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A Communicative Approach
to Russian Language, Life, and Culture
Marita Nummikoski
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER Jay O’Callaghan
DIRECTOR, WORLD LANGUAGES Magali Iglesias
ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF MARKETING Jeffrey Rucker
SENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR William A. Murray
ASSISTANT EDITOR Lisha Perez
SENIOR PHOTO EDITOR Mary Ann Price
SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR Lynn Pearlman
MEDIA PRODUCTION SPECIALIST Margarita Valdez
DIRECTOR, CREATIVE SERVICES Harry Nolan
SENIOR DESIGNER/COVER DESIGN Jim O’Shea
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This book was set in 12/14 Minion Pro by PreMedia Global and printed and bound by Quad/Graphics.
This book is printed on acid free paper. `
Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more
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Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their
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ISBN: 978-0-470-64632-8
BRV ISBN: 978-0-470-92091-6
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Magali Iglesias, Director of World Languages at John

Wiley & Sons, for undertaking the enormous task of preparing the second
edition of Troika. With her personal encouragement and direction, and with
the help of the enthusiastic staff at Wiley, this lengthy project has finally
been accomplished. Lisha Perez, Assistant Editor of World Languages, has
been involved in every step of the endeavor, and I am grateful to her for all
the support she has provided me.
I thank all of the Russian language students at the University of Texas
at San Antonio who have used multiple pilot versions of the new edition
and offered me constant feedback on the process. A special recognition
goes to the group of students who agreed to be filmed for the cultural video
components and several still photos in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
Martha Williams filmed all the cultural segments and interviews in
Russia and provided numerous photos for the Troika project. I would also
like to acknowledge the people who participated in the video interviews:
Dr. Andrei Bogomolov from Moscow Lomonosov State University, Ekaterina
Bulanova and Svetlana Bychko from the Center of Russian Language and
Culture at Moscow Lomonosov State University, and my assistants Svetlana
Maltseva-Smith and Tamara Perepechenova from the University of Texas at
San Antonio.
I would also like to thank Svetlana Maltseva-Smith for creating the drafts
for the ) 0 1& sections and for providing extensive edito-
rial help in the initial rounds of the process.
My heartfelt thanks go to Tamara Perepechenova for her many sugges-
tions regarding the manuscript, her diligent proofreading, and for all her
help in compiling various Troika ancillaries.
Finally, I am grateful to all the wonderful people involved in the final
stages of the Troika project: Howard Stern, Lead Editor and Post Producer at
NKP Media; the production team at PreMediaGlobal; Bill Murray, Produc-
tion Editor at John Wiley & Sons; Maruja Malavé, Associate Editor at John
Wiley & Sons; María Hernández, Valentina Iepuri, and Elizaveta Temidis.
I would also like to thank the loyal users of Troika, who over the years
have continued to provide valuable insights and suggestions. For their can-
did observations and creative ideas, I wish to thank the following reviewers
for this edition:
James E. Augerot, University of Washington; Tatiana Baeva, University of
Texas at Arlington; Irina Belodedova, New York University; Masha Belyavski-
Frank, DePauw University; Nadezda Berkovich, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign; James Bernhardt, Northern Virginia Community College;
Acknowledgments iii
Christina Bethin, Stony Brook University, State University of New York;
Arna Bronstein, University of New Hampshire; Galina Buchina, American
University; Charles Byrd, University of Georgia; Julie A. Cassiday, Williams
College; William J. Comer, University of Kansas; Annalisa Czeczulin, Johns
Hopkins University; Andriy Danylenko, Pace University; Lisa Di Bartolomeo,
West Virginia University; Irina Dolgaleva, Tidewater Community College,
Virginia Beach; Robert O. Efird, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University; Elisabeth Elliott, Northwestern University; Elena Farkas,
University of Alaska; Aleksandra Fleszar, University of New Hampshire; Curt
Ford, University of South Carolina; Arlene Forman, Oberlin College; Sandra
Freels, Portland State University; Alyssa Gillespie, University of Notre Dame;
Laura Goering, Carleton College; Anneta Greenlee, New York University;
Valentina Iepuri, University of Mississippi; Irina Ivliyeva, Missouri University
of Science and Technology; Katya Kats, Skidmore College; Ingrid Kleespies,
University of Florida; Laura Kline, Wayne State University; Ekaterina
Korsunsky, New York University; Alexandra Kostina, Rhodes College;
Elena Kostoglodova, University of Colorado; Jasna Krizanec, Forest Park
Community College; James Levine, George Mason University; Joseph Liro,
Austin Community College, Rio Grande Campus; Lisa C. Little, University of
California, Berkeley; Nancy Loncke, Santa Monica College; Michael Long,
Baylor University; Jonathan Ludwig, Rice University; Svitlana Malykhina,
University of Massachussets, Boston; Gerald McCausland, University of
Pittsburgh; Katia McClain, University of California, Santa Barbara; Nicole
Monnier, University of Missouri; Joseph Mozur, University of South Alabama;
Aned Muniz, Grossmont College; Tatyana Munsey, Roanoke College; Jamilya
Nazyrova, Ohio University; Katya Nemtchinova, Seattle Pacific University;
Alexander Ogden, University of South Carolina; Natalia Olshanskaya,
Kenyon College; Nadya Peterson, Hunter College of City University of New
York; Nancy Petrov, Tufts University, Medford Campus; Ludmila Pokatilova,
Colorado State University; Elena Prokhorova, College of William and Mary;
Alfia Rakova, Dartmouth College; Marina Richaud, American University;
Benjamin Rifkin, The College of New Jersey; Marc Robinson, St. Olaf College;
Robert Romanchuk, Florida State University; Cynthia Ruder, University of
Kentucky; Valeria Sajez, Lafayette College; Valentina Sanders, University
at Buffalo, State University of New York; Ekaterina Schnittke, Pasadena
City College; Kristine Shmakov, Portland Community College; Catherine
Spitzer, Saint Anselm College; Julia Titus, Yale University; Edward Vajda,
Western Washington University; Zhanna Vernola, University of Maryland,
College Park; Rachick Virabyan, University of Oklahoma; Valeriya Voronina,
Flathead Valley Community College; Ronald Walter, University of Minnesota;
Adam Weiner, Wellesley College.
iv Acknowledgments
Preface
Troika is a communicative introductory Russian text that emphasizes

language proficiency in all four skills of speaking, reading, listening, and
writing. Troika also serves as an introduction to Russian life and culture.
New to the Second Edition

Several updates were made to the cultural notes and to the main text
material to reflect changes in Russia today. Some exercises were replaced
with new ones and the sequence of the material within the chapters was
adjusted slightly. The opening photographs were replaced with new ones.
At the request of some reviewers, a few thematically appropriate verbs
were added to the beginning chapters. Some grammatical topics are now in-
troduced earlier, but their main treatment remains in the original chapters.
A new section on the use of cases was added to the Grammar Reference,
and the case ending charts on the back endpapers are now given in the stan-
dard Russian order.
In the student activities manual, the exercises were adjusted accordingly,
and new sections called Блог Анны Степаниной were added.
The second edition now includes two separate video programs and
an expanded audio program, vocabulary flashcards with audio, Power-
Point presentations, self-tests, online grammar exercises, and an enhanced
Instructor’s Resource Kit.
Unique Features of Troika

◆ The syllabus of Troika is based on topics and communicative situations
that gradually increase in complexity. The topics are sequenced
according to a feasible order of grammar presentation.
◆ Grammar is taught as a necessary tool for communication, not as a
goal in itself. The chapters cover all points of grammar relevant to the
topics, but avoid presenting grammar that cannot be substantiated by
the topics. Still, Troika contains all the grammatical structures typically
introduced in an elementary Russian textbook.
◆ The textbook is student oriented, and the topics introduce material that
students can easily relate to. The leading idea of Troika is that, from the
very beginning, students need to be able to talk about something real,
instead of simply memorizing dialogues.
Preface v
◆ Culture is both intertwined in the material itself and presented in
separate cultural notes. Troika aims at comparing and contrasting
cultures, rather than presenting the target culture only. Information is
given about famous people, facts, geography, traditions, and history
of the country, and students are asked to give the corresponding
information about their own country.
◆ Readings are placed within the topics, rather than in separate sections.
◆ Illustrations in Troika are humorous and cater to the needs of visual learners.
◆ Highlighted information boxes stand out from the rest of the text and
serve as conversation guidelines for students.
The Complete Program

The Textbook
The introductory chapter teaches the alphabet, pronunciation, and cursive
writing. Thereafter, each of the eighteen chapters in Troika is divided as
follows: opening page, topic presentation with several functional subtitles,
Chapter Review, Extra, Word Building, Grammar, and Vocabulary.
Each chapter presents a main theme and subthemes, which include the
basic vocabulary and structure needed for discussion. The conversational
structures are organized in highlighted boxes that contain the core struc-
tural information. Notes under the information boxes refer to the corre-
sponding section in the Grammar, in which the material is discussed in
detail. The information boxes are followed by various oral activities, most of
which are intended to be led by the teacher first, and then completed by stu-
dents as pair work. Many of these exercises are in the third-person format,
which allows for maximum practice of the material.
Readings
Readings appear where they are most applicable to the theme. They also
serve as a break from the routine of oral activities.
Dialogues and monologues are based on the chapter vocabulary, with
only a few glossed vocabulary items. They can be used for all-class discus-
sion, questions and answers, or retelling, revising, and summarizing.
Writing Activities
Writing activities are in the student activities manual, and therefore the
topic presentation section does not specify writing activities. However, the
teacher can opt to assign several of the oral activities as written work.
vi Preface
Chapter Review
The Chapter Review lists the conversational structures with which the
students should be familiar. In addition, the Chapter Review includes
roleplays and group activities based on the entire chapter.
Extra Sections
The Extra section does not appear in each chapter. It contains authentic or
slightly modified readings with accompanying questions.
Word Building
The Word Building section deals with roots, prefixes, suffixes, and other
aspects of Russian word formation relevant to the chapter.
Grammar
The Grammar contains detailed explanations to the information boxes in
the topic presentation section. To maximize the classroom time allocated
for communication practice, grammar is intended to be self-instructional.
In practice, however, a varying amount of grammar instruction may be
necessary in the classroom, depending on the level of the students and on
the teacher’s preferred teaching style. All the exercises are direct drill-type
applications of the grammar topics explored in the chapter. They are also
available as self-correcting online exercises.
Vocabulary
The Vocabulary is organized by categories, which helps students to recognize
the parts of speech while providing a quick review of the vocabulary in
the chapter. Vocabulary learned in previous chapters reappears frequently
throughout the book. The core vocabulary of the chapter is boldfaced. In
this edition, the vocabulary is also available as audio flashcards.
End Matter
The end matter of Troika consists of a grammar reference, glossaries,
indexes, and ending charts.
◆ Grammar Reference. This section presents information in chart form
about numbers, indefinite pronouns and adverbs, the relationship
between location and direction, prepositions and their cases, and time
expressions. A new section on the use of cases was added to this edition.
◆ Russian-English and English-Russian Glossaries. Troika also has
helpful Russian-English and English-Russian glossaries to help students
master vocabulary.
Preface vii
◆ Verb Reference. Troika’s verb reference has notes on aspect pairs and
translations for the verbs that are introduced in the book, as well as
other thematic elements.
◆ Indexes. The grammar index lists the grammatical topics and is cross-
referenced to the corresponding sections in the Grammar within the
chapters. The Index by Topic and Function has separate sections for
cultural differences and proper behavior, cultural information, skills,
categories of vocabulary, language functions, and language topics. The
Index by Topic and Function can also be used as an overall review of
the book.
◆ Ending Charts. The ending charts are located on the back endpapers
of Troika for easy reference. Some charts are presented in a simplified
form, and it is assumed that students have studied the rules for
selecting the correct ending in the corresponding Grammar sections.
The spelling rules are also on the back endpapers.
Book Companion Site

www.wiley.com/college/nummikoski
This site includes a wealth of resources and practice opportunities related
to the content of each chapter in Troika.
For the Student

◆ Textbook Audio. The audio program includes recordings of the
pronunciation exercises in the prelesson of the textbook and recordings
of selected readings in the main text. The audio program also
includes recordings of the listening comprehension exercises in the
student activities manual. Each chapter has an extensive oral practice
component. These drills emphasize production, rather than repetition,
and gradually move from either/or questions to questions requiring
more creative answers.
◆ Interactive Grammar Exercises. The grammar exercises in the
textbook are also available on the Companion Site as self-correcting
online exercises.
◆ Self-Tests. These are 15–20 item multiple-choice quizzes that cover the
main material of the chapters.
◆ Typing Tutor Exercises. These exercises help students learn to type
using a Russian homophonic keyboard.
◆ Vocabulary Flashcards. Each chapter comes with a complete set of
vocabulary flashcards with audio.
viii Preface
For the Instructor
◆ Textbook and Activities Manual Answer Keys. Detailed answer keys
and instructor annotations are available to the instructor.
◆ Textbook Audio Script. The script is available for all recordings of the
main text.
◆ Chapter Exams and Answer Keys. There are eighteen exams covering
the material presented in each chapter.
◆ Test Bank. A test bank allows instructors to create their own
customized exams covering each of the four ACTFL skills.
◆ PowerPoint Presentations. Each chapter comes with an interactive
multimedia-based presentation program. It includes graphics, photos,
text, sound, and explanation screens. It is intended as a tool for the
teacher to use in the classroom for presentation of new material and for
communication practice.
◆ Image Gallery. All the images in the text are available in an online gallery.
◆ Sample Syllabi. There are sample syllabi available to help instructors
design their courses with Troika.
◆ Suggestions for Distance Learning. Many users of Troika have inquired
about suggestions for teaching with the text in hybrid or online courses.
◆ Transparencies. Transparencies may be ordered for use in the
classroom.
The Wiley Resource Kit

www.wiley.com/college/wrk
The Wiley Resource Kit offers all of the above plus the Video Program with
captions and accompanying ancillaries as well as the Laboratory Audio.
Video Program
Troika has two sets of videos, interview videos and cultural videos. The
interview videos are authentic interviews with Russians. There are eighteen
interviews, one for each chapter in Troika. The videos are accompanied by
exercises. The cultural videos are a travelogue of an American student group
in Moscow and St. Petersburg. There are nine cultural videos on such topics
as the Kremlin, student housing, and the university.
Laboratory Audio
The accompanying audio to the Activities Manual includes listening
comprehension exercises and oral drills.
Preface ix
Respondus Test Bank
Through the Wiley Resource Kit, instructors can also create their own
customized, computerized exams online. Grades are recorded in the Wiley
Resource Kit’s online grade book.
Quia Electronic Activities Manual with

Create-Your-Own Voice Activities
Quia offers an electronic version of the Activities Manual. In this convenient
and engaging online format, students receive immediate feedback on most
exercises and have all the audio and video material they need at just a click
away. Troika’s Quia Electronic Activities Manual also offers create-your-
own voice activities.
New to this edition of Troika, instructors can create their own voice
activities for their students for both individual and partnered tasks. For each
new activity, instructors can include a written prompt and have the option
to insert audio, images, or other files into the question prompt.
The Quia Electronic Activities Manual can be accessed from any
computer with an Internet connection.
Symbols Used in Troika

Listening Book Companion Site
Pairs Wiley Resource Kit
Group Quia
Writing Video
Abbreviations
acc. accusative interj. interjection (e.g., Oh!)
adj. adjective M, m. masculine
adv. adverb N, n. neuter
collect num. collective number nom. nominative
colloq. colloquial Pl., pl. plural
dat. dative poss. possessive pronoun
gen. genitive prep. prepositional
imp. imperative sg. singular
impf. imperfect soft adj. soft adjective
instr. instrumental subst. adj. substantivized adjective
x Preface
Contents
Acknowledgments iii
Preface v
Ÿ & ,2

The Alphabet 1
Notes on Pronunciation 5
Writing Russian 11
1 %3? 15

THEMES CULTURE STRUCTURES
◆ Introducing people ◆ Russian first names and last ◆ Omission of the verb to be
◆ Asking yes-or-no questions names ◆ Gender of nouns:
◆ Describing people with ◆ Introductions Introduction
adjectives of nationality ◆ Formal and informal ◆ Intonation in questions
and quality address ◆ Negative sentences
◆ Asking someone’s name ◆ Professions and gender ◆ Adjective agreement:
◆ Inquiring about someone’s ◆ Introduction to famous Introduction
profession Russians ◆ Object forms of personal
◆ Greeting people ◆ Addressing teachers pronouns
◆ Formal and informal address
◆ Who? questions
◆ Professions and gender
◆ Formal and informal
greetings
◆ Adverbs
Contents xi
2 û 2 1-3 ? 37
ТHEMES CULTURE STRUCTURES
◆ Describing foreign ◆ The Russian language ◆ Personal pronouns: Subject
language skills around the world and object forms
◆ Introducing family ◆ Grandparents ◆ Verb conjugation: Groups I
members, friends, ◆ Russian families and II
and teachers ◆ Negative sentences
◆ Patronymics
◆ Making compliments ◆ Intonation in questions
◆ Boyfriends and girlfriends
◆ Conjunctions , а, and но
◆ Adverbs versus adjectives:
x4 &/ 4
◆ Possessive pronouns:
Masculine and feminine
◆ Nouns of nationality
◆ Adjective agreement:
3 6 ? 67

◆ Naming things ◆ Russian-language ◆ Gender of nouns
◆ Describing things with periodicals ◆ Adjective agreement
adjectives ◆ Russian cars ◆ 6 7? versus 6 4?
◆ Asking for and expressing ◆ Borzoi – the Russian ◆ Possessive pronouns
opinions greyhound ◆ Verbs 3 and %
◆ Talking about possessions ◆ Dependent clauses
◆ Describing the size of your ◆ Equivalents of the verb
family to have: 8
◆ Omission of
◆ Accusative case: Preview
xii Contents
4 9 % 14(? 93
◆ Describing your city ◆ Moscow ◆ Personal pronouns
◆ Asking for directions ◆ St. Petersburg ◆ Demonstrative pronouns
◆ Expressing location ◆ Russian housing 7 and
◆ Describing things in the ◆ Inside an apartment ◆ Verbs o2:,
plural %0<:, and %
(%3)
◆ Describing your house
or apartment ◆ Prepositional case of
singular nouns
◆ Nominative plural of nouns
◆ Nominative plural of
adjectives
◆ Plural of possessive and
demonstrative pronouns
5 9 0 #!? 125

◆ Describing your country ◆ Physical and political ◆ Prepositional case of nouns
◆ Expressing location geography of Russia, (with , , and )
former USSR republics, ◆ Comparative of adjectives
◆ Making comparisons
and Europe
◆ Telling where you live and ◆ Superlative of adjectives
◆ St. Petersburg
used to live ◆ Prepositional case of
◆ Countryside adjectives: 4 /
4&
◆ Nouns with numerals
(, 4, )
◆ Time expressions: 4,
4 , #%
◆ Past tense of verbs:
Introduction
Contents xiii
6 0 4 2 3(? 153
◆ Talking about working ◆ Professions: Prestige ◆ The verb ž
and going to school and gender ◆ Negative sentences
◆ Filling out applications ◆ Calendars ◆ The verb (2:
◆ Talking about work and ◆ Acronyms ◆ Prepositional case (singular):
study schedules Adjectives, and possessive
and demonstrative pronouns
◆ Prepositional case of
personal pronouns
◆ Prepositional case (plural):
Nouns
Adjectives, and possessive
and demonstrative pronouns
◆ Time expressions: Days of
the week and (For) How
many hours?
7 6 0 A <#0& ? 185

◆ Telling time ◆ Moscow time ◆ Time expressions: Hours and
◆ Discussing mealtimes ◆ Time zones the nouns : and (
◆ Talking about daily ◆ Russian mealtimes ◆ Verbs %ŧ , š,
activities and Ÿ#
◆ Household chores
◆ Saying where you are going ◆ Time expressions: At what
time
◆ Expressing frequency
of actions ◆ Reflexive verbs
◆ Conjugation of verbs
◆ Accusative case: Inanimate
nouns
◆ Expressing direction:
/ + accusative
◆ Time expressions:
Frequency of actions
◆ Verbs of motion: 2
versus 2
xiv Contents
8 0 D 2( 3%0 ? 219
◆ Talking about literature ◆ Russian team names ◆ Accusative of personal
and art ◆ The role of hockey pronouns: Review
◆ Expressing emphasis in Russia ◆ Accusative of adjectives
and preference ◆ Famous athletes and possessive and
◆ Talking about sports demonstrative pronouns
◆ Traditional Russian folk
(inanimate)
◆ Talking about music music
◆ Emphasis and preference
◆ Famous composers
◆ Syntax
◆ The verb <: Games
◆ Conjugation of verbs with
the suffix --/--
◆ The verb <: Musical
instruments
9 6 0 D A 4 A:? 247

◆ Talking about the seasons ◆ Picking berries and ◆ Syntax: The noun A:
◆ Talking about free-time mushrooms and the seasons
activities ◆ Swimming in the winter ◆ Time expressions: Seasons
◆ Discussing past activities ◆ Where Russians spend ◆ Verb + verb constructions:
◆ Telling about your vacation their vacation : D/A 1<
◆ Russian souvenirs ◆ Impersonal constructions:
4#
◆ Past tense of verbs
◆ Verbs of motion: 2
and A%
◆ Time expressions: How long
( A) and How long
ago ( 4 %<)
◆ Relative pronoun 40&
Contents xv
10 9 0 3(? 281
◆ Talking about places ◆ Education in Russia ◆ Prepositional case: Review
to study ◆ Colleges and divisions ◆ Ordinal numbers
◆ Talking about college-level ◆ Majors and year levels ◆ .%(< versus (2:
studies and %<:
◆ Getting into a university
◆ Talking about languages ◆ Nouns with parallel
◆ Different kinds of exams
◆ Talking about admission modifiers
◆ Russian grading system
procedures, teachers, and ◆ 3 & :%² versus
course work ◆ Good-luck wishes
1-3
◆ Discussing student ◆ Dormitories
◆ The genitive case (singular):
accommodations ◆ Secondary education Nouns, adjectives,
◆ Discussing secondary and possessive and
education demonstrative pronouns
◆ Substantivized adjectives
11 9 4# 12 3? 313

◆ Talking about eating ◆ Russian food stores ◆ Verbs , 1,
and drinking ◆ Russians and money 1<, and 12
◆ Counting money ◆ Metric system ◆ Genitive case:
◆ Talking about things you ◆ Russian caviar
e With numerals
have and do not have
e To express possession:
у .< /0
◆ Comparing quantities e With negatives: /
and measurements A 0
e To express absence: .<
◆ Comparing prices
4
◆ Shopping for food e With quantity and
measurement: ²
<, 200 ²,
4 , 4, <,
4 , A
◆ Syntax:
e Accusative versus
nominative
e $ž&/ž and
!0&/!
xvi Contents
12 6 0 3 A 4? 343
◆ Describing past activities ◆ Telephone etiquette ◆ Verbal aspect: Overview
◆ Describing future activities ◆ Verbal aspect in the past
◆ Talking about TV and tense
movie schedules ◆ Verbal aspect in the
◆ Making invitations consecutive action
◆ Talking on the telephone ◆ Verbal aspect in the future
tense
◆ Going to the theater
◆ Verbs of motion
◆ Animate accusative
(singular)
13 6 & 12? 381

◆ Buying presents ◆ Giving gifts ◆ Dative case: Overview
◆ Asking for advice and ◆ Birthday parties ◆ Verbs 12 and
making decisions ◆ Visiting Russian homes ◆ The possessive pronoun
◆ Discussing likes ◆ Russian holidays &
and dislikes ◆ Dative case: Personal
◆ Julian and Gregorian
◆ Planning for parties calendars pronouns; singular and
and making invitations plural of nouns, adjectives,
◆ Discussing ages and and possessive and
dates of birth demonstrative pronouns
◆ Talking about holidays ◆ Verbs 1<,
◆ Expressing congratulations 1<, and
A
and wishes
◆ The verb <:
◆ The preposition
◆ Age expressions
◆ Verbs 2:
and A
◆ Time expressions: Days,
months, and years
Contents xvii
14 <: %< 3 14? 425
◆ Talking about the weather ◆ The climate of Russia ◆ Syntax: impersonal
◆ The Russian view of nature ◆ Nature and the seasons versus noun + adjective
constructions: 4:
◆ Discussing weather-related ◆ The White Nights
activities 4/4: 14
◆ «+# A 4
◆ Irregular comparative of
0 <»
adjectives and adverbs
◆ Climatic zones and animals
◆ Emphasis with 4
◆ Impersonal constructions/
physical and emotional
conditions: #< ,
A
◆ Necessity with <
◆ If clauses: future
◆ Syntax: 4& versus
◆ Soft adjectives
15 < 0 1A A? 453

◆ Making travel plans ◆ The resort of Sochi ◆ Conditional mood
◆ Packing your suitcase ◆ Transportation in Russia ◆ Genitive plural of nouns,
◆ Discussing modes of ◆ Hotels and dormitories adjectives, and possessive
transportation and travel and demonstrative
◆ The writer Anton Chekhov
routes pronouns
◆ Arriving at your destination ◆ Animate accusative: Plural
◆ Making requests ◆ Time expressions: (A%
A, :
◆ The short adjective 3#
◆ Verbs of motion with
prefixes: 1A/1&2;
A/&2; 1A/
1&2
◆ Imperative
xviii Contents
16 9 0 3 A? 497
◆ Talking about food ◆ Typical Russian ingredients ◆ Instrumental case of nouns,
◆ Table manners and setting and dishes adjectives, and possessive,
the table ◆ Recipes for salads demonstrative, and
◆ Deciding where to eat ◆ How food is served personal pronouns
and drink ◆ Substantivized adjectives
◆ Home entertainment
◆ Making reservations ◆ Short adjectives
◆ At the restaurant
◆ Ordering food ◆ Toasting
17 2 1<0 3O? 535

◆ Talking about your plans ◆ Typical professions ◆ Use of the instrumental
and interests ◆ Wedding ceremonies case with , 0,
◆ Discussing love and and traditions 4, <:,
marriage %<:, and the short
◆ Birth of a child
adjective 4
◆ Discussing family plans ◆ Popular names
◆ The verb 11</
*112
◆ A + (40
◆ The reciprocal pronoun
3
◆ Verbs #2: and ²&
%<#
◆ Feminine nouns ending
in а soft sign
Contents xix
18 0 8 (3? 569
◆ Describing your physical ◆ Health care in Russia ◆ Syntax: Expressing
appearance ◆ Folk medicine resemblance or similarity
◆ Complaining about with похžж and такžй же
◆ The Russian bathhouse –
your health <: ◆ The reflexive pronoun 8
◆ Making health ◆ Impersonal constructions
recommendations 4(: and 12:
◆ Expressing feelings ◆ Impersonal constructions
and empathy with í<î, íŸæíî, ìžæíî,
◆ Going to the doctor and íåëüç8
Grammar Reference 597
Verb Conjugations 609
Russian-English Glossary 623
English-Russian Glossary 646
Grammar Index 668
Index by Topic and Function 670
Photo Credits 676
xx Contents
=Ÿ*#' a->ķ
The Alphabet
The Russian alphabet was devised by a monk, St. Cyril, who was born
in Thessaloniki, Greece, around a.d. 827. The Russian alphabet is now
called Cyrillic in honor of St. Cyril.

Letter English Approximate Letter English Approximate

spelling sound spelling sound
Aa а father Pp r pero (Spanish)
b bad s sad
v very t stain
g gun u boom
d door f far
e, ye yet X kh loch
yo New York ts cats
zh measure ch child
z zoo ! sh shine
"# i eel $% shch fresh cheese
&' y boy ( (hard sign) (no sound)
)* k ski + i hill
,- l lock . (soft sign) (no sound)
/0 m man 12 e set
34 n noise 56 yu university
78 o or 9: ya yard
;< p spin
Ÿ a
ķ 1
1. The Cyrillic alphabet is relatively easy to read. Try to read the following
Note: Unstressed о is
list of American states in Russian. pronounced [a] or [ә].
1. @ 5. B->@0> 8. "4#@4> See the section Notes
2. /84 @4> 6. /#44C > 9. )>-#CD4#: on Pronunciation for
3. )8-8D@8 7. BD#C4> 10. -8Dķ>
details.
4. 7*->C0>
There are 33 characters in the Cyrillic alphabet, some of which are the same
as in English.
SAME AS ENGLISH
Russian letter Aa Ee
English equivalent a e k m o t
2. Read the following Russian words.

1. 80 3. @ 80 5. E0>
2. *8 4. 0@0>
FAMILIAR LOOKING, BUT DIFFERENT SOUNDING

Russian letter
Pp C Xx
English equivalent v n r s u kh
3. Read the following American first names.

1. *8 3. B44> 5. DE>
2. />D* 4. >4E> 6. F @4
DIFFERENT LOOKING, BUT FAMILIAR SOUNDING

Russian letter !" #$ %&
English equivalent b g d z
Russian letter '(
English equivalent i l p f
4. Read some more American first names.

1. =CD 5. B@0 8. ;@ D#*
2. #0 6. )E--# 9. ,#
3.
D 7. ,ķ4> 10. ķ>4#
4. )D#
2 Ÿ a
ķ
5. The following Russian words sound very much like English.
1. At home children have a 0@0> and <@<>.
2. In your room you have a -@0<> and D@#8.
3. A teenager’s best friend is the -C4.
4. To get money you go to a >4*.
5. When your car is broken you may need to take a >*ķ.
6. At the zoo you can see a ->0ķ48, a тигр, and a ED>.
6. Can you recognize the following musical instruments?

1. # @D> 4. *->D4E
2. >-# @D> 5. D80C4
3. >*8C4
INTERESTING S-SOUNDS
)* has the approximate sound of s in pleasure, usually. @44> is
zh a girl’s name. #D@ is an animal you might see at the zoo.
You can read a D4@-. The person who writes in one is a
D4>-ķ .
+- sounds like the last two letters in cats. An African insect that
ts causes sleeping disease is called a E fly. When Russian
children want to see clowns they go to the #D*.
./ looks like the number 4. It is pronounced like ch in child. The
ch Russian spelling of the name Charlie is @D-#.
01 is pronounced like sh in shine. All Russian children over six
sh years of age go to a !*C->.
23 looks like the previous letter with a tail. It is pronounced like
shch the combination of sh and ch in fresh cheese. The famous
Russian red beet soup is called 8D%.
7. Russians spell English names the way they are pronounced. For instance,
Chelsea would be spelled š-# in Russian. Try to match the English
names with the corresponding Russian spellings.
1. >D- Jim 5. #0 Charles
2. 84 Sean 6. John
3. 84 Michelle 7. @D-8 Sharon
4. ED84 Charlotte 8. /#!E- Jeff
Ÿ a
ķ 3
THE YO-, YU-, YA- GROUP
45 looks like the letter e with dots on. It is pronounced like yo
yo in New York. The two dots on top are optional and are used
mainly in language textbooks. The syllable with ё is always
stressed. A Russian Christmas tree is a -*>.
67 looks like the number 10. It is pronounced yu, as in yule.
yu Russians also have a sense of I08D (humor).
89 looks like a backwards r. It has the sound of ya, as in yard.
ya 9 @D is a large cat and also a make of car.
8. When the letters 5, 7, or 9 are not at the beginning of the word, the
sound resembles o, u, and a, respectively. Listen to the recording and
imitate the speaker’s pronunciation of the following Russian names in
which these letters appear in different positions.
1. B-!> 6. B4DI!>
2. 8D 7. 9*8
3. 5D> 8. 9!>
4. 5-#: 9. C4:
5. )> I!> 10. )C-:
ADDITIONAL SOUNDS
" *D@ *8, short i, looks like with a hat on. It is pronounced
у like the letter у in boy. In @ you can often see a *8C'
(cowboy). " *D@ *8 is often used in combination with other
vowels, for example:
>', ', #', 8', ', +'
The hat on top of the letter is not optional, unlike the dots on
the letter 5.
< looks as though it is formed of two parts. It sounds like the
i letter i in hill. This letter never starts a word.
-ķ8D< televisions -C4< telephones
=> 88D8 4C, the “backwards e” is pronounced like the e in set.
e It is used mostly at the beginning of a word. If your first name
starts with an [e] sound, you should use this letter.
1-#4CD 1D#4
1D#* 1-ķ>
4 Ÿ a
ķ
9. Listen to the recording and imitate the speaker’s pronunciation of the
following Russian words.
0@'*> T-shirt #E 4+' famous
*>4>DE'*> canary -ķ8D+ televisions
0 E' museum DŸ* + fruit
DŸ*#' Russian DK> fish
<-8C' bad L 8 this
<8@- ' perhaps 1 C4#: Estonia
SPELLING SIGNS
? /¿*#' 4>* (soft sign) does not have a sound of its own. It is
a spelling sign indicating that the preceding consonant is soft,
or palatalized (more about this in the Notes on Pronunciation).
7-.> is a common first name for women. Do not confuse the
soft sign with the letters
, , and <.
@ D+' 4>* (hard sign) is sometimes used as a separating sign bet-
ween the prefix and the stem of a word. Very few words have this sign.
following Russian words.
7-.> Olga
<#@ -. writer
<#.0C letter
8-.!C' big
@ entrance (hard sign)
Notes on Pronunciation
Word Stress
The stress may fall on any syllable in a word. To help students pronounce
Russian correctly, the stressed syllable is marked with an accent on the
vowel. You can see the accent marks in textbooks, but not in materials
intended for native speakers. Russians do not normally write the accents. In
this textbook, the stress is marked except in monosyllabic words, and when
the stress falls on a capital letter.
C<D> (stress on the first syllable)
>* Dķ> (stress on the second syllable)
-C4 (stress on the third syllable)
Ÿ a
ķ 5
The syllable with 5 is always stressed, and therefore no accent mark is needed.
-*> (stress on the first syllable)
D> (stress on the second syllable)
Note: Do not confuse the accent mark on with the letter . The hat is
part of and should always be written, whereas the accent on is optional.
Compare the following:
*>D>4>!ķ (optional accent mark on the letter )
0 E' ( in a stressed syllable preceded by another vowel.
The stress mark on е is optional, but the hat on is
required)
The stressed syllable is pronounced with greater emphasis than the unstressed
syllable(s). The vowel in the stressed syllable is slightly longer and more
distinct than in unstressed syllables.
Pronunciation of , , H, and 9 in Stressed and

Unstressed Positions
о in a stressed syllable о in an unstressed syllable
[o]* [a] in a position right before a stressed syllable
4 Ÿ
J0> 4@
[ә] in other unstressed positions
D8!C
<D8ED
* Notice that the Russian letter o does not have the u-glide, as in the English
word home.
а in a stressed syllable а in an unstressed syllable

[a] [a] in a position right before a stressed syllable
0Q0> 0 !ķ4>
[ә] in other unstressed positions
Ÿ0*

following words.
о in the stressed syllable о in the unstressed syllable
<D#DC> nature 8D@ mountain
CD+ mountains <8*@ bye
0>D>C4 marathon 8 #@4#: good-bye
8@*> dog
6 Ÿ a
ķ
о in different positions
<-C8 badly
<-8C' bad
8D8!C well
<8C> weather
<8DC> breed
8D8@ cities
8D8@ beard
8-8@ voices
e in a stressed syllable e in an unstressed syllable

[e] [i]
>V > DH*@
2. Listen and repeat.

e in the stressed syllable e in the unstressed syllable
E4 student @ Texas
<8D c0E4*> athlete f. 0 DC subway
<D8E8D professor >0D#*@4*#' American
9 in stressed syllables 9 in unstressed syllables

[ya] [yә] at the end of the word
DŸ*>9
¿D*8 [yi] at the beginning of a word
9K*
[i] in other unstressed positions
E9 .

