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Received 8 January 2017; Accepted 28 April 2017; Available online 24 May 2017
ABSTRACT
The availability of land for agriculture is shrinking every day as it is increasingly utilized for non-agricultural purposes. World population is
growing exponentially and it has to fulfill their food requirements. Under this situation, one of the important strategies to increase
agricultural output is the development of new high intensity cropping systems including intercropping systems. Intercropping is a type of
mixed cropping and defined as the agricultural practice of cultivating two or more crops in the same space at the same time. It increases in
productivity per unit of land via better utilization of resources, minimizes the risks, reduces weed competition and stabilizes the yield.
Several factors influence the intercropping such as maturity of crop, selection of compatible crop, planting density, time of planting as well
as socio economic status of farmers and the region. In intercropping, land is effectively utilized and Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) is used to
measure the productivity of land. Legume intercropping systems play a significant role in the efficient utilization of resources. Maize has
reorganized as a component crop in most intercropping. Cereal-legume intercropping is a more productive and profitable cropping system in
comparison with solitary cropping. Maize-legume intercropping systems are able to lessen amount of nutrients taken from the soil in
comparison to maize. Moreover, intercropping improves soil fertility through atmospheric nitrogen fixation from atmosphere (150 tons/year)
with the use of legumes, increases soil conservation through greater ground cover than sole cropping. In this study, the work carried out by
various researches in maize based intercropping are discussed. This work would be useful to the researchers who involves in this field.
KEYWORDS: Maize, Growth, Yield, Light interception, Nutrient use efficiency, Weed management, Nutrient transfer
INTRODUCTION
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most versatile emerging crops having wider adaptability under varied agro-
climatic conditions. Globally, maize is known as queen of cereals because it has the highest genetic yield potential
among the cereals. Maize is cultivated throughout the world (58°N latitude to 40°S latitude) in an area of 179.9 m.ha
across 165 countries with a production of 1013.6 m.t and average productivity of 5.63 t/ha. It is largely grown in
USA, China, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico etc. The highest productivity of 10.73 t/ha was achieved in United States,
which was followed by China (5.81 t/ha) and Brazil (5.4 t/ha). India occupies 7th position in respect of area and
production [1].
In India, maize is the third most important food crops after rice and wheat. Maize is cultivated in an area of 9.3
million hectares with a production of 24.2 million tonnes and productivity of 2564 kg ha -1 [2]. The major maize
producing states are Andhra Pradesh (20%), Karnataka (17%), Maharashtra (11%), Bihar (9%), Tamil Nadu
Copyright © 2017 by authors and Copyright, American-Eurasian Network for Scientific Information (AENSI Publication).
50 T. Ananthi et al, 2017
Advances in Environmental Biology, 11(5) May 2017, Pages: 49-63
(8%), Madhya Pradesh (6%), Rajasthan (6%) and Uttar Pradesh (5%). The area and production of maize has
increased remarkably from1950-’51 to 2014-’15. As a result of recent technological interventions adopted by
the farming community, the productivity has significantly increased to the tune of 368.7 per cent from 1950-’51
to 2014-’15.
In Tamil Nadu, maize is cultivated in an area of 3.4 million hectares with a production of 18.30 million
tonnes and the productivity is 5359 kg ha-1 [3]. In Tamil Nadu, maize is grown in an area of 0.1 lakh ha during
1970-71 with an annual production of 0.2 lakh tonnes, mainly concentrated in Tanjavur, Pudukkottai and Trichy
districts. Due to rapid increase in the demand of maize for poultry and animal feed and for industrial uses, and
popularization of high yielding varieties and hybrids, the area under maize has increased to 3.4 lakh ha with a
production of 18.3 lac t during 2014 - 15. The major maize growing districts are Perambalur, Toothukudi,
Dindigul, Erode, Karur, Ariyalur and Salem and smaller area in Southern districts of Tamil Nadu.
