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    5 views14 pages

    3 Functions Filledin PDF

    Uploaded by

    askldhfdasjk

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 14
    Functions WHAT IS A FUNCTION? [A function f “A ~ B isa rae that assigns o each lement xin asa A, [unique clerent, called f(), ina set B. [Te set As calcd the domain ofthe function. These B is called the eo-domain For each x in A, f(z) icalled the image of x. The set of ll images off iscalled range off. “The sets and 2 can te any sets whatsoever, but usally in this couse the sets A and B will be ses of eal numbers. ‘We can think ofa function asa “machine”, where x isthe input and f(2) is the output ae (la more advanced courses, more rigorous defi > Pfs ‘of fetionsis studied) ‘A funetion can be deserted in various ways; some descriptions contain more information about ‘the function than others. For instance, a table, graph, algebmic expression, or words may be used, For the example ofthe “squaring function” we have table Graph Algebraic expression a 3 =z = a 1 2 3 ‘The domain ofthe squaring functions |. Caguolnil, G00, 00) The range ofthe squning funtion 5 2,0) Functions 6 In his course, ifa function is given by formula and no domain is specified, we understand the danain tobe the set ofall real numbers fr which the mathematical expression is a well ‘defined real number. We call hs the natural domain forthe function. AQ ester tonto 9 = area? >o s wel lebved real uly x Sed 4 9p, 1 br whl ote Sarde Gila) oth she A Soke whe ) gett Me aetorl — drain of Cften a function is deseribed by an equation which writes one variable in terms of another. For example, the equations y = x7 ory =x? +1 give the variable y in terms of x. In these cieamstances we say xis the independent variable and y isthe dependent variable. PROPERTIES OF FUNCTIONS Injective, surjective and bijective Consider Fenetions f:X > Y, with domain X and co-domain +A fineson i surjetive or ont fits range equal its co-domain. ‘That ig, f2X > ¥ is surjective if for every element x of X, there isan element x of X whose image i, ie. such that f(x) = y. Fora function f with co-domain R, you can tet for surjectivity with the harizontal line test C1} FO) = sinx 5 a) % Ff od fore Sah, bles ace Ta ay les ge WF desi fale agp voles +A fietons injective or anetosane if whenever a b,wehave fa) # fH), ‘Thats, any two distnt elements ofthe domain have distinct images. Equivalently, /:X — Y's injective if whenever f(x) ‘Os then = y, For a function f wit c-domain R, you can test for njetivity wth another horizontal line test des the graph y = fe) intersect every horizontal line at most once? Typte 4 | Wi wpebe RB ‘Which ofthe functions (a)}() considered in the previous example are injective? @®, ~ pe af He @: Py Ye tet LV. fly ony ve oe LA) nea Fuvctons +A function is bijestiveifitis both injective and surjective. ‘That is, a function /:X + ¥ is bijetive if foreach element y ofthe co-domal and only one element x of the domain X whose image isy, ie, such chat f(2) = y. there is one In other words, bijetive function pairs up the elements of the domain X with the elements of the co-domain 7. Fr a function f with co-domain you can test for bjectvity with another horizontal line test oes te graph y = f(x) interset every possible horizontal line exactly once? g ‘Which ofthe fanctions (}-@) considered in the previous example are bijective? (el We ant ruily pshe ar tick sogete, ad yale (FEET AR, We lew, is ayele Se oglu hye Gogh vhs 8 | (@) age, wb syle — 5 al lel Hi we | A) Nt ages = 5 ab yak dd and even For son fh donla 8, dtoed on al mies fis it f(—2 © fiseddif f(—x) = Wy atthe into ale? © Ifmis even, then f(x) = x" isan even function Eide bx) = 06 (x nas) ‘© If mis odd, then f(x) = 2" is an odd funtion, PO) as Ode -x' = ~ fH Which ofthe llowirg function Rs Rare even? Which ro? @ FQ) = Og@)=2 (Ra) = 241 @ ki) (2) ghbsl= -26) 41> guar coe Lion bul ()> £6), fone 