9 in the stressed syllable unstressed 9 at the beginning
¿-8*8 apple :'C egg
0>¿* lighthouse :4@D. January
¿48 clearly
unstressed 9 at the end of a word unstressed 9 in other positions
B4-#: England E: . nine
8DC!>: good <: #-E *> five-year plan
<-8@: bad
Ÿ a
ķ 7
Hard and Soft Consonants
Most Russian consonants have a soft (palatalized) and a hard (nonpalatalized)
variant and, therefore, two different pronunciations. The palatalized
consonants are pronounced with tongue high and forward in the mouth.
A consonant is a 2 8 + ø (before another

hard before the consonant)
following:
A consonant is : 6 # .
soft before the
following:
4. Listen to the recording and repeat the following words.

V4 > (soft l)
Q0<> (hard l)
<@ > (hard s)
<#?0C (soft s)
>--#@ 8Y (hard r)
"8Y? (soft r)
5. Listen to the pronunciation of the hard and soft variants of the following
consonants. Repeat after the recording.
consonant hard soft

- Q0<> V4 > (e follows)
&4 >V >
- Q0<> 5 (5 follows)
80 :
D Y8* Yķ ( follows)
- QD> ķ
4 A4 @9 (9 follows)
0@D> )@9
Ÿ-> )>Z!> (7 follows)
Ÿ0*> 7D<Dķ
- C> 7?> (soft sign follows)
c <@ > <#?0C
8 Ÿ a
ķ
The Letters H, 5, 9, and 7 at the Beginning of Words
or After Another Vowel
The letters e, 5, 9, and 7 start with a distinct y-sound at the beginning of a
word and after another vowel.

Beginning of word
V-#
]*> DO4a
]-E4>
5-*>
5#*
¿48
8!>
6D>
6<O D
After another vowel
*D>ķH
5
DŸ*>9
-Ÿ!>7
7. Listen and repeat. After a consonant, the letters е, ё, я, and ю have a

vowel sound only.
,V4>
B-!>
@49
)> Z!>
8. Listen and repeat. Notice the difference between the letters > and H.
> H
=D#*> ]-E4>
^ 8 V-#
If your name is Eric, Elizabeth, Elinor, or the like, the Russian spelling
should start with an =; otherwise, your name will be mispronounced.
Ÿ a
ķ 9
Voiced and Voiceless Consonants
The distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants exists in many
languages, including English (b/p, v/f, d/t, etc.). Twelve Russian consonants
can be arranged into voiced and voiceless pairs.
voiced
voiceless < * !
Words ending in a voiced consonant are pronounced with the corresponding

voiceless consonant. A native Russian with a typical Russian accept might
say in English
I’m goink to a meetink.
or: I’m hungry. I want some foot.
9. Listen to the devoicing of consonants in the following words. The actual

pronunciation is given in brackets. Repeat after the recording.
*- […<]
">4C
[…]
D " […*]
CD8$ [… ]
0 * […!]
>& […c]
Consonant assimilation takes places in consonant clusters containing both

voiced and voiceless consonants. The second consonant in the cluster
determines the quality of the first one.
10. Listen and repeat. If the second consonant is voiced, the first one is
pronounced voiced.
8 $E- [>-]
8*&@- [>>-]
If the second consonant is voiceless, the first one is pronounced
voiceless.
)>@ [*>>]
-C> [-8!*>]
10 Ÿ a
ķ
Cursive Writing Chart
Printed Italics Cursive
Aa Аа
Бб
Вb Lowercase в is а tall letter.
Гг Lowercase г has rounded corners.

Дд
Ее
Ёё
Жж
Зз Uppercase 3 looks like the number 3.
"# Ии
&' Йй The “hat” is required.
)* Кк Lowercase к is a short letter.
,- Лл This letter has a hook in front.
/0 Мм This letter has a hook in front.
34 Нн
78 !" Оо
;< #$ Пп
=D %& Рр Lowercase р is not closed.
'( Сс
)* Тт Lowercase т often has a line on top to distinguish it from ш.
+, Уу Uppercase У does not extend below the line.
-. Фф
X X/ Xх
01 Цц The tail on this letter is very small.
23 Чч Lowercase ч has sharp corners.
! 45 Шш Lowercase ш often has a line under it to distinguish it from т.
$% 67 Щщ The tail on this letter is very small.
( 8 ъ This letter has a square top.
+ 9 ы
. : ь Do not confuse the soft sign with the letter в.
12 ;< Ээ Do not confuse with 3.
56 => Юю
9: ?@ Яя This letter has a hook in front.
Ÿ a
ķ 11
Notes on Cursive Writing
1. Letters н, п, т, к
and are connected to the top. The left-side
downward stroke needs to stay intact.
папа, панда, нет, спорт, как, актриса,
артист
2. The Russian letter looks like this in cursive: д да, куда
3. Notice the difference between the letters г (rounded corners) and
ч (sharp corners).
друг, город чек, конечно
4. The upper case У does not extend below the line, unlike the lower
case у.
Университет тут, студент
5. The letter ц has a very small tail: цеце, пицца
6. в and б are the only tall letters.
август, вас банан, зебра
7. The soft sign is a small letter that looks like the number “six.” Do
not confuse it with the letter в.
ь день, писатель, очень
8. The letter ы looks like the soft sign with an extra line.
мы, bы, рыба, макароны
9. 1 has a circular shape with a line in the middle, whereas the upper-
case 3 looks like the number “three.” 3ина
1 is connected to the next letter from the middle: это
Since the word 2 8 is one of the first words you will learn, make
sure that you learn to write it correctly.
это, это, это
12 Ÿ a
ķ
л, м, and я have a “hook” in the front only.
10. The letters
или, если, балерина, мама, спортсмен,

композитор, русская, американская, Оля,
меня
Меня зовут Таня.
11. Do not confuse the letter # with '. The # *D> *8 (') often appears
after another vowel: >', ', #' 8', ', +'. The “hat” on the letter is
required.
майка, канарейка, русский, ковбой,
здравствуй, добрый, известный
Pay special attention to words with one #:
по-русски (no “hat”)
русский
but:
Also, do not confuse a stress mark on # (used in your textbook)
with the letter '.
*D8*8ķ-
Leave the stress marks out in cursive. крокодил
ш
12. The letter ends with a downward stroke. Do not confuse it with
the English “w.”
ш шапка, карандаш
Ÿ a
ķ 13
YJ 1 ('VY
< YJ)

&
_?

◆ Introducing people ◆ Russian first names and last ◆ Omission of the verb to be
◆ Asking yes-or-no questions names ◆ Gender of nouns:
◆ Describing people with ◆ Introductions Introduction
adjectives of nationality ◆ Formal and informal ◆ Intonation in questions
and quality address ◆ Negative sentences
◆ Asking someone’s name ◆ Professions and gender ◆ Adjective agreement:
◆ Inquiring about someone’s ◆ Introduction to famous Introduction
profession Russians ◆ Object forms of personal
◆ Greeting people ◆ Addressing teachers pronouns
◆ Formal and informal address
◆ Who? questions
◆ Professions and gender
◆ Formal and informal
greetings
◆ Adverbs
$mY <J- – > &

V< Y_ Ym.

&
_? 15
Introducing People
^? = (YH&$V.
1.1 Omission of the Verb to be

1.2 Gender of Nouns: Introduction
^ ?
The words >D O

and >D O *> imply
a performing artist
only, not a painter,
sculptor, etc.
Ym Ym 5Y Ym
^ (YVY.
= $V $V . = (YV

m (YV ?
Asking Yes-or-No Questions
# , ^ Ym .
= Ym ? H, ^ (YV .
H, ^ H Ym , (YV .
1.3 Intonation in Questions

1.4 Negative Sentences
16 YJ 1
1. = 5Y? Make up minidialogues using the names of famous
artists, actors, athletes, and presidents. Yоu сan start off with the
ideas below.
Model: George Washington/actor

S1: #*Y$* Q1" – 5Y?
S2: 3 , <D#E4 .
or: 3 , 8D @!#4 84 4 >* D, > <D#E4 .

1. Abraham Lincoln/actor 3. Brad Pitt/artist
2. Barbra Streisand/athlete 4. Julia Roberts/professor
Describing People with Adjectives

of Nationality and Quality
1 8 qYJ1 Y_ >D O .

) 8 L 8?
1 8 qYJ1 9 Y_ 9 >D O *>.
1.5 Adjective Agreement
1 8 qYJ1 Y_ >D O . 1 8 (qJ Y_ >D O . 1 8 qYJ1 9 Y_ 9 >D O *>?
Adjectives of nationality
DV*#' DV*>:
>0D#*@4*#' >0D#*@4*>:
>4-O'*#' >4-O'*>:
*>4@*#' *>4@*>:
Adjectives of quality
1 8 "m DO ?
8DC!#' 8DC!>:
4<-8C' 4<-8@:
<-8C' <-8@:
#E 4+' #E 4>:

&
_? 17
c
1 8 Y_ >D O ? # , Y_.
H, H Y_, HYQ.
c
1 8 DV*#' Ym? # , Ym.
H, H Ym, $V.
c
1 8 qYJ1 >D O ? # , J/H? qYJ1.
1.3 Intonation
2. = qYJ1 9 Ym .
А. The following chart names participants of а Russian-American cultural
ехchange program. Introduce the participants to your friend in Russian.
Model: ,E4> – 8DC!>: DV*>: >D O *>.
American group Russian group
athletes: 6@44> />D* @4: 5D>
artists: )L # 84 ,E4> CD:
actors: ,O4> 14D6 )@ :
DO!>
students: ,# ;8- 3> @!> "8D.
В. Уour friend does not seem to have а very good memory. Practice
questions and answers according to the model.
S1: ,E4> – (YV ?
S2: 3 , ,E4> >D O *>.
S1: ,E4> – HYQ 9 >D O *>?
S2: 3 , ,E4> DV*>: >D O *>.
3. = &
V< Ym. Names of foreign celebrities are often seen
in Russian newspapers. Read the following names. What are their
professions and nationalities? What do 8u think of them?
Model: 80 )D – (L 8) 8DC!#'/#E 4+' >0D#*@4*#' >* D.
1. 1- 84 84 6. B4-O4> 8-O

2. ŧ4 E*84 7. F.6
D>4
3. 8D ! 8. />ž44>
4. )L # F8-0 9. =ž4>-. =E'>4
5. 84 ,E4484 10. />'* /ŧ'2D
18 YJ 1
Asking Someone’s Name
RUSSIAN FIRST NAMES
MALE FEMALE Unlike American first

names, Russian full
Full Name Nickname Full Name Nickname
names are exclusively
B-*@4D @!> B-*@4D @!> either masculine or
E4# E4: E4#9 E4: feminine. Some nick-
B-*E' B-!> B--> * names, however, can
B4DE' B4DI!> B44> B4: be both male and
female, e.g., @!>
8DO CD: >-4 O4> @-:
and E4:.
>-4 O4 @-: ED> *
O* 8D O : *> DO4> )@ :
->O0#D 8-C:, ž> -E4> ,E4>

CD#' CD>,
ž!> "DO4> "D>

D#CD#'
DO!> ,>DO> ,@D>
"@4 @4: />DO4> *
"8D. * />DO: /@!>
/>*O0 * 3>E> 3@:
/#>O- /O!> 3> @-.: 3> @!>
3#*8-@' )C-: 3O4> *
7-E * 7-.> 7-:
DE' D> -@4> E >
5D#' 5D> 8O: C4:
> .`4> @4:
*These names do not have а special nickname form. C is pronounced
[yivC].
H"J ]"J is pronounced
H5 &
_? ]5 &
_... [yiyC].
q q
1.6 Object Forms of Personal Pronouns
)>* H"J 8V ? )>* H5 8V ? )>* q 8V ?

C 8V DE'. 8V ,E4>. " 8V 5D> # )@ :.

&
_? 19
Russian First Names
Russian names change with а person’s age. name only. Нis friends still call him @!> or,
For ехample, if, according to an official birth less frequently now, @!*>. When he is ready to
certificate, а child’s name is B-*@4D, he enter the adult world, he will be called B-*@4D
may be called @!4.*> (endearing form) ; DC# (full name and patronymic, derived
throughout his life by his mother. When he from his father’s name) by his colleagues, only to
goes to school hе is called @!> (nickname) by be called @!4.*> again, occasionally, by his
his teachers and new friends. When friends get future wife.
to know him better he will probably be known The same applies to women’s names. -E4>
as @!*>. Children and adults sometimes becomes ,E48*> in the home environment
use the -ка ending as а form of approval and ,E4> (sometimes ,E4*>) at school. At
among close friends. In higher grades teachers work she will be called -E4> ; DC4>, and at
may use his full name, B-*@4D, or his last home, ,E48*>, by her husband.
Q1H? Q1 Q1 HQ$Y 'HYJ

/ Q1H?
4. H"J &
_? H5 &
_? q &
_?
А. Which question would you ask to get the following responses?
C//# 8V ...
1. – @4:. 3. – /O!>. 5. – "D> # ,@D>.
2. – /@!>. 4. – )C-:. 6. – 3 , 4 @4:, > C4:.
B. Find out who your classmate is thinking about.
S1: ) 8 L 8? S1: 1 8 Y_ >D O ? S1: )>* H"J 8V ?

S2: 1 8 Ym. S2: 3 , L 8 >0D#*@4*#' >D O . S2: C 8V ...
H{ &
_? H{ &
_ 9.

&
_? H{ &
_ 'Q

. / H{ &
_ .
/H? (Y{. /H? (Y{.
1.7 Formal and Informal Address
20 YJ 1
Introductions
Russian children and teenagers often introduce most of whom do not have patronymics,
themselves with their first names (nickname) Russians sometimes omit their own patronymics
only, for ехаmрlе, @!>, 3> @!>. Adults use as well. Omitting patronymics, however, does
their full first names and patronymics (father’s not necessarily imply informal form of address.
name), for example B-*@4D ; DC#, Thus, the question What is your name? would
3> @-.: ; DC4>. When talking to foreigners, still be K>* > 8V ?
5. /H? (Y{. Explain the reason for formal and informal address in each
of the pictures and for the omission of the patronymic in picture (с).
( ) – H{ &
_? (b) –
&
_? () – H{ &
_ ]V .
– H{ &
_ J$9. – H{ &
_
Q
Q
/.
?
?
H{? – 'Q

. – .
– V . – /H? (Y{. – /H? (Y{.
6.
&
_? оr H{ &
_?
А. Which question would you use when addressing
1. а small child 4. your friend’s mother
2. your new teacher 5. а teenager
3. а new classmate
В. Introduce yourself to your classmates, as in picture (с) or (а).
Russian Last Names

Many Russian last names (>0O-#:) have two different Masculine Feminine
forms, masculine and feminine. If а man’s last name is ;V!*#4 ;V!*#4
">4C, his wife’s last name is ">4C>. Тheir children are E8 E8
also ">4C (sons) and ">4C> (daughters). 8 8š* 8 8š* 9
8- J 8- Q9
Some last names have adjective forms with the feminine
ending in - 9.

&
_? 21
7. H"J m9? H5 m9? Read the following names
and determine their gender. What would their spouses’ last names be?
.B.
ŧ-*#4 3.. BDŧ*8> /.".
#-8> .. 3ŧ
Inquiring About Someone’s Profession
J B4> C-#' )@D<8? = &

V< Y_ 1 q m.
Q9 B44> ;@-8>? = &

V 9 Y_ 9 HYm .
1.8 Who? Questions
A Russian astro-
naut (> D84@ )
is called a cosmo-
naut (*8084@ ).
>-DO4> is
2. 1 q m female only. The
word for a male
3. (QH?
dancer is >4CD.
1. qHm (^
5. ( m
(&mY
6. (YVY
4. HYm
7. Q

1.9 Professions and Gender YQ

22 YJ 1
8. Hall of Fame.
A. Here are some famous Russians. Have conversations according
to the model.
S1: ) 8 >*C'
@DD# )><@D8?
S2: 1 8 #E 4+' DV*#' !>0> O .
or: S1: ) 8 >*@: B44> ;@-8>?
S2: 1 8 #E 4>: DV*>: >-DO4>.
1 q m:
@DD# )><@D8, B4> C-#' )@D<8
(QH?: 8D 8 8E*#', , 8- C'
(^: B-*@4D ;V!*#4, B44> B0@ 8>
(&mY: ; D >'*C*#', DE' =>0@4#48
Q
: 5D#'
>@D#4, >-4 O4> D!*C>
HYm , -JY: B44> ;@-8>, /#>O- >D²!4#*8
Ym/ : ->O0#D +C*#', B--> ; >>
B. Continue with your own questions. Add these three professions to

your list:
8-O /*> >* 8-O /*> 44#O /*> = 6Y ! "QY.
Greeting People
Formal Informal
MEETING D@ 'H! D@ '! D@ '! is used

any time ;D#E ! to address one person
informally.
morning CD8 V D8! CD8 V D8!
day CD+' 4.! CD+' 4.!

D@ 'H! is used
evening CD+' ED! CD+' ED! to address
• more than one
LEAVING 8 #@4#:! ;8*@! person (formally
any time C 8DC!8! or informally)
• one person formally
night <8*C'48' 4C#! <8*C'48' 4C#!
1.10 Formal and Informal Greetings

&
_? 23
Addressing Teachers
If your teacher is native Russian, he or she the last name: 8<8O4 0# , 8<8@
is usually addressed with first name and
C0. In this case it is also possible to use
patronymic: B-*@4D ; DC#, 3O4> the words <D8E8D or C* 8D with the
; DC4>. Other wise, you may use the last name, for example, <D8E8D 0# or
words 8<8O4 (Mr.) or 8<8@ (Ms.) and C* 8D
C0.
9. %$YQ

H!
А. In how many different ways саn the missing captions be filled with greetings?
'Q

Q1 m Ym
6Y
mY 'HYJ
/ m Ym
$V (children) Q9
B. How would уоu . . .

1. greet your teacher in the morning 5. say good-bye to your professor
2. greet your best friend in the afternoon 6. greet your friend’s father
3. say good-bye to а friend 7. greet all your classmates as а group
4. say good night to your friend’s mother 8. greet your friend and his grandfather
$HQ? ( m, qY1J. H{? /

? )>* -@? How are
you? (literally: How
are things?) is an
J*H qY1J. informal greeting.

1.11 Adverbs
$HQ?
m/ J/H? qY1J qY1J H(Jq (Jq
24 YJ 1
10. $HQ? Practice greeting your friends. How many different
variations can уоu make?
Men usually shake
S1: D@ ', _______ ! hands when they meet,
whereas women just
S2: _______, _______. )>* -@? nod their heads. Men
S1: <>O8, _______. B `? should not initiate
a handshake with
S2: _______.
women.
Chapter Review
А. Yоu should now be able to . . .
1. ask who somebody is
2. ask and answer yes-or-no questions about some
professions, nationality, and quality
З. ask someone’s name using formal and informal address For self-tests and additional practice,
4. respond to аn introduction please go to the Book Companion
Site, available at www.wiley.com/
5. differentiate between masculine and feminine last names college/nummikoski
For access to the videos, please go to
6. inquire about someone’s profession if the name is known the Wiley Resource Kit, available with
your access code at www.wiley.com/
7. greet people formally and informally at different times оf day college/wrk
8. say good-bye formally and informally

9. wish someone good night
10. inquire informally how someone is doing
В. Introductions. Introduce five famous Americans in various professions.
C. Famous Russians. What are the professions of the following famous Russians?
1. B4> C-#' )@D<8 5. B44> B0@ 8> 9. B-*@4D ;V!*#4
2. ; D >'*C*#' 6. ->O0#D +C*#' 10. /#>O- >D²!4#*8
З. B44> ;@-8> 7. , 8- C'
4. >-4 O4> D!*C> 8. 0O D#' 8 >*C#
D. Situations.
1. At а restaurant with live music. Tell your Russian friend that уоu think the performing artist
(female) is pretty good. Then find out the singer’s nationality and name.
2. You have been assigned to host a Russian visitor in your city. Get acquainted with the person.
Do not forget the greeting.
3. Ask а little girl what her name is and then introduce yourself. Greet her first.
4. In the hallway. Greet your Russian friend and ask how he or she is doing. Then say good-bye.
E. Interview Video. )>* > 8Ÿ ?

&
_? 25
Word Building
Russian Last Names
Russian last names are formed in different ways.
From first names
È@4 È>4C Ï D ; DC
=80@4 =80@48 /#>O- /#@'-8
3#*8-@' 3#*8-@
From names of professions

* 4E (blacksmith) ) 4C
<8D 4C' (tailor) ;8D 4C'
<-C 4#* (carpenter) ;-C 4#*8
#48*VD (liquor distiller) #48*VD8
From animals
@: (hare) @'
0Eü (bear) /E
8-* (wolf ) C-*8
A. Give examples of American last names from each group. In your

opinion, which group has the least number of American last names?
B. Match the following last names with the drawings.
>'*C*#' ; C
B*V-8 7D-C
)@D<8 )C!*#4
*ap< *C!*a
op-
÷ŧé*a
a*Ÿ-a
<eòŸx
26 YJ 1
!
1.1 Omission of the Verb to be
The present tense of the verb to be (am, is, are) is seldom used as а linking
verb in Russian. Also, there are no articles (а, аn, or the) in Russian.
) o L 8? 1 8 <D#E4 .
Who is this? This is a/the president.
In sentences where both the subject and predicate are nouns, а dash is
often used to denote the omission of the verb to be.
B--> ; >> — артOстка.
Аlla Pugachova is аn artist.
but: 1 8 >D Oс *>. (pronoun + noun)
This is аn artist.
1.2 Gender of Nouns: Introduction

Russian nouns have one of three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.
Masculine nouns usually end in а consonant, and feminine nouns in the
vowel а (sometimes spelled 9). Neuter nouns, which end in the vowels о or
е, will be introduced in Chapter 3.
Some names of professions have distinct masculine and feminine
forms.
Male Female
>D Oс >D Oс *> (performing) artist
>* D >* DOс> actor
For other professions the masculine form is used both for males and
females.
Male Female
<D#E4 <D#E4 president
*80<8O 8D *80<8O 8D composer

Compare the following.
1 8 >D Oс . (statement)
1 8 >D Oс ? (question)
In these sentences, the only visible difference between а statement and а
question is the punctuation.

&
_? 27
In oral language, questions that do not use а question word (who, what,
where, etc.) have а special intonation pattern that emphasizes the stressed
syllable of the most important word in the question.
c
B--> ; >> – (YV ? 3 , B--> ; >> – Ym .
Is Alla Pugachova аn athlete? No, Alla Pugachova is аn artist.
c
1 8 DV*#' Ymс? 3 , L 8 DV*#' $V.
Is this а Russian artist? No, this is а Russian student.
c
1 8 Y_ >D O ? 3 , L 8 HYQ >D Oс .
Is this а Russian artist? No, this is an American artist.

А negative answer to а yes-or-no question starts with the word нет. А
negative within the sentence is не.
1 8 <D#E4 ? H, L 8 H <D#E4 .
Is this the president? No, this is not the president.
You can also use the construction не... а (not . . . but).
1 8 Y_ >D O ? 3 , H DV*#', >0D#*@4*#'.
or: 3 , L 8 H DV*#' >D Oс ,
>0D#*@4*#'.
or: 3 , L 8 H DV*#', >0D#*@4*#'
>D Oс .
1.5 Adjective Agreement: Introduction

Adjectives agree with the noun in gender.
Masculine Feminine
#E 4-< >D Oс #E 4- 9 >D Oс *> а famous artist
DV*- >D Oс DV*- 9 >D Oс *> а Russian artist
<-8-J >D Oс <-8-Q9 >D Oс *> а bad artist
The endings for masculine adjectives are -ы, -, or -о. Dictionaries
and glossaries usually list adjectives in their masculine forms only.
Adjectives that end in -о have the stress on the ending.
<-8J <-8Q9
but: 8DC!#' 8DC!>:
28 YJ 1
(Y *V9
1. Fill in the adjective endings.
1. 8DC! >0D#*@4* E4

2. 8DC! *>4@* E4 *>
3. <-8 >0D#*@4* >* DOс>
4. #E 4 >4-O'с* >D Oс *>
5. DV* DOс *>
6. #E 4 *>4@* <8D 0E4
7. 8DC! DV* >* D
8. >0D#*@4* DOс
9. <-8 E4
10. 8DC! >4-O'* >D Oс
2. . Read the questions using the correct intonation. Then answer the
questions in complete sentences using the information in the chart.
1. B44> – <8D 0E4*>? Name Nationality Profession
2. B44> – >0D#*á4*>: >* DOс>? Аnnа Russian actress
3. "@4 – >D Oс ? Ivan Russian athlete
4. "á4 – *>4á*#' <8D 0E4? John Canadian actor
5. 84 – *>нáдск#' артOст? Sarah American student
Mark American artist
6. áD> – Dý*>: E4 *>?
7. />D* – рýсск#' артOст?
. Write complete sentences based on the chart. Add one adjective of

quality in each sentence.
Model: B44> – 8DC!>: DV*>: >* DO>.
1.6 Object Forms of Personal Pronouns

To ask а person’s name, or to give а person’s name, you need the (direct)
object forms of personal pronouns (me, you, him, her, us, you, them).
)>* C 8ý ? C 8ý />D*.
literally: How him they call? Him they call Mark.
What is his name? His name is Mark.

&
_? 29
Singular Plural Note on pronunciation:
04` me (first person) 4> us (first person) eC is pronounced [yivC]
` уоu (second person) > уоu (second person) is pronounced [yiyC]
C/ him/her (third person) # them (third person)
(Y *VH
3. ]"J, H5, q. Your Russian friend Larisa is showing you her class
picture. How would you inquire about the names of various students?
Consult the box on page 19 for male and female names.
Your questions Larisa’s answers

"8D..
B4:.
)@ :.
8-C:.
"D> # ,E4>.
M@!a
7-:.
/O!>.
@!> # 5D>.
1.7 Formal and Informal Address

There are two forms of address in Russian: formal (second-person
plural) and informal (second-person singular). The informal forms are
used among friends and family members, as well as when addressing
young children. Adults normally use the formal form when they first
meet. When they know each other better, they may switch into informal
address. Foreigners should address Russian adults with the formal form
until the Russians suggest the use of the informal form instead.
The second-person plural serves two purposes.
)>*
зовýт? • to address more than one person (both
formally and informally)
• to address one person formally
The second-person singular serves only one purpose.

)>* теб{ зовýт? • to address one person informally
30 YJ 1
(Y *V9
4. H{ &
_? or
&
_? Which question would you use
to inquire about the names of the following Russians?
Your questions Their answers
"8D. "8D#.
@!>.
3> @-.: ; DC4>.
8-C:.
"D> # ,E4>.
T@4:.
"@4 ; DC#.
@!> # 5D>.
5. Supply the missing pronouns 04`, `, C, , 4>, >, #.
1. )>* 8V ? /4` 8V B-*E' "@48#.

B *>* 8V ? DE' ; DC#.
2. 8V B4DE'? 3 , C 8V B4> C-#'.
3. )>* 8V ? " 8V ;E : # 5D>.
4. 8V /O!>? 3 , 04` 8V
DO!>.
5. )>* 8V ? 3> @!>? 3 , 8V 4 3> @!>,
> ,>DO>.
1.8 Who? Questions

If you know а person’s name and want а more detailed description, you
often start the question with к J (masc.) or к Q9 (fem.).
J 5D#'
>@D#4? 5D#'
>@D#4 – L 8 DV*#'
*8084@ .
Who is Yuri Gagarin? Yuri Gagarin is а Russian cosmonaut.
Q9 B--> ; >>? B--> ; >> – L 8 DV*>:

>D O *>.
Who is Alla Pugachova? Alla Pugachova is а Russian
performing artist.
Use the кто такÓ/кто такáя construction only when the person’s
name is included in the question. Use the word alone for аnу other
questions with who.
L 8? 1 8 B--> ; >>.
Who is this? This is Alla Pugachova.

&
_? 31
(Y *VH
6. J? Q9? or ^? Supply the missing questions.
1. B4> C-#' )@D<8 – L 8 DV*#' !>0> Oс .

2. 1 8 /@: ;-#E*>:.
3. > .`4> 8- @: – L 8 DV*#' <#@ -..
4. 1 8 B4 C4 ;@-8# E8.
5. ;V!*#4 – L 8 DV*#' <8L .
6. ->O0#D +C*#' – L 8 DV*#' >D Oс .
1.9 Professions and Gender

For some professions, separate forms for masculine and feminine are used
quite frequently, for example, >D O />D O *>. For other professions,
the masculine form can be used to refer to women, even if а feminine
form exists.
Masculine Feminine
Optional: *8084@ *8084@ *>
<#>4Oс <#>4Oс *>
<#@ -. <#@ -.4#>
<8L <82 E>
8**Oс 8**Oс *>
!>0> O !>0> Oс *>
No separate feminine form: C* 8D C* 8D
*80<8O 8D *80<8O 8D
<D#E4 <D#E4
<D8E8D <D8E8D
Different feminine form: >4CD >-DO4>
Note: If а masculine noun is used to refer to а woman, the adjectives also

take the masculine form.
> .`4> 8- @: – 8DC! <#@ -.. (both masculine)
Tatyana Tolstaya is а good writer.
>-4 O4> D!*C> – #E 4< (both masculine)

*8084@ .
Valentina Tereshkova is а famous cosmonaut.
but: ,E4> – 8DC! 9 <#>4Oс . (both feminine)

Lena is а good pianist.
32 YJ 1
The form здрQвствуте serves two purposes:
• to address more than one person (both formally and informally)
• to address one person formally
ЗдрQвству is used to address one person informally.
$HQ? literally means How are things? Тhe question H{?
means And with you? Use these lines only when meeting friends.
(Y *VH
7. . List all possible ways to greet
1. а friend in the morning
2. your teacher in the afternoon
3. your fellow students in the evening
. List all the ways to say good-bye to

1. а friend at night
2. your teacher in the afternoon
1.11 Adverbs
Adverbs are parts of speech that answer the question How? Some adverbs
саn be formed by adding -о to the adjective stem.
Stem Masc. adjective Fem. adjective Adverb
8DC!- 8DC!#' 8DC!>: 8D8!J well
<-8- <-8C' <-8@: <-C badly
Vocabulary
Note: The core vocabulary is boldfaced.

Nouns
5Y, Ymс actor, actress 8<8O4 Mr.
Ymс/ artist 8<8@ Ms.
YQ
astronaut $V children
HYm ballerina C* 8D doctor (in titles)
Hmс/ basketball player (&mY composer

&
_? 33
Q
cosmonaut Pronouns
( mс/ pianist Personal pronouns
(QH? writer H{ ((. me
<8L poet H{ ((. уоu (sg.)
(YH&$V president H"J ((. [yivJ] him
(YVY professor H5 ((. [yiyJ] her
(YV/ athlete ((. us
$V/ student
((. уоu (pl.)
>4CD dancer q ((. them
Hm/ tennis player
Ym/ tourist
Other pronouns
m/ soccer player
who
qHm/ ice-hockey player
J, Q9 who
1 q m/ chess player
^ this is
Adjectives
Of nationality Phrases
Farewells
HYQ American
"m English H"J qYJ1H"! All the best!
[vsivž kharžshevә]
Q$ Canadian
#
$Q9! Good-bye!
Y_ Russian
'Q! Good-bye! See
уоu later!
Other adjectives
&
V< famous Greetings
H(qJ not bad
#JYH _Y! Good morning!
(qJ bad
#JY<
V/HY! Good evening!
qYJ1 good
#JY< $H?! Good day! Hello!
%$YQ

/H! Hello!
Adverbs $HQ? How are things?
how How are you?
H(Jq not badly H{? And (with) you?
ķ/ excellent 'Y
V! Hi!
J/H? very (J J/! Good night!
(Jq badly
qY1J well
34 YJ 1
Introductions and

&
_? What is your O-# or
Как H{ &
_? name? H not (negative
/H? (Y{! Nice to meet уоu! within а
sentence)
H no
Other
( m thank уоu
and, but
J*H also
$ yes

&
_? 35
YJ 2 (YJ YJ)
û "
YmH (-Y_?

