Differential equations MODELLING WITH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, “Many real-world quantities grow or decay at rates proportional othe size Many biological populations grow inthis way, atleast for u while. This is modelled with the equation ap oP ae where Fs positive constr ee here i is pos + Those at which the atmospheric pressure P in em? , drops as a hot air balloon js climbing is directly proportional tothe pressure, This is modelled with the equation: ap CE = i PeInthiseasek is negative + Newion’s Law of Cooling says that the remperanue of the body decreases at @ rate proportional to the diference berween the temperature of the body and that of its a surroundings, that is, SE = k(T—1,), where t, represents the temperature of the surroundings. ‘The examples above are all modelled with an equation (or sigh variation of) ofthe type eky where is a constant, known as the eonstant of proportionality. When the equation represents grovith of the quantity, is positive while when it represents deeay (quantity eereasing), fis negative. (Other models fr population growth include ‘© Inhibited growth: this model supposes that the popelaion cannot exceed a limiting value Lt astumes thatthe growth is propotional both t the size ofthe population P and the remaining room for growth L.~P.. The mode! is a Pe ao) oy HEP) © Limited growth: the rate of growth ofthe population is proportional to the remaining oom for growth, a. @ = Ku-P) Dien equations 121‘An example from physical sciences isthe a model for the movion ofa spring with a mass m (without fretion), According to Hooke's Law, when the spring is stretched (or compressed) x units from its aural engin, then the restoring fore FIs peopordonal tox F ‘where cis a constant representing te stiffness ofthe spring, According to the Newton's Law ‘of Motion, a (net fore eauses an acceleration Fema or F==ms Given tar the restoring fore isthe only fore acting (we assume no fition), we have mx=mex or mites 0 or SE A ax a Here again, the motion of the mass is described through an equation, which ievolves the second derivative ofthe function representing motion. WHAT IS A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION? Many very important applications of caleulus involve posing equations describing relations between changing quantities and the rates at which they change, and then solving these ‘equations. [A altferential equation van equation hat involves one or more derivatives. [To solve a diferent! equation means to find a function satisfying the differential equation. |Any such function is called a soltion to the differential equation. The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative that appears in the lequation AQ omnes io ation * * ” @ Sex ® Ge © ytyn0 onder= | onter= | onder= * sotuion: = 2 solution: = solution Dien equations keeAre tesa solutions? fhe a Lami of Artatons for ech fay a Ye ee, Ye Ae™ y= Ravin Beedx Whe © A,B 6, ‘The solution set is «family of funetions, Fach value ofthe constant gives a different solution, ‘General solutions to differential equations always involve arbitrary eorstants, the number of| Initial value problem (IVP) Differential equations usually have initial condi fh determine the values) ofthe aubitrary constan(s). The combination of a diferetil equation and an inital condition is ‘called an initial value problem (IVP). a Solve the following IVPs: 4 2 o Bare at selina of te fae Yo ol ES Loe Wed Heat: eLte c-5 + £25 50-0 solutes to DE at a fr Y= Ae Yroyato =p Pralo anise yeloe™ ‘The meaning of the intl valve depends onthe context ofthe problem modeling a real-world situation, This equation in particular could model the growth of a population; the intial condition would then represent the intial sizeof the population, [cas been known since Galileo's ime that an object moving under the influence of ‘gravity (ignoring air resistance) has constant acceleration —g. This has a value of approximately g = 98sec? ‘A stone is dropped from a window, 200 m above ground. Use te equation above to find out the velocity and positon of the stone at any point of time until it hit the = Lab Rls) repesouts dhe Dug bl ZN\ soo hike dia fem) a ok 3 2 & (Wh see) fates, “fs We have the IVP: § 246) = itera equations Bat) = = 1sWe adwe Hu WP lay Sector Uke naa 40: onc Beos~ ber, G !