" Stress"

Stress: It is the tone that is carried by a syllable, a word, and a *

.sentence

?Why is the stress difficult to find it in English words*

It's difficult because although there rules, there are a lot of exceptions
.for these rules

:Levels of stress*
.Primary stress .1
.Secondary stress .2
.Weak stress .3

Production: Side of speaker more effort and more energy, loudness *

.and length
Perception: It is the side of hearer; he will hear a syllable that is *
.louder, longer, stronger and different in vowel quality

?What does make a syllable prominent

.At least four different factors are important
Stressed syllable are louder than unstressed in the other word .1
.loudness is component of prominence
.The length of syllable has an important part to play in prominence .2
Every voiced syllable is said on some pitch; pitch in speech is closely .3
related to the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds and to the
.musical notion of low and high -pitched notes
A syllable will tend to be prominent if it contains a vowel that is .4
.different in quality from neighboring vowels

Stress placement
In order to decide on stress placement we should make use of these
:factors to help us
Decide whether the word is simple or complex or compound .1
.Simple word: one grammatical unit*
.Complex word: contains of stem + affixes (suffixes and prefixes)*
Compound word: two independent words (each type of them has its *
.rules in stress placement)
.What is the part of speech of this word (noun, verb, adjective ....) .2
.How many syllables the word has .3
What the phonological structure of the syllable is (it has coda or not, .4
.what the nucleus ....)

It's possible to divide syllable into two basic categories (strong and
weak) and this will be helpful in stress placement because we find the
.stress in the strong syllable not in the weak syllable

:Features of strong or Weak syllable*

:A strong syllable may have
.Long vowel or diphthong or triphthong .1
.Short vowel followed by coda (consonant) .2
:A weak syllable may have
.One of (i, u and schwa) with no coda (consonant) .1
.Schwa is weak always .2
.The five syllabic consonants (l, r, n, m, ŋ) are weak syllable .3
when there is a consonant before it and no coda after it )I( .4
.\e.g (bi) , exception \'input

Stress replacement in simple words

.Tow syllable words: Words that consist of two syllable
In (v, adj, adv) the stress will be on the final unless the final is weak *
.\e.g. \'entǝ
when/ǝʊ/comes in the second syllable, it will be unstressed and the *
.stress will be on the first syllable
If the final syllable of the verb is strong and the first syllable is also *
strong, the stress will be on the second /mein'tein/, adjectives have the
same rules with verbs except: Perfect and honest >stress> first syllable
In nouns, the stress will be on the first /'mANi/ unless the first syllable *
./is weak /di'væn
Two-syllable or three-syllable Words end with (ade, ee, ese, eer, que, *
.ette , oon) have primary stress in them
:Three syllable words
In verbs: stress will be on the final syllable /entǝ'tein/ unless the final . 1
syllable is weak, the stress will be on the preceding syllable
/ɪŋ'kauntǝ /
If both third and second syllable are weak the stress falls on the first *
.syllable
In nouns and adjectives stress will fall on the first syllable /'enimǝti/ . 2
unless the first syllable is weak the stress will be on the second
.syllable /pǝ'teitǝu/ The final syllable doesn't receive the stress
.Complex words: (Stem + prefix) or (stem + suffix)
Words end with (cons+al) or (cons+y) –ly – er -or- : the stress will be .1
.on the first syllable
Words end with (ic – sion - tion) the stress will be on the second one .2
/from the end e.g /ai|'kc:|nik
Words end with (cy ,ty, phy, gy, al) the stress will be on the third one .3
.from the end
prefix (comes in the beginning of the word)*
.These prefixes carry the primary stress (un,in,pre,ex,mis,semi) .4

:Compound words
If the 2 words are nouns, the stress will be on the first word .1
./e.g. /'taip rait
 .If the first word is an adjective and the second word ends with {ed} .2
e.g. /bad-'tempered/ the stress will be on the second BUT when a noun
.comes after it the noun will carry the stress
./e.g. /bad tempered 'teacher
.If the numbers are multiply of 10 .3
.e.g. /'one hundred/ the stress will be on the first word
Compound that the first word is a number; the stress will be on the .4
.second word
.Compound working as adverb .5
.e.g. /down 'stream/ the stress will be on the second word
compound functioning as adjective/thirteen 'centimeter/ the stress .6
.will be on the second word
compound functioning as verb /back 'pedal/ the stress will be on the .7
.second word
In phrasal verbs: if a preposition comes after the verb, the preposition .8
will be stressed /take 'off/ if the preposition comes before the verb, the
/verb will be stressed /on 'go
.Proper names (composed of 2 words) .9
e.g. /mr 'ahmad/ and /khamis 'mushayt/the stress will be on the second
word
in reflexive pronoun/my 'self/the stress will be on the second . 10
.word

:Word-class pairs
.Words with identical spelling which differ from each other in stress
When it comes as verbs, the stress will be on the second syllable *
-When it comes as a noun or an adjective the stress will be on the first
.syllable