◆ Describing foreign ◆ The Russian language ◆ Personal pronouns: Subject
language skills around the world and object forms
◆ Introducing family ◆ Grandparents ◆ Verb conjugation: Groups I
members, friends, ◆ Russian families and II
and teachers ◆ Negative sentences
◆ Patronymics
◆ Making compliments ◆ Intonation in questions
◆ Boyfriends and girlfriends
◆ Conjunctions #, а, and но
◆ Adverbs versus adjectives:
x8DC!#'/8D8!C
◆ Possessive pronouns:
◆ Nouns of nationality
◆ Adjective agreement:
Q9 – Y_ 9. Q "

Ym (-Y_ (- "m.
û "
YmH (-Y_? 37
Describing Foreign Language Skills
c
mY "
Ym (-Y_? # , "
Ym (-Y_.
c
m$ (QH (-Y_? H, Q H (QH (-Y_.
2.1 Personal Pronouns: Subject and Object Forms 2.2 Verb Conjugation: Groups I and II
2.3 Negative Sentences 2.4 Intonation in Questions
mY "
Ym (-Y_,
m$ H (QH.
(Q|? (I) "

Y|m? (II)
: <84#0@7 0+ <84#0@H : 88DZ 0+ 88Dm
+ <84#0@H1? + <84#0@HH + 88Dm1? + 88DmH
84, 84@ <84#0@H 84O <84#0@7 84, 84@ 88Dm 84O 88D{
'?HY ^Y ! QY Ym9
'Y
V! ??? Guten Tag! ¡Hola!
???
(-Y -_& (-HV- (-9(J

(-Y_ (- "m (-(Q (-Q
38 YJ 2
1. "
Ym (-Y_? (-Q?
А. Look at the pictures. What language does each student speak? Who
does not understand him or her?
Model: B44> 88DO <8-DV*#. ;.D 4 <84#0@ H5.
B. The students in the pictures do not understand each other’s

languages. Explain the situation according to the model.
Model: B44> 88DO <8-DV*#. 74@ 4 <84#0@ <8-D>4V*#.
C. Practice questions and answers with a partner.
S1: B44> 88DO <8-D>4V*#?

S2: 3 , 84@ 4 88DO <8-D>4V*#.
or: S1: B44> <84#0@ <8-D>4V*#?
S2: 3 , 84@ 4 <84#0@ <8-D>4V*#.
К@ : 88DO <8-DV*#, <8-D>4V*# <8->4-O'*#,

84@ 4 88DO <8-:<C4*#.
2.5 Conjunctions и, а, and но
2.
<? How about your language skills? Comment on each of the
languages.
Model: 9 88DI <8->4-O'*# # <8-DV*#, 48 : 4 88DI

<8-D>4V*#.

J$.
J/H? qY1J.
+ 88DO!. qY1J.
К к <8->4-O'*#? 9 88DI <8->4-O'*#
+ 88DO H(Jq.
HJ".
/?-/?.
2.6 Adverbs versus Adjectives

.- . ( just a tiny
bit) is a commonly
c # , qY1J. used colloquial
+ qY1J 88DO <8-DV*#? expression that is
H, H J/H? qY1J.
more positive than
<-C8 (badly, poorly).
û "
YmH (-Y_? 39
3. m "
Y{ (-Y_?
А. The following chart shows the language abilities of various people.
Discuss the chart with а partner, describing which languages each
person speaks and how well.
S1: 3@: 8C48 88DO <8-DV*#, 8D8!C <8->4-O'*# #

404C8 <8-40E*#.
S2:
>4 4<-C8 88DO ...
(-Y_ (- "m (-(Q (-Y -_& (-HV-

3@: 8C48 8D8!C ? 404C8
>4 4<-C8 ? 8D8!C 8C48

ED> 8C48
84 404C8 8C48 8D8!C ? 4<-C8
@!> 8C48 .- . ? 404C8 4<-C8
=CD .- . 404C8 ? 8C48 ?
)@D-8 404C8 C4. 8D8!C 8C48 404C8 ?
E>4# 8C48
В. Ask questions about the language ability of the people in the chart.
S1: 3@: 88DO <8-DV*#?

S2: >, 84@ 88DO <8-DV*# 8C48.
or: S1: ED> 88DO <8-#<@4*#?
S2: 3 , 84@ 4 88DO <8-#<@4*#. 74@ 88DO J?
<8-DV*#.
С. Ask questions to find out who speaks which languages.
S1: ) 8 88DO <8-40E*#?
S2: 3@:,
>4, 84 # @!> 88D` <8-40E*#.
D. Let’s add some more verbs. Ask about the languages with a question
mark. Invent your own responses.
& |? (I) to know $_ |? (I) to think /Q|? (I) to read
S1: )>*
>4 88DO <8-#<@4*#?
S2: 8 H &Q7, *>* 84 88DO <8-#<@4*#.

or: 8 $_ 7, / 84 <84#0@ <8-#<@4*# C4. 8D8!C,
48 /QH C4. <-C8.
40 YJ 2
Е. Challenge. Combine the verbs 88DO ., <84#0@ ., # @ ., 4> .,
and V0> . in a description of an individual person’s language skills.
Model: 3@: 88DO <8-DV*# 8C48. 74@ 4 88DO
<8-#<@4*#, > <8-40E*# 84@ 88DO 404C8, 48
<84#0@ # # @ C4. 8D8!C. 9 4 4@6, *>* 84@ 88DO
<8-D>4V*#, 48 : V0>6, 8 84@ <84#0@ .- ..
9&<
YH The Russian Language Around the World
Russian belongs to the East Slavic branch of the There are large Russian-speaking commu-
Indo-European language family, along with nities even in the United States, especially in
Ukrainian and Belorussian. It is the fifth most the Northeast and on the West Coast. One of
widely spoken language in the world (about 278 the most famous enclaves is Brighton Beach in
million speakers) and the largest native language in New York, also known as Little Odessa, since
Europe. About 164 million people speak Russian many of its earlier immigrants came from
as their primary language. Russian is also one of Odessa, Ukraine.
the six official languages of the United Nations.
# ž"
A. Listen to the two dialogues and estimate the age and social status of
the conversants.
B-*E': + 88DO!. <8-#<@4*#?
8DO: >, 404C8.
B-*E': B <8-40E*#?
8DO: 3 , : 4 88DI <8-40E*#, 48 404C8 <84#0@6.
@4:: + 88DO <8->4-O'*#?

B44> ;@-84>: >, 88DI. B + <8->4-O'*# 88DO!.?
@4:: 3 , : 88DI C-.*8 <8-DV*#.
B. Answer the questions based on the dialogues.
1. 8DO 8D8!C 88DO <8-#<@4*#?
2. )>* 84 <84#0@ <8-40E*#?
3. A44> ;@-84> 88DO <8->4-O'*#?
4. @4: C 88DO <8->4-O'*#?
4. < "
Ym1?? or < "
YmH?
A. Which form would you use when addressing the following people?
Finish the questions with a language of your choice.
1. a little boy 4. your grandmother
2. a fellow student 5. your friend’s grandfather
3. your professor 6. a waiter in a Russian restaurant
û "
YmH (-Y_? 41
B. Find out about the language skills of your teacher and fellow
students. Use the following as a starting point.
+ 88DO!. <8-...? + 88DO <8-...?
+ 8D8!C 88DO!. <8-...? + 8D8!C 88DO <8-...?
+ <84#0@!. <8-...? + <84#0@ <8-...?
)>* +...? )>* +...?
H{ &
_ m
D@ ' . /4` 8V 3O4> ,E>. 9 E4 *>. 9 DV*>:, 48 :
4<-C8 <84#0@6 <8->4-O'*#. 9 # @6 <8->4-O'*# C4. 8D8!C,
48 H35 V$H 88DI. 9 Q*H 404C8 <84#0@6 <8-40E*#, 48
C4. <-C8 88DI. B <8-DV*# :, V/, 88DI 8C48.
А. Answer the questions based on the text.
1. )>* 8V ?
2. 74@ >0D#*@4*>: E4 *>?
3. )>* 84@ # @ <8->4-O'*#?
4. 74@ 88DO <8->4-O'*# ²Y #-# V$H?
5. 74@ <84#0@ <8-40E*#? B <8-D>4V*#?
6. 74@ <-C8 88DO <8-DV*#?
В. Retell the story in the third person.
Model: 8V 3O4>. 74@ E4 *>...
C. One student assumes the role of Nina. Other students ask questions.
D. Make a similar story about yourself.
Introducing Family Members
{

{
H"J H"J
= H5 (Q( . = H5 Q .
1 Q1

1
Q1
q q
2.7 Possessive Pronouns: Masculine and Feminine = (Q( 9.
42 YJ 2
Q1 cH?{
1 8 08' * "@4. 1 8 08'

< B-*@4D # C *HQ $V$1 "@4 { Q1 B44>
?{ . B L 8 >D@D>,
08` $/? # 0 3#*8-@'. m Y$mH
B L 8 # $V. 1 8 08'

8-C: # 08`
_/ "D>.
B 8 L 8 08' 4 * />D*.
/8O D8O -#, my

parents, is a plural ${$9 { 59 > .`4> V- 3#*8-@' { ?
form, which will be B-*@4D >D@D>
discussed in Chapter 4.
Do not confuse the
form 08O (plural)
with 08' (singular).
{ HYQ "D> 1 8 :, />D*. Y 8-C:
5. Family relations.
A. What is the relationship between the pairs of people in the picture?
Model: B-*@4D # > .`4> = * *HQ.

1. B-*@4D # >D@D> 5. B44> # "D>
2. B44> # >D@D> 6. "@4 # B44>
3. "@4 # />D* 7. >D@D> # "D>
4. 3#*8-@' # />D* 8. 8-C: # 3#*8-@'
B. Introduce everybody in the picture as . . .

1. Mark’s relatives
Model: = Y. = H"J HYQ Y , ^ H"J...
2. Ira’s relatives
3. Ira’s and Volodya’s relatives
4. your relatives; pretend to be one of the people in the bottom row
5. your and your siblings’ relatives
û "
YmH (-Y_? 43
Grandparents
Russian babushkas (grandmothers) are pillars of than do grandfathers. If the grandfather is
the society; they hold families together, take care alive, however, he usually takes part in rearing
of grandchildren, and very often work outside grandchildren, much like the grandmother.
the home to supplement their small pensions.
You can see babushkas everywhere – in public
transportation, carrying food; in museums,
guarding invaluable treasures; sweeping
streets, and so on. Many babushkas feel it is
their responsibility to educate the younger
generation. They are quick to voice aloud their
disapproval of anything and anybody slightly
beyond their range of acceptance.
Men have a lower life expectancy than
women: about 65 years. Thus grandmothers
tend to have a more visible role in society = Q1
.
– B44> DE4>, L 8

1 +4? – "D> # ,E4>, L 8
Q1 @ !*>?
– >, L 8 08' +4. – >, L 8 Q1 @ !*>.
6.
/
{ or
1/
Q1 ?
А. How would уоu ask . . .
1. your teacher if the little girl with her is her daughter
2. your friend if the man in the picture is his father
3. your friend’s grandmother if the man in the picture is her husband
4. Ira and Lena if the man in the picture is their grandfather
5. Nina Pavlovna if the little boy in the picture is her grandson
6. Sasha and Masha if the girl in the picture is their sister
44 YJ 2
В. Just curious . . . Ask your friend if his or her . . .
1. mother is an actress 5. brother understands German
2. father is a writer 6. grandfather speaks French
3. sister is а student 7. grandmother speaks English
4. aunt speaks Chinese 8. uncle understands Japanese
Russian Families
Many Russian families have only one child, (and unsolicited advice) from the parents even
although recent economic incentives seem after they move out.
to be slowly reversing that trend. In a Divorce is rather common, and many
traditional Russian family, men are expected children are raised by a single mother. Russians
to be the main breadwinners (кормOлец), do not remarry as frequently as do Westerners,
whereas women play the traditional roles of a but if they do, the children usually call their new
mother and wife. In addition, two (or more) parents м@ма or п@па, or, if the relationship is
generations sometimes live in the same more distant, by the first name and patronymic
household. (e.g., B44> ; DC4>, DE' "@48#). The
Adult children often live with their Russian words 0@> (stepmother) and Cтчим
parents longer than in Western countries, and (stepfather) have somewhat negative connota-
sometimes continue to receive financial support tions and are not frequently used.
7. Q1 H?{. Draw а picture of your extended family and introduce

them to your classmates. You may also want to bring photographs to
class and have а classmate ask questions about them.
stepmother 4@ 08C 8 @ stepbrother D> <8 8 V/ D>

<8 0@ D#
stepfather 0 08E' 0@ D#
ex-wife K!>: 4@
stepsister D@ <8 8 V/
D@ <8 0@ D# ex-husband K!#' 0
û "
YmH (-Y_? 45
8. = { H?{. Read the four texts and match them with the
corresponding pictures. Then pick a picture and introduce everyone as
your relatives.
1. D@ ' . /4` 8V B-*E'. 1 8 08` 4@ 3> @-.:, >
L 8 0@0> # @ !*>. B 8 L 8 :.
2. /4` 8V ,>DO>. 1 8 08` 0@0>. 8V >0@D>. B L 8 08`
@ !*> B44> # :.
3. 1 8 4@!> 0.`: 08` 0@0> -E4>, 08' <@<> DE', 08` D@
3@ : # 08' D> @!>. B 8 L 8 :, /@!>.
4. /4` 8V 8-C:. B L 8 4@!> 0.`: 08' 8 E 5D#', 08`
0@0> > .`4> # 08' E !*> "@4. B 8 L 8 :.
a. b.
c. d.
Patronymics
Russians have three names: а first name (O0:), Thus, ; DC# is “son of Peter” and ; DC4>
а patronymic (C 8), and а last name is “daughter of Peter.” In formal situations,
(>0O-#:). The patronymic is formed from Russians address each other with name and
the father’s first name by adding -8# or patronymic: D@ ' , "@4 B4DE#!
-# for males and -84> or -4> for females. 8 #@4#:, > .`4> ;@-84>!
father’s first name son’s patronymic daughter’s patronymic
"@4 "@4
/ "@4

"8D. "8DH
/ "8DH

DE' DEH
/ DEH

46 YJ 2
9. Tracing family members. Brothers Sergei, Pavel, Anton, and Alexander
Ivanov gather once а year for а family reunion, but their children have а
hard time remembering who belongs to whom. Each father has one son
and one daughter. Draw а line to connect these sibling pairs.
3> @-.: DE4> ">4C> ->O0#D B4 C48# ">4C

B-*@4D> B-*@4D84> ">4C> DE' ;@-8# ">4C
3O4> B4 C484> ">4C> "8D. DE# ">4C
7-.> ;@-84> ">4C> B-*E' B-*@4D8# ">4C
Introducing Friends and Teachers
Although the
feminine noun
<D<8>@ -.4#>
exists, the masculine
form is commonly
used as a general term
for the profession.
1 8 08' 1 8 08` 1 8 08'

$Y" 5D>. ($Y_" )@ :. <D8E8D, 1 8 08'
C* 8D 0# . (YH($
QH?,
B44> DE4>.
Boyfriends and Girlfriends

There are no direct Russian equivalents for as { $V
1 (literally, my girl), and а
the nouns boyfriend and girlfriend. The noun woman can introduce her boyfriend as
($Y_" usually refers to а female friend of $Y" (my friend), or $ž /H
V
а female. A man can introduce his girlfriend (young man).
û "
YmH (-Y_? 47
84 – >0D#*@4*#' E4 . 74 HYQH-.
/LD# – >0D#*@4*>: E4 *>. 74@ HYQ .
2.8 Nouns of Nationality
Q
DV*#' DV*>:
>0D#*@4 >0D#*@4*>
*>4@ *>4@*>
10. m ( -Q??

A. What do you think is the nationality of the following people?
1. 3> @!> )D+-C>
2. 84 0#
3. ;.D @-
4. '4 #-
5. /O!> )C!*#4
6. 3#*C-. 6@D
B. How would you ask the following in Russian?
1. Is your friend Russian?

2. Is your uncle American?
3. Is your mother Canadian?
4. Is your teacher American?
48 YJ 2
11. Introductions.
А. Read the following two dialogues and fi ll in the missing parts. Who
are the participants in these situations and what do you think their
nationality is?
1.
/@D>D : 1 8 08' D> 84. 1 8 08' <D<8>@ -.,
B4 C4 ;@-8#.
B4 C4 ;@-8#: 74. <D#` 48. >! D> <8-DV*# <84#0@ ?
/@D>D : 3 , ________.
2.
3O4>: @ !*>, 2 8 08` <8DV> 3#*C-..
1 8 08` @ !*>, B44> DE4>.
B44> DE4>: 74. <D#` 48. 3#*C-., + <8-DV*# 88DO ?
3O4>: 3 , 84@ 4 ________. 74@ ________.
В. What is the relationship between the following participants in the

preceding dialogues (e.g., brother and sister, husband and wife)?
1. /@D>D # 84
2. B4 C4 ;@-8# # /@D>D
3. 3O4> # B44> DE4>
4. 3#*C-. # 3O4>
С. Translate the following introductions.
You are talking to . . . Saying . . .
DE' This is my friend Stephanie and her mother.

Stephanie is Canadian.
B44> ; DC4> This is my mother (name). She doesn’t speak

Russian. She is American.
B44> ; DC4> This is my teacher, professor Smith. He is

American, but he speaks Russian really well.
And this is my girlfriend Alla. She is Russian.
û "
YmH (-Y_? 49
Making Compliments
8'
D> C4. ( m/<.
>!
8`
D@ C4. ( m/ 9.
@!>
2.9 Adjective Agreement: Masculine and Feminine
– ) 8 L 8? – 1 8 8` D@? – 1 8 @!> D@?

– 1 8 08' D @!>. – >, L 8 08` D@. – 3 , L 8 4@!> 0@0>.
– J/H? ( m/<. – Q J/H? Y m
9. – Q J/H? $Q9.
Q
#0<> O4+' #0<> O4>:
*D>O+' *D>O>:
08-8C' 08-8@:
12.
{ Q J/H? Y m
9.
А. Your friend is showing you some family pictures. Respond to the
following statements according to the model.
Model: 74 C4. #0<> O4+'. 74@ C4. #0<> O4>:.
or: 8' D> C4. #0<> O4+'. 8` D@ C4.
#0<> O4>:.
1. 1 8 08' D> "8D.. 4. 1 8 08' <@<>.
2. 1 8 08` D@ B44>. 5. 1 8 08' D DE'.
3. 1 8 08` @ !*>.
50 YJ 2
В. Having met your friend’s relatives, how would you tell your friend
that his or her . . .
1. grandfather is very young
2. sister is very beautiful
3. brother looks (is) nice
4. mother looks (is) very young
5. uncle is very good-looking
6. grandmother looks (is) nice
13. "YQ9. Bring in pictures or draw а sketch of your family and

have conversations according to the model.
S1: ) 8 L 8? 8` D@?
S2: 3 ť +!?1 1 8 08` 0@0>. 1Oh, come on! 8 is

рronounced [! 8].
S1: 8` 0@0> C4. *D>O>:!
S2: <>O8. B L 8 08` D@.
S1: 74@ C C4. *D>O>:. )>* 8V ?
S2: 3> @!>. B L 8 0 DE'.
S1: 74 C4. #0<> O4+'! B L 8 * 8?
S2: 1 8 08' D> 5D>.
S1: "4 Dš48.
'HYž
<
1 8 0.` ; DC+:1 0> . 7-.> B4 C484> # 8 E DE' 3#*8-@#. 1 the Petrov family
B L 8 E !*> – ; DC 3#*8-@' B-*@4D8#. B 8 E #: ,E4>
# /O!>. DE' 3#*8-@# – <D8E8D. 74 8C48 88DO
<8->4-O'*# # <8-D>4V*#. C 4@ <8->4-O'*# 4 88DO ,
> <8-D>4V*# 84@ 88DO 4<-C8. E !*> 88DO C-.*8
<8-DV*#, > E #, ,E4> # /O!>, 404C8 <84#0@6 <8->4-O'*#, 48
% <-C8 88D` . C0>2 84O, *84E48, 88D` <8-DV*#. 2 at home
û "
YmH (-Y_? 51
А. Fill in the names of the people in the story.
First name Patronymic Last name
Grandfather:
Father:
Mother:
Daughter:
Son:
В. Answer the questions in Russian.

1. 3#*8-@' B-*@4D8# – 8 E 7-.# O-# DE:?
2. E !*> 88DO <8->4-O'*#?
3. ) 8 88DO <8-D>4V*#?
4. )>* DE' 3#*8-@# 88DO <8->4-O'*#?
5. E # C 88D` <8-D>4V*#?
6. 74O 88D` C0> <8->4-O'*#?
С. Challenge. Assume the role of Lena or Misha and retell the story in
the first person.
Model: 1 8 08` 0.`. 1 8 08` 0> . 7-.>...
Chapter Review
1. describe what language(s) people speak and understand and
how well
2. introduce members of your extended family
3. ask questions about other people’s family relationships For self-tests and additional practice,
please go to the Book Companion
4. describe how people are related Site, available at www.wiley.com/
college/nummikoski
5. introduce your friends and teachers For access to the videos, please go to
the Wiley Resource Kit, available with
6. describe people with (some) nouns of nationality your access code at www.wiley.com/
college/wrk
7. make compliments with adjectives of quality
52 YJ 2
В. Photograph. Two students are looking at а family picture. Reenact
their conversation, using the following cues.
Student А showing а family photo: Student В asking questions:
Say that it is your family. Point to one woman and ask if it’s
his/her mother.
No. It’s your grandmother. Make а compliment.
Say thanks. Introduce your brother Ask if his wife is American.
and his wife Susan.
Yes, she is, but she speaks Are these their children?
fluent Russian.
Yes. Show their son and daughter What are their names?
in the picture.
Give the children’s names. Do the children speak English?
Not much. They understand Make a general compliment. (74. #4 Dš48.)
a little bit.
C. Interview. Interview three classmates about the language skills of their

extended families. What languages do they know? How well do they
know them? Then report your findings to the class.
D. Interview Video. + 88DO <8->4-O'*#?
û "
YmH (-Y_? 53
Word Building
The forms (-Y_, (- "m, and so on are adverbs that mean
literally in the Russian way, in the English way. You can form them from
many adjectives derived from proper nouns. Among other things, they
are used with the verbs (Q? and "
Ym? to denote the language
spoken or understood.
Which of the following are real languages? Correct the sentences on the
right as appropriate.
Noun Adjective Adverb
B0ED#*> >0D#*@4*#' 84 88DO <8->0D#*@4*#.
B4-#: >4-O'*#' >D- 88DO <8->4-O'*#.
@ @*#' /@D>D 88DO <8- @*#.
)>4@> *>4@*#' 3#*C-. 88DO <8-*>4@*#.
/E*#*> 0*#*@4*#' F @4 88DO <8-0*#*@4*#.
Although not all these words can be used to describe language skills, they
can be used in other ways. For instance, you can sometimes see these forms
on restaurant menus.
>-@ <8-08*C*# salad à la Moscow
*8 -E + <8-*O*# cutlets à la Kiev (chicken Kiev)
Create some more menu items using the preceding list of adverbs and the
words given. Which of your creations would you like to eat?
< soup #! E* beefsteak >-@ salad >*V-> shark
54 YJ 2
!
2.1 Personal Pronouns: Subject and Object Forms
In Chapter 1 you learned the direct object forms of personal pronouns
(me, you, him, etc.). In this lesson you will learn the subject forms. Notice
that the subject and object forms of the second-person singular аrе
identical in English but not in Russian.
Subject Object
singular 1st person 9 I 04` me
2nd person < you ` you
3rd person /Q he/she 8/ him/her
plural 1st person < we 4> us
2nd person
< you > you
3rd person m they # them
(Y *VH
1. Supply the missing subject forms of personal pronouns.
1. /4` 8Ÿ ,O>. ______ E4 *>.

2. 1 8 B-*E'. ______ <8D 0E4.
3. 1 8 /@!>. ______ >D O *>.
4. B-*@4D ; DC#, ______ <D8E8D? >, ______
<D8E8D.
5. )>* ` 8Ÿ ? ______ E4 *>?
6. 1 8 >-4 O4> D!*C>. ______ DŸ*#' *8084@ .
2.2 Verb Conjugation: Groups I and II

Dictionaries and vocabularies list verbs bу the infinitive, the basic form.
Most infinitives end in -?. Russian verbs аrе conjugated, which means
that each person has а different form. Modern English has lost different
forms for verb conjugation, except for the third-person singular (I
speak, he/she speaks). Many languages, however, hаvе different forms for
different persons.
Russian verbs fall into оnе of two conjugation groups. Whether а
certain verb belongs to the first оr second conjugation group is usually
predictable, but sometimes has to bе learned.
û "
YmH (-Y_? 55
Тhе endings аrе added to the present tense stem of the verb. Examine
the conjugation chart carefully. Memorizing the endings for both groups
enables yоu to conjugate аnу regular Russian verb.
◆ The first-person singular has the same ending [u], spelled -ю or -у in
both conjugation groups.
◆ The vowel in second-person singular through second-person plural
endings is -е in the first conjugation and -и in the second conjugation.
◆ Тhе third-person plural ends in [ut], spelled -ют or -ут in the first
conjugation and in [at], spelled -ят or -ат in the second conjugation.
group I II
infinitive <84#0@| . 88D|O .
stem <84#0@- 88D-
sg. 1st pers. : <84#0@7 7/ * : 88DZ 7/ *
2nd pers. + <84#0@H1? H1? + 88Dm1? 1?
3rd pers. 84/84@ <84#0@H H 84/84@ 88Dm
pl. 1st pers. 0+ <84#0@H H 0+ 88Dm
2nd pers. + <84#0@HH HH + 88DmH H
3rd pers. 84O <84#0@7 7/ * 84O 88D{ 9/> *
*The second spelling variant is less common. All verbs in this lesson are
spelled with the first form.
(Y *V9
2. If you memorize the endings for the two conjugation groups you will
be able to conjugate any regular verb you encounter. Use the ending
chart to соmе up with the following phrases.
1. Ÿ0>| . (I) to think 4. # @| . (I) to read

I think / he thinks / we think we read / I read / you (pl.) read
2. 4>| . (I) to know 5. -Ÿ!>| . (I) to listen
I know / she knows / they know I listen / you (sg.) listen /
3. 08 D|E . (II) to watch they listen
we watch / they watch / I watch
3. Fill in the missing verb endings. Translate the resulting sentences.
1. 84 4 88D_____ <8-DŸ*#.
2. + # >_____ <8-*# @'*#?
3. 74@ <84#0@_____ `?
4. /+ 4 4@_____C.
56 YJ 2
5. 74 4> 4 <84#0@_____.
6. ,E4> # 3O4> 88D_____ <8->4-O'*#.
7. + 88D_____ <8-40E*#?
8. 9 Ÿ0>_____, 8 84O 04` 4 -Ÿ!>_____.
9. 9 4 <84#0@_____ `.
10. + 88D_____ <8-#<@4*#?

Negative sentences are formed bу adding не in front of the verb.
9 H <84#0@6 <8-*# @'*#.
I do not understand Chinese.
/+ H 88DO0 <8-:<C4*#.
We do not speak Japanese.
(Y *VH
4. Finish the sentences using the appropriate forms (subject and object)
of personal pronouns. Replace proper names bу pronouns where
applicable.
Model: 9 <84#0@6 `, > + 4 <84#0@!. 04`.
1. 74@ <84#0@ C, > 84...
2. + <84#0@!. 04`, > :...
3. /+ <84#0@0 >, > +...
4. 74O <84#0@6 , > 84@...
5. + <84#0@ 04`, > :...
6. 74 <84#0@ `, >...
7. 74@ <84#0@ 4>, >...
8. 9 <84#0@6 `, >...
9. "8D. # ,E4> <84#0@6 04`, >...
10. B-*E' <84#0@ , >...

Yes-or-no questions differ from statements bу intonation. Тhе expected
answer depends оn which part of the question is emphasized.
O* 8D 88DO <8-DV*#. (statement)
Victor speaks Russian.
û "
YmH (-Y_? 57
c
O* 8D "
Ym <8-DV*#? >, "
Ym.
Does Victor speak Russian? Yes, he does. (literally, Yes, speaks.)
c
O* 8D 88DO (-Y_? >, (-Y_.
Does Victor speak Russian? Yes, he does. (literally, Yes,
Russian.)
c
O* 8D qY1J 88DO <8-DV*#? >, qY1J.
Does Victor speak Russian well? Yes, he does. (literally, Yes, well.)
(Y *V9
5. Give short answers to the following questions. Do not forget to
conjugate the verbs as appropriate.
Model: ,O4> (QH <8->4-O'*#? >, (QH.

or: ,O4> <84#0@ (- "m? >, (- "m.
1. "8D. 88DO (-Q?
2. + "
YmH <8-40E*#?
3. + (QH1? <8-D>4V*#?
4. ,E4> # /O!> 88D` (-(Q?
5. + "
Ym1? <8->4-O'*#?
6. Write the missing questions for the following answers.
1. >, : 88DI <8-DV*#.

2. 3 , ,O> 4 <84#0@ <8-D>4V*#.
3. >, 0+ <84#0@0 <8->4-O'*#.
4. 3 , @!> # /O!> 4 88D` <8-:<C4*#.
5. 3 , 0+ 4 88DO0 <8-40E*#.
7. < r
<? How would yоu ask . . .
1. а little bоy if hе speaks Russian

2. а waitress if she speaks English
3. Professor Pavlov if hе understands you
4. your friend Lena if she speaks German well
58 YJ 2
2.5 Conjunctions and and but
Russian has three conjunctions that are often confused
and parallel
and/but slight contrast, often starts a question
but stark contrast
,E4> /O!> 88D` <8-DV*#.

Lena and Misha speak Russian.
,E4> 88DO <8-DV*# <8->4-O'*#.
Lena speaks Russian and English.
/4` 8V />DO:. > *>* 8V ?
My name is Maria. And what is your name?
9 88DI <8-DV*#. +?
I speak Russian. And you?
9 88DI <8-DV*# 8D8!C, <8->4-O'*# <-C8.
I speak Russian well and/but English poorly.
9 8D8!C <84#0@6 <8->4-O'*#, C4. <-C8 88DI.
I understand English well, but speak very poorly.
(Y *VH
8. Fill in и, а, or но.
1. 9 8D8!C 88DI <8-DV*# <8->4-O'*#.

2. ,E4> 8D8!C <84#0@ <8-40E*#, C4. <-C8
88DO .
3. 9 88DI <8-*# @'*#. +?
4. B-!> 7-: 88D` <8-D>4V*#.
5. ;D8E8D C*#4 88DO <8-DV*#, <8-#<@4*#
<8-40E*#.
2.6 Adverbs versus Adjectives

In this chapter you will learn some adverbs that answer the question Как?
(How?). Whereas adjectives agree with the noun in gender (masculine,
feminine, or neuter), adverbs have one form only. You can form adverbs
from many adjectives bу adding -о to the stem. Pay attention to the stress
shift in some pairs.
û "
YmH (-Y_? 59
Adjectives Adverbs
8DC!-#' good 8D8!-J well
<-8-C' bad, poor <-C- badly, poorly
8C4-+' free 8C4- freely, fluently
1 8 Y_ >D O . (What kind of artist? – Russian.)
adjective
74@ qY1J 88DO <8-DV*#. (How does she speak? – Well.)
adverb
+ 88DO!. <8-40E*#? 9 88DI <8-40E*# qY1J.
(Y *V9
9. Fill in the adverb or adjective endings. Remember that adjectives agree
with the noun they modify, whereas adverbs have one form only.
1. ,E4> 8D8! >* DO>. 74@ 88DO <8-D>4V*# C4.
8D8! .
2. B-!> <-8 88DO <8-40E*#. 74 <-8 E4 .
3. 8-C: C4. 8D8! E4 . 74 88DO <8-D>4V*#
884 .
4. ,O> <-8 E4 *>. 74@ <-8 <84#0@ <8->4-O'*#.
5. /O!> 8D8! <84#0@ <8-:<C4*#. 74 8D8! E4 .
10. How do they speak or understand? Write the missing How? questions.
Model: 9 <-C8 <84#0@6 <8-40E*#.

< (QH1? (-HV-?
1. 74@ 8C48 88DO <8-D>4V*#.
2. 9 4<-C8 88DI <8-40E*#.
3. /+ C4. <-C8 <84#0@0 <8-:<C4*#.
4. "8D. 404C8 <84#0@ <8-*# @'*#.
5. 74O 404C8 <84#0@6 <8-#<@4*#.
6. + 8D8!C 88DO!. <8-DV*#.
7. + 4<-C8 88DO <8->4-O'*#.
8. @!> C4. <-C8 88DO <8-D>4V*#.
9. 74O 404C8 88D` <8-40E*#.
10. 9 <-C8 <84#0@6 <8-#<@4*#.
60 YJ 2
2.7 Possessive Pronouns: Masculine and Feminine
The possessive pronouns my, your (sg.), our, аnd your (рl.) agree with the
noun they modify. The third-person pronouns his, her, and their have one
form only, identical to the object form of personal pronouns.
1 8 (
, 1,
1) (The pronoun modifies the
D> . masculine noun D> .)
1 8 { (
{, Q1 ,
Q1 ) (The pronoun modifies the
D@. feminine noun D@.)
but: 1 8 H"J (H5, q) D> . (Same form for masculine
1 8 H"J (H5, q) D@. and feminine.)
Possessive pronouns Personal pronouns

masculine feminine subject forms object forms
sg. 1st pers. { my : I 04` me

2nd pers.

{ your + you ` you
3rd pers. C/ C/ his/her 84/84@ he/she C/ him/her
pl. 1st pers. 1 Q1 our 0+ we 4> us
2nd pers.
1
Q1 your + you > you
3rd pers. # # their 84O they # them
(Y *V9
11. Supply the missing possessive pronouns.
1. (my) @ !*> 6. (her) 8.