(olz0, G29 Now wih gros gan + Rs ARH EC. Sime Mol -200, C= 200 z Gnd ao Rue -bat 4200 A ball that is dropped from a window hits the ground in 15 seconds. Set wp and solve an IVP to find the hight of the window. ‘Lab QUE) repre sine tha Os tones fon ball bo pound 8 Wwedeuresdt om wlio, Qud t 1 decode, We have He ive: ( Rice -9-8 Wilco hus)= 0 ae solo, boy whe ftute On mec none) Se ERO a cene te, Whim oe sc ound C= (102.5, Fiey wordow o i102-Sm, sha tintin beans Ss vy i 52a An oan pe ne the AYA sir with an initial upward velocity of Sms. Set up and solve an IVP to show how bsiS\h=o thigh he goes, and how Tongs the astonau of the round Lek WO seutu Cieer (mr dobomauce few Changes oe mee oa j Bi@e-1s2 Woe S Alo) so Wwe whe by Wh guding + Mecye-rsrt te amat Mere 1,52 F SEO. «Wow Rudge dies De go? The da ns ss ng Weoie: -SUETS=0, we te Se am Lindt roves jet peed ist Gay tone ~ ea” . [lw dong 6 Hhocchon idl ny Fr 1G We vere Woo , coe +s ae ee wd Dieenti equtonsSOLVING FIRST ORDER DE’S NUMERICALLY ‘We can construct an approximate solution toa frst order IVP. We show this with an example apes Solve 3 = 2y wo x|9 sas (2s ‘We know thatthe point (12) belongs to the graph of the solution, From the differential equation we also know thatthe slope ofthe grap atthe point (1,2) is OQ les So it makes sense to approximate the solution with the tangent Line at that poi, that is, with Ye Q+3(r4) But this approximation will only be reasonably good around that poin:. The approximation can be improved by proceeding only a short distance along this twigent line, and then correcting te direction, again using the information given by the DE. Say we travel slong ‘his line only 0.5 units. When = 1.5, we have 5 ‘Using the diferent equaton, we ind that the poi (153.5 thepraeni AxsTASs OS and the new tangent nis yess + ss(a- 4s) hich we use to approximate the solution for 1S SxS 2. At x=2 we havey= 625; 30 wwe use the DE again to find & segment line ftom x=2 to x=2.5, and continue this process a8 far as we wis, y ifort equations bs‘The method used here is known as Euler’s Method! uler's Method Foran IVP © = pe 7 7 TEN roy we choose a step size and construct a table of values of y_ using the formulas wth in DS Ye) to produce the values of yin terms ofthe previous values of x andy. Bary e yore Te fewuute. for codeulating the Su coi abuse of 4) bo = Yq F O.2S (24q-%n) 2 (hzoas) 2 0.25 (214) 2.15 Mas QIS+ ©.25(Ixd7S-1.25) is Sus i Tse Qud an ™m.. Thanpon on Opbrootiuiate volun fr %Q) vw TC diferent guaions 126in using Eule’s Method, tat is, the dilereace between the approximate value and he eno the tue value, is approximately proportional Vn, where nis the number of steps taken to ind the value of) sought Givenhetve = Fy) = 1, we Elst ithe ie 02 find (1). Pho Cruule Gor eoletlatiny Aueersniare -ralluss Ayo Mz Bn —O2 dn (he 0.2) Yn ( Thenfow, yu) OS Given tev = yy) = -1 we Elst i ep 05 1 tnd) The for ude foe cot ouloding Su cersive am: a 43 Hay = Yn FOSYu (heos) hase foe Ayia) -9.06 Diteentia equations nrSOLVING FIRST ORDER DE’S ANALYTICALLY ‘We can find an analytic solution tothe equation modelling uninhibited growth ofa population We prparot. mantabub + ag leak amd videaaals + Sar ~ Sear Qa |Ph= REC (Pv) 0. Pa eee _ > eR er Pate, A70 ‘Separable equations ‘The method of separation of variables used above works when the two variables avolved can be separated. RQ sor « The key step isto separate the y and dy from x and ds, to obtain Ay dy = 2d ‘The second step ito ntegate bth sie: Sw dy= (zoe byte hee Lytpd yte in 2 dtriwec | pefy 2) So the solutions are the circles centred at the origin = + 2 = wn +S