STUDENTS’S NAME MATRIC NUMBER

NURUL AL FAHANA SYAHIRA BINTI AJOI 71161

NUR AQILAH SYAFIQAH BINTI SUHEIMY 70878
OTTILIA ANG PEY WI 71275
SAMUEL NG CHUN KEAT 71476
SHARON KIONG 71532

EXPERIMENT TITLE: OBSERVING MICROORGANISM

LECTURER’S NAME: DR KASING APUN
GROUP LECTURE: GROUP 4

OBJECTIVES:
To observe microorganisms using a light microscope.
To view various types of microorganism and their structures
To observe different microorganism and learn how to describe their morphology

INTRODUCTION:

Light microscope or optical microscope has been used widely to examine tiny objects that
cannot be seen under the naked eyes that also had opened up the beautiful microbial
world. Usually, light microscope will be used under visible light and system of lenses to
magnify images of small objects. The scientists use the light microscope to see the
morphological of the cell that consists three types of objective lenses which are low power
(10x), high dry (40x) and oil immersion (100x) to magnify the specimen through the ocular
lens.

It is important to handle the body parts of microscope well by knowing their function
respectively as scientists would work with microscope for their researches .

MATERIALS:

Lens tissue, immersion oil, bright field microscope and prepared slides which are; 1) Bacteria
types-Gram stained
2) Mixed Bacillus-Gram stained
3) Bacterial Flagella combination

4) Bacterial capsules
5) Hansenula (yeast)
6) Penicillium (fungi)
7) Penicillium conidia (fungi) 8) Treponema

METHODS:

1. The dust cover is removed from the microscope and its components is familiarized.
2. The microscope is plugged in and the light source is turned on.
3. One of the prepared microscope slides is mounted between the spring-loaded clips
of the mechanical stages and the center of the interest with the stage adjustment
knobs. The adjustment knobs is moved to know how to scan microscope slide.
4. The condenser is raised to its highest position. The field diagram is closed down with
both of the condenser diaphragm and the field of illumination source is fully opened.
The condenser is simply lowered as the pattern background is visible in the
microscopic field until the pattern disappear.
5.  The turret is turned on and the low-power (10×) is locked into position
6.  The distance between lens and the slide is closed using coarse adjustment.
 7. The coarse focus knob is turned so that the distance between the specimen and the
lens until the field is in the view increase.
8. The condenser iris diaphragm is adjusted until both adequate contrast and the
resolution of details are obtained. The effects on the resolution and contrast is
observed by fully opening and closing the diaphragm.
9. The slide is scanned by moving it with stage knobs as the focus and contrast are
achieved. The observation is drawn.
10. The turret is turned to the high dry (40×) objective. The focus is adjusted with the
fine focus knob.
11.  The illumination is adjusted by opening the field diaphragm on the illuminator or the
light source is increased as more illumination is required for this lens.
12.  The slide is scanned and the observation is drawn.
13. The nose piece is rotated until the oil immersion lens is almost in position but it is
not locked in place
14.  The drop of immersion oil is placed directly on the observed area. The oil immersion
lens is rotated into position. The oil is immersed in the oil.
15.  The oil immersion objective is directly use without progressing from the other
objective lenses by raising the objective out of the oil using the coarse knob.
16.  The field is brought clearly into focus using focus adjustment. The iris diaphragm is
adjusted for optimum contrast and resolution.
17.  The microscope slide is scanned and the observation is recorded.
18.  The procedures is repeated using several different prepared microscope slides.The
differences in size and shape of the various types of bacteria, fungi and yeast is
noted.

RESULTS:
Microorganism / slide Observation Description
Gelatinous layer
covering the entire
bacterium
Composed of
polysaccharide. These
Bacterial capsules polymers are
composed of
repeating
oligosaccharide units
of two to four
Magnification: 1000x monosaccharides.

 Can be produced by
Penicillium (fungi)
fungi

Magnification: 400x
  Helically coiled,
corkscrew-shaped
cells
 The organism is a
saprophytic
fungus are mostly
present in the
soil, in the air, and
Treponema
in decaying
organic matter
and is most
commonly
referred to as the
Magnification: 400x green or blue
mold.
  long, thin, whip-like
appendages
Bacterial flagella
attached to a bacterial
cell that allow for
bacterial movement.

Magnification: 1000x

   recognized by
their dense
brush-like spore-
Penicillium conidia bearing
structures.
(fungi)    tiny, spore-like
structures with a
single nucleus.

Magnification: 400x

Hansenula (yeast)  Branching rod shape

Magnification: 400x
Bacterial types gram .
stained  Branching rod shape
 Magnification: 1000x

 appear in comma
Mixed Bacillus gram shaped, spirilla are the
stained type that appear spiral
in shape

Magnification: 400x

DISCUSSION:

From the view of the results through a bright-field microscope, Bacterial capsules showed a
gelatinous layer covering the entire bacterium. It is composed of polysaccharide. These
polymers are composed of repeating oligosaccharide units of two to four monosaccharides.
The Penicillium (fungi) appeared in colour from blue-green to white and it is produced by
fungi. Furthermore, the Treponema showed helically coiled and in corkscrew-shaped. It is a
saprophytic fungus that is mostly present in the soil, in the air, and decaying organic matter
and is most commonly referred to as the green or blue mold. On the other hand, bacterial
Flagella combination showed the appearances of long, thin, whip-like appendages attached
to a bacterial cell that allows for bacterial movement. Besides, the Penicillium conidia gave
the appearance in purple colour and it is recognized by their dense brush-like spore-bearing
structures as well as tiny, spore-like structures with a single nucleus. Next, the Hansenula
showed branching rod shape and in the colour of pink. Bacteria types-Gram stained showed
the appearance of purple-coloured and it is branching rod shape when seen through a light
microscope. This proved that it is gram-positive stained bacteria. Lastly, the mixed Bacillus-
Gram stained appeared as a comma-shaped and showed a mix of pink and purple colour are
seen when viewed under the microscope.

CONCLUSIONS:

We had learned to observe microorganisms using light microscope.

We had viewed the various types of microorganism and their structures.
We had observed the different microorganism and learned he description of the
morphologies.
REFERENCES:

1. 1)  Website.nbm-mnb.ca. (2019). Penicillium. [online] Available at:

http://website.nbm-mnb.ca/mycologywebpages/Moulds/Penicillium.html [Accessed
16 Oct. 2019].
2. 2)  Humaira, Taylah, Okendo, E. N., & David, L. J. (2019, August 26). Bacterial
Capsule: Structure,Importance and examples of capsulated bacteria. Retrieved from
https://microbeonline.com/bacterial-capsule-structure-and-importance-and-exa
mples-of-capsulated-bacteria/.
3. 3)  Light microscope. (2019). Retrieved from

http://www.biologyreference.com/La-Ma/Light-Microscopy.html

4. 4)  Aseptic Technique and the Transfer of Microorganisms. (2019). Retrieved from

https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=3&brch=73&sim=212&cnt=1