2. ( your, sg.) <@<> 7. (their) +4
3. (my) `: 8. (our) :
4. (his) D@ 9. (my) 4@
5. ( your, pl.) Da 10. ( your, fоrmаl) 0
12. Write the questions for the following responses.
Model: >, L 8 08` 0@0>. =

{ Q ?
3 , L 8 08' E !*>. =
(Q( ?
1. >, L 8 4@!> @ !*>.
2. 3 , L 8 08` D@.
3. >, L 8 08` 8..
û "
YmH (-Y_? 61
4. >, L 8 C +4.
5. 3 , L 8 08' D> .
6. >, L 8 4>! E !*>.
7. 3 , L 8 0 .
8. >, L 8 08` D@.
9. 3 , L 8 # @ !*>.
10. 3 , L 8 08' `:.
13. 8, H{, r ? Fill in the missing possessive оr personal рrоnouns.
1. 1 8 :. 88DI <8-DV*#. 8V -E4>. 1 8

<@<> # 0@0>.
2. 1 8 +. 88DO!. <8->4-O'*#? )>* 8V ?
1 8 D@? D> <84#0@ <8-40E*#?
3. 1 8 84@. 8V 7-.>. 88DO <8-DV*#.
9 8D8!C <84#0@6 . B ³ 8 D> )C-:.
4. 1 8 0+. 8V
>4 #
DE >. 88DO0 <8-
40E*#. 0@0> # <@<> C 88D` <8-
40E*#.
5. 1 8 +. 88DO <8-*# @'*#? )>* 8V ?
1 8 8.? B L 8 * 8? +4?
6. 1 8 84O. 4<-C8 88D` <8-D>4V*#.
8V ,O> # /O!>. 4 88D` <8->4-O'*#.
E !*> 8D8!C 88DO <8-40E*#.
2.8 Nouns of Nationality

Most nationalities have separate noun and adjective forms. For the adjective
Russian, however, there is no separate noun. Adjectives of nationality are
used to modify nouns. Nouns of nationality are used independently.
МадCнна – HYQ 9 >D ķ *>. 74@ HYQ .
adjective noun noun
Adjective Noun
DV*#' Russian (m.) DV*#' а Russian man
DV*>: Russian (f.) DV*>: а Russian woman
>0D#*@4*#' American (m.) >0D#*@4 аn American man
>0D#*@4*>: American (f.) >0D#*@4*> аn American woman
*>4@*#' Canadian (m.) *>4@ а Canadian man
*>4@*>: Canadian (f.) *>4@*> а Canadian woman
62 YJ 2
(Y *VH
14. Fill in nouns or adjectives of nationality (the first letter is given) and
languages as appropriate.
1. ;.D * . 74 88DO <8- # <8- . 74
* E4 .
2. DE' D . 74 88DO <8- . 74 D >D O .
3. ,>DO> D >* DO>. 0@0> C D .
4. 84 > E4 . 74 > . 74 88DO <8- .
5. 6@44> > . 74@ 88DO <8- . 74@ >
>D O *>.
6. 3#*C-. * . 74@ * E4 *>. 74@ 88DO
<8- # <8- .
2.9 Adjective Agreement: Masculine and Feminine

Remember that adjectives agree with the noun they modify. Adjectives
саn bе divided into two groups based оn their stress: stem stressed (-ый/
ий) and end stressed (-ой). If the adjective is end stressed (-ой), the
feminine (as well as neuter and plural) endings are also stressed. In the
stem-stressed adjectives, the choice bеtween the endings -ый and -ий is
determined bу а spelling rule:
Spelling Rule 1: After , ", q, *, /, 1, and 3, write , not <.
Spelling rule 1 applies to many other situations that you will encounter. It
helps to memorize the rule now.
Masculine Feminine
stem-stressed DV*#' (sp. rule – *) DV*>:
>0D#*@4*#' (sp. rule – *) >0D#*@4*>:
8DC!#' (sp. rule – !) 8DC!>:
#E 4+' #E 4>:
Y m
< Y m
9
( m/< ( m/ 9
end-stressed <-8C' <-8@:
$J $Q9
Adjectives new to you are boldfaced.
û "
YmH (-Y_? 63
(Y *VH
15. Fill in the correct adjective endings.
1. *D>O >* DO>

2. 08-8 0@0>
3. #0<> O4 <D<8>@ -.
4. #E 4 >-DO4>
5. #0<> O4 D
6. 08-8 E !*>
7. *D>O >D O
8. #0<> O4 >* DO>
9. 08-8 <@<>
10. #E 4 *80<8O 8D
Vocabulary
Nouns Y$mH (pl.) parents

H?{ family
Family
HYQ sister
Q1 grandmother < son
Y brother 59 aunt

grandson

_/ granddaughter Nationalities
$V$1 grandfather HYQH- American (m.)
$V children HYQ American (f.)
$/? daughter Q$H- Canadian (m.)
${$9 uncle Q$ Canadian (f.)
*HQ wife Y_ Russian (m.)
Q mother, mom Y_ 9 Russian (f.)
? mother
* husband Other nouns
V- father $V
1 girl
(Q( father, dad $Y" friend (m.)
64 YJ 2
($Y_" friend (f.) Q she
(YH($
QH? teacher (college < we
level)
< you (pl.)
8 8D@#: photograph m they
Adjectives Possessive
Y m
< beautiful , { my
$J young
,
{ your (sg.)
( m/< nice (looking) H"J his
H5 her
Adverbs 1, Q1 our
Languages
1,
Q1 your (pl.)
q their
(- "m in English
(-(Q in Spanish
Verbs
(-Q in Chinese
(-HV- in German "
Y|m? (II) to speak
(-Y_ in Russian "
YZ,
(-Y -_& in French "
Ym1?,
(-9(J in Japanese "
Y{
$_ |? (I) to think
Quality $_ 7,
$_ H1?,
HJ" а little
$_ 7
(Jq, H(Jq badly, not
&a|? (I) to know
badly
&Q7,

J$ fluently
&QH1?,
qY1J, well,
&Q7
HqY1J not well
(Q|? (I) to understand
/?-/? just a little
(Q7,
(QH1?,
Pronouns
(Q7
Personal
Ÿ1 |? (I) to listen
9 I Ÿ1 7,
< you (sg.) Ÿ1 H1?,
he Ÿ1 7
û "
YmH (-Y_? 65
/Q|? (I) to read 0E-448 slowly
/èòQ7, 48 but
/èòQH1?, 3 C +! Oh, come on!
/èòQ7 @* also, in addition
(one person doing
Other or being
K D8 fast something else)
C0> at home C-.*8 only
% still 8 here: that
and
HYš interesting
*84E48 of course
66 YJ 2
YJ 3 (YV YJ)
.
H??

◆ Naming things ◆ Russian-language ◆ Gender of nouns
◆ Describing things with periodicals ◆ Adjective agreement
adjectives ◆ Russian cars ◆ Что Lто? versus Что такCе?
◆ Asking for and expressing ◆ Borzoi – the Russian ◆ Possessive pronouns
opinions greyhound ◆ Verbs дVмать and знать
◆ Talking about possessions ◆ Dependent clauses
◆ Describing the size of your ◆ Equivalents of the verb
family to have: у мен` есть
◆ Omission of есть
◆ Accusative case: Preview
Y&Q9 – ^ Y_ 9 Q .

.
H?? 67
Naming Things
. L 8? 1 8 *YQ.
К4O> is the generic
word for a book.
3.1 Gender of Nouns
m"
/V (?J
" &V YQ
QY?
*YQ
Describing Things with Adjectives
J D4@-? Y_ D4@-.

1 8 Q9 >E >? 1 8 Y_ 9 >E >.
JH <#.0C? Y_H <#.0C.
Other adjectives
>0D#*@4*#' 40E*#'
к>4@*#' D>4V*#'
0*#*@4*#' # >-.`4*#'
>4-O'*#' :<C4*#'
#<@4*#' к# @'*#'
Russian-Language Newspapers
Newspapers have undergone great changes Fe deration (and of t he for mer S oviet
since the breakup of the Soviet Union. Union).
Numerous new publications have appeared, Among other popular newspapers are
from serious business journals to sensational «BD 0E4 + # @* +», «)800D@4 »,
tabloids. «)8080C-.c*>: <D@>», «/8*C*#'
«;D@>» (literally, the truth) is the main *8080C-», and «Speed-"4C».
voice of the Communist Party of the Russian
68 YJ 3
. JH « YV »? 1 8 DV*#' D80@4.
3.3 Что э́то? Versus Что такóе?
1. . JH «'YQ
$ »? Ask your partner questions according
to the model.
S1: 8 >*C «;D@>»?
S2: 1 8 >E >.
S1: )>*@: L 8 >E >?
S2: 1 8 DV*>: >E >.
YQ " &V *YQ

«8'4@ # 0#D» «;D@>» «784*»
«B44> )>DE4#4>» «BD 0E4 + # @* +» «" C#»
«O#' 84» «"E #:» «;DC#-.»
Moby Dick New York Times Time
Scarlet Letter Wall Street Journal Cosmopolitan
Grapes of Wrath USA Today People
Madame Bovary Le Monde Stern
Don Quixote Die Welt Le Figaro
Faust London Times
2. =HYJ . Look at the electronic equipment below. Which ones

would you find in the audio department? Link all of them to the
appropriate departments.
ê
Íepe−àãaÇ
(495) 888-88-73

Ha
Blue ray <-ED 48 V*

DVD <-ED <DO4 D
mp3 <-ED D@#8
#8*@0D> D8# E0>
80@!4#' *#48 @ D -O8D
*80<.I D -C4
08O-.4+' -C4 (08O-.4#*) 8 8><<>D@
.
H?? 69
New adjectives
8-.!C' 0@-4.*#'
4C+' @D+' You can also make
#4 DE4+' *V4+' 99 970 D an opposite of many
8D8C' !+' adjectives by adding
4-, e.g., 48-.!C',
4#4 DE4+',
1 8 ?1J, $Y"J -O8D.
48D8C',
4*D>O+'. Such
17 990 D adjectives are con-
sidered somewhat
less strong than the
true opposites.
1 8 QH?, $H15
< -O8D.
1 8 QY 9 DV*>: 1m .
_ 9 1m «Q$ »

«,@>» is probably the most famous Russian or iginal mo del was ess entially a Fiat
car abroad. It is the brand name of the АвтоВАЗ made under an Italian license. In the Soviet
(C-*#' > 808O-.4+' >C) car Union, Lada was called «ЖигулO» (after a
manufacturer in the city of Tolyatti. The mountain range).
3. -Q-. Associations. With what would you associate the following

brand names? Describe them with as many adjectives as you can.
Model: HYYQY – L 8 0@-4.*>:, 8D8@:, # >-.`4*>: 0>!O4>.
1. ,@>
2. /@*#4 8!
1O4*#'
3. 3C*#>1
4. 8'C >
5. 8-.*@4
6. )L484
7. C4#
8. Continue with your own items.
70 YJ 3
B L 8 08` кJшка /VD*>.
1 8 08` Q . 8V ,@'*>.
Y&Q9
8D@: (borzoi) is a Russian greyhound. rabbits, foxes, and wolves. They received their
Borzois were loyal companions of Russian name from the old Slavic word бCрзый (swift).
aristocrats, who used the dogs for hunting
4. . JH $HYQ? Describe the following dogs with as many

adjectives as possible.
S1: 8 >*C 8D0@4?

S2: 1 8 8-.!@:, #0<> O4>:, 40E*>: 8@*>.
D8 E'-D <V-.
*C**D-<>4#E-. !4@ D
#OD*#' @*# 8D@:
->D>CD D DOD -.C
# @ a
.H L 8 08O-.4#*? 1 8 J /

J / H"J / H5 / 1 /
1 / q 08O-.4#*.
.?9 L 8 *4O>? 1 8 { /
{ / H"J / H5 / Q1 /
Q1 / q *4O>.
.?5 L 8 <#.0C? 1 8 5 /
5 / H"J / H5 / Q1H /
Q1H / q <#.0C.
3.4 Possessive Pronouns
.
H?? 71
5. .H ^ m?? You are moving in with a group of students and
some items got all mixed up. Have conversations according to the model.
S1: ' L 8 08O-.4#к? 1 8 8' 08O-.4#к?

S2: >, L 8 08' 08O-.4#к. / 3 , L 8 C 08O-.4#к.
Lost item Follow-up question Owner

08O-.4#* your . . . (sg.) my . . .
*C!*> his . . . her . . .
48 V* her . . . our . . .
#8*@0D> your . . . (pl.) their . . .
8 8><<>D@ their . . . his . . .
<#.0C our . . . your . . . (sg.)
(your questions)
Asking For and Expressing Opinions
>, (-JH, #4 DE4>:.

< $_ H1?, «;D@>» – #4 DE4>: 3 , H J/H? #4 DE4>:.

< $_ HH, >E >? (8) H &Q7.
J*H <?. You can also
express agreement
and disagreement
'-JH, >, L 8 (YQ
$ . with the phrases
8 $_ 7, / «8'4@ # 0#D» – #4 DE4+' D80@4. 3 , L 8 H(YQ
$ . 8 (H) c"QH
(masc.) and 8 (H)
8 &Q7, / '-JH, L 8... "Q (fem.).
3.5 Verbs дýмать and знать
3.6 Dependent Clauses
6. < $Ÿ H1??

A. Ask a classmate about his or her opinion concerning specific brands,
breeds, titles, etc. in the following categories. Then agree or disagree.
S1: Как + V0>!., People – L 8 #4 DE4+' D4@-?

S2: >, <8-0C0 , L 8 8DC!#' # #4 DE4+' D4@-.
S1: >, L 8 <D@>. / B <8-0C0 , L 8 <-8C' # *V4+' D4@-.
D4@- >E > D80@4 0>!O4> 8@*> *80<.I D
72 YJ 3
B. Student 1: Express your opinion about some people in the professions
given. Start your sentences with any of the expressions listed.
Student 2: Agree or disagree.
S1: ;8-0C0 , 8 8E*#' C4. 8DC!#' <#@ -..
S2: >, L 8 <D@>. / 9 8-@4/8-@4>. / 9 4 4@6. / /C + ..

professions
;8-0C0 ... <#@ -. <D8E8D
9 V0>6, 8... >* D >* DO>
9 4@6, 8... *80<8O 8D > D84@
>D O *> *8084@
(your items)
Talking About Possessions
H{ H{
H{ H{
. H"J / H5 H?? Ó H"J / H5 H? 8@*>.

q q
3.7 Equivalents of the Verb to have: у меня́ есть
1 8 08' D> 1 8 : A-->. B L 8 3O4> #

@!>. H"J H5 H? @D+' ,E4>. q H?
H? 4C+'
H(V$. *D>O>: J1 $?.
-m.
.
H?? 73
H{ , H?.
c
H? ? , H{ H? .

$. / % $& $.
H{
Q9 ? H{ Y_ 9 .

H{ c , ?1Q9.
?1Q9 ? , H{ ?1Q9 .

3.8 Omission of есть
7. . q H?? Look at the pictures and answer the questions.
1.
. . q 2. . . 3. .
H?? Q9 q ? H"J H?? H"J . q H??
? ? ?1Q9 ? !?
H"J H??
4. "# 5. . . 6.

. . H"J H??
!$. . H"J H5 H?? Q9 H"J ! ?
H??
74 YJ 3
Colors
!' white ' gray
()' black *)!' yellow
' red *$' orange
+' pink +$!)' green
blue ($' brown
!- light blue # !' purple
8. .
H??
A. Ask a classmate ten questions about his or her possessions (car,
laptop, cell phone, video camera, horse, cat, etc.). Get a detailed
description, including colors, when applicable.
S1: % $& $ к?

S2: , $ . / $, - $& $.
S1: К ?
S2: 0! , (), $к к.
B. Have conversations with your partner using the information below.

Student 1 starts with the boldfaced items.
S1: % $& $ ?

S2: , $ .
S1: Кк ?
S2: % $& ! , кк.
S1: - $& $ к.
S2: К ?
S1: !$ к ! к.
Student 1 has: Student 2 has:

small white dog big grey cat
cheap old bicycle new red American car
old black Japanese car expensive Japanese motorcycle
(continue with your items) (continue with your items)
.
H?? 75
9. К кQ9 кY m
9 Qк ! What a beautiful dog!
Student 1: You are showing your friend some pictures.
Student 2: React with surprise and then make a comment of your choice.
S1: . 7 $ž .

S2: % $ $ ? !!!
S1: & !! .

S2: ________? _________ !!!
S1: & $ . 7 $) к!.
S2: ________? _________ !!!
S1: 9. 7 : ! .
S2: ________? _________ !!!
Describing the Size of Your Family

(Including Pets)
% $ YQ?9 m 5Y<? , $ . % $& $ $
YQ $Q HYQ.
$. ; H$m
H< YH5.
% $ $V? , $ . % $& $

H $J/HY $m <.
$. % $& $.
% $& $ ...

Masc. $m $
Y, /HYH (9? (and over)
$
' <a < ' Nouns with numerals
Fem. $Q $
H Y, /HYH (9? (and over) require special gram-
matical forms that will
$ $< $< $) be explained later. For
( ($ ($ ($ the time being, memo-
rize the information
you need to describe
$ your own family.
76 YJ 3
The boldfaced phrases
When talking about your family members, you may also want to use
are in the accusative
the following:
(object) case, like H{
H"J (Q( (-Q) +=... +=... For now,
H"J (Q$1H"/QY1H") YQ /² /$Y_" /_* +=... memorize the phrases
Z Q +=... you need.
Z Q$17/QY17 HY_/$/?/($Y_"/*H_ +=...
3.9 Accusative Case: Preview
10.
?1Q9 H?{?
A. Find the correct phrases you need and describe the size of your own
family.
B. Find out how many sisters and brothers (children, etc.) your
classmates have. Use the questions in the information box on page 76.
Q1 H?{
$& += . & #! 9$$. $ & ! : - $&
$ , "", $. @ $= += . A
+-*$ (- $) $ -*). D) =* += E!$. A *-!. A
($ "('. % : $ : ' (
.
1 $ *$ *-!. A $F) $2 *$, - 1 older (cf. ŧ') / 2 not yet
$ $ -. D) += G. ! 3 -. 3 younger
A =$, ( ( $4 – 7 !. % $ $ ' " 4 happiness
!, ($ .

% $ . ($ ! , ()-!,
, "-$-, . D) += 9. ; $) ($ !I!@5. 5 love, like
!$ . D) += =.
- , "" :($6 -" 7 -I -, $-I 6 wants / 7 to buy
! "-I.
А.
V?H
(YJ<.
1. % $) !$ к $ &? 9. % $ $ ?
2. += $) $=? 10. Кк - $ к!?
3. % $ -*? $ +=? 11. Кк - : к?
4. E!$ – "#? 12. Кк $) +=?
5. - : $ ? Кк : +=? 13. кк - : кк?
6. += $ '? 14. $) +=?
7. % $ $ *$? 15. - : ?
8. *$ *-!? 16. ' =$$, ( $ ( $?
.
H?? 77
B. One student (or the teacher) assumes the role of Nina. Other
students ask questions.
C. Make up a similar story about yourself.
Chapter Review
1. ask what something is
2. ask and answer questions about quality, size, age, price, color, and
interest value of things
3. describe things with adjectives of nationality For self-tests and additional practice,
4. ask for and express opinions Site, available at www.wiley.com/
college/nummikoski
5. respond to an expression of opinion For access to the videos, please go to
6. ask and answer questions about what someone has your access code at www.wiley.com/
college/wrk
7. ask and answer questions about what kind of items someone has
8. describe the size of your family
В. Directed Dialogue. Yоu are interviewing а visitor from Russia. А fellow

student or your teacher can play the role of the visitor. Find out . . .
1. what the visitor’s name is 8. if they have children (yes, son and daughter)
2. what languages he or she speaks 9. what the names of the children are
3. if the visitor is а professor (yes) 10. if their daughter speaks English
4. if the visitor has а spouse (yes) 11. if their son is а student
5. what the spouse’s name is 12. if they have а car (yes) and what kind
6. if the spouse is also а professor 13. if they have а dog or а cat (а dog) and what kind
7. if the spouse speaks English 14. what the name of the dog is
Report the results of the interview in the third person.
Model: D += $
( К".
D) += G & L! К".
C. Interview Video. Что у вас есть?
78 YJ 3
Word Building
Suffix -ск-
Some proper nouns can be made into adjectives by adding the suffix -ск-,
and the adjective ending. Slight modifications of the stem may also occur.
nouns adjectives nouns adjectives
G$: $: $ $
I-M I- ! # ! #
$! $!
L$$= "$$=
Make up new titles for newspapers using the adjectives just listed and the
following nouns.
газтa журнл курьр courier првда слво word

«Техсская првда», ...
Combining Adjectives
Two adjectives can sometimes be combined with а hyphen. In this
construction, the first adjective takes а shorter form: stem + the vowel -о.
/5Y< + !' = ()-!' black and white
% $& $ ()-! .
% $ $ ()-!' $!$+.
р_сский + англйский = р=сско-англйский Russian-English
(e.g., dictionary)
Note: The adjective англйский has а shorter stem: англ-
нгло-р=сский словрь English-Russian dictionary
Look at the advertisement for а computerized dictionary. Combine any two
adjectives to make as many two-language dictionary titles as possible. What
kind of dictionaries do you have?
=]
8%
R9
M
M
STU%V
M

G9W;
M

L
M 3200 -.
DDU
M
LA9W
M
T%
M 84000 !
RA99
M
.
H?? 79
!
3.1 Gender of Nouns
There are three genders in Russian: masculine, feminine, and neuter.
Yоu have already learned some masculine and feminine nouns
(e.g., артст/артстка, брат/сестр). When the gender of the nоun
cannot bе determined bу its meaning alone (natural gender), it can bе
determined bу the nоun ending. Nouns ending in а consonant or -й are
masculine, nouns ending in -а or -я are feminine, and those ending in -о
or -е are neuter. Words that end in а soft consonant (written with the soft
sign -ь) can bе masculine or feminine. Their gender has to bе memorized.
Word lists and dictionaries give the gender for such nouns.
! (m.) di(ti"nar,
! (f.) horse
Masculine Feminine Neuter
hard stem *-! -ø - " J -
soft stem -+ - )9 -9 -"* H -H

!? -? !? -?
Note: Some animate nouns (including familiar forms of first names) that
end in -а or -я are masculine.
1 ""/-/&//!
but: Q1 /-/)//G
(Y *VH
1. Define the grammatical gender of the following nouns.
1. *-! 8.
2. " 9. "$
3. " 10. $!$#
4. $!$+ 11.
5. 12. +
6. 13.
7. $! " 14.
80 YJ 3
As you already know, adjectives agree with the nouns they modify. So far
you have learned the masculine and feminine forms of adjectives. In this
lesson, you will learn the neuter form.
= *-!. (The adjective agrees with а masculine noun.)
= 9 +. (The adjective agrees with а feminine noun.)
=H " . (The adjective agrees with а neuter noun.)
Masc. Fem. Neuter
stem stressed = -* = - 9 =H -H

+' -<* + +H
end stressed "!: -ť "!: -ŧ9 "!:JH -ťH

! ! !JH
J Q9 JH
*The choice between the endings -ый and -ий is determined by Spelling Rule 1.
Spelling Rule 1: After к, г, х, ж, ч, ш, щ, write и, not ы.
Note: Two adjectives have special forms that will be discussed in detail
later. For now, they have to be memorized.
: : :HH good (See Spelling Rule 3 in grammar 6.4)
99 HH blue (See soft adjectives in grammar 14.7)
(Y *V9
2. Glossaries and dictionaries usually list adjectives only in the masculine
form. You can deduce the feminine and neuter forms from the masculine.
Use the nouns and adjectives provided to come up with the following
drinks.
! & wine !' white

vodka ()' black
$ " beer ' red
= ( tea
#=+ "$ champagne
.
H?? 81
1. Mexican beer 4. Chinese black tea
2. Russian vodka 5. French champagne
3. French red wine 6. Italian white wine
3. Use each adjective on the left with each noun on the right.
Model: $ , $ +...

1. $
2. $ +
3. : "
4. = $!$+
5. !
6. " !
7. "
8. #=+
9. $
10. *-!
4. Write the missing What kind? questions.
Model: = *-!. = J *YQ?

1. $ +.
2. =$ " .
3. ! & *-!.
4. " #"".
5. #=+ .
6. $$ .
7. +.
8. ! ! .
9. $ " @$.
10. " $$ .
5. Answer the questions using the opposite descriptions. You should be
familiar with the new adjectives old, new, big, and so on at this point.
Model: "!: +? H, ^ qYJ1 9 " &V .
1. ? 6. $ " ?
2. $' ? 7. ?
3. $ ? 8. " @$?
4. ! $!$+? 9. ' *-!?
5. !$ $$ ? 10. "!:$ ?
82 YJ 3
3.3 . ^? Versus / žH?
In Chapter 1 you learned the difference between the following questions:
7? (а general question when no proper
Who is this? noun is present)
Y R ? (а question when the proper name is
Who is Yuri Gagarin? present and further clarification is
!! L-()? needed)
Who is Alla Pugachova?
The same basic rule applies to the questions Что ^то? and Что такJе?
Z 7? (а general question when no proper
What is this? noun is present)
Z $ « »? (а question when the proper name
What is а Sony? or brand name is present and further
clarification is needed)
(Y *VH
6. Ask the corresponding questions using Z 7? or Z $?
1. «G» – 7 $ *-!.
2. " @$.
3. *-!.
4. «L» – 7 = +.
5. «E » – 7 = .
3.4 Possessive Pronouns

In Chapter 2 you learned the masculine and feminine forms of possessive
pronouns. In this lesson you will learn the corresponding neuter forms and
а new question word (also called interrogative pronoun) /H? (whose?).
Like the other possessive pronouns, /H agrees with the noun it modifies.
.H 7 *-!? *-!. (($ agrees with а masculine noun)
Whose magazine is this? It is my magazine.
.?9 7 ? { . (( agrees with а feminine noun)
Whose book is this? It is my book.
.?5 7 ŧ ? 5 . (( ) agrees with а neuter noun)
Whose radio is this? It is my radio.
.
H?? 83
The new forms are boldfaced in the chart.
Possessive pronouns Personal pronouns

masc. fem. neuter subject forms object forms
& 5 my I $& me
&
5 your ' you $& you
$/$) $/$) H"J/H5 his, her / he/she $/$) him/her
Q1H our ' we us

Q1H your ' you you
: : q their they : them
/H /?9 /?5 whose
(Y *V9
7. Write questions and answers according to the model. Be sure to use
the right form of the pronouns.
Model: *-!/ .H ^ *YQ? = *YQ.
1. / 6. " /$)
2. / 7. $$ /
3. ! / 8. $!$+/
4. ! /$ 9. " @$/
5. +/ 10. $$/ :
8. This exercise includes all three forms: I, me, my, etc. Pay close
attention to which form is needed.
1. @ "-= . "= $
"-= . A $ " $ .
2. $ ($ : "-! . ; $
" I . "-! ?
3.
. 7 $.
"-! :. ; " I.
4. 9. 7 $. += .
"-! ($ :. ;
" I.
5. '. "-$ . E'
" $$? 7 - -.
6. 7? $? , 7 $.
"-! $? , ' "-! .
" $$? , ' " $.
7. 9. & "-= . '
" $. $! ( parents) *$ & "-= .
84 YJ 3
3.5 Verbs $_ ? and & ?
#_ |? (to think) and зна|ть (to know) were already introduced in
Chapter 2. They are regular first-conjugation verbs.
(Y *V9
9. Fill in the endings. Refer to Chapter 2, grammar section 2.2 if necessary.
= +
' = ' +
/ = / +
' = ' +
' = ' +
= +
10. 8 &Q7 H5, ŧ H &ŧH H{. Finish the sentences with the
opposite idea.
Model: ; +I $), Q H &QH H{.

1. ; +I $, ... 4. A +$ $&, ...
2. A +$ , ... 5. ' +$ , ...
3. G' +$ :, ... 6. E' +$$ $&, ...
3.6 Dependent Clauses

Question words (, /, J, , /H, and others) can be used in
both independent and dependent clauses.
А. Independent
7? Who is this?
. 7? What is this?
Q9 7 ? What kind of book is this?
' "-= ? How do you speak Russian?
.?9 7 +? Whose newspaper is this?
В. Dependent
; $ +I, I do not know who speaks
"- . Chinese.
G' +$ , / 7? Do уои know what this is?
A $ +$, Q9 7 . Не does not know what kind of
book this is.
' $ +$, ' We do not know how уои speak
"-= . Russian.
A $ +I, /?9 7 +. They do not know whose
newspaper it is.
.
H?? 85
In addition, the word что is used as the conjunction that between clauses.
The English language often omits the conjunction in these sentences.
; =I, / + – 7 .

I think (that) (the) borzoi is а beautiful dog.
; +I, / ' "-= .
I know (that) you speak Russian.
(Y *V9
11. Say that you do not know the answer to the following questions.
Model: "-" ? 8 H &Q7, "
Ym
(-9(J.
1. Z 7? 4. $ " $ $&?
2. 7 *-!? 5. Z ) 7 " ?
3. Z 7 ?
12. ķ $Ÿ 7, /... Write complete sentences using the words
given.
Model: / = / + / ' / $_ H, /
Y&Q9 – ^
Y m
9 Q .
1. $ / = / «9» / : /
2. ' / = / «A)» / $' / *-!
3. & $ / = / $ / ' /
4. / = / Z / : / "+
5. / = / «-' #'» / : / +
13. (-Y_?
1. Do you know what his name is?

2. Does she know who this is?
3. Do they know what my name is?
4. Does Sasha know whose car this is?
5. Do you know what kind of book this is?
6. Do you know that Lada is а Russian car?
7. I know that she speaks English very well.
8. We know that his sister does not understand Spanish.
9. Не knows that I do not speak Chinese.
10. Does Sergei know how well my brother speaks German?
86 YJ 3
3.7 Equivalents of the Verb tо have
You have so far learned to express possession with possessive pronouns
my, your, his, and so on. You can also express possession in another way.
% $& $ . I have а car.
literally: By me there is а car.
Compare the two ways to express possession.
This is my/your . . . dog. I/you . . . have а dog.
& . H{ H? .
& . H{ H? .
$ . H"J H? .
$) . H5 H? .
. H? .
.
H? .
: . q H? .
Note: The third-person pronouns егJ, её, and их add an extra consonant,
н, after the preposition у: у негJ, у неё, у них.
(Y *V9
14. Write complete sentences, according to the model.
Model: '/! / H? ?1Q9 Q .
1. /'/! (f.) 6. '/!$ /
2. /'/$! " 7. /" / $$
3. /! / 8. /$ /
4. '/'// 9. '//$$
5. '/: /! 10. /'/= /+
15. Rewrite the sentences using the other way of expressing possession.
Model: % $& $ . S = { Q .
$) $. S H5 H? HYQ.
1. % $& $ . 9. $!$+.
2. $ !. 10. % $& $ $! ".
3. % : $ á! . 11. & .
4. . 12. % $ $ ! .
5. % $ " @$. 13. % $) $ !.
6. $) ! . 14. : .
7. % $ . 15. % $ .
8. & .
.
H?? 87
3.8 Omission of есть
When you ask about the existence of something, the word есть is used.
The answer to such а question starts with yes or no. Similarly, if you make а
statement about the existence of something or somebody, есть is included
in the sentence. If, on the other hand, you already know that а person
has something, but you want to find out more details, есть is omitted.
Compare the following statements and question-and-answer pairs.
with H? (first time introducing the topic)
% $& H? . (statement about existence)
% $ H? . (statement about existence)
% $& H? ? , H?. (question and answer about
# , H{ H? existence)
.
without H? (when the existence of the item is already known)

% $& qYJ1 9 ? , qYJ1 9. (question and answer about
quality)
Q9 - $& ? % $& qYJ1 9 (question and answer about
. quality)
Note: Negative statements or answers in complete sentences require
grammatical structures that are beyond the scope of this lesson. For now, if you
do not have the thing mentioned, answer simply Нет, or Нет, у менÿ нет.
У теб& есть мотоцкл? Нет.
(Y *V9
16. Write the questions that elicited the answers provided.
Model: , - $& $ . H{ H? 1m ?
1. , - $& $ . 4. , - $) $ $!$#.
2. , - $ $ ! . 5. , - : $ .
3. , - $ ! .
17. Write your follow-up questions to the statements.

Model: % $& $ . Q9 H{ 1m ?
1. % $& $ . 6. % $& $ $! ".
2. % $ ! . 7. % $ ! .
3. % : $ !. 8. % $ $ .
4. % $ $ $$. 9. % $ .
5. % $) $ " @$. 10. % $) e -(š .
88 YJ 3
3.9 Accusative Case: Preview
The Russian language, like Latin and German, has a case system. This means
that nouns, adjectives, and pronouns have different forms depending on their
function in the sentence. So far you have learned the basic form, the nominative
case. The object of a Russian sentence requires the accusative case.
H{ +=... / H"ž -Q +=... / Z Q +=...
literally: They call me They call my father They call my mother
object object object
A :ž($ -" ž
< HH
m&Y. ; !I!@ Z Q.
He wants to buy a new TV. I love my dog.
object object
You will learn the endings of the accusative case in Chapter 7, grammar
point 7.6 (nouns), and in Chapter 8, grammar point 8.2 (adjectives and
possessive pronouns). For now, consult the following table.
masculine nom. ž' $!$+
inanimate acc. (no change)
masculine nom. ž' - / ŧ
animate acc. H"ž ž" Ÿ / H"ž ŧH" ŧ
feminine nom. & ž / & ! ŧ
(all) acc. Z ž7 / Z ! Ÿ7 ŧ
Vocabulary
Nouns Electronics
Printed matter $$ camcorder

ŧ $ŧ home theater
" &V newspaper
(?ZHY computer
*YQ magazine
m? cell phone
m" book
-= laptop computer
(?J letter
"!š$ player
YQ novel
"$ printer

QY? m. dictionary
YQ$ radio
/š textbook
.
H?? 89
$$ stereo system HQ Mexican
HH
m&Y television HV- German
HHJ telephone Y -_& French
#"" camera 9(J Japanese
Vehicles Colors

H(V$ bicycle V< white
1m car "J light blue
! motorcycle *5< yellow
&H5< green
Pets ($' brown
J1 cat YQ< red
J1 $? f. horse *$' orange
Q dog +' pink
' grey
Other nouns m, -99, -HH blue
war # !' purple
"ť question /5Y< black
$V
1 girl, young
woman, Other
girlfriend ?1J big, large
$V pl. children $)' cheap
реасе $Y"J expensive
(YQ
$ truth $$' only, sole, one and
$) child only
( $ [F $] happiness HYV< interesting
J what, what kind
Y m
< beautiful
Adjectives QH? little, small
Of origin ! younger
"m English J
< new
(Q Spanish _/< boring
?{ Italian older
Q$ Canadian QY< old
Q Chinese qYJ1, - 9, -HH good
90 YJ 3
Pronouns :š to want
, {, 5 my :(Ÿ, :ž($ , :ž($

,
{,
5 уоur (sg.) :, :$, :&
H"J his
H5 her Other
1, Q1 , Q1H our $F) $ not yet

1,
Q1 ,
Q1H your (pl.) *$ married (of a
q their man)
/H, /?9, /?5 whose +-*$ married (of а
woman)
Verbs J*H <? maybe, perhaps
$ "ť' answer the
$_ |? (I) to think
questions
H? there is, there are
(-JH in my opinion
& |? (I) to know
!ŧ$, !ŧ I agree
!I|ķ (II) to like, to love
H{ H? I have
!I!@
/ what
!@
/ conj. that
!@
/ JH what is
-"ķ to buy
.
H?? 91
YJ 4 (.H
5Y< YJ)
!$H &$H? (J/ ?