ac Finally 5 ©70 ‘one quai, he derivative of with esc to, okt separte tem, ahh he mathemati tenon fr Kise Dien equations 128, ne x eoss ¥(0) = 1 Seraratie ManioWs: 4 duy= Cer dt Srdeeqnatt ; JePay a Jeane eB. SuaxtC Vetbiuine C1 Whi eo, bat 4° ea smore 2, Cee Ttarafon he sotutan, A OP= ONS bo Mee WP Yo Pu (Grxte) er aupaca Vomob, : a = x dbt “Swdbegrale : See hate delat = pee wu Ye Ce, Coli alt Athan aw soe = SE, Seporctr wariotdt,; — Y dy=cwande Sule pote Gay = J coax de 5 byte Bw +O 5 c, cél wre 2 Dew he Ane Ce Reade we Hs — youn vsAQ sor % = -1y242) Supanch wariohe: cho 2 (ur) de abyoot: Sd = Vanja ., dee \y-1( as (any +e yale ek Are Be dee te, cate AQ sie B= 2 ane abt debadrene « Suparah, varobib dy = bb de brckesnote ae “ ax Qufyl= ¥ dat +o de Wale da bat ec (Mle Bot, ave or ye Cat, CeR au alll cotituina v1 & - 09 sraq= = CU *) Separate Waulodnds; Ga = veSerenats oma: dp a cht ae = Rn [asl = aC eas fe, feo oa R ot = 24+Ce™, Ce . Grn eth Arkateing Qweyry? Rawat as dy = 2-9 ope APPLICATIONS ‘A murder was committed in the old town, The body was found at 4 pm_at a FS4 temperature of 31°. The temperature in the room where the bod was found is 20°, I is known that in those room condition it takes 2_hours forthe lemperature of the body to fall 19 35°. Ibis also known the temperature ofthe human hod, which is ‘normally at 37, cools according to Newton's Law of Cooling: The temperature of the Body decreases at a rate proportional 10 the difference berween the temperature ofthe body and that of ts surroundings. What was the time ofthe murder? Like “TP las Hee deeefarrcttigne of Hh Lares (°c) Oud & the tiie (ur has), With too Coma spordins bo murda. tia The (VP w Cae ee “Te Cre) Tto) = 37 T@ +35 Diferetial equations BISdve DE by otparoting arialts : OT _ kdb 20 a De \Trole -kt +e Cre) WNetde ee Qua ao Ve ore To data min the walus 4A ana k, we ae the Uacblol Come diltins : Wiegl - 37 =tot Axl > Perl ase BS2 do +1Te \ ke &(48) ee 0.062838 = ade! tana Te Wo 1” (ale Now we gelue tae udysieng : oo Wut te asp, os er lo BIS So We Cobre Be 2 ahae \ es b eg wOAe Thee fie Hu orive Was comuated cylomut T We befow the beds Wan found le Diferomal uation 132A tank holds 600 lites of water containing 200g of salt. A brie solution is pumped FA4 into the tank a arate of 3 lites per minute (hile being consantly sted) and the mixture is pumped out at the same rae. The concentration ofthe solution entering the tank is 4g perlite. {Use DE to model the changing salt concentration and determine the amount of salt at ‘any given time, Leck slhle Qmotnt of sak (vi Oyrams) a fame £ (ud mudoidds) Wwe fowubota Ha de: . obs ad which OS = EIR as Se Vo = Gonics x Steeda — Stow lexan Rnd} Lrowiney Tha omcenbicltin Salt un tte wali Rrawnin thu boule! att os tale 8) 9 ooounk Of wader Goo & AS. sx4— 3x ain Ste = (2-38 fe Goo = Queo = 5 and the VP Bs ~ Ctoo-S qe acs Ste)= Loo Digernial equtions 133which we antee lay separating aramalle, as 2 idk 400-3 Leo — Yu |rvo-st= 8 Ba (anees) REC Gt eee” i Pycresy Dico -3 = NEW Wha t=0, S= 200 ; 40 BYo-to= Ah A= Gand Sl) = Dtoo— 22002 TRefar, at say tit ae & He Senagyteak of sal te he tole b a Slt)2 Lico- 100 6CHECK YOU UNDERSTANDING 1. Te or false? All solutions of the differential equation y'=14+)? are decreasing functions 2. Te or false? The function "ig a solution of the clfferental equation xy 3. Suppose that f(x) is a solution 10 the differential equation (3). Are the following tre o alse? (2) If g(x) isinereasing for eae papbt 9) eonewene (WC) ineag er 1>0 ens $9 © We) penn f0 © We) evn tens $69 4. saps ht i ston ote dite euon 2 = 24-y,ae e fatovingne rate? (@) The slope of the graph of fat (a,b) is 2a~b. (b) fh = 2x fi) (©) There could be more than one value of x such that f’(x)=1 and f(x) =5. aoe ,: (©) The graph of f is decreasing whenever it lies above the y= 2 fine and is Increasing whenever it ies below the = 2r line. (WF F0)=5, then (1.5) could be a eitial point of Dieenia equations 135,136 igor quarions