Maize is one of the oldest human-cultivated crops grown in tropical and temperate regions of the world.
The center of origin is believed to be the Mesoamerica region, at least 7000 years ago when it was grown as a
wild grass called teosinte in the Mexican highlands [4]. Despite its high yield potential, it is giving low yields
because of improper fertilizer management practices due to lack of appropriate information on fertilizer
management and bio fertilizer application. Increasing productivity per unit area through agronomic management
is one of the important strategies to increase the production of maize.
The importance of cereal grains in human nutrition is widely recognized, as they provide substantial
amounts of energy and protein to millions people, especially in developing countries [5].
Intercropping is a common cropping system in developing countries such as India
[6]. It is the practice of growing two or more crops at the same time during the same growing season on the
same piece of land [7]. With the rapid population increase, the demand for food has been increasing while land
availability has been declining. Thus, the only way to increase agricultural production is to increase yield per
unit area [8].
In tropical regions, corn has been considered as the best component in most of intercropping system [9].
Intercropping has recently been recognized as a potentially beneficial system of crop production [10]. This
cropping system increased total productivity per unit land, per unit time and improves the judicious utilization of
the land and other resources on farm [10] reduces soil erosion and thereby helps to maintain greater stability in
crop yield in okra/cowpea intercropping system [11].
Other advantages of intercropping include: insurance against crop failure thereby minimizing risk, better
use of resources by plants of different heights, rooting depths and nutrient requirements and a more equal
distribution of labour through the growing season [12] & [13]. Moreover, intercropping systems more efficiently
used the growth factors because they capture more radiation and make better use of the available water and
nutrients, reduce pests, diseases incidence and suppress weeds [14] and favour soil-physical conditions,
particularly intercropping cereal and legume crops which also maintain and improve soil fertility [15].
Several scientists have been working with cereal- legume intercropping systems and proved its success
compared to the monocrops [16] Some studies have indicated that intercropping was more productive than sole
cropping because of the complimentary effect of intercrops such studies included amaranth with cowpea,
cucumber with cowpea [11], maize with cowpea [16] and cassava with cowpea [17]
Intercropping practices have some benefits such as improving yield [25] & [26]. \and increasing biological
activities in the soil, and decreasing pests [27]. A number of indices such as LER, crop combination ratio, real
yield loss, financial advantage, and intercropping benefits have been proposed to describe competition within
and economic advantages of intercropping systems [28] & [29].
According to [30] LER was superior in all intercrops implying that the productivity of corn-soybean
intercropping has a higher RY advantage over sole cropping under the additive intercropping system.
and same results were noticed in case of sole groundnut. Crop competition was possibly the main reason for
reduction in yields.
According to [45] the maize-legume intercropping was studied to see the effect of legume on maize
productivity grown in different geometrical patterns. The treatments tried were sole maize, maize + blackgram,
maize + mungbean and maize + cowpea at different planting patterns, i.e. P1=90 cm apart double row strips (80/90
cm) and P2=120 cm apart triple row strips (80/120 cm). Maize grain yield was significantly greater in sole maize
compared to other treatment combinations; while maize + cowpea intercropping gave minimum yield. Maize
grown under P1 provided the maximum yield of 39.38 q ha-1.
Alternate planting combinations of maize (Zea mays L.) with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) or
cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.) were compared with the solitary planting of each crop under the East Mediterranean
conditions in Turkey. The highest maize seed yield was obtained from 1- row 67 maize: 50 cowpea mixture
while the lowest one was from 2-row 100 maize:50 cowpea mixture. The highest legume seed yield was from
sole planting and the lowest one was from 2-row 100 maize: 50 cowpea mixture [46]. According to [47] the
intercropped treatments, four rows groundnut in between paired rows of hybrid maize var. Pacific-11 showed
higher maize equivalent yield (15.34 t ha-1), groundnut equivalent yield (4.91 t ha -1), and land equivalent ratio
(1.66) as compared to other treatments.