◆ Describing your city ◆ Moscow ◆ Personal pronouns
◆ Asking for directions ◆ St. Petersburg ◆ Demonstrative pronouns
◆ Expressing location ◆ Russian housing 7 and
◆ Describing things in the ◆ Inside an apartment ◆ Verbs :o ,
plural +' , and +
(+=)
◆ Describing your house
or apartment ◆ Prepositional case of
singular nouns
◆ Nominative plural of nouns
◆ Nominative plural of
adjectives
◆ Plural of possessive and
= Q1 $V<

V.
!$H &$H? (J/ ? 93
Describing Your City
= "JY$.
$ / &$QH
( Y
-VY
?
_-
y
HYQ"
(J3 $?
" &m
V
(Y{ (YQ

Asking For Directions
*mH, YHYQ « _»?

(*Q , "$H (J/ ? Q , (YQ
.
&
mH, V «YJ »? J
( m. '*Q .
4.1 Personal Pronouns
– *mH, (*Q , "$H &$H? (J/ ?

– Q , (YQ
.
– ( m.
– '*Q .
94 YJ 4
YHYQ V V &V
V (V
HYV
HQY
HQY
"m-
$J ?m-
V
(YQ

(Y{
– *$, "*!-, ! $ 36 $ HJ?

– $, H$ HJ/m&. $mH (Y{, (J (YQ
.
– ".
– L*!-.
–
+ $, "*!-, $ HYJ?
– A &$H? Y{$, !.
– ".
– L*!-.
!$H &$H? (J/ ? 95

1. =
HYQ9 _- . 6Y #"Y
R ': ! , T -!
T$'
HY 9 (.
#: 9 , , ! 'Y
H?

<
" : S
G$': G$ $ .. D!, kG
+': , 0, Global USA Global USA
0 : -0
9
You are driving your friend around Moscow in the area
Y
shown on the map. You are just entering Tverskaya
Street from Manezh Square. Explain to your friend
what is on the right and left. Before you start, examine

H
the symbols on the map.
Model: G$ =! . !

$ $
« ! »
.
«T -!». "...
Y
2. &
mH, (*Q . You came out at the
A:' metro station and you are now
#H
facing Tverskaya Street. Ask a passer-by politely
for directions to the locations on the map.
S1: *$, "*!-, $ "
«S»?
S2: G, ". H Y .
.. ]Y
Y
S1: ".
S2: L*!-. -- Y
or:
S1:
+ $, "*!-, $ - #
« » !$?
S2: $, $!$.
$ "&, " - ?
q< Y9$
".
S1: ".
V* 9 (J3 $?
S2: L*!-.
Tverskaya Street and the surroundings are Tverskaya Square. Other establishments that
constantly changing. Stores and restaurants have weathered the changing times are hotel
come and go, but the statue of Yuri Dolgoruki, ! and R-ò$ =, the
the founder of Moscow, is still standing on lower house of the Russian Parliament.
96 YJ 4
-'HHY_Y"
The city of St. Petersburg was built by Czar Peter The original Germanic name of the city,
the Great as J
]
YJ(, a window to the -L$$= (1703–1914) was russified
west (literally: Europe). Construction of the city to L$ (1914–1924), and renamed
began in 1703 and was conducted according 9$ after Lenin’s death in 1924. The
to the architectural plans devised by Peter. original name -L$$= was restored
St. Petersburg was the capital of the Russian in 1991. Nowadays the city is sometimes called
empire from 1712 until the spring of 1918, simply L$.
when the revolutionary government declared
Moscow the capital of the new Soviet Russia.
= #
Y-J
9 (J3 $? %m $
YV-, "$H qJ$9 &V «=YQ*».
^ ( Y? V $.
&<
QH9 ^ _- ? V
(Y(V.
^ &$QH? %m $
YV-.
4.2 Demonstrative Pronouns

4.3 Verbs нахoди́ться, назывáться, and звать (зовýт)
!$H &$H? (J/ ? 97

3. &<
QH9 ^ _- ? Your friend is driving you around St.
Petersburg. He or she is a little quiet and does not volunteer information
about the sights (unlike most Russians). Point to various buildings,
churches, and streets, and find out what they are called.
S1: +'$ 7 -+?

S2: *.
Category Name
1. -+ *
+'$
2. « »
« ».
3. " 9
4. =! ""
5. + $
$
6. $ «»
7. "!F "!F
+'$ 7
4. Check your skills. +?
A. How would you . . .
1. ask politely for directions to different places
2. give directions using there, here, straight ahead, right, left, far,
and near
3. thank a person for information
4. accept thanks
5. ask about the name of a street or building
B. Designate different parts of the classroom as a store, library, etc. One

student asks for directions, and the others guide the student to go
straight, left, etc.
98 YJ 4
Expressing Location
R$ ? A
+H. The preposition
(in)
R$ 9+? A
-+H. is used for all nouns
R$ 9? A
!H. introduced so far in
R$ ? A "(H. this lesson except
the following:
4.4 Prepositional Case of Singular Nouns "($, $,
=! $, and
"!F . Refer to the
5. !$H m? All these tourists are visiting different places. Where are
grammar section for
they now? further details.
S1: R$
?
S2: A +$ «$! ».

"$H "$H
1. ! 5. 9 ()
2. + «-$'» 6. 9 -+
3. $)* « » 7. "
4. E! $ «0=» 8. $
Describing Things in the Plural

$ $< ! !< " "ķ
- $ - $ ! ! + $ + 9
-+ -+ "!F "!Fa
! !ķ
4.5 Nominative Plural of Nouns
-. 7 -<.
!$H &$H? (J/ ? 99

6. H"ťY. Categories. What do the following names represent?
Model: «k!» «k! $

» – 7 <.
1. Time and Newsweek

2. Hyatt Regency and Marriott
3. New York Times and San Francisco Chronicle
4. Harvard and Yale
5. « » «E »
6. «L» «-' #'»
7. « » «D"» (hotels)
8. 9 :! (parks)
9. «» «V » (restaurants)
7. . q H??
A. What do you think they sell in stores with the following signs? List
all items in the plural.
Аудио – Видео
Книги
B. Make category headings for internet advertisements for the

following items. Continue with your own items.
1. telephones
2. computers
3. cameras
4. bicycles
5. motorcycles
$'? <H $'.

mH 7 !'? !$ H !'.
+ ? ! mH + .
4.6 Nominative Plural of Adjectives
100 YJ 4
mH 7 -'?
$ H -'.
8. .
H??
A. You were assigned to write a Russian-language travel brochure for
your city. Using the words below as a starting point, brainstorm
some catchy phrases to be used in the brochure.
Model: % $ '$, +$!)'$ ï , ...
mH /
!$ $ +$!)'$ +' -+
$ ! $ =! ' $'
'$ $$ -' $'
'$ : $ "!F '
$'$ '$ " - $ '
B. You are at a Moscow bookstore. Ask if they have the items listed.
They do not, and the clerk always suggests something else.
S1: % $ " $ *-!'?
S2: $, - $ ŧ $ *-ŧ!'.
1. American magazines 4. American novels

2. German dictionaries 5. French books
3. new Russian newspapers
!$H &$H? (J/ ? 101

!
R%—R!' - $! ' + (state) - $ŧ! ' +. Its original
(Main Department Store)—is actually an upscale name, E: $ '$ ² (Upper Trading
shopping mall, not a department store. In the Rows) reflects the architectural design of the
Soviet times it was called R-$' structure, built in the 1890’s.

Q
– 7 ($ ' . Y != !l 7 1founded
1147- =. $! (1) – 7 $2 <. G : '$ 2heart
+ , $'$ -+ '$ . "!F (2) – 7

+ "!žF T . 3, !4 «'» $5 3by the way / 4word
+( ! 6 beautiful, $ red. "!F : k 5earlier / 6meant
E! 0!* (3) – + ) $7 . ! 7in the whole world
"!F : ! $ $ + $ –

($
-+ (4). R% (5) – !'8 - $! '9 + – 7 ! 8main / 9universal
' - $ 10 ($ : $=. $!$ 11 10with / 11from
"!F : 0! $ (6).

G$ =! $ : : $ +', ',
$' #.
A.
V?H
(YJ<.
1. ! =?
2. $ + : $!?
3. L($= (why) "!F «»?
4. Z $ R%?
5. R$ : 0! $?
B. Find the places mentioned on the map of Moscow on page 103.
C. 'YQ
$ H(YQ
$ ? Correct the statements if necessary.
1. Y != – } $ ².
2. E $! : '$ .
3. R% – } ' - $ .
4. k E! 0!* – } .
5.
($ -+ – } !$ + $.
6. 0! $ : "!F .
102 YJ 4
9. = YQ 9 (J3 $?.
A. Look at the map. Explain in Russian what is on the right, on the left,
and straight ahead, if you are . . .
1. standing in the middle of Red Square facing St. Basil’s Cathedral
2. standing in the middle of Red Square facing the Historical
Museum
B. Point to various buildings and ask your classmates to name them.

Q
"!F (2): $! (1), k E! 0!* (3)
- $ : R% (5)
$': 0! $ (6)
-+ :
($ -+ (4), -+ . .. L= (7)
': $"! (8)
! : ! . 9 (9)
" : !$ (10)
!$H &$H? (J/ ? 103

Yŧ 9 (ž3 $?
Since the times of Ivan III (fifteenth century), located at the south end of Red Square. It was
YQ 9 (J3 $? (Red Square) has been built in the 1550s during Ivan the Terrible’s
the scene for public events, from executions reign to celebrate the final liberation of the
to demonstrations, processions, and parades. Russian state from the Tatars. After Ivan’s
On the southwest side, Red Square is bounded death, a small chapel was added to the
by the YH? (the Kremlin), originally a cathedral. This chapel enclosed the tomb of
fortress, but later a residence of monarchs and a saint called E! . Soon thereafter, the
patriarchs, as well as the seat of the Russian whole cathedral became known as St. Basil’s.
government. Most of the northeast side of Red Square is
Y m9 *V" (St.Basil’s occupied by ! , the most famous shopping
Cathedral), Russia’s most famous landmark, is mall in Moscow.

Q – ķ- ķ.
= YQ 9 (J3 $?. 'Y{ Y m9 *V", (YQ

YH?,
V

HYQ" «! ».
104 YJ 4
Describing Your House or Apartment
= J
<H QY<H
YmY<

V.
Living in the City and in the Country

YķY
Most city dwellers live in apartments; houses are #Q/
virtually nonexistent in big cities. Apartments Many Russians have a summer house in the
located in downtown areas are usually older and countryside. These dachas are usually very
more spacious, but in Soviet times they were modest and rarely have modern conveniences,
often turned into Q?<H
YmY< such as bathrooms and running water. During
(communal apartments), shared by several the warmer months, Russians often spend
families. Each family had a room or two for the weekends at the dacha tending to their
itself, with a common kitchen and bathroom. vegetable gardens or simply enjoying the peace
Nowadays many communal apartments have and quiet of the countryside. Grandparents
been bought by private owners and restored to and children typically stay at the dacha for
their original condition. extended periods in the summer.
Apartment buildings in suburbs used to be
colossal concrete blocks, with little variation in
architectural design, but in recent years there
has been a surge in new construction of high-
priced upscale apartment complexes.
When describing the size of an apartment,
Russians usually count all rooms except
for the kitchen, toilet, and bathroom. Thus,
the apartment can be an
(one-room) -: (two-room),
): (three-room) and so
on. The area is expressed in square apartments
are small by Western standards. = $Q/.
!$H &$H? (J/ ? 105

O3H*mH
Dormitories are only for students from other cities or countries. Local students usually live
with their parents.

H.
!$H
< *
5H? 8 *
_
H.

F$* .
(H.
*?
* = ' * )
' * ) ' * )$
/ * ) * =
Q1 $Y&?{

!! * = ($.
2])] № 3
= -' * = F$* . m Y$mH * = $.
4.7 Plural of Possessive and Demonstrative Pronouns

<?
• R$ ' * )$?

• E $! * = $ !
$?
• E -+ & * = F$* ?
106 YJ 4
10. !$H m *
_?
A. Practice questions and answers according to the model.
S1: R$ * = 9?
S2: A * = $.
$
YmY $Q/ 3H*mH
9 X
X
$$ X
E! X
L$' X
B. Find out where your fellow students live. Do most of them live in
houses, apartments, or residence halls? How about you?

YmYH
Since many apartments are very small, the on the walls. If the family is religious, an icon,
rooms may serve several purposes. The living ž (a religious image painted on wood),
room doubles as a formal dining room and/ may stand in a special icon corner on a shelf.
or parents’ bedroom. Thus, Russians often call
this room simply ?1Q9 J . Kitchens

are also small, but, nevertheless, typical places
for entertaining close friends. In traditional
Russian apartments the V and the
18,9

Q 9 (bathroom) are separate: the former
11,4
contains the toilet bowl only, and the latter a
bathtub and sink.
8,5
Russian apartments do not have full carpeting.

Instead, they have wood or linoleum floors
with rugs of different sizes. In addition, certain
oriental (Bukharan, etc.) rugs may be hung

!$H &$H? (J/ ? 107

?1Q9 J

HV
m

.
J $
HY? V m !".
aì(a (_ H*m
).
èâ
In Russian, things

either hang, stand, or
lie in the room. Use
the singular forms
(
( , , !$*)

with a singular subject
and the corresponding
QH? 9 J plural forms ( &,
( Q &, !$*) with a
m* 9 (J plural subject.
1
Y
Q?

(m?H<
11. !$H H*m
5Y? Ask and answer questions about the two pictures.
R$ //!$*...? or Z //!$* ...?

YJ
In recent years, some de- In these types of houses,
velopers have started catering ro oms are t y pi c a l ly
to wealthier Russians by labeled for their use:
building elite suburban villages, "m 9 (living room),
(5, with townhouses, J
9 (dining room),
qQ<, and detached $V 9 (children’s room),
houses, V$*, especially (Q?9 (bedroom),
around Moscow. V (office), etc.
108 YJ 4
12. ? Draw a

floor plan of your family’s
house or apartment and 3.62
Ãapäepo 2.27
explain the drawing to Ãapa
27.54 1.38
your classmate. Include the Äeòa
furnishings in all rooms. 4.87
14.26 Xo
o
7.11 2.27 24.34
Baa
yõíÿ 7.13 Baa
6.87 6.54
Ãoñòèíaÿ
Ka
17.16 C a
15.42 Ka
39.25
15.42
T
13.2
?

.
1 ², 1south

2 .
!, "! #,
# 2avenue
#$ .

! %
&'!, !
a(
%
. )
*"!

, !+'
&' , .

". - /
&' !
. 0

#$
1. !" , $3 !

. 3lower
# 1

.

'
. 0 &'!$ -
' .

'$
!.

&'!$ 3 4&

.
&'!$ #$ 3.
- /
!
. 4 !

', '#$

*.

# !,

$ '
.

& 5 $.
A. Answer the questions in English.
1. Where is Natasha’s apartment located?
2. How many floors are there in the building?
3. On which floor does she live?
4. How does she probably get downtown from her apartment?
5. How many rooms are there in the apartment?
6. How many people are in Natasha’s family?
7. Where do you think her parents sleep?
? 109
B. Correct the false statements.
1.
3

.
2. 6"
"!

%
.
3.

!
# ".
4.

.
5. 7

.
6. 6" &
.
C. Work in small groups to draw a sketch of Natasha’s apartment. One

student is the “artist,” and the others give instructions in Russian.
Chapter Review
1. describe the location of buildings
2. ask for and give directions to а place
3. thank somebody and respond to а thank you
4. inquire about the name of something For self-tests and additional practice,
5. say where people are Site, available at www.wiley.com/
college/nummikoski
6. describe things in the plural with adjectives For access to the videos, please go to
7. say whether уоu live in а house, apartment, or residence hall your access code at www.wiley.com/
college/wrk
8. describe the furnishings of your house or apartment
В. Helicopter Tour. You and a Russian visitor rented a helicopter for an easy sight-seeing tour of your
city. Explain what is on the right, on the left, and straight ahead while you are flying past all the
important landmarks. Make your narrative as interesting as possible.
C. Hollywood Home. Pretend to be a famous movie star. Give a Russian visitor a tour of your mansion.
D. Interview Video. Где вы живёте?
110 4
Extra
A. For Sale and Wanted. Examine the advertisements and find out the
following.
1. Which of the sales advertisements are not for housing?
2. Which For Sale advertisement would you call to buy a TV?
3. Which houses or apartments for sale are not located in Moscow?
4. Which of the houses or apartments is probably the largest? Smallest?
5. Which one would you buy?
B. Match the Wanted advertisements with the closest possible For Sale
advertisement.
Продаю (For Sale) Куплю (Wanted)
1. Продаю 2-комнатную 6. Продается комната 16 кв.м в A. Большую квартиру в Москве.
квартиру. Тел. 203-62-83. двухкомнатной квартире. Тел. 323-67-53.
2. Продаю добермана. Тел. Тел. 287-98-67. B. Куплю квартиру на Южном
158-87-67. 7. Продаю щенков мини- берегу Крыма. Тел. 342-01-81.
3. Большую дачу на берегу шнауцера. Тел. 232-98-58. C. Куплю дачу недалеко от
Балтийского моря. 35 км от 8. Дом в Крыму с садом, Петербурга. Тел. 224-98-66.
Петербурга. Тел. 238-78-46. на берегу Азовского моря. D. Куплю большую собаку. Тел.
4. Цветной телевизор «Восток». Тел. 56-4-89. 122-45-22.
Тел. 234-78-95.
5. Продаю большую квартиру
в центре. Тел. 129-64-56.
Word Building
Roots
A root is a simple linguistic base (a fragment of a word) from which words
are derived by phonetic change, additions, or both. Knowing the basic root
may help you understand other related words. Some simple words can also
be a basis for word derivation. In the following two examples, the first one
shows derivation from a word (
'), the second from a root (-).
guest - truth, right a on the right

( hotel right truth

#$ hospitable to the right rule

living room, ' correctly
guest room
Here are some more vocabulary items from this chapter. Connect the words
in the top row to the words they are derived from.
* ' &8

!

'
' to sleep bathtub
? 111
!""!#$!
4.1 Personal Pronouns
Yоu have already learned that the personal pronouns
(he),
(she),
and
(they) refer to animate masculines and feminines. The same
forms are used to refer to masculine and feminine inanimate nouns. The
pronoun
refers to neuter nouns. The forms
/
/
/
replace
the noun they refer to and agree with it in gender and number.
9 $ %
? &
'. Where is my magazine? It is here.
9
? &

. Where is my book? It is there.
9 3 ? &
'. Where is my radio? It is here.
9
? &

. Where аrе my books? They аrе there.
Note: Since
/
/
/
are replacer pronouns, the noun they refer
to is not present in the same sentence.
)
$ '(. &
!$. This is my motorcycle. It is
expensive.
)
$ (. &
1. This is my father. Не is а
professor.
Another noun can be present in the sentence.
)
)
. &
!+'
+ %.
This is my friend Natasha. She is а very nice girl.
Это (not а replacer pronoun) is used when the same nоun is repeated in
the second sentence.
)
7 )(. * !+' &' )(.
This is Tverskaya Street. It is а very big street.
)

?
, +
.
Is this уоur book? No, it/this is not my book.
)

$ (? ,, + $ (.
Is this уоur father? Yes, it/this is my father.

1. Fill in
/
/
/
or +.
1. #
, ' !+
? _____
, .
2. 9 '
*
? _____
, .
3. )

?
, _____ .
4. 9
( «( '»? _____
, .
112 4
5. 9 ' &? _____
, ca.
6. )
7 (. _____ !+' &' (.
7. )
$ '?
, _____
$ '.
8. 7# ', 3 ?
, :, _____.
9. )
& . _____ &' .
10. )
6 $$ . _____ !+' #$ .
4.2 Demonstrative Pronouns

Compare the following.
)
!#$
. *
!#$.
This is а new restaurant. This restaurant is new.
)

(. *
(
.
This is аn old hotel. This hotel is old.
)
&'! . *
&'!.
This is а big building. This building is big.
In the right column, this is а demonstrativе pronoun that modifies the noun
and therefore agrees with it in gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter).

2. Rewrite the sentences using the demonstrative pronoun +/+/+.
Model: )
!#$
. *

1.
1. )
&' &&
. 6. )
! .
2. )
!#$
!. 7. )
!$ * .
3. )
' (. 8. )

'!.
4. )
('. 9. )
! !.
5. )

#$ *$. 10. )
"!$ .
If you compare two different items, you need another demonstrative
pronoun // (that).
*
&'!$, (
) '$.
This TV is big, but that оnе is small.
* , () 3.
This car is expensive, but that оnе is cheap.
* '!
, ('!) !.
This letter is old, but that оnе is new.
? 113

3. Compare the two items according to the model.
Model: /!$/3#$ * '

2,
'
2.
1. /"!$/"!$
2. /&'!$/ '$
3. &&
/ '$/&'!$
4. /!#$/
#$
5. /#$/#$
6. '!/!#$/
#$
7.
(/"!$/"!$
8. *

/&'!$/ '$
9.
/!#$/
#$
10. /"!$/"!$ Remember: "!1,
"!2, "! .
4.3 Verbs
32,
2, and (%)
A. 32. 32 (to be located) is а reflexive verb, hence
the ending -2. You will learn more about reflexive verbs later.
32 belongs to the second conjugation group and is most
often used in the third-person singular and plural.
9 "! !+
?
Where is the post office located?
>' > !8' "!2 .
The Kremlin and Red Square are located in Moscow.
In this lesson, the use of
32/
322 is optional. You should,
however, recognize this verb.
114 4
B. 2 versus ()). Like "
', the verb

2 (to be called) is used primarily in the third-person
forms, referring to inanimate objects. This verb belongs to the first
conjugation group.
> # /

(?
What is this street called? (What is the name of this street?)
> # 7 /
?
What are these buildings called? (What are the names of these
buildings?)
8), from
' (to call), is used when referring to animate objects.
>
&
?
Нow do they call you? (What is your name?)

2
4. Fill in
32,
2, or ).
1. )
( ___________________________ @"!
#$ .
2. 9 ___________________________ &&
?
3. > ___________________________ /
?
4. A! ___________________________ 6'.
5. > ___________________________ /
('?
6. 0
! ___________________________ !.
7. > ___________________________ /
(?
8. > ___________________________?
9. 9 ___________________________ >'?
10. )
&'! ___________________________ 94.
5.
ŧ 2…? Ask questions according to the model.
Remember to use the сorrесt forms of demonstrative pronouns.
Model: (
2 + )(?
1.
2. &&

3.
4. ('
5. *$
? 115
4.4 Prepositional Case of Singular Nouns
In this lesson you will learn the prepositional case of nouns. The prepositional
case is used with the prepositions в (in, at) and на (on, at) to express location.
?
.
Where is Sasha? Не is at the library.
The prepositional case ending is added to the noun in place of the nominative
case ending. The prepositional case ending is -e for most nouns.
Nominative Prepositional
Masculine
-
-
Feminine -

-

- (See note 1)
()- (See notes 1 and 2)
!- ! (See note 3)
Neuter -
-

-
(See note 3)
Note 1: Feminine nouns ending in the soft sign have the ending - in the
prepositional case.
–
on the square
– in bed
Note 2: Some nouns lose the vowel in the last syllable when endings are
added.
Note 3: Nouns ending in - and -e, preceded by an , have the ending -
in the prepositional case.

–

at the station
"! – "! in the residence hall
A few masculine (mostly one-syllable) nouns have an ending - in the
prepositional with the prepositions and (expressing location). In
this lesson there are three nouns of this type.
–
on the floor
– in the garden
# – # in the closet
116 4
SIMPLIFIED RULE FOR THE PREPOSITIONAL
SINGULAR OF NOUNS (SG.)
M, F, N -e
Exceptions:
feminines ending in - -
feminines ending in -
neuters ending in -
Preposition or ? The basic meaning of the two prepositions is the

following.
(in) (on)

!$ in the book
!$ on the book
in the letter on the letter
The English translation can also be at for either one of the prepositions.
at the theater
at the stadium
Тhe preposition is generally used with enclosed places with boundaries,
whereas is used with events and activities covering an entire area.
Sometimes, however, the use of or has to be memorized.
at the library
at the concert
at school
at the stadium

at the university % at the summer house
% at the post office
& in the street

6. Answer the questions in complete sentences, using personal pronouns
and the prepositional case with the preposition or .
Model: '? (

) .
1. *$? ( ) 6. +! ,? (%)
2. , +
? () 7. '? ()
3. $? (
) 8. !? ($!
)
4. / ? ( ) 9. 0!? (
)
5. *? (
) 10. / ? (& )

? 117
4.5 Nominative Plural of Nouns
You have so far learned the singular forms of nouns (the nominative and
prepositional cases). In this lesson, you will learn the nominative plural of
nouns.
1 2

– 3 !.
Tchaikovsky and Rachmaninoff are composers.
Singular Plural
Masculine
hard stem —ø
-

* —ø
$* -*
soft stem - -
- -
Feminine
hard stem - -
* - * -*
soft stem
-
-
- -
Neuter
hard stem - ! -
soft stem
-
-
*The choice between the letters ы and и is determined by Spelling Rule 1.
Spelling Rule 1: After , , , , , , and ! write , not .
SIMPLIFIED RULE FOR ТНЕ

NOMINATIVE РLURАL OF NOUNS
М, F -/
N - /
118 4
Some nouns have а shifting stress. Such changes are given in dictionaries
and glossaries.
Singular Plural
! letter

window
" sister
"
"5
6 wife
А few nouns have irregular plural endings. Dictionaries and glossaries
note these irregularities. At this point, you should recognize the following.
The most important ones are boldfaced.
Singular Plural
$ $ city
house
% % evening
# # professor
# # brother
$ $% friend
" "/ husband
6
6
/ son
& chair
5
child/children
% &' person/people
% % daughter
mother
Some nouns have a fleeting vowel, that is, they lose (or add) а vowel when
an ending is added.
Singular Plural
7 father
church

6 American

6 Canadian
Some nouns are indeclinable, that is, they do not change their form.
Singular Plural
radio
# # café
subway

? 119

7. Write the singular words in the plural and vice versa. This exercise
does not contain irregular forms.
1. masculines 2. feminines
$!
, ,
, ! ,
, & ,
,
,
, ,
,
6 ,

$,
, 3. neuters
, ,
, ,

,
4.6 Nominative Plural of Adjectives

Unlike the singular forms, the adjective endings in the (nominative)
plural are the same for masculine, feminine, and neuter.
Singular Plural
Masculine
, 2,
Feminine
, 2 ,
, 2,* *
Neuter
, 2,
*Spelling Rule 1 is applied.
SIMPLIFIED RULE FOR ТНЕ NOMINATIVE

PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES
Pl. -/*
120 4

8. Write the corresponding questions.
Model: 9
/ !6 . ( $ #% ?
1. 9
/ ! . 6. 9

.
2. 9
!6 . 7. 9
$ 7 ! .
3. 9
$ 6 !
6. 8. 9
/ !%
6 /.
4. 9
2 2
!$. 9. 9
5
.
5. 9
5 $! . 10. 9
2
6
6.
9. Write complete sentences in the plural.
Model: 6/ / #& #.

1.
/ / 6. /

6/$
2. 6/
/ 7.
/!6/
3.
!/2/ ! 8.
/$/;
4. /
6/
!$ 9. 6/&/"

5.
/6/ 10.
!/
/!

4.7 Plural of Possessive and Demonstrative Pronouns

You have so far learned the three singular forms of possessive and
demonstrative pronouns. As with adjectives, the plural form is the same
for masculine, feminine, and neuter.
Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural

/ 5 )
/ 5
$/5 $/5 $/5 /"

2 2 2
% % %5
3 3 3 +

? 121
Note 1: Notice the difference between the masculine singular ),
(with ) and the plural ), (without ) with а
stress on the final . In textbooks, the stressed syllables have an accent
mark on the vowel, which should not be confused with the “hat” of
.
(hat required) ! (accent mark optional)
$ (hat required) / (accent mark optional)
Note 2: Third-person forms (his), её (her), and их (their) remain the
same in all four forms, including the plural.
Singular Plural
< $ < $
< 5 . < 5 .
< 2 < 2

10. Rewrite the sentences in the plural. This exercise contains some
of the most important irregular nouns (marked with an asterisk).
Model: , *

0 # )1
-&. - .
1. , $! -&.
2. < & !.
3. < $!
%
$.
4. <

.
5. 0
.
6. =/ &$ !%
.
7. ' & $* 2
-
.
8. < "

6.
9. ,/ * "5 "!.
10. '
.
122 4
Vocabulary
Nouns Housing
In the city # & balcony
drugstore bathroom
# bank garage
##& library living room
#&2 hospital dacha, summer
house
city
f. door
2 hotel
children’s room
) house
# office
building
араrtment
3 indecl. café
) room
cinema
corridor
) store
kitchen
) indecl. subway
#! residence hall
)$ museum
window
park
& floor
f. square
ceiling
post office
& bedroom
avenue
wall
restaurant
& dining room
garden
$ & toilet
stadium
5 floor, level
theater
&2 street
$) department Furnishings
store sofa
$ university
icon
f. church !
painting
& school 5 rug

? 123
armchair ) then
f. bed %) straight ahead
&) lamp %) close by
poster & on the left
shelf on the right
& table ) there
$& chair
3 cabinet Prepositions
+ prep. in, at
Adjectives + prep. on, at
!
6 writing (adj.)
~стол writing desk Verbs
кн!жный book (adj). !, / is/are hanging
~ bookshelf (I), to live
~6 # bookcase , ",
&, & is/are lying
Pronouns , is/are called
, , , he/she/it/they 1
, , , that/those , is/are located

+, + , +, + this/these
, % is/are standing
Adverbs
Phrases
! near
| go
where
| excuse me
& far
&$ please, you’re
here welcome
& to the left | say, tell
to the right
124 4
5 (:% $)
"?

◆ Describing your country ◆ Physical and political ◆ Prepositional case of nouns
◆ Expressing location geography of Russia, (with ,
, and )
former USSR republics, ◆ Comparative of adjectives
◆ Making comparisons
and Europe
◆ Saying where you live and ◆ Superlative of adjectives
used to live ◆ St. Petersburg ◆ Prepositional case of
◆ Countryside adjectives: в /

◆ Nouns with numerals
($, $, )
,
, > "

◆ Past tense of verbs:
Introduction
; -:# - < .

"? 125
Geographical Terminology
The following nouns

; @)
have a stress shift in
( the plural:
–

6, $ – $6,
– , –
/, – 5.
;>@
; -= 2 In addition, two
nouns have irregular
plural endings:
$ – $ and
0 ( ) –
A @) ( ).

&$

@A [B-B-] –

5
6 @6
) A
1. ( .
A. Define the following geographical names.
Model: @A – 3

.
1. A# 5. A 8. C !
2. $
6. ! 9. +

3. ,! 7. A
10. D&
4. < (Erie)
B. Make up short dialogues according to the model.
S1: @A – 3

? S1: D
?
S2: ', 3
. S2: E , !
.
126 5
< .
<
.
< &$# .
< &$# .

< $6.
new adjectives:
6
!
< $6. $
$

?
• $
-F&$
• +$
• '

- • E !

• C!
!

• D

' – 3 ?
А у вас?
• ,! – 3
!
?

• A
?
• A % – 3 6

! $6?
• < – 3 $
î.
Ëäî !
$ ?
-

"? 127
Points of the compass
ñšâåð
ñšâåðî−çŧïàä ñšâåðî−âîñòžê
çŧïàä âîñòžê
ºãî−çŧïàä ºãî−âîñòžê
þã
B .
' -.
B .
' ;$-.

?
B '.
' ;$-.
B .
' -.
5.1 Prepositional Case of Nouns (with в, на, and о)
2. B š ķ& '?

A. Dķ 6
2
@A?
A
;$? ' ?
' ? ' -?
' ;$-? ' -?
B.
2 3 $?
1. ,
6. 0
$
2.
-C
ķ 7. E
3.
-H$ 8. H
4. E
-Ÿ" 9. '>-I
5. A
10. +-0$
128 5
3. @&% – + #& . Read the following рlасе
names located оn or close to the North American continent. Тhеn
describe them, including at least оnе descriptive adjective and the
approximate location. Use the new adjectives $ or 6
where appropriate.
Model: A / – 3

.
1. A % 6.
(Hudson)
2.
D !
7. J
3. F
/ $
8. '6
4. F3-! 9. K
5. J"
H 10. C !
Making Comparisons
, $ !, ) $.

@ A / , ) A
.
5.2 Comparative of Adjectives
= &,
) 3 .
comparatives comparatives
#&
!

) 6
& long & 2 &
short !6
$ &#

6
6 D

"? 129
4.
3 ;>@.
А. = ). Facts and opinions. Answer the questions.
1. D $ : '>-I ! H
?
2. D
: ,! !

?
3. D

: D #
! A?
4. D
: -A
! C o!?
5. D $ !:
-H$ ! '>-I?
В. Continue the list of questions using the following items.

1. A % !6 $6 (Rockies)
2. =2
D !

3. +-A
" E
4. A / J"
H
C. ( ) ? Ask а partner’s (оr your teacher’s) opinion

about the beauty or interest value of the following places. Use the
comparatives

, !, r &%.
Model: '>-I 0
$
S1: D 6 &, $ !: '>-I !

0
$
?
or: D 6 &, ...
S2: F-, 0
$
!, % '>-I.
1. A / A

2. A D

3.
-H$ 1$
4. E
H
5. , @A
6. 0
$
A

7. C ! ,

8. , +-0$
E – 3 ) &$# !.
130 5
A / – 3 ) #& A.
! – 3 ) #& !.
E – 3 ) &$# !.
D $6 – 3 ) !.
5.3 Superlative of Adjectives
5. ;) #& . Answer the questions based on the chart.

