Introduction:

The compound microscope consists of two lenses. The object produced by the
first of the two lens is magnified by the second lens. The magnification is thus
compounded. A compound light microscope has two magnifying lenses called ocular
and objective lenses. The ocular lens I nearer eye. The objective lens is nearer the
object and magnifies the microorganism to create an image within the tube of the
microscope. The image is then used as an object by the ocular lens, which magnifies
it to create the final virtual image.

Resolution is the ability of the microscope distinguish two closely related

points. Also known as resolving power, resolution gives an indication of the size of
the smallest object that can be distinguished by a particular lens system. The
resolution can be increased by shortening the wavelength of the energy employed in
the magnification. This is the principle on which the electron microscope is based.
The shorter wavelength of the electron beam brings about a better resolution of the
object. Another way to increase the size of the to increase the size of the cone of
light (the numerical aperture). This is accomplished by using immersion oil.

Objectives:
- To give experience to the students in handling oil immersion objectives.
Materials:
Compound microscope, immersion oil, lens paper and alcohol, plant cell, animal cell,
Bacillus subtilis.

Procedures:
1. All lenses have been wiped with lens paper.
2. The low-power objective has been moved into position under the body tube.
3. The light source has been turned on.
4. The slide was placed on the microscope stage and has been secured.
5. The portion of the preparation has been arranged to be examined over the
central opening in the stage.
6. The low-power objective was lowered with the aid of the coarse adjustment
knob to approximately one quarter of an inch above the cover slip of our
preparation slide.
7. The condenser was raised as a far as it will go with the aid of the condenser
adjustment knob.
8. We look through the ocular. Then, we moved the iris diaphragms lever so that
the diaphragms is open to its maximum limit.
9. Next, we focused upward with fine adjustment knob, until the specimen
comes clearly into view.
10. The slide was examined. Then, the objectives were changed from low-power
to high-power. At the high-power objective, the immersion oil has been used
for a better view.
11. The size and the shape as well as any visible structures of these organisms
were observed. Then, we illustrated.
Results:

Description:
The smear of the blood can be seen.

Figure 1: Human blood (animal cell) with Giemsa/Wright stained smear at 40x
magnification.

Description:
The shape can be seen.

Figure 2: Human blood (animal cell) with Giemsa/Wright stained smear at 100x
magnification.

Description:
The shape and the size can be seen.

Figure 3: Human blood (animal cell) with Giemsa/Wright stained smear at 400x
magnification.

Description:
The size and biconcave shape of the
red blood cells can be seen clearly.

Figure 4: Human blood (animal cell) with Giemsa/Wright stained smear at 1000x
magnification.
 Description:
The cell shape can be seen.

Figure 5: Monocot Dracaena Stem (plant cell) at 40x magnification.

Description:
The xylem, phloem, vascular bundle
and ground tissue can be seen.

Figure 6: Monocot Dracaena Stem (plant cell) at 100x magnification.

Description:
The xylem, phloem, ground tissue,
vascular bundle and cell membrane can
be seen.

Figure 7: Monocot Dracaena Stem (plant cell) at 400x magnification.

Description:
The xylem, phloem, ground tissue,
vascular bundle and cell membrane can
be seen clearly.

Figure 8: Monocot Dracaena Stem (plant cell) at 1000x magnification.

 Description: The red stain of Gram-
Negative Bacillus can be seen.

Figure 9: Gram-Negative Bacillus at 40x magnification.

Description: The red stain of Gram-

Negative Bacillus can be seen clearly.

Figure 10: Gram-Negative Bacillus at 100x magnification.

Description: The rod-like shape of

Gram-Negative Bacillus can be seen.

Figure 11: Gram-Negative Bacillus at 400x magnification.

Description: The rod-like shape of

Gram-Negative Bacillus can be seen
clearly.

Figure 12: Gram-Negative Bacillus at 1000x magnification.

Discussion:

In this experiment, the prepared slides that being used are Giemsa-stained

blood cell, Monocot dracaena stem cell and Gram-Negative Bacillus. The purpose of
this experiment is to give experiences to the students in handling oil-immersion
objectives. The experiment is started by cleaning the lens of the microscope to
ensure clear image can be seen. Then, the prepared slide is put on the stage to be
observed starting with the lowest magnification (4x) to the highest magnification
(100x). The results are then recorded.

Based on the results, for Giemsa-stained blood cell, the differences between
red blood cell and white blood cell can be seen. White blood cell is irregular in shape
and has lobed-granule. While red blood cell has a shape of biconcave disk and has
no nucleus.

For Monocot Dracaena stem cell, the scattered vascular bundle can be
observed. This feature is what makes Monocot dracaena categorized
as monocotyledon plant cell. For Gram-Negative Bacillus, it can be seen that the
shape of Bacillus is rod-like. The presence of Gram-Negative makes the colour of
the Bacillus appears red. This is because Gram-Negative Bacillus does not retain the
crystal violet stain following the Gram stain procedure due to their composition of
peptidoglycan.
Questions:

1. A) What is the total magnification obtainable with a low-power objective?

40x.

B) What is the total magnification obtainable with the oil immersion lens?
1000x.

3. Complete the following table.

Microscope part Function (s)

Ocular
Objective
Condenser
Irish Diaphragm Lever
Coarse Adjustment Knob
Condenser Adjustment Knob
Fine Adjustment Knob
Magnifies the specimen image.
Gathers light from the object
observed and focuses the light rays
to produce a real image.
Focus the light that shines up
through the slide.
Adjust the amount of light that
reaches the specimen.
Brings the specimen into general
focus.
Elevates and lowers the condenser
to regulate the intensity of light.
Fine tunes the focus and increases
the detail of the specimen.

4. How would a stained preparation appear under the oil-immersion objective

without the oil between the slides and the objective lens?
The stained preparation does not appear clearly under the oil-immersion
objective without the oil between the slides and the objective lens.

Why? If you don’t know, try it.

 Because without using immersion oil, the amount of light refraction will be
increase, then less light passing through microscope slide will be directed
through the narrow diameter of a higher power objective lens.

5. What are the structural differences between the animal and plant cell? Could
you observe the differences in this exercise?
In plant cell, they have a cell wall and plasmodesmata. Meanwhile, in animal
cell, they do not have a cell wall but they have a centriole.

6. Could you detect the presence or the absence of the structures in question 5
in the bacterial cell? Why?
The structures can’t be detected because we are using compound
microscope which only support up to 1000x magnification. We need at least
4000x magnification to see the structures of bacterial cell by using electron
microscope.

Conclusion:
 For conclusion, we can not see the bacterial cell and microorganisms by our
naked eyes. By using immersion oil for the highest objective lens, we can see the
observation clearly. By using microscope, we can differentiate the sturctures of plant
and animal cell.

Reference:
List Of Stems Found In Plants - http://www.biologydiscussion.com/shoot-system/stems/list-
of-stems-found-in-plants-botany/69686

Human Blood Cells - http://www.austincc.edu/histologyhelp/tissues/tt_blood.html

Plants And Their Structure -

https://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookPLANTANAT.html