The results of a study conducted at Nigeria showed that higher grain yield was obtained from sole cropping
plots while intercropped plots at mix proportion of 100 Maize: 100 Cowpea gave higher intercrop total grain
yield of 2.81 t ha-1. The highest intercropped maize yield was from 1 Maize:1 Cowpea plots with mix-proportion
of 50 Maize:50 Cowpea while the highest intercropped cowpea grain yield was obtained from 100 Maize:100
Cowpea plots [48].
According to [49] intercropping of maize and peanut in different planting ratios significantly affected the
yield. The highest dry biological yield of maize (57 t ha -1) was obtained by sowing the crops in intercrop of
maize 75 % + peanut 25 %. The highest grain yield (10.0 t ha -1) of maize was recorded from sole maize (100 %
maize + 0 % peanut) and the highest dry biological yield for peanut (7.4 t ha -1) was recorded from intercrop of
maize 50 % + peanut 50 %. Increase in grain yield of maize under sole cropping in maize-okra intercrop [50].
The combined yields of green maize and beans in the intercropped system were better than the sole yield of
either of the two crops [51].
According to [52] simultaneous sowing of maize + fodder cowpea at 1:1 row proportion recorded
significantly higher grain yield (5349 kg ha-1) and stover yield (7581 kg ha-1) over all other intercropping
treatments except, maize sown after 1 week at 1:1 row proportion. The results are confirmed with the findings of
[53] & [54].
According to [55] the green ear yield and total dry biomass of maize were significantly affected by nutrient
management, but not by the intercropping system. This shows that the presence of soybean did not adversely
affect the growth of maize. The present result is supported by that of [56] non-significant difference between
monocropped maize and intercropped maize with soybean on yield and yield components.
Intercropping high and low canopy crops is to improve light interception and hence yields of the shorter
crops which have to be planted between sufficiently wider rows of the taller ones [66]. According to [67] the
MBILI (modified intercropping) system increased maize and legume yields through higher light penetration.
Percentage of solar radiation interception was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by various intercropping
with different row proportion. The higher solar radiation interception was recorded on 1:5 maize + cowpea
intercropping followed by 1:5 maize + cowpea over sole maize. However, the interception recorded was higher
on all 1:5 crop combinations followed by 1:2 and 1:1. Along with this, the solar radiation interception was
higher at 75 DAS over 50 DAS [68].
According to [69] the mean of PAR interception averaged over sampling dates by intercrop treatments was
significantly (P<0.05) higher than that for sole crop systems. The mean percentage of PAR interception for
intercrop treatments
with additive design was also higher than that for intercropping with replacement design and sole maize. The
mean PAR interception averaged over cropping system increased upto 85 DAS and then, declined.
The maize sown after 3 weeks at 1:2 row proportion recorded significantly lower (Light Transmission Ratio
(LTR) (9.15 %) and higher light absorption (90.8%) compared to all other intercropping treatments [70].
Field experiment was conducted at Udaipur to evaluate the uptake of major primary nutrients by maize
legume intercropping system under the influence of weed control. Results revealed that maize + cowpea and
maize + soybean were at par with each other during both years and found statistically superior over maize +
blackgram, maize + green gram and sole maize in reducing monocot, dicot and total weed dry matter.
On mean basis maize + cowpea and maize + soybean reduced the monocot, dicot and total weed dry matter by
33.4 and 37.5; 32.2 and 37.4 and 33.2 and 37.5% , respectively, compared to weed check [88].
According to [89] intercropping of cowpea and French bean reduced the weed population and weed dry
weight significantly than sole cropping and maize + coriander intercropping system. Maize + frenchbean (1:2)
showed the highest MEY and productivity and maize + cowpea (1:5) recorded the lowest weed count and weed
dry weight and the highest weed control efficiency.