Ïëîùàäü (â êâ. êì)
Ðîññÿ 17,075,400
Êàíäà 9,976,139
Êèòé 9,596,960
ÑØÀ 9,372,614
ðàçëèÿ 8,511,965
Àâñòðëèÿ 7,686,848
Èíäèÿ 3,287,590
Àpãeíòíà 2,766,889
Kaçaxcòí 2,717,300
0 10,000,000 20,000,000
1. D
!?
2. D!
6 , % @A?
3. D
J"
A ?
4. D

A ?
5. D
A , % @A?
6. = ).
А. Make up а geography quiz using the items listed.
Model: D
6 6 / / / 6 ...

!
6 A
$ $ (in your state)
2 $6
!
6

"? 131
В. Find out what your classmates think about different cities and states.
Model:
,

?
C. You are invited to give a lesson on the geography of the United States
to Russian schoolchildren. Show them the location of all possible
landmarks, cities, states, and the like, and give some interesting facts
and opinions.

? 5.1 (E) Preposition o
–
.

!
,
"
#$!
.

– %

. &
'
– &
(.
– ),

1
1flow

: *, + %. -

– /'
,
$# !, )'
. 0 –
Russia is a transcon-

. "
) '
tinental country.
2 3
4,
#
3

.
The Ural Mountains

-3$
' 4

, 3
%
divide Russia into two
)-6

.
continents: Europe and
"
– 3
,

, 7
Asia. The area east of

89

$

.
the Ural Mountains is
А.
. also known as Siberia.
1.

? "
?
2. )

' 3$

? The endangered

? Siberian tiger is also
3. 8
4? called the Amur tiger
4.
( ' "
? after its habitat around
the Amur river in the
B. Ask five more questions based on the text. Far East.
C. Find all the places listed here on the map on the front endpapers of
this book.

89

- ;
&
( !
$

0 (;) )'
4

* 3

%

+ (3)
3
4 %
/'

%
132 5
7. " . Describe the following places with an adjective, and give
their approximate location оn the map.
Model: 0 –
"
.
1. % 4. ! 7. )'
2. 3
5. 4 8. +
3. &
( 6.
8. #$ #
.
А. Look at the captions on the charts. Based оn your knowledge of the
adjectives , # , and , what do you think
the nouns , #, and mеаn?
САМЫЕ БОЛЬШИЕ ОСТРОВА САМЫЕ БОЛЬШИЕ РЕКИ
Назвáние Плóщадь в Назвáние Длинá реки́
тыс. кв. км в км
1. Нóвая Земля́ 82,6 1. Обь-Ирты́ш 5413
2. Сахали́н 77,0 2. Амýр 4420
САМЫЕ ВЫСОКИЕ ГОРЫ 3. Лéна 4265
Назвáние гóрной Высотá сáмой 4. Енисéй 4129
страны́ высóкой верши́ны 5. Вóлга 3690
1. Большóй Кавкáз 5633 (Эльбрус)
2. Урáльские гóры 1883
САМЫЕ БОЛЬШИЕ ОЗЁРА
Назвáние Плóщадь в тыс. Сáмая большáя
кв. км глубинá в м
1. Каспи́йское мóре 424,0 980 The Caspian Sea is
2. óзepo Байкáл 31,5 1741 classified as a lake
3. óзepo Лáдога 18,4 225 because it has no outlet.
В.
.
1. 3

3
?
2.
#
3
?
3.
3
7
: % $

?
4.
3

: $

3
4?
5. 3
?
6. 3

?
7.

: % 0 ?
8.
>
: 3
;
?
C. Working in pairs, ask each other more questions about the charts.

! ? 133
Political Geography
% & ? 0

/ )A / .
% ' ? 0 *'
/ B .
% ? 0 67
/ C.
5.4 Prepositional Case of Adjectives: в какóм / в какóй
ЕВРÓПА
1.
В как й стран нахдится Парж?

Парж нахдится во Фрнции.
5.
Росся
2. Москв
6.
4. 7.
3.
8.
13.
нглия
Лндон 9.
11 Гермния 10.
12 Берлн Украна
16. Кев
17.

20.
14. 15. 18.

29. 28. 19.
27. 26.
Испния 25. 21.
30. Мадрд 24.
Итлия 23.
Рим 22.
стран столца стран столца стран столца

1. Ислндия Рейкьявк 11. Голлндия Амстердм 21. Болгрия Софя
2. Норвгия сло 12. Бльгия Брþссль 22. Грция Афны
3. Дния Копенгген 13. Ирлндия Дблин 23. Албния Тирна
4. Швция Стокгльм 14. Швейцрия Берн 24. Македния Скпье
5. Финлндия Хльсинки 15. встрия Вна 25. Черногрия Подгрица
6. Эстния Тллинн 16. Чхия Прга 26. Србия Белгрд
7. Лтвия Рга 17. Словкия Братислва 27. Бсния Сарево
8. Литв Вльнюс 18. Внгрия Будапшт 28. Хорвтия Згреб
9. Беларсь Минск 19. Румния Бухарст 29. Словния Люблна
10. Пльша Варшва 20. Молдва Кишинёв 30. Португлия Лиссабн
134 5
9. ( ? Quiz а classmate on European geography.
)D , capital of
S1: 0 ' % ?
Russia (genitive case). Similarly:
all countries ending in -. But:
S2: 0 . % – %*, C –
and: S1: 3
) ? C
, 6 – 6 ,
4
– 4
.
S2: C.
+º + , +)$, Ÿ-, +++ (1917–1991)

Although the former Soviet Union consisted of of Independent States, (+3, +4!
fifteen separate republics, it was often regarded 3
, ) between some of
as a single entity with respect to politics and the former Soviet republics did not result in a
international relations. The breakup of the strong union.
Soviet Union has given the former republics Some former republics are often categorized
a new historical, political, and economic according to their geographical location in the
significance in the world. The early attempts to Baltics (6- ), the Caucasus Mountains
create an alliance called CIS, Commonwealth (" ), or Central Asia (+88 :8).
Find the following former republics on the map on the front endpapers and
answer the questions.
•
>

$ ' 6
? (3)
• 3
? (3)
• 0 )
3? (5)
-* '8 4- / )
1. H

D, C
2. J /
3. %
4. % 0R
5. 4
C
6. ;

7. C 9
8. O3 /
9. +

10. 3
7 4
11. 3'
12. ;3
/
13. /#
'
14. 3 4
15. /7 -#

! ? 135
10. .
A. Using the map of Russia on the front endpapers, arrange the cities
on the chart in two groups based on their location.
+ $
3
Àðõíãåëüñê
Âëàäèâîñòê
Âîëãîãðä
Åêàòåðèíáðã
Èðêòñê
Êàçíü
Ìîñêâ
Ìðìàíñê
Íæíèé Íâãîðîä
Íîâîñèáðñê
Îìñê
Ðîñòâ−íà−Äîí
Ñàìðà
Ñàíêò−Ïåòåðáðã
Ñ÷è
Óô
Õàáðîâñê
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

В. Answer the questions based оn the chart. Refer to the mар of Russia
оn the front endpapers for location.
1.

?
2.
?
3.

?
4.

... (оn the coast)
? ?
?
5.
!": # $ ?
6.
!"?
7.
!": -% & ?
8.

'?
9.

(?
10.

) *?
136 5
Saying Where You Live and Used to Live
% +? , + < .
1 .
( + $? 2 (3, 4) .
+ + $? 5 (6, 7…) .
%B !.
5.5 Nouns with Numerals (год, гóда, лет)

5.6 Time Expressions: давнó, сколько лет, всю жизнь
8 /
/ !
' 8 /
/ ! /.

/
/ !
5.7 Past Tense of Verbs: Introduction
:
?
• (
+?
• (
+ ?
• 0
+ !"?
• (
+ "
?
• ! + ?
• 0
+ " ! / 2" /

2"?

! ? 137
11. % & ?
А. Have short conversations with your classmate according to the
model.
S1: ( + "?
S2: / + 3.
S1: (
?
S2: ( $.
S1: ! + $? / /
+ $?
S2: '! . : ' ! ...

1. * 3 -% 4
2. '+
21
3. 8) 0
8
4. $ #; * 24
5.
=0 * 12
6. $ % @ A % + 1
7. C D D2 5
8. &" C /
8 +)!
В. Get together in groups of four students. Each student selects а

character from section А. Find out where they all аrе from, what
languages they speak, where their home cities are located, what their
cities аrе like, and how long they have lived there. Also find out
where they lived before.
12. " ! ? Who lives where? Read the statements and match the
cities with the correct people.
& # E

-% F $
$ (
3--'
0 !
1. 3: $

F!
,

@H
.
2. +&: , + . $

/!.
138 5
3. %8: $
F! . /

) *.
4. < ': $
!". /

* , -);
.
5. D: , + .
6. :&: $

F!
,
.
7. D: $
!" 3 , ;-2,
.
8. :': $

I, '.
9. ': , +

.
10. 3 ': $

C .
4$' !: 1 ? 1countryside
$H ) ( (!F 3². , 8 +)! +

.
(2 H !H + )
!:
, . 2all
%-2,
+! F", F
. %F?3 %, F4 3why / 4because
2 ! 5
ŧ, ! , F )
2 6 ".7 K! 5our own / 6clean air / 7quiet

;.8 8peaceful
$H ) / . ,
8, F +!
F.
, 8 +)! + !"
, $. C ",
. $
!" +
, ; ! 2+9 9already
25 + $.

,
8, F +! !"
, F
.
C ! " , , , ). #,
,10 I
11
12 , F
. 10the main thing / 11people / 12a lot
% .

! ? 139
А.
.
1. ( (!F
+
?
2. C ( 3N !
?
3. ( + ?
4. (
, F +!
F?
5. 3
+ +
?
6.
+ $?
7. %F (why)
, F +!
, F

?
В. E ?

1. I

, F
.
2. (
! , ).
3. (
! .
4. 8 +)! + $.
5. (
F )
2 .
6. (
+! ;.
C. 6o-. Make a list of items you believe are typical of the two
locations (good schools, universities, rivers, forest, restaurants,
people, etc.). Then defend your opinion.
Model: %-ž2, ... +!, ; F !...
ž
:
:
Chapter Review
A. You should now be able to. . .
1. describe landmarks using: geographical terminology
adjectives (long/short, high/low,
deep/shallow)
points of the compass
For self-tests and additional practice,
2. explain the location of landmarks, cities, states, and countries please go to the Book Companion
3. compare two items regarding their size, age, quality, and interest value college/nummikoski
4. express your opinion about the relative value of something For access to the videos, please go to
5. ask and answer questions about the ranking of more than two items your access code at www.wiley.com/
college/wrk
(superlative)
6. ask and answer questions about: what country, state, and city you live in
how many years you have lived in a place
where you used to live
140 5
B. Interview. Interview a classmate. Find out where his or her parents and
other relatives live and how long they have lived there. Where did they
live before? Then report the results of your interview.
parents siblings grandparents other relatives

city:
state:
length of time:
C. Roleplay. You are sitting in an airplane on the way to Moscow. Get

acquainted with the person sitting next to you (played by a classmate).
Introduce yourselves and find out everything possible about each other,
including. . .
1. where you live and how long you have lived there
2. the location of your city (state, north / south)
3. the size of the city
4. interesting places in the city
D. Geography Review. Quiz a friend on world geography according to

the models. Substitute other places for the boldfaced terms.
1. ( "
D-:!?
2. "#8
=0?
3. G& ? D

G& ?
4. )
& -'& ?
E. Show and Tell. Pretend that you are promoting tourism to a country or
state of your choice. Show on a map its location, bordering states and
countries, the capital, rivers, mountains, and so on. Be sure to include
several adjectives to describe the size, beauty, and interest value of the
items you mention.
F. Interview Video. Факт ли мнние?
G. Cultural Video. -% Ÿ – ž

% I

! ? 141
Word Building
The noun has two basic meanings: world and peace. It appeared in
$#3C $#3! Реасе to the World! (1iterally, Tо the world, peace.), which
was а common slogan in Soviet days. In addition, was the name of
а Russian space station and part of the title of Leo Tolstoy’s famous novel
«( » (War and Реасе).
is аn island. Тhе prefix () means half. Therefore,
is а half-island, оr peninsula. Incidentally, the word peninsula
is formed in the same way, from the Latin words раеnе (almost) and insula
(island).
Тhе Russian for east is . In addition, was the name of
а series of Russian spaceships. Yuri Gagarin’s spacecraft was B-1.
Тhе word also appears in % , а city оn the east coast of
Russia. %- comes from the vеrb (to rule), so (
is
the ruler оf the east.
А variation of the Russian word for а city (-) appeared in the names
of some Soviet cities: %
,
, (
(Stalingrad
1925–1961),
. Тhe full word appears in &
(literally, new city), а city in сеntral Russia with а history spanning more
than а thousand years.
Маnу names of Russian cities, especially those in Siberia, end in the
suffix -. These cities are usually relatively young. Among them are
$ , 0 !, /, , # , & , and
R . /n of them,
, has been renamed with its original
Germanic name E .
Match the English with the corresponding Russian words. Some items
were discussed in this section, whereas others relate to the vocabulary of
Chapter 5.
world war F
the ruler of the world !"
Bolshevik (

half а уеаг 'ŧ! (o
minority !"
majority
capital vodka !"
Far East ;
142 5
:<<:IJ":
5.1 Prepositional Case of Nouns (with в, на, and о)
The prepositional case, as you learned in Chapter 4, is used to express
location with the prepositions and and the ending -. In this lesson,
the prepositional case is used in the following new constructions:
А. Points of the compass. Notice the preposition in this
construction.
in the north
in the east
I in the south
);
in the west
В. Names of places. You have already learned that nouns ending in
-8 or - and feminines ending in а soft sign have exceptional
prepositional case endings. Many place names fall into these
categories. Place names consisting of letter abbreviations are not
declined.
Ending
Feminines ending in -8: -
0 0
3 3
Feminines ending in а soft sign: -
!
* ! *
Abbreviations: none
=0 =0
С. Foreign names of places. If the foreign word ends in а consonant, the

Russian ending - is usually added. Geographical names ending in -,
-, -, -, and in а stressed - are not declined.
' '

(" ("
but: -@ A -@ A (nо ending)
% 4 % 4 (nо ending)

! ? 143
D. The preposition becomes in front of nouns beginning with two
соnsonants, the first оnе of which is оr #.
@ A @ A
(
(

Е. In addition to the prepositions and , the prepositional case is

used with the preposition (about).
)"!
? What do you know about London?
, I
. I’m talking about (my) friend.
The preposition becomes - if followed bу а vowel.
) - 0S ? What do you know about Africa?
The question words and $ become (about whom) and
$ (about what) in the prepositional case.
"!? Whom are you talking about?
$
"!? What are you thinking about?
!8
1. Finish the sentences.
Model: '
( ). I,
1.

( ).
2. -@ A – T !"
();
).
3.
(8).
4. &!8-U
( -).
5.

(0).
6. ( "
(%!").
7. D2
(D ).
8. E – T !" ( !).
9. $
(* !).
10. , + (=0).
2. Write complete sentences according to the model. Pay attention to

adjective agreement.
Model: ( / !" / / 3
( – V !" 3.
1. W / !" / ) / 0
2. / !" / " / 8
144 5
3. 0;;F / ) / /
4. -% / /
/ -);
5. /
/ /
6. * / 2 / ) / !
7. & XH / !" / /
8. (
/
/
9. 3 / /
/ #
10. (Seine) / !" / / @ A
3. ! 4? Write complete sentences according to the model.

Model: / $ D ! < .
1. ' $" / /

2. H /

З. / % +
4. /
5. / -0
+
6. &" / (

7. & ) / #
8. / $
9. T 2
/ -%
10. /
4. Answer the questions in complete sentences.

Model: / F "!? (3) K L .
1. / F ? ($)
2. / ? (#)
З. / F
"!? (!H)
4. / H? (; S )
5. / F
? (3)
6. / F ; S ? (0S )
7. /
/!? (# !)
8. /
8 T 2
? ( (
)
9. / F H
2)!H? (C )
10. / F "!? ( S)

! ? 145
Model: / . ?
/ $. $ ?
1. ,
8 .
2. /
8 ".
З. $ ; )
.
4. , I C .
5. $
2".
5.2 Comparative of Adjectives

You have so far learned the masculine, feminine, neuter, and plural
forms of adjectives. To compare two items, you need the comparative
form. The regular formation of the comparative is to add the suffix - to
the adjective stem.
comparative
The form is
- beautiful more beautiful
used when compar-
- interesting more interesting
ing inanimate nouns.
- long
longer
+ ' is used when
- old older
comparing people:
Some comparative forms are irregular. $H ",
F H .
!" big -' bigger (also, more)
! little ' smaller (also, less)
tall, high *' taller, higher
short $ shorter
2 deep 4-! deeper
) low ! lower
Some comparatives are formed from а different stem.
" good 4$' better
Note 1: These comparative forms do not agree with the noun; they have
one independent form only.
W " ".
W " ".
-', $
W )
)
.
W .
146 5
Note 2: These comparatives cannot be immediately followed by a noun.
0H !", F .
Note 3: These comparatives can also be used to compare adverbs.
" well F" better
$ ;-S A) 4$', F .
!8
6. Compare the following items according to the model.
Model: H " / H " / < ' 4$',
" $ '.
1. H / / !"
2.
/
/
3. T ) / ) / 2
4.
/ 0H / !
5. T / /

6. T / /
7. 3 / =0 / !"
8. T 2 / 2 /
9. ;-2 / * / ' /
10. H " / H " / "
7. Which n is more beautiful (better, etc.)? Write the questions.

Model: &!8-U / ' / "& -':
!" 3B-M ķ O ?
1. /
/
2. &!8-U / -0
+ / !"
3. $; / 0) /

4. @
/ *$( / "
5. / '+ /
6. 0;;F / C ! /
7. , / / !"
8. $ / -% /
9. =0 /
/ !
10. R / R
# / "

! ? 147
5.3 Superlative of Adjectives
To compare more than two items, the superlative (the best, the longest,
the most beautiful, etc.) is used. The superlative is formed bу adding
the adjective
& (the most) before the adjective + noun phrase. Тhе
adjective
& agrees with the noun it modifies.
$ – T
& -'& 3.
Moscow is the biggest city in Russia.
/! – T 8 8 3.
The Ob is the longest river in Russia.
* – T - .
Baikal is the deepest lake in the wоrld.
) – T

3.
The Caucasus Mountains аrе the highest mountains in Russia.
!
8. Form questions in Russian to find out the following information.
Model: the biggest city in Russia "
8
&
-'& ?
1. the highest mountain in the world
2. the biggest state in America
3. the biggest country in the world
4. the deepest lake in the world
5. the oldest city in Russia
6. the biggest island in the world
7. the longest river in Africa
8. the tallest building in Moscow
9. the most interesting city in America
10. the best country in the world
11. the most beautiful state in America
12. the biggest lake in America
13. the best university in Russia
14. the most famous church in Moscow
15. the biggest island in Russia
148 5
Adjectives agree with the noun they modify not only in gender and number
but also in case. In this lesson you will need the prepositional case of the
adjective &. The prepositional case of adjectives is discussed in detail
in Chapter 6. For the time being, memorize the following three questions.
(
? In what city? (with the masculine noun )
( "? In what state? (with the masculine noun ')
( & ? In what country? (with the feminine noun )
Note: In Russian, the preposition always precedes the word(s) it modifies.
In colloquial English, the preposition can bе at the end of the sentence.
What city do you live in? In what city do you live?
%
+"!? %
+"!?
!
Model: /) *
% & ,8
3. G& ?
1. , + /
.
2. $ + D .
3. / + (
.
4. -'
S .
5. $
+ # .
6. $ + 0 .
7. '
.
8. % )
=0 + (".
9. $
* .
10. !
$.
5.5 Nouns with Numerals

То express the amount of time in years, the nominative singular () is
used after 1 and all compound numbers ending in 1. The genitive singular
() is used after 2, 3, and 4 and all compound numbers ending in 2, 3,
or 4. The genitive plural () is used after numbers 5 and higher, as well
as with the question word (how many).
1
2, 3, 4
5, 6, …

! ? 149
Note: In compound numbers, the choice of / / depends on
the last word, not on the figure itself.
21 (

A! ) but: 11 (

A!)
32 (
A! ) 12 (

A!)
44 ( $*) 14 (FN
A!)
!
10. Fill in
/
/ .
21 _____ 14 _____ 32 _____ 18 _____
11 _____ 23 _____ 101 _____ 13 _____
5 _____ 33 _____ 48 _____ 44 _____
5.6 Time Expressions: , , B !

To express аn action that started in the past and is still going оn, the
present tense is used. O (for а long time) is not а question word. You
can ask:
+"! $?
Have you been living in Moscow for а long time?
Or you can use а question word склько (how many).
+ +"! $?
(For) how many years have you been living in Moscow?
The expression B ! (all [one’s] life) refers to the subject of the
sentence and does not require the possessives my, your, and so on.
, 8 +)! + '.
I have lived in Dallas all my life.
$

2" 8 +)! + # .
My grandfather has lived in Irkutsk all his life.
!
11. How would you ask . . .
1. Anton Pavlovich how long he has been living in Moscow?

2. your friend Sasha how long his parents have been living in Odessa?
3. your friend Natasha how long she has been living in Vladivostok?
4. Sergei if he has lived in Murmansk long?
5. Anna Pavlovna if she has lived in Irkutsk long?
150 5
5.7 Past Tense of Verbs: Introduction
The past tense of verbs is formed from the infinitive. Take off the infinitive
ending -!, and add the past tense endings.
- (for masculines: / / )
- (for feminines: / / )
- (for neuters: )
- (for plurals and formal address: / / )

-! ,
, F !" +
. (a man
addressing another male)
-! *2" ;-. (a feminine noun
as subject)
+-! # ! F,
+ !"? (one person
addressed formally)
+-! %! + ;. (a neuter noun as subject)
See Chapter 9, grammar point 9.5 for more details.
Vocabulary
Nouns
Geographical terminology pl.
country
pl.
mountain ' state
pl. city
Points оf the compass
) gulf
map east
continent west
world north
pl. sea B south
pl. lake
ocean Other nouns
pl. island ( ) coast
peninsula )
2 air
pl. , , year, years
pl. river
countryside, village
; republic +)! f. life
) capital climate

! ? 151
2 club 4 $ because
forest how much, how many
L pl. people ; (it is) peaceful
opinion ; ! now
" quiet, silence 2+ already
S fact
Prepositions
Adjectives o + prep. about
F arctic
²" former Verbs
F east(ern) ! (I) to live

& tall ! 4, ! ', ! 4
-& deep past tense: !, ! , !, !

& long
);
west(ern) Proper Names
& short 0) Asia
& low : America

& the most * the Baltic Sea
north(ern) ) Caucasus
2 ;F subtropical ) Caucasus Mountains
F clean ; Caspian Sea
I+ south(ern) Crimea

Arctic Ocean
Comparatives < Moscow
-' bigger, more 8 Russia
N" higher, taller +-6-4 St. Petersburg

longer ! f. Siberia
+ deeper
+Q: U.S.А.
more interesting
Pacific Ocean
more beautiful
C Urals
4$' better
C ! Ural Mountains
' smaller, less
+ lower Black Sea
, " older
Other
Adverbs B ! all one’s life
for a long time one’s own
$4 why $ than
152 5
6 (Q& )
%
- 4$?

◆ Talking about working ◆ Professions: Prestige ◆ The verb ž!
and going to school and gender ◆ Negative sentences
◆ Filling out applications ◆ Calendars ◆ The verb 2F!
◆ Talking about work and ◆ Acronyms ◆ Prepositional case
study schedules (singular): Adjectives,
and possessive and
◆ Prepositional case of
personal pronouns
Nouns
Adjectives, and possessive
and demonstrative
pronouns
◆ Time expressions: Days of
the week and (For) How
many hours?
R - 4 .

%
- 4$? 153
Talking About Working and Going to School
"
#? K $. The English

-? K -B -). equivalents of
/
" A ;
" ' ) #? !. ; S? can
-? - «». also be “What
do you do?”
6.1 The Verb рабóтать and “What does
- your father do?”
8
"!
/ 8
#8 -
#8 -
Did you know that the
English word robot
2F!/A " S S ()
is derived from the
; ;
! 2 ;
A/ ) Slavic root -,
; S ;
]A meaning to work?
! +2 )
F !A V S

/ ;
S

) 8
)2 F
+
;
!
2
8
S SA/
! ()
+ S ()
)H
No preposition is
)
()
A needed in дžма (at
H home). The corre-
;! sponding phrase with
;
F a preposition, в
ž,
2F means in the house.

S)

154 6
6!
#
In the Soviet Union, prestige was equated not with the oversaturated market, whereas !
the highest salary, but rather with the intellectual will again be in high demand.
level of the profession. Thus, professors, scientists,
writers, and actors were held in much higher T #
esteem than were people in business or law.
Engineering, although not of the highest prestige, Soviet women played an active role in the
was another popular career choice for Soviet men job market. They worked in factories and
and women. Interestingly, many political leaders construction sites, as well as in professions
of the Soviet era were engineers by training, except requiring an advanced degree. In fact, over 60%
for Lenin and Gorbachev, who were lawyers. of the Soviet engineers and 65% of doctors were
With the fall of the Soviet Union, the attitudes women. Russian women today are interested
towards financial gain changed drastically, and in the same professions as men and often delay
business and law quickly became the most marriage and childbearing until they have
popular career choices for new high school established themselves in their chosen career.
graduates, while enrollments in engineering On the other hand, ,& has become
programs dropped to an all-time low. Now a welcome option for some well-to-do families.
the future S
, #
, and The increasing personal wealth has also revived
B
may find it difficult to find a job in the need for a -) and a 8.
1. : 4B ? Below are the results of a survey asking about
parents’ career preferences for their children. Examine the table and answer
the questions below.
Юрист, экономист, финансист – 23% Профессор, ученый, преподаватель – 6%

Программист, IT-специалист – 21% Фермер – 6%
Врач – 19% Школьный учитель – 5%
Бизнесмен – 16% Политик, министр – 5%
Инженер – 13% Социолог, политолог, маркетолог – 4%
Военный, офицер – 13% Священник (priest) – 1%
Директор банка – 11% Другое – 6%
Спортсмен – 10% Затруднились ответить – 12%
Артист, художник – 8%
Писатель, журналист – 8% Source: Левада-центр apsc.ru
1. ; S ;;2H =0, 3?

2. 0 ! 3?
2. " -? Quiz a classmate about different professions according

to the two models. Pay attention to the word order in the responses.
S1: D
$?
S2: CF! ".
and: S1: ?
S2: ( SA.
%
- 4$? 155

2" U ? / . / ) .
&, ! ;.
, ; ; S?
D
- !"?
3. -B?
А. Наvе conversations with а partner according to the model. For
items 7 and 8, also ask where the people used to work.
S1: J J $ ; ; S?
S2: / .
S1: D
?
S2: / 4.
S1: ! ?
S2: / 2 .
#8 -

1. &! # ; ;
! 2 4
2. 0
F V S «W; » 6
3. 0 % + )
12
4. # 0F ! 3
5. & # F !A 22
6. 0
&F ;
F
11
*7. ( (!F
/) 1
*8. E 2F!
/ ; 2
В. Find out what your classmates’ relatives do for а living. Use the
dialogue in А as а model. Ask your teacher for other professions if
you need them.
156 6
4. . Advertisement.
А. You are working in а company looking for more employees. Which
ad in column А would you contact if you were looking for . . .
1. а specialist in computer graphics
2. а person to help уоu set uр а branch office in Rome
3. а field correspondent for your magazine
4. an advertising agent
A. Ищу работу. Б. Приглашаем на работу.

Looking for employment Employment opportunities
Предлагаю услуги рекламного агента. За Интеллигентные пенсионерки, москвички до 62 лет,

справками обращаться yuri.voikov@mail.ru. приглашаются для сопровождения детей из школ и
д/с. Работа по 3–4 часа в день.
Профессиональный переводчик итальянского З/п 6000–10000 руб. в месяц. Т. 585-5140.
языка ищет интересную работу. Тел. 467-98-67.
Учитель немецкого языка, договорная.
Профессиональный фотохудожник. Фото- и РОСТ, центр образования.
компьютерная графика. Тел. 350-87-45.
Официант. Васабико, сеть ресторанов. Oт 8000
Журналист с многолетним опытом работы до 20000 руб. Требования к кандидату: девушка
на радио и в прессе ищет работу в качестве 17–25 лет, образование не ниже среднего, возможно
корреспондента по Саратову. без опыта работы. Т. 8-963-694-9962.
Тел. 8-926-366-9853.
Приглашаю на работу рекламных агентов.
Немецкий язык школьникам и студентам. Тел. 8-916-723-2470.
Т. (495) 301-9176.
В. Which one of the ads in column А can be matched with an ad in

column Б?
C. Which ones of the announcements in column Б do not conform to
the Equal Opportunity laws of the United States?
D. Pretend that you just got hired by one of the companies below.
• ( ž ; ž?
• ?
Офис-менеджер Компания: Меркури Лимитед.

Оператор call-центра Компания: Пони Экспресс
Курьер Компания: Евразия, Инвестиционно-Промышленная Группа
Телемаркетолог Компания: Симбат тойз
Официант Компания: Чако-Гриль, ресторан
Бармен Компания: СпортЛайнКлаб, ООО
IT Аналитик Компания: РОСНО, Российское страховое народное общество
Секретарь Компания: Ланви
Продавец-консультант Компания: Комус
Финансовый консультант Компания: СберФонд РЕСО, НПФ
%
- 4$? 157
( 2 ( & "
0 %F? '
@
F?
/ /

A 2)!&
2 . ".
6.4 Prepositional Case of Adjectives (А)
5. % ? % & '?

А. Where do these people work? Practice questions and answers
according to the model.
S1: D
0
?
S2: ( 2 . / ( ".
S1: ( 2 ? / ( "?
S2: ( !" 2 . / ( ! ".
8 -
« »

2)! " 1
0

A A
0 *!"
* *

A ! !A
# S A) ) «=!»
'+

& A «C »
( 3 2)
В. Interview two or three classmates. Find out whether they work or not.
If they do, ask what kind of place they work in. Your classmates should
describe the places with at least two adjectives. Also find out where they
worked before.
158 6
F
$
2

2
$. (. .
W <, $ 2

2 $. (. .
( 2 4$'8? , $4 $ 2 .

4$?
( & " 4$8 ? / 4$8 2)!& ".

"
6.3 The Verb учи́ться

6.4 Prepositional Case (Singular): Adjectives and Possessive and Demonstrative
Pronouns
6.5 Prepositional Case of Personal Pronouns
$8 :
?
2F! F • ( 2
F"! F! F!?
/ F F • W " 2 ?
• *!" !?
•
&
$
&?
• & ?
6. "
4, 4$8? Match the list of universities on the right
with the correct student. Then make short dialogues according to the model.
S1: (
+ ? / ( " . . .
S2: / + $.
S1: ( 2 F?
S2: / F $ 2 .
" + $. S

2
' + . 2
'+ + " $F. D
2
$ '2T + . $ 2
T + S . 2
%
- 4$? 159
7. -B? 4$8 , ? Match the people with the
places of employment. If they have children, continue the dialogues as
shown below. (There are no absolute correct answers.)
S1:
,
0?
S2: ,
8, F
A A .
S1: 0
F ?
S2: / F 2)! ".
0, 1. (

0, ;
A 2. - " Nº6
(, V (
F!) 3. « $ »
(, 4. '
F !A Nº1
# , + () 5. $ + -S)F
&, F (
F!) 6. $ 2
F
2
&!, ; S 7. F 2 «R2»
, 2F! 8. ( «g »
D
8 SA? / 8 ,.
?
, ,.
?
A, 8,.
6.6 Prepositional Case (Plural): Nouns

6.7 Prepositional Case (Plural): Adjectives and Possessive and Demonstrative
Pronouns
8. % ,? % ',?

А. Make short dialogues using the following professions, already given
in the plural.
S1: D
8 ; S ?
S2: / 8 2 .
1. 2FH 5. 2F 8.
2. S 6. 9. +2
3. ;
AN 7.
10.
4. SA
160 6
B. Find out your partner’s preferences about places to study and work.
Use the prepositional plural, as in the model.
Model:
"!,
F" 2F!: !"
2 ! 2 ?
!"/! "

F" 2F! F/2
2
! / )
/S A)
Filling Out Applications
46328_06_F07
• S?
• F?
& ! marital status

!U woman !$ man
)2+ single single
)2+ married + married
)
divorced )
divorced
9. " ,? " ! ? Discuss the marital status of the following

people.
S1: 0 +?
S2: &, .
single married divorced

0 x
x
x
(
x
x
$" x
%
- 4$? 161
10. :
. Applications.
A. The following реорlе are coming to visit your university. In order
to place them with appropriate host families, you need to get some
information about them. Look at the first form and answer the
questions. Then ask similar questions about the other three forms.
Pay attention to the
1. S? 5. 2
? way addresses are
2. F? 6. ; ; S? written: city, street,
3. / +? 7. D
? house number,
4. (
+?
apartment number.
Фами́лия: Кли́мов
Имя и óтчество: Валéрий Бори́сович
Семéйное положéние: женáт
Адрес: г. Санкт-Петербýрг, ул. Рáзина, д. 1, кв. 23
Профéссия: экономи́ст
Мéсто рабóты: Балти́йский банк
Фами́лия: Антóнова
Имя и óтчество: Ольга Ивáновна
Семéйное положéние: разведенá
Адрес: г. Владивостóк, ул. Востóчная, д. 2, кв. 9
Профéссия: преподавáтель матемáтики
Мéсто рабóты: Дальневостóчный университéт
Фами́лия: Симакóв
Имя и óтчество: Антóн Сергéевич
Семéйное положéние: хóлост
Адрес: г. Толья́тти, ул. Лáрина, д. 6, кв. 17
Профéссия: инженéр
Мéсто рабóты: Вóлжский автозавóд
Фами́лия: Смирнóва
Имя и óтчество: Анна Пáвловна
Семéйное положéние: не зáмужем
Адрес: г. Москвá, ул. Вави́лова, д. 3, кв. 45
Профéссия: перевóдчик
Мéсто рабóты: фи́рма «Транс-Хелп»
B. How would you fill out the form for yourself? Ask and answer
questions as above.
162 6
Talking About Work and Study Schedules
"& 8 ? +8 . The word

is
pronounced [
].
:6EDW Notice that the first

;
! 1 8 15 22 29 day of the week is
Monday, not Sunday.
2 9 16 23 30
The days of the week

3 10 17 24 are not capitalized.
F 4 11 18 25
;¿A 5 12 19 26
2 6 13 20 27
! 7 14 21 28
;
!.
.

