NAME : RANGGITA KARIMAH 1811040420

SUBJECT : PHONOLOGY

Complex Word Stress

1. Complex Word
Are the words that were described were called “simple”, word;  “simple” 
in this context means, “not composed of more than one grammatical unit “ , so
that, for example, the word ‘care’ is simple while ‘careful’ and ‘careless’  are
complex; ‘carefully’ and ‘carelessness’ are also complex, and composed of
three grammatical units each.
Complex word are of two major types: words made from a basic steam
word with the addition of an affix, and compound words, which are made of
two independent English words (i.e. ‘ice-cream’, armchair’,) Affix words.

2. Suffixes

A suffix is a letter pattern that is fixed to the end of a word. We will

consentrate on those which are common and productive. That is applied to a
considerable number of stems and could be applied to more to make English
word. The suffixes are referred to in their spelling form.

1. Suffixes carrying primary stress themselves

The primary stress is on the first syllable of the suffix. If the stem
consists of more than on syllable there will be a secondary stress on one of
the syllables of the stem.
 Example :

 ‘Japan’     ʤә’pӕn
 ‘Japanese’ , ʤӕpә’ni:z
 ‘-ain’: ‘ entertain’ ,entә’teɪn
 ‘-ee’: ‘ refugee’ ,refjʊ’ʤi:
 ‘ –ese’ :‘ portuguese’ ,pᴐ:ʧә’gi:z

2. Suffixes that influence stress in stem

The primary stress on the last syllable of the stem.
     
 ‘-ial’ : ‘proverb’  ‘prɒvɜ:b  ; ‘proverbial’  prә’vɜ:biәl
 ‘-ion’: ‘perfect’   ‘pɜ:fɪkt ; ‘perfection’  pә’fekʃn
 ‘-ious’ : ‘injure’  ‘ɪnʤә ; ‘injurious’  ɪn’ʤʊәriәs
 ‘-ty’ : ‘tranquil’  ‘trӕɳkwɪl ; ‘tranquillity’  trӕɳ’kwɪlɪti
 ‘-ance’ : ‘importance’  ɪm’pᴐ:tns
 ‘-ant’ : ‘consonant’   ‘kɑnsnәnt
 ‘-ary’ : ‘military’  ‘mɪlɪtri

Here is a list of commonly used suffixes. Knowing these suffixes will help you to:
(1) work out the meaning of words
 -able / -ible when added to a verb, mean ‘can be done’; e.g. correctable,
edible, unmistakable.
 -ise / -ize are used to make verbs from nouns, and mean to change
something or to go through a process; e.g. accessorise, apologise,
initialise, synchronise.
 -ology implies the study of a subject; e.g. biology, sociology, psychology.
 -ness is used to make nouns from adjectives, and means to be something;
e.g. airsickness, assertiveness, blindness, cleanliness.
(2) recognise word class
 -ment (nouns) e.g. development, environment.
 -ity (nouns) e.g. responsibility, prosperity, stability, stupidity.
 -hood (abstract nouns) e.g. childhood, manhood.
 -ship (abstract nouns) e.g. hardship.
 -ive (adjectives) e.g. creative, alternative, comprehensive, qualitative.
 -less (adjectives) e.g. careless, brainless, clueless, endless.
 -al (adjectives and nouns) e.g. comical, cultural, historical, sexual, anal.
 -ify (verbs) e.g. amplify, beautify, clarify, dehumidify, intensify.

3. Prefix
Stress in words with prefixes is governed by the same rules as those for words
without prefixes. That is because the effect of prefixes on stress do not have the
comparative regularity, independence and predictability of suffixes, and there is
no prefix of one or two syllables that always carries primary stress.

4. Compound Words

Its main characteristic is that it can be analyzed into two (some can be more)
English words. As woth the many of the distinctions being made in connection
with stress, there are areas of uncertainty. For example; ‘photograph’ may be
divided into two words, yet we usually do not regard it as compound, but as an
affix words.

Some ways in writing compound words;

 Written as one word, e.g. armchair, sunflower

 Separated by hyphen, e.g. gear-change, fruit-cake
 Separated by a space, e.g. desk lamp, battery charger
5. Variable Stress

Stress pattern is not always fixed and unchanging in English word. Stress position
may vary for one of two  reason:either as a result of the stress on the other words
occurring next to the word in question , or because not all speakers of RP agree on
the placement of stress in some words. The main effect is that the stress on a final
–stressed compound tends to move to the preceding syllable if the following word
begins with a strongly stressed syllable.

Example :

 bad –’tempered     but      a ‘bad- tempered ’teacher

 half-’timbered        but       a ‘half-timbered  ‘teacher
 heavy-’handed       but       a ’heavy-handed ‘sentence

6. Word – Class Pairs

There are several dozen pairs of two-syllable words with identical spelling which
differ from each other in stress placement, apparently according two word class
(noun, verb or adjective). When a pair of prefix-plus-stem word exists ,both them
of which are spelt identically, one of which is a verb and the other is the either a
noun or an adjective, the stress will be placed on the second syllable of the noun or
adjective.

Example :

 ‘export ’  ‘ekspƆ:t (N), Ik’spƆ:t (V)

 ‘import’ ‘‘ImpƆ:t (N), Im’pƆ:t (V)
 ‘present’ ‘preznt (N,A), prI’zent (V)
 ‘protest’ ‘prә⋃test (N), prә’test (V)
 ‘subject’  ‘sΛbd3Ikt (N), sәb’d3ekt (V)