4 Ms, —kk)so, %& £)=-£) bs bah eta and oe = t Graphs of odd and even functions have particular types of symmetry The graphs of even functions are symmetric under reflection inthe -axis +The graphs of odd functions are symmetric under rotation 180° about the origin Coca oh a em tala m COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS ‘When we apply one function f and then another function g, the result is called the composition of f and g. (Of course, we can only do this it makes sense! In order to do ths, the range of f must le in the domain of aft w—fa fe pra Giventovo fimetions f:X -+ ¥ and g:Y + Z, we define the composite funtion g» f by °F (= o(F(). Panton 6 ‘Let Seton fg: 8 be defined by f(a) = 2x #1 and g(x) = x What = gy and what g +f)? tag Ole PG)= Pt) = tut gt Ws g lo) = 5 (m = Que INVERSE FUNCTIONS ‘Aswe have scen, when a function /:X'+ ¥ is bijetive, it pairs up the elements ofthe domain 2X with the elements ofthe eo-domain ¥- For each element y of there precisely one element of x mapping to it under f. ‘We can then define the inverse function f-!:Y — X by f-2() = x. “The two functions f and f+ ccmpose together to give the identity function, taking each x to itstt Fr ofGyax “Tits instion nd isinvene undo ah the” tt + - Rx y ey >X Note! 1. The exponent indicates that f~* “undoes” f. In particular, f-4(x) does not mean the 2, Not every fnction hasan inverse, Only bijective fnetons have inverses. mn practice 1o find the inverse ofa bijective function, write teams of y. (2), and then solve for xin ‘The graph of the inverse funcion y = f-*(2) is obtained from the graph of y = f(8) by reflecting inthe line y = x. Q For each ofthe following bijetive functions RR, find the inverse function, and | ‘rave the erp ofboth fanetons. © f@)aet1 Ler ge Dot and she for x faz yr | x © g@)= la ye, % 2759 Hone (09> hoy ® BE and le be | Verb te PME) (to) = & (BE A Find the inverse function of f(x) = 22 . Verify that f-*(f(2)) = x. > 3G42)+263) Gt) 633) The #(g)2 Be 6)? ~ ay o a 5 n ‘Sometimes, when a function is tat bijective it is possible to rexricr its domain andor co- ‘domain to make i bijective [Eg if we restric the function f(x) = x? tothe domain (0,09) and co-domain 0,09), we obtain ‘the bijective function 910,20) (0,20), g(x) = 2%. 1 wplby 4 > gf) _ yf Restock prow 9 to) fo.) Its inverse isthe square roo fimction g"*:[0,00) + [0,00), g-*(x) = VE ‘Some functions have standard restrictions which are bijections, denoted by a capital eter. ‘© The restriction of sinx to domain [-%, $] and co-domain [-1,1] is called i t Jy FO a ‘© The restriction of ccs x to domain [0,1] and co-domain [-1,1] is called sin: [-3.5] > (1. Its inverse is called Sin"*(x) or aresin(x), which isa function [1,1] -» [-,3] os + {0,n] + [-1,1] Its inverse i called Cos™4(2) or arccos(x). ection n +The restion af tnx to domain (~£, 2) ining co-donain ) scaled ton: (Em Is inver ical Tan) or artan(), whic ia noon > PARTICULAR TYPES OF FUNCTIONS Linear functions ‘You shouldbe familiar with linear functions, including the following facts. ‘© A linear funeton isa funetion ofthe form f(x) = mx +, where a b are constant ‘Linea functors have a gradient o slope given by mn RE OY _ Fe) FO) = fun” ax" = ‘+ The grph.y = /(4) ofa linear finetion sa stright line; when xnereases by Luni increases by m units. Polynomial fanetions ‘You should slo be familiar with polynomial functions, including the following fats: ‘+ A polynomial fnetion is fimetion ofthe form 1G) = ag8" ag ae toot aK tay ‘+The highest power n of x occurting sealed the degree ofthe polynomial. ‘+ Polynomials of degree 1, 2,3, 4 5 recalled linear, quadratic, cubic, quartic, quintic respectively. +The graph of apolynomial function of degree has st mostn 2-nterepts and at most n= 1 tuming points. Pectin B Rational functions Arationameton sanction othe pee) ra TS ‘wher pe) and 42) are polynomials ‘This function is naturally defined at each x such that q(x) +0. For example, the following fundons ae rationa functions: d-1 2s 1 EH gran, 7 Fees FF Exponential functions ‘An exponential funetion is fimeton of the form £0) ‘where a, B are constants, and ais postive, + £0) ‘+ When x increases by 1,y is muliplied by a constant ctor a called the Base. Ifa > 1, then a x increases, y= f(x) grows exponentially. Ifa < 1, then as increases, y = f(x) decreases or decays exponentially. 