.
" ? , 8 F .
;HA.
2.
!.
6.8 Time Expressions: Days of the Week
4 $ $B
( !
& ? &, ! ) $.
1 $. Also:
+ $ ? 2 (3, 4) $ . F 0.5 hrs
B 5 (6, 7, ...) $ . F 1.5 hrs
2 & F 2.5 hrs
5 & F 5.5 hrs
6.8 Time Expressions: (For) How Many Hours?
%
- 4$? 163
11. " -B? , $? + $ ?
/! ; .
1. +

!? &,
4, $, ...
2.
# !?
3. ! F 0
2?
4. F ?
?
5. ! F
8 x ?
Make up five more questions about the chart and ask а partner to Russians often use a
answer them. 24-hour clock.
. . . $. . -. .
8–11 # ! 0 K x

11–17 x 0 K # ! # !
17–21 # ! x K 0
12. %
- !
& ? Find out which of your classmates
work. How many hours per week? Who works the most hours?
O & 8!
А. For each story, find the following information: the number of family
members, marital status of the head of the household, professions
and/or place of work or study. Then summarize the stories according
to the model.
"!, "!A student (in a secondary school)
Model: / "!A. / F
H . E ...
1. $H ) /. , 2F! ",
H . $
+
2 ,
A
$N. $H ), ;;
. / +. $
)
N.
2. $H ) '. , 2F! ;A! "
). $H V, ;; + . $H

" H FN e
. / F " .
3. $H ) E. , F-;
ž8 ;
No 23. C H !
, . / ] F ".
+ A. / . / 2+ ;.
164 6
4. $H ) 0. , 2
F

$ 2 . , + 8 S
«$ » 20 F
8 (NF ;
!,
;HA2). $H + ".
B. Group Activity. One student assumes the role of Оля, Дма, etc. in
each story. Other students ask questions.
Chapter Review
1. say what a person’s profession is, where а person works and how
long he or she has worked there
2. sау that а person is unemployed or retired
3. say where а person is studying For self-tests and additional practice,
4. say in what kinds of places students normally work please go to the Book Companion
5. ask and answer questions about last name, first name, and college/nummikoski
patronymic; marital status; and address the Wiley Resource Kit, available with
6. ask what day of the week it is and respond college/wrk
7. say on which days and for how many hours you work
B. Roleplay. You are planning to invite several of your Russian friend’s
relatives to visit you in the summer. You need some biographical data in
order to fill out some immigration paperwork. Ask your friend (played
by a classmate) to give you the information you need on the phone.
You will need their full names, marital status, complete addresses, and
their employment information, including length of employment.
C. Directed Dialogue. Get acquainted with a young Russian (played

by a classmate). Find out the following information and modify your
questions depending on the person’s answers.
Where do your parents work? How long have they worked there?
Where do you study?
Is it a big or small university? Private or state university?
Do you work? Where?
Do you work every day? How many hours per week?
Are you married?
Do you have brothers or sisters? What do they do?
Are they married? Do they have children? Pets?
D. Interview Video. Где вы рабžтаете?
E. Cultural Video. Университт.
%
- 4$? 165
Word Building
Adjectives From Nouns

In the English language, nouns can sometimes function as adjectives.
Thus, theater school can become a school theater just by reversing the word
order. In Russian, however, the modifier has to bе an adjective not only by
function, but also by form.
! " theater school
"! school theater
Adjectives are formed from nouns by adding various suffixes, such as
-- and -(!)-, to the stem.
noun adjective noun adjective
-- -()-

A
A
2 2 " "!

S2 S2!
-()- A A !
) 2)!
2! 2! !
Combine these adjectives with the nouns that follow to make as many
new places of employment as possible.
Model: 2)! ", S2!
"
!A A
Acronyms
Acronyms of all kinds were abundant during the Soviet era. These were usu-
ally names of government offices, businesses, and political organizations.
Among the political acronyms were (2F I)
$
+, Young Communist League), ) ( )H,
collective farm), and ; (2F ; , Communist
party). Among company acronyms were #2 (# 2 ,
foreign tourist), D; (2
;, state planning ministry),
D (2
, state bank), and hundreds оf others.
166 6
:<<:IJ":
6.1 Тhe Verb p-
- is а regular first-conjugation verb. Write the endings here.
p-

/ŧ

In this lesson you will learn to say where people work. For the time
being, do not attempt to use expressions such as “My brother works as аn
engineer in а factory.” Instead, you can say the following.
$ + . / )
.
Му brother is аn engineer. Не works in а factory.
When you inquire about а person’s profession, you саn say:
; ; S? or ?
H ! ; ; S? ¿ !?
Notice the difference between the questions
T? and ? ?
Who is this/he/she? What is he/she? What is his/her profession?
(What does he/she do?)
!8
1. Fill in the verb - in the correct form.
1. D
?
2. , !A.
3. 0
A?
4. / )
.
5. $ .
6. 0 % ,
?
7. , 2+
T ".
8. # ! + )
!.
9. $
.
10. D
H ?
%
- 4$? 167
2. " -ž? Write complete sentences with the words given.
Remember to use the prepositional case and the correct preposition.
3 is given where applicable; otherwise, use the preposition .
Model: / K -B .
1. /!A 6. /
2. H 2"/2) 7. /;/?
3. ) (
/S / 8. ¿ /"
4. / //? 9. A/)
//?
5. /
(no prep.) 10. T 2
/)

Model: $H ; S . " #?
1. $ A F.
2. $H ? / !A.
3. &, + F.
4. &, F!
. / !

.
5. , ; .
6. , 8 S «X H».
7. &, F! !".
8. ', H .
9. ( S «W; ». / 2 .
10.
.

The negatives nowhеrе, nobody, and so оn are formed with the prefix -.
Тhe Russian language uses а double negative in complete sentences; the verb
is preceded by another negation, .
who nobody

where nowhere
F what $ nothing (pronounced [F]; this
word does not follow the
basic rule for formation)
X
! ;-;.
Nobody speaks Japanese here.
, 8.
I do not work аnуwhеrе.
168 6
D
"!? 3. (not а complete sentence)
Whеrе do you work? Nowhere.
, $ )8 .
I do not know anything about Siberia.
!
4. Answer the questions in the negative in complete sentences.
Modеl: D
"!? K -B.
)"! 0H? K $ B -
:.
1. D

2"?
2. 0 , F ) 0 ?
3. D
8
?
4. )
! ;-?
5.
"! T (about this)?
6.3 The Verb $8

$8 is а reflexive verb, hence the longer endings in the conjugated
forms. You will learn more about reflexive verbs in Chapter 7. For the
time being, memorize the endings. The verb $8 is used to denote
the place of study, either expressed or implied.
D
F!? , 2F! 2 .
Where do уоu study? I study at а university.
( F!? , 2F!.

Do уоu work оr study? I study.
The verb $8 is also used to refer to the quality of studying.
/ " F.
literally: Не studies well. (i.e., Не is а good student.)
Pay attention to the shift in stress from the ending in the first-person
singular to the stem in the other present-tense forms.
учться
2F4 F
F"! F!
/ F F
%
- 4$? 169
!
5. Fill in the missing verb endings.
1. $ F 2 .

2. D
F ?
3. $ F
A 2 .
4.
F $ 2 ?
5. &,
. , 2F !

.
6. D
F $?
7. / F 2 .
6.4 Prepositional Case (Singular): Adjectives and Possessive

and Demonstrative Pronouns
А. Adjectives. Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify, not only in
gender and number (///) but also in case. In
Chapter 5 you learned to ask:
(
+"!?
In what city do уоu live?
( & +"!?
In what соuntrу do уоu live?
In these examples, the adjectives аrе in the prepositional case along
with the nouns they modify. Examine the following.
, 8 !", " (adjectives agree with the
. masculine noun )
I work in а big, good rеstаurапt.
$H "&, (adjectives agree with the
& !A. feminine noun -))
Му sister works at а good, new
hospital.
, + !" )
. (adjective agrees with the
I live in а big building. neuter noun )
170 6
SIMPLIFIED RULE FOR ТНЕ PREPOSITIONAL
SINGULAR OF ADJECTIVES
M, N -/*
F -&/&*
*The choice between the endings -ом/ем and -ой/ей is dеtermined by Spelling
Rule З.
After !, $, ', U, and ), write in stressed singular

Spelling Rule 3:
endings, and е in unstressed singular endings.
!" !"-
!" !"-&
but:
" "-
" "-&
!
6. Finish the sentences with the correct fоrm of the words in parentheses.
1. 0 ; )

(*
).
2. $ ;; (!" )
).
3. (! ").
4. " (
A ).
5. ( ).
6. CF 8 ( " ).
7. $¿ ( ).
8. $ + ( )
).
9. W (*!" ).
10. ( F ( ;).
11. W +2 ( )).
12. $
H
(!" S ).
13. $
2)!H $" x + (!
).
14. $ 2"

2" + ( ,
).
15. $ + (%" A).
%
- 4$? 171
B. Possessive and demonstrative pronouns. Examine the fоllowing
sentences.
( T ) 8 2
.
There are students working in this store.
$ T& !A.
Му brother works in this hospital.
( "
! +?
Is there а garage in уоur house?
( & !" ) .
There is а big TV in my room.
Note: Тhe third-person possessives , , and , are not declined.
% !" ) .
There is а big TV in his room.
POSSESSIVE AND DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS:

PREPOSITIONAL SINGULAR
Masc./Neuter Fem.
/ &/ &
'/ ' '&/ '&
Z/ Z&/&
!
7. Complete the sentences with the соrreсt form of the words in parentheses.
1. $ + (T A).

2. ( ("
) ! " 2 .
3. ! F"! (T 2 )?
4. ( (" ) ! ?
5. ( (" ) 8 2F.
6. ( (T )
) ! S (elevator)?
7. ( (H ) !" .
8. F )"! (
).
9. ( (" 2 ) ! " ?
10. & (" A) ! )?
172 6
C. "&? What/which? What kind? The adjective & can be
used to inquire about а name оr about quality. For instance, the
following question can be аnswеrеd in two ways.
(
, + < . (indicating the name of
+"!? the city)
r: , + -'
. (indicating
quality)
Note: The adjective & has to be used in questions in which what is
followed by а noun. Thus, questions such as What city? What university?
and so on require the use of & (not $). Соmраrе the following
examples.
T?
What is this? (no noun following)
but: W
?
What city is this? (followed by a noun)
and: (
+"!?
In what city do уоu live? (followed by a noun)
!8
8. Write questions using & ( 8, ) in the prepositional
case.
Model: , + "#. % '

! '?

% & ,8
:. D?
1. , + " .
2. ;]
!
< .
3. , 8
& ".
4. /
I, .
5. @

+Q:.
6. / -' )
.
7. $ ;; ) 2 .
8. $ + & .
9. , 2F! < 2 .
10. F -& ".
%
- 4$? 173
9. Addresses. Write the questions and supply the missing words in the
answers.
Model: . $, 2. ,
. 13, . 14.
%
! ? , + $.
3 & 4)? & A.
% ? (
13.
% & ? ( 14.
1. . -% , 2. X)
,
. 2, . 42.
, + C-% .
& X)
A .
2.
42.
2. . M , 2.
,
. 3, . 12.
, + .
&
A .
3.
12.
10. Finish the sentences with the preposition (about) and the
prepositional case. Remember that the preposition becomes -
when followed by а vowel sound.
Мodеl: K L - Z .
K L '& - .
1. $ (H ! ).
2. , F )8 (T 2 ).
3. )"! ( #)?
4. F ) (
).
5. $ F ) (H +).
6. / H (" ; S ).
7. ,
8 (" ).
8. 3 ( lot) )8 (" ).
9. ) (T 2)! ")?
10. , F )8 ( 2+).
11. Write the appropriate & questions for each of the following answers.
Model: / H
. ?
$ 3. &
?
1. , I
.
2. / $.
174 6
3. $ / .
4. / $ 2 .
5. / H (.
6. / *.
7. $ ) «0 2 S».
8. , I «0 ».
9. / H .
10. $ 0.
6.5 Prepositional Case of Personal Pronouns

You have so far learned the nominаtivе (subject) and accusative (object)
case fоrms of personal pronouns, as well as the nominative case fоrms
of the question words кто and что. We will now add the prepositional
case fоrms.
? / -.
Who is she talking about? She is talking about you.
$
"!?
What аrе you thinking about?
)"! ? , F )8 &.
What do you know about Larisa? I do not know anything about her.
) $ ? $ F ) .
What do you know about Murmansk? We do not know anything about it.
PREPOSITIONAL CASE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Nom.
Prep. - & ,
Note: The preposition о becomes - before the form : обо мн
(about me).
QUESTION WORDS (INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS)
Nom. F
Prep. $
%
- 4$? 175
!8
12. 4B? Write complete sentences
ассоrding to the model.
Model: // ! K L -,
'
- .
1. //
!
2. // !
3. //
!
4. // !
5. //
!
13. Аnswеr the questions with the negative $ (nothing), replacing
the nouns with pronouns where applicable. Remember the double
negative.
Model: )"! 0S ? K $ B &.
1. )"! ?
2. ) ?
3. )8 ?
4. ) « '»?
5. )"! T ;?
6. )8 ?
7. ) ?
8. ) T 2 ?
9. ) 3?
10. )"!
?
14. Write the questions with or $.

Model: , I .
'?
/ ). $ ?
1. $ .
2. /
8 .
3. / .
4. $
.
5. / H D .
6. /
(
.
7. , I &!8-U .
8. / $.
176 6
6.6 Prepositional Case (Plural): Nouns
The endings for the prepositional plural are the same for all genders.
2
F 8 ,.
Students often work in restaurants.
3 2
+ ]+8, ,?
Do Russian students live in dorms or apartments?
Nominative Sg. Prepositional Pl.
Masc.
hard stem -ø , -,
soft stem 2) - 2)8, -8,
! -! H, -8,
Fem.
hard stem " - ", -,
soft stem ;! - ;!8, -8,
;]
! -! ;]
, -8,
Neuter
hard stem ;! - ;!, -,
soft stem )
- )
8, -8,

PLURAL OF NOUNS
Pl. -,/8,
Nouns with irregular nominative plurals have irregular prepositional

plurals.
nom. sg nom. pl. prep. pl.

2 friend
2)!H
2)!,
brother ! !8,
F person I
I
8,
child

8,
%
- 4$? 177
!
15. Complete the sentences with the prepositional plural and an
appropriate preposition.
1. /SA 8 ( ).
2. CFH 8 (").
3. $
8 (!A).
4. * 8 ().
5. W 2F 8 (2)).
6. $ ("
!).
7. , F )8 ( ").
8. H (2F!).
9. 2
+ (]+)?
6.7 Prepositional Case (Plural): Adjectives and Possessive

As with nouns, the prepositional plural endings for modifiers are the
same for all genders. Examine the following sentences.
) Z, , ;) ,?
What do you know about these Russian composers?
D
+!: !",,
,
,
!,,
,
,?
Where is it more interesting to live, in big new cities or in small Remember that the
old cities? third-person posses-
/ F !: ; , , ; ,? sives ž, , and
What is more interesting to talk about, his problems or mine? are not declined.

PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES
Pl. -
,/,*
178 6
POSSESSIVE AND DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS:
PREPOSIТIONAL PLURAL
Masc./Neuter Fem. Pl.
/ / ,/ ,
"/" "/" ',/ ',
T/ T/ Z,/,
!8
16. Answer the question in the plural for the topics listed.
Model: / /F ?
<
, 4,, ',...
1. H ;
9. "
2. " 2" 2
3.
2 10. T
4. " !" 11. ; S
5. ; S 12. T )

6. " 2
13. ;
7. T ;! 14.
8. ) ;) 15. " ]+
17. Finish the sentences with the words in parentheses.
1. , F )8 (Russian dogs).

2. $ (old cars).
3. / H (my Russian friends).
4. ,
8 (my parents).
5. ( (our cities) ! !"
2 .
6. ( (American apartments) !
?
7. ) H (these
students).
%
- 4$? 179
8. ) (our
universities)?
9. / F )8
(American schools).
10. + (these buildings)?
6.8 Time Expressions

A. Days of the week. То say on Monday, on Tuesday, and so on, you
need the preposition в and the accusative case, which will be
discussed in detail in Chapter 7.
Words ending in -а have the ending -у in this function.
" ? When?

оn Wednesday
;HA ;HA оп Friday
2 2 оп Saturday
The following days do not differ from the nominative case form in
this function.
" ? When?
;
! ;
! оn Monday
оn Tuesday
F F оn Thursday
! ! оn Sunday
The expressions in the morning, in the daytime, and so on do not
rеquirе а preposition.
in the morning

!
in the daytime, in the afternoon
F F in the evening
F! F!8 at night
These expressions can be combined with the days of the week.
22 оп Saturday morning
;
! F on Monday evening
180 6
!
18. Look at the chart and answer the questions that follow in complete
sentences.
When? Mon. Tue. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. Sun.
morning Lena Sasha Sergei Sasha Sergei Sasha
afternoon Sergei Lena Lena Lena
evening Sergei Sasha Sergei Sasha Lena Sergei
1.
?
2.
"?
3.
?
B. (For) How mаnу hours? You have already learned to say how many
years you have lived and worked in а place. You will now learn to say
how many hours а day or week you work.
1 2, 3, 4 5, 6, ... !

years
$ $ $ hours
! $ ? , 8 $
.
How many hours per day do you work? I work eight hours per day.
0 A NF 8 40 $ B.
Americans usually work 40 hours per week.
The forms в день (реr day) and в недлю (реr week) are time expressions
with the accusative case (like the days of the week). For the time being,
memorize these two expressions.
%
- 4$? 181
!
19. How many hours per day or week do these people work? Decide
which form (per day or week) would be the most appropriate and
write complete sentences according to the model.
Model: E/4 ( - 4 $ .
/25 +& - 25 $ B.
1. /22
2. 0/8
3. H /13
4. ; S (
/35
5. /4
6. /21
7. (
&/3
8. /1
9. /34
10. /6
Vocabulary
Note: The соrе vocabulary is boldfaced.
Nouns ! engineer
laboratory technician
Professions mathematician
architect /- nurse
bartender
+ manager
-- librarian mechanic
- businessman H nanny
2 bookkeeper #) / waiter/waitress
veterinarian ;
F translator
$ physician m. writer
director m. teacher
,& housewife programmer

A maid ) salesman
! journalist pl. )*
)2 F dentist U) saleswoman
182 6
#8, profession, Days of the week
пo профссии by profession
Monday
secretary
Tuesday
! construction worker
Wednesday
2F pl. 2F scientist
$ Thursday
$ teacher (elementary,
) Friday
pl. $ secondary school)
-- Saturday
$) teacher
Sunday
# farmer
S) physicist
chemist
Other nouns
"!/, -A student (in address
elementary and ) unemployed
secondary school) day
V economist в день per day
B lawyer !U woman
8 n. first name
place
Places
!$ man
bar

week
8 indecl. bureau
8 per week
at home $ patronymic
() factory, plant ; pension
4 institute ; retired
; company ;+ status
laboratory - job, work
S office advertisement
health clinic #8 last name
() construction site $, $ , $ hour
S () factory (light
industry) Adjectives
# () farm

city
# company
2
state, public
A center
A shopping center + women’s, female
' school (elementary
A medical
and secondary) 2)! musical
%
- 4$? 183
; + prestigious
sometimes
A ! central !
& every day
F private when
$B at night
Verbs NF usually
-| (I) to work ;, half
;
$8 (II) to study
уч4сь, ; F one and one
Ÿ$'8, half hours
Ÿ$8 ;F half an hour
8 today
Other vocabulary $ how many hours
4 in the morning
Marital status
! married (of a man) Other
! married (of a … both . . . and
woman)
U still
! single (of a woman)
nowhere
, divorced
$ nothing
*
! already
, single (of a man)
2+ not any more
Time expressions
$ in the evening
in the afternoon
184 6
7 (+& )

!
& ?

◆ Telling time ◆ Moscow time ◆ Time expressions: Hours
◆ Discussing mealtimes ◆ Time zones and the nouns
and F
◆ Talking about daily ◆ Russian mealtimes
activities ◆ Verbs )ŧ !, š
!,
◆ Household chores
◆ Saying where you are going and Ÿ+!
◆ Time expressions: At what
◆ Expressing frequency
time
of actions
◆ Reflexive verbs
◆ Conjugation of verbs
◆ Accusative case: Inanimate
nouns
◆ Expressing direction:
/ + accusative
Frequency of actions
◆ Verbs of motion:

versus
!
DL B : 4.

!
& ? 185
Telling Time
+ &$ ? $.

F
$ .
"
& $? ;! $ .
7.1 Time expressions: Hours and the nouns врéмя and час
Official time (schedules,

programs, etc.) is ex-
pressed with a 24-hour
clock. A 12-hour clock
is used in informal
F $. F $ . F ! F
! speech. To specify a.m.
$ .
A!. and p.m., the words
2 ,
, F and
F (of the morning,
of the afternoon, etc.)
"
8 are often used: 8 F
2 (8 A.M.)
The chimes of the huge clock on
the Savior Tower on Red Square
give the citizens of Moscow
the official time. The chimes
also mark many special events,
such as the New Year, when
thousands of Muscovites gather
on Red Square to celebrate.
The presidential address is
broadcast to Red Square closely
coordinated with the strikes of
the 2 .
< 8 – ) $ .
186 7
1. "
& $?
А. Look at the map below. What is the time difference between your city
and Moscow? If you wanted to call your friend in Moscow between
7 p.m. and 9 p.m. local time, what time would it be in your city?
В. E (If )
F 12 F
, F $?
0 (
? ( 0
?
F "
,
$ 3 F
?
+(%(3:K :<(J": ++JK

# 0
!
–8 –6 –5 0 +3 +8 +10 +11
-0
+ &!8-U $ (

Discussing Mealtimes
\ , - Ÿ!

There are three main meals in a day. X three-course meal, depending on the person.
(breakfast) is typically rather heavy and may C+ (supper) is usually served between 6 p.m.
include fried eggs and potatoes, sausages, bread and 9 p.m. In recent years, many restaurants
and butter, cheese, porridge, tea, or coffee. /
have started offering a )-F from 12 to
(midday meal, lunch, dinner), between 12 p.m. 5 p.m., followed by an
in the evening.
and 3 p.m., ranges from a light “lunch” to a full
3 «$
;!» %

X +

7:00
13:00–14:00
*)-aF 10:30
12:00
15:00
Oe
+

19:00
2
4:00

!
& ? 187
) "!? ) 8 7 $ . Russians often
% express time with

"!? ,
8 3 $ .
" a period, not with
+"!? +8 8.30 (!
A!).
a colon.
( ! ) ? , ) 8.
7.2 Verbs зáвтракать, обéдать, and ýжинать

7.3 Time Expressions: At What Time?
W . " . W -. ( ! 8 !H

- .
,

8 -* ?
W 4!. ( ! 4! "?
А вы?
• ( ! ) ?
• ( ) N
?
• ( !
?
• (" !H
?
188 7
2. % B?
А. When do the following people eat their meals?
S1: ( ! ) (
/+) '?
S2: / ) 7 F.
O :& I 8 8 %8 T8

) 7.00 8.00 — 7.30 6.30 8.30

2.00 5.00 6.00 1.00 3.00 5.30
+ 7.30 10.00 9.30 8.00 8.30
В. Interview three classmates and find out when they eat their meals.
Report the results to the class.
Talking About Daily Activities
( ! ? , L 6.30.

( ! ! ? , !4 11 F.
7.4 Reflexive Verbs
!|8 (II) | (I) | (II)

+ +8 I ;8 ;
+"!8 + "! ;"! ;
/ +8 +8 / I / ; ;
/ ! F.
& !8 ! F ? /

A! F. ; ! F.

!
& ? 189
W . W F .
" - '?

• +! ;! 11 F F – T
;)
?
• ( +! ;! !" ;)+?
• (! 7 F yp – T ?
• ( !", F 7 F? #
W '. W !. + ! ;)+?
3. % L? % ! 8 ?

А. Some people need more sleep than others. Examine the chart and
answer the questions that follow.
%8 3 8 D '
+ ;! 11.00 12.30 12.00 10.30 10.00
7.00 6.30 8.00 5.30 5.00
1. ?
2. ;)
+ ;!?
3. + ;! !": (
&?
4. ( ! + ;! ? 0 D "?
5. ;)+: / ?
6. ( ! &? 0 (
?
7. ! F ; (
F!8?
8. 0 & ! F ;?
9. ; !": D " O?
10. ; !": / &?
В. Find out when your classmates go to bed and when they get up.
Who sleeps the least?
.
).
? / F
;!.
.
7.5 Conjugation of Verbs

7.6 Accusative Case: Inanimate Nouns
190 7
? ...
4 4 !
$ # 4' 4

' 8 8
4 -
The verb 2H! has no direct equivalent in

English. It implies walking for pleasure and can
be translated as to be out walking, to play hooky,
to have a good time, etc.
: $ B
?
" 8. / . / W 2

).
' !. ' ;, F!8 .
7.5 Conjugation of verbs

!
& ? 191
4. J
. The Ivanov family.
А. Create sentences by selecting one item from each column.
S1:
;;?
S2: / +
;.
;
;; ;
2
"
; S2

" )2
$ )

F! + F )2
2"

2"
)
;" ;!
B. % -Ue!. Continue asking similar questions about various
students.
5. 8. Daily schedule.

А. Here are three days from Sasha’s weekly schedule. Discuss his activities
using the question formats given, changing the boldfaced phrases.

4 ( 7 $ )?
( ! - ?
(.) ( .) (.)
7.00 , ;
2", ; ;

, )
8.00 ) , ;
2",

, )
9.00 1 ,
2 2 1goesto the
university
10.00 " A8
2
2
11.00 " A8 " A8
12.00 ;" S 2
2paper
;!I

13.00
)

;!I
14.00 F 2, ;" S

" )2 ;!I
15.00 " A8
192 7
(.) ( .) (.)
16.00 &3 2H ; 3goes home
17.00 ; )
18.00 +, +

19.00 ;
2, + +, +
20.00 )
2 2H
21.00 ; S2 )
22.00
2 , " )
, + ) ,
)2 ;!, F 2 ; S2
23.00 )
, + ;! ;
2
24.00 ; )
, + ;!
B. Choose a day in Sasha’s calendar and

make a continuous story. Add extra c$
information as appropriate. Use the
linking words at right in your story.
)
, !4
ŧ L ) .
6.
4?
А. Assume the role of Sasha and have conversations as in activity 5.
S1:
"! 4 ( $ )?
S2: ( ž! Fž )ŧ 8.
and: S1: ( ! -' ?

S2: (
8 12 F.

!
& ? 193
В. Working with а partner, compare your typical daily schedules. Give
the time when appropriate. Remember to use the linking words.
C ...
' ...
(F ...
&F!8 ...
7. \ &, Z - -'! Grandmother calls every night to ask

how things are going.
: 0!
*2": ? W 2".
: X
2, 2"!
?
*2": ;, "ž. %; 2+
?
: &, ] .1 1at work
*2": 0 F
?
: $ ž +, $ ž ) .
*2": 0 F
"!?
: , )ŧ8!. C ¿ ) 2 V).3 2tomorrow / 3ехаm
*2": 0 "!? / F
?
: / 2+ ;.
*2": &2, ". ; F, F.
: ; F, 2".
А.
.
1. C ! ! ? !?
2. ": "?
3.
, F?
4. %F (why) )?
5.
$,
+?
6.
, 2" 2+ ;?
В. Make up а similar dialogue using other activities.
194 7

) 8, F8 )2.
, I ) ,
+8.
Useful time expressions

100% always
-*$ usually
$ often
sometimes
seldom
0% never
8. " 8 B ', 8 ...

А. Answer the questions using the time expressions above.
( " )2,
)!?
( ) ,
) ?
0 " /" ?
В. Describe other activities that you and your family members do (or
do not do) simultaneously. Use the verbs given as а starting point
and continue with your own ideas.
Model:

8 2 ,
(or:
) ...

! "21 (+,
"!) ! ; !2 1to drive

! 2 ;! $ (;", ;""!)
)! ! )
; !
2" ; ! e- SMS or СМС [esemes]
+! "! )2 is a text message.
"! A8 ;! (;8, ;"!)

! 2
) (+,
"!)

!
& ? 195

?
?

(

-

)
31% 18%

7% 48%
,
33% 12%

(,

!
) 0.5%
4%

" #

$
1.5%
14% ,

& $ '*: 427 20% опрос: www.u-mama.ru
• NF ;

2 ! ? 0 ?
• $2+!H F 8 ;
2?
• ( ! NF ! ;2
F "?
9. " $ ? Using the time expressions always, usually, etc., state how
often the people in the survey perform the following tasks.
4

+
2+

A,

10. : ...?

А. Ask а classmate or your teacher questions about household chores in
his or her family.
2 NF ? ;
2 ? 0 2 ?
" ! NF +? 0 ) ?
В. All family members are different. Ask questions of your choice using
as many verbs from this lesson as possible. Ask your classmates or
your teacher.
2
...
2 ž!"/F"...
C. Complain about your roommate.
$
/¿
; ...
196 7
Saying Where You Are Going

.
.
? .

?
.
.
. (classes) is the
plural of .
.
.
7.7 Expressing Direction: в/на + Accusative
The verb implies

going on foot only.

/
?
!

. " . #$

!.
% !! . & " .

? 197
11. ? What а busy day! Where are these people going?
S1: ' (?
S2: & .

$

)

' )
% %
* )+ ()
(
$0 * 1
#$

() )) 0
12. ? Read the dialogue. Then act it out by changing
Both
and
where уоu are going.
+ $ are possible
S1: "
! colloquial responses
S2: "
! ' ?
to ' ?
S1: *
.1 ! ? 1okay
S2: 45 + $.2 ' ? 2okay
S1: 7 .

S2: "

.3 5 . # !4 3great / 4Let’s go together!
S1: :
.
$ : %
& "
1 1the days of our lives: part one
; 7, , 19 , 5 > 5:
7A +
, B
)
C . 7
+
C
0 02, ) )3 2cafeteria / 3again
. 7 C 0, )
. 7 C +, ), + )4, 4around 5 o’clock
5
. " $ ) $
6, 5
/ 6in the city
)
7
> 5. G
8 I , > 7spend / 8soon
, , J -9

. 9fitness center (room)
( B+

A
+C $.
() , ) 5 ,
, $
.
198 # 7
А. '
"&.
1. L 7 +
?
2. 7
? M ?
3. 7 ? M ?
4. ' ) ?
5. ( + ?
6. L ) +?
7. Lo ) ?
8. & + ?
9. L +
, ?
10. L , ) )?
11. ' , 7 $ "
(is late)
? "+ ?
B. Describe in Russian how Volodya’s schedule differs from your daily

schedule.
Expressing Frequency of Actions
.

% & .
%.
%.
"(.

?
,
.
)
2,3,4
.
( ) 5,6,7,...
&(.
/.
7.8 Time Expressions: Frequency of Actions
(
$0

/.

? 199
13.
% & !
ķ? Interview а classmate. Find
out how often he or she does the activities listed. Then continue the
interview using five more items of your choice.
clean the house/apartment watch TV
do the laundry make dinner
read novels
' + 8 ¿? 8 5

C.
7.9 Verbs of Motion: идти́ versus ходи́ть
8
The verb N
N5 N
implies going on
N N foot only.
/ N N
1ķ
0 8 ¿ 6
C.
14.
% &? )
?
А. Discuss how often these students go to the places listed.
S1: ' + Ce
¸æà N ¿?
S2: & N
5
C.
)
9 )
,!
¿ 5/ C 6/ C 3/ C 2/ C
5/ C 2/ 4/ C 1/
2/ 1/ 4/ 1/ C

1/ 2/ 6/ 2/ C
J - 3/$ 3/ 5/ C —
200 # 7
В. Find out how often your classmates go to the following places.
S1: (
C N ?
or: ' + N ?
S2: N5 3
C.
$
()
J -

15. 9 % & 8 ? You meet а friend on the street. Your
friend wants to know where you are going and how often you go there.
S1: "
, !
S2: "
, . ' 5?
S1: . ! ?
S2: . ' ?
S1: / .
S2: 4 + N / ?
S1: * /, .
$ : %
& 1 1the days of our lives: part two
; # ', 32 $, I,
$
«10
»:
A 5
+, )
C C.
" $C
2 5 B. 7
2for
. B

C, + 5
.
; C +. "
$ 3 0 B
N5 $ 3on the way
)
4. 1 $C 5, $ 5 )
N 0, 4to buy groceries
5 , B+
. " 5 5 C ) 5after

C $. 7 + 5 ). > $

A

6 5 ). 6myself
; 7
0 ', 35 ,
+,
)

23:
A
, C1 C. 7
A 1wash
)
. 7

C,

.
C 2, + +
5 . 2all day

? 201
7+
+C $
A
. 7

5 . " 5
A
)$C3 B 3help

. ( ) + . > $ +C,

5 )C.
A. '
"&.
1. '
: 5 5 ? 7 ?
2. L 5, $ 5 $
?
3. '

: $ ?
4. 7 5
?
5. ( +
5 ?
6. L 5 )
$ 0?
7. L 5 )
, $ 5 + $?
8. 7 B+ 5C?
9. L 5 ) 5? ! 5?
10. 7 5 ) ? ! 5 5 ?
B. ; &!!. Working with a partner, discuss how the Klimovs do

things differently on Saturday. What time does the wife get up?
And the husband? Who cleans the house? Who cooks? Do they go
somewhere? Modify as many activities as you can.
Then compare your stories with other classmates. Whose story
was the most realistic? Whose was the most idealistic? From whose
point of view?
Chapter Review
A. Yоu should now be able to . . .
1. tell time and ask somebody what time it is
2. ask and answer questions about the time when some activities
take place, including eating, going to bed, getting up, doing
household chores, and various other daily activities For self-tests and additional practice,
3. compare activities with the adverbs later and earlier Site, available at www.wiley.com/
college/nummikoski
4. state the relative frequency of activities (always, sometimes, etc.) For access to the videos, please go to
5. ask and answer questions about where somebody is going the Wiley Resource Kit, available with
college/wrk
6. ask and answer questions about how often certain things are
done, and how often you go to different places
202 # 7
В. Roleplay. A Russian exchange student (played by а classmate) is visiting
your university. Соmраre your weekly schedules, pointing out all the
differences in your daily habits, including the frequency of activities.
The Russian visitor lives in а dorm, goes to class every day, studies а
lot, goes to the theater, reads а lot, is not employed, and eats most meals
at а student cafeteria.
You are а typical American student. Уоu do your homework on the
bed, watch TV and listen to music while you study, eat breakfast and
other meals in front of the TV, and so on.
C. Interview Video. L 50 ?
Word Building
Reflexive Verbs
Transitive verbs can take a direct object, whereas intransitive verbs cannot.
A group of intransitive verbs is formed by adding the reflexive particle -ся
to the corresponding transitive verbs. In these reflexive verbs, the action is
“reflected” back to the person performing it.
одевŧть to dress somebody ŧ to dress oneself
раздевŧть to undress somebody
ŧ to undress oneself
мыть to wash somebody ² to wash oneself
or something
Roots
- wash
²o soap
)Ÿ to do the dishes (from "&Ÿ
, dish)
$ž to wash one’s hair (from / ŧ, head)
² to wash oneself
//- rub

š friction

ŧ to do laundry
What do уоu think the following two household appliances might be?

