LLAMADO JULIO

1. What words are likely to be accented in context? Can you think of an exchange
in which you would alter this rule?
Usually, in each intonation unit there will be one syllable more prominent that the others; it is
made more prominent by a degree of loudness greater than the other syllables, and it is
accompanied by a distinctive pitch movement or level.

2. Write a short exchange using a phrasal verb with direct object and state the
rule you applied
There is a rhythmical modification in which phrasal verbs that can take a direct object adopt
different accentual patterns, depending on the position and the nature of the object.
EXAMPLE:
‘Pick up the \pencil
‘Pick the \pencil up
‘Pick it \up
In this case, the word “pencil” is the direct object. It adopts different accentual patterns
because of its position and its nature changes. As we can see in the last sentence, “pencil”
isn’t in the sentence anymore, so the direct object changes (“up”).

3. When is a primary stress placed on the first constituent word of the compound
and when on the second?
A primary stress is placed on the first constituent word of the compound when adjectives are
used attributely (which means, next to a noun).
EXAMPLE: a ‘good-looking \boy
A primary stress is placed on the second constituent word of the compound when adjectives
are used predicatively (which means, part of the predicate).
EXAMPLE: I ‘find him good-\looking

4. Do single-accented words suffer rhythmical modification?

Yes, only a small number of single-accented simple words suffer rhythmical modifications.
There are some cases in which a single-accented word may change its accent depending on
its position in a sentence.
EXAMPLE:
He ‘eats in ex\cess
‘Did you pay ‘excess /luggage

5. Similarities and differences between spanish and english

On one hand, the similarities between Spanish and English are two.
Firstly, the same type of words (which are content words) are accented in both languages.
Secondly, the number/amount of accented syllables can be reduced as tempo is quickened.
On the other hand, the differences between Spanish and English are three.
Firstly, Spanish vowels don’t reduce their length and strength as much as English vowels.
Secondly, there is a change of pronunciation in English when there is a main vowel in an
unstressed syllable, this main vowel goes from strong to weak, which means that it becomes
a schwa. Lastly, Spanish pollysabic words (which are words that have more than one
syllable) take extra stresses in some cases. This produces an affected/emphatic rhythm.
 6. How does accent function distinctively when dealing with double accented
compounds?
Many double-accented compounds may lose the accent which is closest to another accent in
an utterance.
Example:
‘during the week\end
a ‘weekend \party

Explain the accentuation of:

- audio-visual aids
‘audio-visual \aids
This is a three-rot compound. Compounds which are made up of three parts may
have two or three words (in this case, it has 3 words). These types of compounds are
organized according to their accentual pattern. This is a case in which the accent is
in the last word of the compound.
- headache
\headache
This is a single-accented compound. This compound is made up of two nouns (head
+ ache). Single-accented compounds take the accent on the first element (in this
case, in “head”)
- world-wide
‘world-\wide
This is a double-accented compound. Compounds which are made up of nouns are
double-accented. It is made up of a noun (“world”) and an adjective (“wide”).
- leading article
\leading article
This is a single-accented compound. This compound is made up of an adjective
(“leading”) and a noun (“article”). Single-accented compounds take the accent on the
first element (in this case, in “leading”).
 LLAMADO MAYO

Provide a complete explanation for the following statements and back up your answer
with an example of your own.
- English has a stress-timed rhythm.
The rhythm of English is said to be stress-timed because the accented syllables tend to occur
at fairly regular intervals.
- The time taken to produce an English utterance is not proportionate to the
number of syllables it contains.
When two accented syllables are separated by unaccented ones, these tend to be
compressed and quickened, so that the time between each beat will be approximately the
same as the time taken by two consecutive accented syllables.
- The English rhythm is based on a marked contrast between the prominent and
non-prominent parts.
Yes, rhythm is produced by the combination of stressed (strong/lexical) and unstressed
(weak/grammatical) syllables.
- The default tone for exclamations is a fall.
Yes, these are minor clauses. Fall is also used to give major information. statements
(declarative clauses), questions: non-polar interrogative clauses (wh) and commands
(imperative clauses).
- Another common sequence of tones is fall + rise.
Yes, this sequence has a low variety, it implies information with strong emotion and it is often
accompanied by a breathy voice.
It is also used for implied information (final) and highlighted theme (non-final).

1. Tonality can cause ambiguity. Explain and provide 3 cases with 1 example
each.
Tonality can cause ambiguity in a discourse since a change in tonality may signal a change
in grammar. CASES:

● Restrictive (defining) and non-restrictive (non-defining) relative clause

A restrictive relative clause “restricts'' or “defines” the reference to a particular case. But a
non-restrictive or non-defining relative clause only adds extra information.
Example: “My aunt who lives in London is a teacher”
1. | My aunt | who lives in London | is a teacher | (non-defining)
2. | My aunt who lives in London | is a teacher | (defining)
In the first example, the intonation unit “who lives in London” is irrelevant and simply adds
extra information to the context. However, in the second example the information is relevant
and defines which aunt I’m referring to.

● Complements and intransitive verbs

Some verbs can function either transitively (with a complement) or intransitively (without a
complement).
Example: “She washed and brushed her hair”
1. | She washed and brushed her hair | (she brushed her hair and washed it- one event;
wash is transitive; her hair is complement to both verbs)
2. | She washed | and brushed her hair | (she washed herself and brushed her hair- two
different events; wash is intransitive her hair is only complement to brush)
 ● Manner and sentence adverbs
Some adverbs may function as adverbs of manner and sometimes as a comment on the
message. The comment is treated as a separate piece of interpersonal information.
Example: “I talked to her honestly”
1. | I talked to her honestly | (adverb of manner; I talked to her in an honest way)
2. | I talked to her | honestly | (comment; I’m being honest with you when I tell you that I
talked to her)

● Apposition vs. Vocatives (EXTRA)

Apposition: a second reference to the subject is added.
Example: “This is my cat Tom”
1. | This is my cat Tom | (apposition; “Tom” is the name of the cat”)
Vocative: Name of person we are addressing/talking to.
Example: “This is my cat Tom”
2. | This is my cat | Tom | (vocative; “Tom” is the person we are talking to)

2. There are various categories of word and phrase that tend not to receive the
nucleus, even though they may be the last lexical item in an IP. Explain and
provide 2 examples.
These are cases of MARKED TONICITY. They will always need a very particular context.
● Event clauses / sentences
This is a case in which the final lexical item is a common verb of movement OR
happening which does not add anything to the message. These verbs are technically
lexical items in final position, but they do not take the tonic syllable.
Example: | The PHONE rang |
● ???

3. Double accented compounds can function in different ways. Explain and

provide 1 example for each case.
Many double-accented compounds tend to lose the accent which is closest to another
accent in utterance.
Example: during the week\end – a 'weekend \party
Some double accented compounds may change the placement of the accent depending if
they are working attributively or predicatively:
When used attributively (before a noun) they drop the second accent.
Example: a ‘good-looking \boy
When used predicatively (part of the predicate) they drop the first accent.
Example: he is good-\looking

4. Write a short exchange using a phrasal verb with a direct object and state the
rule you applied.
‘Take off your \jacket
‘Take your \jacket off
‘Take it \off
Phrasal verbs that can take a direct object may suffer rhythmical modifications. They can
adopt different accentual patterns depending on the nature and position of the object.