According to [90] weed dry weight recorded at all the stages of crop growth was significantly influenced by
different intercropping systems and it was reduced under the intercropping of maize with soybean and
greengram, while it was higher with maize sown as sole crop. Weed smothering efficiency (%) calculated at
20 and 45 DAS and at harvest clearly indicated that intercropping of maize with soybean registered higher weed
smothering efficiency (WSE) than maize with greengram.
A study conducted at Agricultural University Peshawar indicated that maize intercropping with soybean
and mungbean in different combinations significantly affected weed density (m-2). The maximum number of
weeds (166.3 m-2) were recorded in control (weedy check) plots followed by plots where maize was
intercropped with one row of mungbean seeded simultaneously (136 m -2) which was statistically at same level
with all treatments except maize hand weeded (45 m-2), sole maize (83 m-2) and maize intercropped with two
rows of mungbean simultaneously seeded in which lower number of weeds were recorded [91].
The results of the field study conducted by [92] at Nigeria revealed that weed biomass in sole cropping
pattern of okra was significantly greater than in intercropping pattern with maize and pepper. The sole okra
cropping pattern (control) had the highest weed biomass (330.23 gm-2). The mixed intercropping pattern had the
least weed biomass of 185.2 gm-2. Weed smother efficiency (WSE) was the highest in mixed pattern in both
years compared to the other forms of intercrop pattern.
According to [93] lower density of sedges (19.72/m2) and weed dry matter (18.93 g/m2) were recorded in
maize intercropping with cowpea and application of pendimethalin at 1.0 kg/ha as pre emergence. The lowest
weed density and weed fresh biomass (24.45 m-2 and 1100 kg ha-1, respectively) were recorded in 10 rows
mungbean + 6 rows maize and highest weed density (36.88 m-2) and weed fresh biomass (2389 kg ha-1) were
found in sole maize treatments [94].
was greater than unity, implying that it will be more productive to intercrop maize-soybean than grow them in
monoculture.
A field study conducted in Nigeria revealed that LER for maize was above 1.0 in maize: cowpea mixture
proportion of 50M:50C and 60M:40C while it decreased when the maize was more than 60%. The intercropped
cowpea had higher relative crowding co-efficient (K) values than the intercropped maize. The K value for
cowpea increased when the proportion of cowpea in the intercrop mixture increased and the K value was higher
than 1 in mix-proportion of 100M:100C. Negative K values for maize were obtained in all intercropped
mixtures [106]. According to [107] the highest LER was obtained from cropping system of 75% maize + 25%
green gram with LER of 1.42.
The highest LER was obtained by sowing the crop in a ratio of intercrop of maize 50% + peanut 50% (2.30)
and the lowest LER was obtained by sowing the crops as intercrop of maize 25% + peanut 75% (1.27). LER values
were greater than one in all intercropping systems which indicated yield advantage of intercropping [107].
Among intercropping treatments, the higher LER and ATER (1.53 and 1.25, respectively) was noticed in
simultaneous sowing of maize + fodder cowpea (1:2) over all other intercropping treatments [108]. Higher
productivity, profitability and Monetary Advantage (MA) in maize/soybean intercropping system were positive, when
compared to monocropping [109]. This result is in agreement with [110] who reported higher yield and monetary
advantage index (MAI) for maize/soybean intercropping under a combined application of organic and inorganic
fertiliser.
According to [111] corn and soybean had higher relative yield when grown in intercrop than when grown as a
sole crop and the best relative yield total was at the 50:50 ratio of corn and soybean. According to [109] found that
the LER of intercropping was more than one in all nutrient management samples, indicating the yield advantage
of maize-soybean intercropping over monocropping. This result is supported by the scientist [112] who
explained that the greater LER could be attributed to the morphological differences of the two crops and the
optimal utilisation of resources.
from 7-11% for mungbean, 11-20% for cowpea and 12–26% for groundnut which amounted to about 19-22, 29-
45 and 33-60 mg N maize plant–1, respectively [129] & [130].
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