
as 10 volunteers in feeding programs, reforestation projects, or anti-child labor movements.
Another role that students can perform is being a member of Sangguniang Kabataan (SK). The
SK intends to train the youth for public service, particularly in governance.
Simultaneous membership in various groups or communities
• Member of the learning community
• Cyberspace community
• Spiritual community
• Recreational community
• Health community
• Work community
• Disability community
• Volunteer community
Hierarchy of Roles in the Community
A role is a window to a person’s personality and behavior, and it indicates what people can expect
from him or her. How a person performs the functions corresponding to his or her will show if the person is
responsible, trustworthy, efficient, negligent, or unreliable. Roles also indicate how others
should relate with one another.
Adam Kmiec (2013) identifies five types of roles that a community should have in order to attain
success in its existence.
1. The host is someone who entertains the guests, organizes an event, maintains peace and order,
sets some rules and enforces them, pulling some people out when called for.
Examples: Community leaders or those occupying such statuses as mayor, barangay chairman,
school principal, company head and administrator and police chief, to name a few.
2. The facilitator is focused on carrying out enjoyable and pleasant conversations with guests,
encouraging people to meet and mingle with one another and introducing guests to each other.
Examples: media practitioners who work in newspapers, magazines, radio, and television. They
occupy such positions as editor, writer, broadcaster and newscaster.
3. The popular one is rather self-centered but can make people gravitate toward him or her and
attract people's attention.
Examples: top community leaders, political kingmakers (also called political godfathers, big
business people, top entertainers and show business talents, and leading society personalities belong to
this category).
4. The instigator makes community life more interesting by airing criticisms, writing negative
comments, and starting controversies. The instigator serves as the devil’s advocate mostly for
entertainment.
Examples: Opinion writers, critics, and columnists.
5. The voyeur lends support to the host through his or her mere physical presence.

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Examples: community folks, the followers, supporters, and the public who attend every event
organized by the host belong to this category.

Ranking the Roles


The various roles are ranked in the order of prestige, value, and importance accorded by the
community. Prestige is the respect and admiration that an occupation or role holds in a community.
The social role valorization (SRV) accords valued roles for all members of the community. A community
gives its members a sense of purpose and a feeling of belongingness. They tend to stay inactive and
eventually fall out. This is where SRV plays a crucial role. Giving valued roles to all members motivates
them to get involved actively in community activities, realize the importance of their participation, and relate
with each other more frequently.
It appears that SRV is more important in a community of interests for its maintenance and survival
than in a geographic community, which can exist almost forever until a political decision declares
otherwise.
In both geographic communities and communities of interest, the social roles of persons are ranked
in the order of importance accorded by the community.
Highest rank Leaders, decision makers, influential personalities
High rank Educators, police and other peace order keepers, big business
people and employers, religious leaders, lawyers, judges, medical
doctors
Low rank Construction workers, maintenance crew, sales and
office clerks, auto mechanics
Lower rank Street vendors, garbage collectors, street sweepers
Lowest rank Beggars, criminals, street hawkers, addicts
In the Philippines, the ranking of occupations is made according to popularity. The popularity is
based on two views – the view of the worker and the view of the employer. There may be no claim that
these jobs were seen as prestigious, but their popularity can be considered as a stamp of prestige or of
being the most desired occupations
What about the students?
The rank given to their role depends on the aspect being looked at. They are perceived as the hope
of the community for a better and brighter future, thereby encouraging the parents, the adult community,
and the government to provide them with all the support they can.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 3:
A. Read and analyze the following situations and briefly answer the question that follows.
Write your answer on a whole sheet of pad paper.
1. Daniel has shown musical inclination since childhood. Composing songs was an easy thing for him. He
could notice right away if someone is out of tune. He already loved to swing his hands holding a stick, like a
conductor. He dreamt of becoming a choir director someday. But when he was in grade 9, his parents and
an economist uncle convinced him to take up Economics for a better chance of employment after
graduation. He chose the Accountancy and Business Management strand in senior high school and
eventually took up economics at a university. He was convinced that being an economist would be a more
lucrative career than being a musician. While studying, he did not forget his passion for music. Composing
and playing the piano were his forms of relaxation.
After four years, Daniel graduated with an economics degree to the delight of his parents. He also
felt proud of himself for finishing something not close to his heart. Soon after, he landed a good-paying job
at a company. But he could not feel satisfaction in his work after working for two years. He confided this to
his office manager, thinking his problem was work-related. He later revealed his passion for music and was
advised to enroll in a music school as a second course. He continued working while studying. Soon, he had
to choose to be a full-time musician working in the entertainment industry, producing and composing
songs. Sometimes he teaches music theories in school. Never did Daniel feel so fulfilled in life. (Adapted
from Urgel, 2017) If you were Daniel, would you make the same decision he made? How
important is our relationship with other people?
2. Carlo and his family lived in a depressed area. He was the third of five siblings. His father did not have a
permanent job and his mother accepted laundry services. His eldest brother, a high school graduate,
worked in a construction site. At 18, Carlo was still in high school. Carlo preferred to be out with his
barkada than finish his studies. He did not develop a close relationship with his family. Financial difficulties
led Carlo to work as a part-time pusher and occasional user. Almost all of his barkada were also into drug-
pushing.
One night, the police apprehended Carlo and Aga, one of his friends, for illegal drug possession.
They were brought to a minimum-security area and were required to do work such as cleaning comfort
rooms, scrubbing the pavement, and pulling the grass in the prison yard. There were also days for
planting vegetables in the prison’s garden.

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Carlo and Aga wondered why the “old” inmates were good to them. There were prayer meetings
held in the prison by various religious groups every week. Carlo and Aga were told they could attend one.
One day, Aga persuaded Carlo to attend a prayer meeting. Carlo enjoyed listening to the
choir and got interested in the Cajon instrument. He also became attentive to the spiritual talks given by the
leader of the group, called kuya. He came to understand the attitudinal transformation of the self, the
importance of good family relationships, establishing and maintaining smooth relationships with others,
anger management, developing a positive outlook, and more. Not long after, Carlo joined the choir as a
cajon player and Aga also joined as a singer.
Carlo was seldom visited by his family while Aga’s parents and two sisters frequently came to visit
him. In one-on-one dialogue sessions, Carlo revealed that he would rather stay in prison than go back to
his residence. He expressed fear of returning to his old self and illegal livelihood due to the
bad influences that might still surround him. On the other hand, Aga expressed his desire to go home and
be with his family. He promised to listen more to his family than to his barkada when released from prison.
(Adapted from Urgel, 2017)
Is having a poor family a reason for you to abandon them and be with your influential friends? If you
were Carlo, what are you going to do?

B. Modified True or False. Write T if the statement is true. If the statement is false, write F and change the
word that made the statement erroneous.
_____1. A person considered a host on one occasion may be a voyeur in another event and may take
on some roles in other situations.
_____2. Changing the role of a person most likely changes the manner of treatment by other people and
their expectations of the person.
_____3. The role or the position itself commands respect and admiration regardless of the occupant or
player.
_____4. The oppositionists belong under the instigator.
_____5. The facilitator is confused for the host as he or she wants everybody to enjoy the occasion.
_____ 6. The popular one makes the community alive and exciting.
_____ 7. The social role valorization (SRV) accords valued roles for selected members of the
community.
_____ 8. The various roles are ranked in the order of prestige, value and importance instructed by the
community.
_____ 9. The popular is someone that everyone knows and can trust.
_____10. The facilitator is someone who entertains the guest

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