3 z 50 Bis somesimses called the intial value. ‘+ Remember the index laws suchas a" = aa, a? ‘The function g()= 43- 076" represents a population of bacteria (in millions) present in an organism 1 hou’ after an antibiotic was injected, What is the meaning afte two panels 43nd 0.76? gl 4.3, ss 43 6 the thes > H076za nk bx b, 076 + dey evry hey Itis also common for an exponential function tobe defined with base ¢~ 2.71828 and to be defined in the form fo ‘where B, k are constants. The constant is sometimes called the continuous growth rate if Ke > 0) or continuous decay raw Gk <0). Function 4 ‘Other measures of exponential growth and decay: + The doubling time of an exponentially growing quantity isthe time required forthe quantity t grow to double its size. +The halflife ofan exponentially decaying quantity isthe time required forthe quantity to drop to half ts size. (01.25 August 2012, a skeleton was found ina carpark in Leicester inthe UK, belived tbe the romains of King Richard II of England, A radiocarbon dating technique was wed on a bone sample t test if twas in fact the king. Radiocarbon dating works by analysing the various isotopes of earbon in a sample: cttbon-12,-13 and 4, Carbon-12 and -13 are stable but earbon-14 decays into nitrogen witha hal.ife of about 5730 years. In living animals and plans, earbon- 14s constany replenished, but afer an organism des, the earbon-I4 decays Richard Il vas killed in 1485 in the Battle of Bosworth Field. Ifthe skeleton was his, what action of the carbon-14 atoms in his body at death would remain in 2012? Pe +s7)> 4 Fle ws a: (ye cma = F(S29) = (BO Logarithlefuxeons «tbe ‘The loarithm funetion with base a, logy: (0,¢=) > Ris defined tobe the inverse ofthe exponential function 2: R= (0,02) Jol, d: Qod-He = 527 Joga = y means that a” =x ‘The logarithm with base € ~ 2.71828 is called the natural logarithm and is denoted logex or nx anton B Always make sure what base a ogavthm is usin! In these notes, whenever we use log we ‘xplictly epeciy the base + Remember the login laws such loge(2y) = loge +1080 Joga (8) = 18a loge, loeaGe") = mle Circular functions ‘You should be familiar with sr, cos and tan, including the following facts + Ifyou go anticlockwise sround the unit ete fom (2,0) an angle of x radians, you ative atthe point (our Sn 2) + The Pythagoreanideatly 6 4 ons =f ‘Sine and cosine are peridle with period 2x: sinGe + 2n) ‘© The tangent function is defined as tanx = sinx, cost + 2m ‘+ Sine is odd, cosine is even and tangent is odd eeos(—2)= cy ay tax) ~ fs x sin(=x) =, ‘You should lao be familiar wih commonly used exact values of sin, eos are tan, tis also useful to know te ation formulae for sine and cosine: sin(x + y) =sinx cosy 4 cosrsiny cos(x by) = cos cosy Fsinxsiny ‘The reciprocals ofthe sine, cosine nd tangent functions also have names: secant, seca cotangent respectively. uncon 1 16 Piecewise defined (hybrid) functions ‘As the name indlcates, these are funclons defined with a diferent formula for diferent picees ofthe domain, ‘A common function, which i defined piecewise, isthe absolute value function te (Eco A Graph the function sot fev? foe ea rat al pant be net a Sa f 372 Functions of complex numbers So far al the functions we have looked at have involved rel numbers, but of couse functions ‘an involve any type of number, including complex numbers. For instance, consider the function f:-» € defined by f(z) = 221. Q Solve the equation f(z) = 0. Is f(2) injective? fe)

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