ŧ ķ )ž + ķ
А popular Russian tongue twister includes words with the root -. Try to
say it as fast as уоu can.
Rŧ ²a Rķ ²o, Rķ ²o
ķ.
Mother washed Mila with soap, Mila dropped the soap.

? 203
@,ABBA9CA
7.1 Time Expressions
A. Hours. The word &% & means now. Do not confuse it with the word
%
& (hour). D is not used in these time expressions.
( 0+ () +.
Now it is one o’clock.
The words %
&, %
& , %
& are used with full hours.
1 + 2,3,4 + 5,6,7,... +
Orally, fractions of the hour can be expressed in two ways: by adding
both the words hour and minute to the numbers or by leaving them
out entirely.
( 0+ 8.30. you say: %
&

It is 8:30. or:

You should use the second variant at this point.
B. The nouns врeљмя and час. ; (genitive sg.:
) is а
neuter word.

Moscow time my time
) &% & ? is а colloquial way to inquire about time.
%
&? is а more formal expression.
The plural of %
&, %
&E, also means clock or watch. Notice that
the adjectives modifying %
&E are in the plural as well.
' +B! T
+B.
What а big clock! You have а beautiful watch.
7.2 Verbs

, !
, and

The verbs

(to eat breakfast), !
(to eat lunch/dinner),
and
(to eat supper) are regular first-conjugation verbs. The
corresponding nouns are
, !, and . Supply the missing
endings on the following page.
204 # 7

!

C 5

5
/
/ / 5

5

5

C 5
7.3 Time Expressions: Аt What Time?

/ ? (When?) is a more general question than ; & ? (At what
time?). Giving the time in the answer requires the preposition , followed
by а specific time.
; &
?
C +.
At what time do you eat breakfast? I eat breakfаst at eight о’clock.
/ ? C
.
When do you eat lunch? I eat lunch at two thirty.
Тhe negative answer to the question / ? is / (never).
Remember that the Russian language uses the double negative.
'$ 5 ? R / 5 .
When do you eat supper? We never eat supper.
#"

1. Answer the questions in complete sentences using the information given.
1. '$ŧ 5 ? (7:30)

2. 7
? (eight o’clock)
3. ! 'ŧ, ? (one o’clock)
4. 7 C U ? (three o’clock)
5. 7

? (never)
7.4 Reflexive Verbs

Reflexive verbs add the particle -&, an abbreviation of the reflexive
pronoun &! (self ), to the end of all verbal forms. The particle has two
variant forms: -& after а consonant (including the soft sign) and -&
after а vowel sound. In Chapter 6 you learned the second-conjugation
verb %& (to study, to be а student). In this lesson, you learn one
more second-conjugation reflexive verb ( &) and three first-
conjugation verbs,
&, &, and
&. Supply
the missing endings on the following page.

? 205
%||& (II)
||& (I) here:
to study to do schoolwork, to study
+--& (-& after the vowel ) -C-& (-& after the vowel )
+--& - -&
/ +--& / - -&
+--& - -&
+- -& (-& after the vowel ) - -& (-& after the vowel )
+--& ķ -C-&
||& (II) ||& (I)

||& (I)
tо lie down tо get dressed tо get undressed
5

5

/ 5 / /

5

5

5

Note: The verbs %& and & also have Spelling Rule 2 арplied
tо the first (, not ) and last forms (
, not ):
Sреlling Rule 2: After , /, 8, , %, , F, and (, write

and ,
never or .
7 5 )? 5 ) 11 +.

At what time do уоu go tо bed? I go tо bed at 11:00.
(literally, lie down tо sleep)
7+
.
In the evening we study at the library.
T
, +

.
We get drеssеd in the morning and undrеssеd in the evening.
#"

2. Fill in the verb endings.
1. & .

2. 7 8 + .
3. ( $ .
4. 4
+
?
5. M ?
206 # 7
6. .
7. R .
8. T
.
9. 7+

.
10. & .
11. M , ) 0 (in the
bathroom)?
12. 0.
13. 7+

5 ).
14. 7 5 )?
15. R 5 ) 12 +.

The verbs in the first column
A. First-conjugation verbs are regular first-conjugation
| to do to wash verbs.
+| to read C
)
| to take (e.g., а shower) R has a vowel change in
| to listen / the stem.

| to do laundry

| to clean (e.g., the apartment)
$| to walk, to stroll C 7 has a shorter present
tense stem than expected: &
-,
&
| to get up "& to write instead of &
-. The verb has
A ) the stress on the endings.
)
/ / ) " has a consonant change
) in all conjugated forms and a
) shifting stress: on the ending
in the infinitive and the first
A )
person; on the stem in the
B. Second-conjugation verbs
other forms.
&| to watch, to look &|G to stand

(
has a shifting stress:

A A
on the ending in the infinitive

and the first person; on the
/
/ stem in the other forms.

? 207
&"|
to sleep /| to prepare C) and $
) C $ C have an extra letter
) $ in the first person.
/ ) / $
) $
c)e $
) $
&| to sit, to be sitting | to lie, to be lying

( has a
& 5 consonant change in
5 the first person, as
/ / 5 well as Spelling Rule 2
5 applied ( not ).
5
5 % 5, like
5 and
#"
+, has Spelling
Rule 2 applied to the
3. Rewrite the sentences using the verbs in parentheses in the correct first and last persons.
form.
1. L ()?
2. (+) $.
3. R0
() ) + $ ().
4. M (+) $?
5. R (+) $ .
6. R
() (
)
.
7. ( 5)
() .
8. ' ()
?
9. 15 % ()
()
-.
10. 7+
(
)
.
11. 7 ()
?
12. 4 + (
)
?
13. L ())?
14. ()) )
5 .
15. 4 () (), $ $
) J?
16. () 8 +.
17. 4 ())? * , ()).
18. R ( 5) ) ()).
19. 7 ($) )
.
20. ($) , 0
() ).
208 # 7
7.6 Accusative Case: Inanimate Nouns
You have so far learned two case forms: the nominative (the case of the
subject) and the prepositional (the case of location). In this lesson, you
will learn the accusative case, the case of the direct object.
A. Finding the direct object. Action verbs, such as to read, to speak, to
listen, are often followed by а direct object. The object of а sentence
answers the question What? or Whom?
I read а book. (Read what?—A book.)
subject verb object
Lena likes art. (Likes what?—Art.)
subject verb object
Igor met Tanya. (Met whom?—Tanya.)
subject verb object
Таnуа reads in the library. (Reads what?—no object)
subject verb
In interrogative sentences (questions), the question word itself саn be the
object.
What do уоu collect? (Collect what?—response)
object subject verb
What did he read? (Read what?—response)
object subject verb
#"

4. Underline the verb once and the direct object twice. Some sentences
do not have an object.
1. I like music.
2. I can see you.
3. Do you know this song?
4. Sasha is writing а letter.
5. Can you hear me?
6. Close the door!
7. I don’t know this song.
8. Where did they meet?
9. Have you already done the dishes?
10. What are you reading?

? 209
11. My brother is а good hockey player.
12. Where did he go?
13. Mу grandfather died two years ago.
14. What kind of ice cream do you like?
15. I bought new jeans at the mall.
B. The form of the object. The direct object of а Russian sentence
is in the accusative case. Review the following examples. Only the
feminine nouns have an ending different from the nominative case.
)
C . (masculine noun as the direct object)
I am taking а shower.
") + /
. (feminine noun as the direct object)
Father is reading а newspaper.
V . (neuter noun as the direct object)
Grandтother is listening to the radio.
% . (plural noun as the direct object)
Lena is doing homework
(literally lessons).
The following endings apply to inanimate nouns. Animate nouns will be
discussed in Chapter 12.
Nominative Accusative
Masc.

—
(identical to the nom. sg.)
0 -0 0

-

Fem.
$ - $ - (а changes to у)

-

- (я changes to )
)> - )> (identical to the nom. sg.)
Neuter
) - ) (identical to the nom. sg.)
-
Pl.
5
- 5
(identical to the nom. рl.)
$ - $
) - )
-
210 # 7
SIMPLIFIED RULE FOR
ТНЕ ACCUSATIVE CASE
OF INANIMATE NOUNS
M, N 5 nom.
F
u
u
5 nom.
Pl. 5 nom.
#"

5. Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses.
1. +C ($). 6. ( ().

2. '$ )
()? 7. & C (
).
3. &$
(
). 8. ") + ($).
4. R ) ()). 9. ( (
).
5. R + (5
). 10. ( +C ($).
6. Write complete sentences with the following words.
1. %//) 6. //

2. /$/
7. /
/
3. )
Jš
(/)/$ 8. &/)
/
4. /
/
9. /$/5
5. /)/)
5š 10. /+/5

7.7 Expressing Direction: в/на + Accusative

You have already learned to express location with the prepositions
or
and the prepositional case. То express direction, movement to а
location, the same prepositions and
are used with the accusative
case. Compare the following:
@? Where (at)? /
+ prep. ? Where (to)? /
+ асс.
( . ( !! .
Sasha is at the library. Sasha is going to the library.
#$
. #$

&
.
Igor is at the stadium. Igor is going to the stadium.

? 211
@? Where (at)? /
+ prep. ? Where (to)? /
+ асс.
R
. R

!.
Mother is at work. Mother is going to work.
( . (
(.
The students are at а lecture. The students are going to а lecture.
Note: The choice between the prepositions and
remains the same:
if you use to express location, you use for direction; if you use
for
location, you use
for direction.
The following constructions do not have а preposition: The verb ķ (to go)
implies going on foot
V
. V .
only. It has a stress
Grandmother is at home. Grandmother is going home.
on the endings (like
(I) to go 5: 5, 5,
etc.) Notice also the
stressed infinitive
/ ending -ķ.
#"

7. Rewrite the sentences to say that (or ask if) the people are on their
way to the location.
Model: (
. ) &.
1. ( J . 9. 4
$ .
2. (
. 10. * .
3. 7
? 11. V ) .
4. ") $ . 12. ( .
5. R . 13. % R .
6. (
$0

. 14. .
7. 1 . 15. (

.
8. 4 )
?
8. Write the corresponding questions with / or ŧ.

Model: (
$0 . @ )/?
R 0.
?
1. . 6. (
.
2. ")
. 7. R C.
3. !
0
. 8. * )
.
4. R
. 9. .
5. R $ . 10. .
212 # 7
7.8 Time Expressions: Frequency of Actions
The expressions every morning, every Friday, and the like are in the
accusative case. Accusative of adjectives is discussed in detail in Chapter 8.
For the time being, memorize the following patterns.
Masc. 50 (accusative 5 nominative)
Fem. 5 (accusative 5 - for adjectives
and - for nouns)
Neuter 5
(accusative 5 nominative)
Оnce, twice, three times, and so on are expressed as follows:
The word is
(1)
2,3,4
5,6,7,…
often dropped here:

(once).
То say how many times а day (week, month, year) you do something, use
the preposition with the accusative case.
)
? How many times (а day, etc.)?

C (from , week)

$
#"

9. How would you say . . .
1. every Saturday 8. every Friday

2. every day 9. five times а week
3. every year 10. three times а day
4. every Sunday 11. twice а year
5. every Wednesday 12. once а month
6. every Tuesday 13. seven times а week
7. every week
The adverbs of frequency % &, / , and so on usually precede the

verb in the sentence, whereas the position of longer expressions (
, 2
, etc.) is determined by the speaker.
% &
A
+
.
I often watch TV in the evening.
+C $ .
I read newspapers every morning.
or: +C $.

? 213
#"

10. How would you say that . . .
1. you often read books in the evening
2. you usually watch ТV when you eat breakfast
3. your father always reads the newspaper in the morning
4. your brother seldom does (his) homework
5. your parents sometimes get up very early
7.9 Verbs of Motion: versus 8

C and 8 are verbs of motion. Both imply walking, that is, not
using а vehicle. C is а unidirectional verb; it describes motion to one
direction at а given time. J is а multidirectional verb; it implies
movement to а location and back (а round trip).
Unidirectional Multidirectional
8
1. movement to one direction 1. movement to а location and back

at а given time (round trip, back and forth)
. ( N ) .
I аm on my way to the library. Sasha is walking back and forth
R + . in the room.
Му daughter is going to school. R + N .
(She is on her way to school Му daughter goes to school.
at the moment.) (She is old enough to attend school.)
2. repeated action
N5 50 .
I go to the library every day.
3. ability to move
R0 5 N.
Му son can already walk. (i.e., Не has
already learned to walk.)
4. manner of movement
" C, A N.
Birds fly and people walk.
214 # 7
Note 1: Repeated action always implies а round-trip. (For example, you
cannot go to а place а second time unless you leave the place first.)
Note 2: Sentences with multidirectional verbs often include adverbs
that imply а round-trip or repeated action, such as often, sometimes, every
day, etc.
8| (II) to go, to walk : is a second-
8 N conjugation verb with
N N a consonant change
/ N N in the first person.
#"

11. Ask if these people often go to the places mentioned.
Model: . 9 % & 8

?
1. % )
. 6. ") )+.
2. % * $. 7. 1 .
3. R . 8. R

.
4. (
$0 . 9.

C.
5.
. 10. 4
.
12. Build complete sentences according to the model.
Model: K 8 !! .

person place frequency
1. we work every day
2. I store every Friday
3. you (sg.) library sometimes
4. Larisa class(es) five times а week
5. my parents movies once а month
6. you (pl.) restaurant twice а week
7. students university every morning
8. Sasha work every Saturday
9. grandmother clinic three times а week
10. my dog park every morning at 7:00

? 215
13. Supply the verbs 8 or in the correct form.
1. 4 + ?
1,
C.
2.
0 , ! "
! ' ?
.
7 + ?
1, (there) 5C .
3. R + 5 . & 5 .
4. 7 %, )
! 7 ?
R )
.
7 50 ?
* ,
.
5. (
! (Look!) ! % .
! +? (Sо what?) ! 50 ?
* , 5C + $C,

C.
Vocabulary
Nouns Other nouns

Time-related nouns e -0 website
n. time shower
(gen. sg. )
(
) class
&( month indecl. cinema
week
() concert
)

B break () lecture

,
time (counting)
music
) dish(es)
Meals ) + dishwasher

breakfast

!
(
) work
! lunch, dinner

)
daily schedule
supper
СМС SMS (short message
service), text
message
216 # 7
/ ) roommate Other adverbs
subst. adj. cafeteria !E& fast
( 0)
together
)
5 exercise
(to) home

lesson, also:
where (to)
homework
slowly
J - fitness center, room
/ never
J - fitness club
(to) nowhere
+B pl. only watch

okay
"% why
Adjectives
)

wonderful
every
0 Moscow

00 Russian (referring Verbs
to the country (II) to drive
and its citizens) 5,
,
Adverbs
&
| (I) to get up
Of time &
L,
&/ always встаёшь,
встаLт
5 every day
$| (II) to prepare
/ sometimes
$C,

( finally $,
!E% usually $
) again / | (I) to be out playing,
" late walking, strolling
)5 later
| (I) to do
" then

| (I) to eat breakfast
early
|& (I) to study, to do
earlier
&, homework

&,
seldom
&
&% & now (I) to go, to be going
&
%
at first , (on foot)
% & often ,

? 217
(II) to lie &
| (I) to listen
, &| (II) to watch
, &L,
&,
& (II) to lie down &
&, &"|
(II) to sleep
&, &" ,
& &",
(I) to wash &"
C,
| (I) to do laundry
,
C &| (II) to stand
&L,
!
| (I) to eat lunch/dinner &,
| (I) to get dressed &
C,

(I) to train, to exercise
,
C
| (I) to clean
)| (I) to be late for
| (I) to eat supper
/ + acc. | (I) to wash (oneself)
"& (I) to write 8| (II) to go
" 8,
" 8,
/ " 8
" % | (I) to read
"
"
Other
)$| (I) to help
; & ? At what time?
)
| (I) to take (e.g., a shower)
the whole family
)
(II) to spend (time)
)
5, %
&? What time is it?
)
, m. zero
)
" on TV
)

| (I) to browse " O on the telephone

| (I) to get undressed ) &% & What time is it?

C, ?

,

C
& (II) to sit
&,
&,
&
218 # 7
# 8 (;& )
; L!
&&%& ?

◆ Talking about literature ◆ Russian team names ◆ Accusative of personal
and art ◆ The role of hockey pronouns: Review
◆ Expressing emphasis in Russia ◆ Accusative of adjectives
and preference ◆ Famous athletes and possessive and
◆ Talking about sports demonstrative pronouns
◆ Traditional Russian folk
(inanimate)
◆ Talking about music music
◆ Emphasis and preference
◆ Famous composers
◆ Syntax
◆ The verb $
: Games
◆ Conjugation of verbs with
the suffix -ова-/-ева-
◆ The verb $
: Musical
instruments
; R
/
"
L !

, &", !

! . A F %?
; L!
&&%& ? 219
Talking About Literature and Art
S

+

)U Notice that some genres
J use an adjective 1
noun construction,
whereas J,
(pl.),
and )³ are
nouns, which are not
followed by the word
C&&&

.
The adjective

0
(contemporary) comes
from the noun

(time) (cf. (

?) and the
prefix со- (with).
+ N5 The English word
contemporary is formed
the same way from the
Latin words tempus
(time) and con (with).
1.
/. Assign the famous people to the appropriate categories.
Z
10
7 M$ +

!$ '

[
:$I0

)
RN V
² J
N5
[ 1
)U
;
)U

& : +

(a
1

% 40
1ž
(C
220 # 8
'0 + 0 .
'

L!? ! L +

.
' L!? + .
'
+
.
8.1 Accusative of Personal Pronouns: Review

8.2 Accusative Case of Adjectives and Possessive and Demonstrative
Pronouns (Inanimate)
!
C A A
A A
/ A A
• 7 L! %
?
If you want to say what
• 'C

A ?
you like to do, the
• 'C

% ? '+ C?
second verb stays in the
(
C? "UC?
infinitive: e.g., C A
• 7 A )UC?
! "R?
+. See 9.3 for
• 7 + && & ?
details.
• 7 A + ? ! O
&?
2.

L!? Some of the people below like
Russian literature only, while others like foreign literature, too. The last
column on the right includes foreign authors.
S1: 'C

A !
0?
S2: & A
C
C + C

.
S1: ! $ C ) / C 0 ) ?
S2: G$ C ) – 40 (0 .

"& / "R
!
0 +

% 40 15 (0
*

7
" —
4 )U R
\ ;
Z

1 J — 15. '. ;$
! V
! !$ '

% !
" —
(
5

'
0 L0 —
; L!
&&%& ? 221
Expressing Emphasis and Preference
1, %. ť+ C A , K+ is often

&ž! ķ+ . pronounced [].
7 A ?
H ť+ . !ž C A

.
8.3 Emphasis and Preference
3. L!? The following chart shows some American students’
preference in literature and art. Practice questions and answers
S1:

A %ķ?
S2: & A ķ+ C

, ž
C.
S1: A
cccâ A ?
S2: & A ķ ķ+ , ž J
.
person literature art

1. Linda classical (Russian) classical (French)
2. Mark sci-fi (American) mоdеrn (Russian)
3. Andrea detective novels (Russian) modern (Spanish)
4. Amy mоdеrn (Аmеriсan) mоdеrn (French)
5. Scott classical poetry (English) classical (ltalian)
6. Robert classical (Russian) modern (American)
4. T
/. Practice the dialogue with a partner, making as many changes
as possible.
S1: 4 A + C

?
S2: 1, +,
C.
S1: ! «! '
» +/?
S2: * , > +/.
S1: !
A ?
S2: * , + . C A + .
)C
.
S1: ! )- ,
+
.
222 # 8
Talking About Sports
7 A &"? 1, ž+ C A )
, The Russian word
N0. for sports is singular:
)
. 7 )
is
translated as type/kind

&"
A ? C A N0.
of sports.
; &"
0 –
0 N0 – 0 –
0 J – J N 0
Z is soccer. The

sport called football
in the United States
is
0
J .
J$
– – J –
J$
J
) "" &"
. The following world rankings are
based on participation, not spectatorship. Russian ranks are in parentheses.
1. %$ track and 5. 7 )0 )
11. MJ
field: N walking, $ 6. V (3) 12. ()

running (4)
7. 7 0 (2) 13. %²50 )
skiing (6)
2. Z (1)
8. !I
(10) 14. V
, (11), C (12),
U
3. " swimming,
9. 4 (15), 5-5
0$ (5)
10. V $ 15. *0 (7), N (8),
4. d$, )
)
0
(9), N0 (13)
• '0 )
0 ))
0
? ! ;?
• ' )
+ ))
;?
• ' )
))
;?
• ' )
))
0
?
• ! )- , N – U )
?
• ' )
A ? ! A ?
• 7 L! &
0 J ? * ? "
?
; L!
&&%& ? 223
5. C& &&& &"&.
1. Find out what field the following athletes represent. What are the
main accomplishments of each person?
2. From the articles listed, find the Russian equivalents for the
following phrases: world champion, European champion, Olympic
champion
3. What honorary title do most of the athletes hold?
A$AU;A A
B

N $
0 N 2006–2007 $$., 14-0
(
. 1983) –
0 $, ;. ( J
2009 + )
) +
5 0
)
$ $
N 2000–2008 $$.
(N5 $, $ «!
». 1
9,U9[K ;
&

1999). ! C + ) I$ $
-
A &
% (
. 1952) – 0
; (1999–2001, 2006), )

$0 « ».
N ,

. 7 )
1969
G
) (1998–2000, 2002, 2004).
TUBUY9[U;A U
) 1984 $ >>

! C + )
(1999,
;%&

(
. 1981) – \('!
0 ( $ (C.
2003). " #$
XXVIII

0 , 4
¸N
0 )00 + )
&) !JN (2004).
)0 + ) 2008 $ (1972, 1976, 1984), 10-
0
VSWXUY' U/ +

. 5 0 + )
(1970, 1971, 1973–
;% (
. 1982) –
00
)
;. ( 1996 $ 1975, 1978, 1979, 1981–1983),
J$
, )00 + ) G

\('!. 9-
0 + ) G
) (1970,
2006 $,
N
0 + )
)
2003 ) 2008 $ G 1973–1975, 1978, 1979 1981–1983).

0 + ) G
). $
10

WTA %+0 N XX )

5 0
)
;. +

. R 5
0 J
N .
5 0
)
(((;
A,ZA;CY A )/% ,ABYC ;
$&%
(1971). ( 2006 $ – )

(
. 1981) –
00 (
. 1975) –
00 N,
Z
N ;.
J , 5 0
5
0 $
0
,
)
; (2008). & C0 + )
) Adapted from http://ru.wikipedia.org
6.
...? Make а list of famous male and female athletes using the
following categories. How many names do your classmates recognize?
S1: ' 0/ (name of athlete)?

S2: [ 0
0 J$
/

J$
.
J 0
J$

224 # 8

[ , 0 , J ķ N0

?
A
&?
• 7 $
N0 ? ' ?
• ! > $
? !

?

& Ÿ&& ?
There are no interscholastic sports in Russia as there
are in the United States. Sports teams are supported
by clubs, such as ()
, 1, %,
('! (()
0 ' !
), and \('!
(\
0 ()
0 ' !
). Clubs
with these names exist in many cities and represent
several different sports.
7.
"- ?
1. ' 0 N
0 !
? ! J ?
2. ' C J ?
3. \
C C ! ?
4. ' N
!
?
5. ! N
J ?
6. ' , J$
!
?
7. ' !
?
' 0 N
0?
8.4 Syntax
; L!
&&%& ? 225
. Use $
for games
; % / ? K / N0. only. For some other
/ ? J . sports, you can use
N. the verb
with the instrumental
case:
8.5 The Verb игрáть: Games
) (masc.
nouns), 0$
(fem. nouns). Ask
your teacher for the
specific forms you
need. See 16.1 for the
instrumental case.
; % $
*? ; % $
C '?
& $
. & $
C N.
A ?
• 7 + $
?
• 7 N
$
? 7 $
?
• 7 L! / 0 ?
• 7 + / ?
• 7 $
N?
8. % / ?
% &?
А. Examine the weekly sports schedules for Slava, Мitya, Lena, and
Natasha and answer the following questions.
1. '$ ( $
?
2. (
C ( $
J ?
3. 7 + $
R
?
4. '$ R $
N0?
5. 7 + $
%? (
C?
6. * $
) ?
". . &. %. ". &!. &.

)
J J J
B N0 N N0 N0 N0
S
0 ť 0 N 0 N
Y

š
В. Make up four more questions and ask а partner to answer them.
226 # 8
Z -!! Z -!!
:0 – I + ))
0 )
,
N

N – ' , (x!, ( , +, ;.
(
1 ² $ (((; – $
02 + )
1national / 2multiple
&)0N $
. ( $
0 N $
C
N N (1, \('!), )
J N N

N3
, + N $
C 0 3different
; + )
&)0N $
N.
'$ $
C N0, >4
+5: «x0- ! 4fans / 5yell
x0- !»
x0- ! is a cheer
'
"&. used to support a
hockey team. The
1. 7 N
N N0 ))
0 )
? expression comes
2. (
B $ (((; – ³ N
? from the word 0
3. M $
C
0 N $? (puck). Although
the literal meaning
4. M $
C + N ?
refers to hockey
5. L
+ > ? games only, the same
6. ' , 0 )
0 ))
0 cheer is sometimes
!
? also heard at soccer
7. ! !$? 7 #)? games. Russian teams
8. '0 )
!
))
0? do not usually have
cheerleaders.
9. CL. Interview a classmate using the following English questions
as а guideline. Add more questions of your choice.
1. Do уоu like sports? Which ones?

2. Do уоu prefer soccer or American football?
3. Which basketball team do you root for?
4. What (sport) do you play?
5. How often do уоu play it? How well? How long have you been
playing it?
6. Do you play tennis? Chess?
7. What did you play at school?
8. Do you like to watch American football on TV?
; L!
&&%& ? 227
Talking About Music
*

(literally, folk music)
can be broadly defined
as any traditional
music from folk
sources, for example
“On Top of Old
Smokey.”
+
- 5
)
)
))- )

10.
/. Into which categories would you put the following artists,
composers, or songs?
".#. L00 +

R )
))-
%+ "
) / )
-
! "$+ )

(
$0 ;N 5
“On Top of Old Smokey” )

(continue with your own items)
228 # 8
11. C& && -/"". Below are some entries from the
Hall of Fame of Russian rock music. For each group, find out when it
was founded and what type of music they play (reggae, hard rock, folk
rock, folk music, new wave, etc.).
«A/

&» –
0 1980-N $,

0 $ 1972
-$
)), 0 7
\0. R «'», $. z
:
0
, J-

90-N $. * )
5 ) ) )
>
,
$$ 0.
$ >
+ 7
\ ,
«A &
» –

-$
)),
$
)) )
$ )-) 0

1983 $. %

)

, .+.
- .

) ! –
, )N -

, $-
,
«A
» –
0N ' '+ .
N )

0N
-$
)). %
z
: , N
-
,
)-).
«!
» V
M
> N
0
.
«o» – N (5 0 )
))
N N
-$
)) + $ Adapted from http://ru.wikipedia.org
' A ? C A + .
• 'C A ?
• ' C
-$
))?
• 7 + ? M $?
• 7 A "? 7 N
"?
• !
( A ? 7 N

(?
8.6 Conjugation of Verbs with the Suffix -ова-/-ева-
12.
L!? Find out more about а classmate’s
music preferences by selecting one item from each column.
S1: 'C A : )

5?
S2: C A )
.
)
5
+ ))-

+

-

-
5 +
; L!
&&%& ? 229
B &š
There are several words
!

for piano. P is a
/! grand piano. An upright
&ķ"
/
model is )ķ. In
!
musical notation the
word often becomes
J
). The player
of the instrument is a
)ķ/.

The word
is
% f. often used in the plural:
&
&O
. T

is another common
p m. word for percussion
! instruments.
!

!
The nouns for most
players are derived
from the corresponding
O
instrument by adding the

/

suffix -&:
ķ,
J 0ķ, $
ķ,
• 'ž0
A ? 'ž0 A ? etc. (an exception is
• * ķN
N ²+ $
C
-$
Ÿ))?
)+, violinist). The
corresponding feminine
forms add another
Y

ž &š $
? $
aA a !a a ŧe.
suffix, -
: $
ķ,

)+, etc.
8.7 The Verb игрáть: Musical Instruments
A popular Russian tongue

twister involving the
clarinet plays with the
consonants , , and :
'
'

, '

'

.
(Carl from Clara stole
corals. Clara from Carl
stole a clarinet.)
[
. [
. [
. Note the prepositional
Ma $
'
$
(
$0 $

plural:
–

.

.
!

!
8.

N.
230 # 8
А вы?
• *
$
?
• 7 N
$
? 1?
• 7
$
C - 1 1any

? !

?
:
• *
$

?
• 7 N
$
?
• ( $
?
13. ^ - /""

«!». Look at the information about
the group and answer the questions.
1. * N
N
R : V

$
C I0
!
5
+
$
))?
2. ' ) (wrote) V
: , $

? !
0 R : + ,
#$
V
: 0,

3. ' )?
(
$ 0 ;: J 0,
!
4: -$
,
#$
Z
: J,

& $ 4
:
),
"
V :

14. CL. You were asked to interview young Russians regarding
their musical likes and talents for your university website. Here are the
results of the first interviews. Recreate the transcript of your questions.
Your classmates will assume the role of the Russians.
name music preference instrument singing dancing

Olya K. classical violin no yes
Mitya V. American rock guitar yes no
Sergei S. Russian rock drums yes yes
Alla P. Russian folk music balalaika yes no
Misha opera N/A yes yes
; L!
&&%& ? 231
,Ÿ&&
Ÿ
;Ÿ ž+ A
žC Ÿ. ( ))

) 1: «'ķ», «'A», «[0, ŸN », «7 +
0 » 1songs
«"ž +
». (0 0
ž0
–
U 0.
(0 0 ķ+ 0 )ķ
– "
#ķ+ L00
(1840–1893). L0ž0 –
ž)
«G$0 &$»,
«% ķ ž
», «()>
» « Ÿ+». V
« Ÿ+» ž+ ))
!
, ž
ķ2 0. 2among
1
$ķ 3
Ÿ )ķ
: (
$0 ;N 3other
(1873–1943), 1ķ
0 xž+ (1906–1975), (
$0 "
žJ
(1891–1953), R RŸ
$0 (1839–1881) *0 ;ķ0-
'
(1844–1908).
D Ÿ&&
ž &.
232 # 8
'
"&.
1. «'ķ» – U
ž ) ķ ž)
?
2. ! «G$0 &$»?
3. ' 0 0
Ÿ0
ž0

?
4. ' ž0 R RŸ
$0?
5. L «% ķ ž
»?
6. ' )-$ķ0 «()>
»? (),
ķ0)
7. 'ž0 L0ž$ 0 ))
0 !
?
8. ' U )-$ķ0?
9. ' Ÿ ,
A
žC Ÿ?
10. ! ķ

) ?
11. '
)+ (typical) 0
?
12. L
$N
?
Chapter Review
А. Yоu should now bе аblе to . . .
1. say what kind of liteгature, art, or music уоu like
2. express your preference
for оnе kind in particular
оf оnе kind over another
З. say what kind of sports and teams уоu like please go to the Book Companion
4. say what sports or musical instruments уоu play Site, available at www.wiley.com/
college/nummikoski
5. say what your favorite teams or music groups are For access to the videos, please go to
В. Directed Dialogue. Get together in groups оf three or four. Find out college/wrk
the following information about your classmates. Take notes and bе

prepared to report to the rest оf the class.
1. what kind оf literature they like
2. favorite author and/or novel
З. favorite sport
4. favorite teams in various sports
5. favorite players
6. what they play, how well, and for how long
7. what kind оf music they like
8. favorite group, artist, and/or composer
9. what instruments they play, how well, and for how long
10. if their family members have аnу special talents in sports or music
; L!
&&%& ? 233
C. Trivia Quiz. ' 0/ /+ ...
1. M
')

2. (
$0 ;N
3. 7 4

4. «G$0 &$»
5. 1
0 x+
6. '
R+
7. «%
»
8. ! "$+
9. V
M
>
10. «'»
11. # ;)
12. "
L00
13. V
!
14. '
0 L0
D. Interview Video. %

, )
.
E. Cultural Video. R0 '

Word Building
Roots
/- game, play !- love, like
$
to play C ķ to love, to like
B$
to win C ķ0 favorite
B$
winning, prize C ķ lover, amateur
)
$
to lose (in hobbies)
$
game C ž, C lover
(in re1ationships)
&)ķ0 ķ$
Olympic
games C love
$
ž player %C woman’s name
$
Ÿ toy %A familiar form of %C
234 # 8
@,ABBA9CA
8.1 Accusative Case of Personal Pronouns: Review
The verb ! (to like, to love) is а regular second-conjugation verb
with аn extra in the first-person singular. Pay attention also to the stress
shift from the ending to the stem.
!
C A A
A A
/ A A
You have already learned the subject (nominative саsе) and object
(accusative case) forms of personal pronouns. Review the following forms.
nominative accusative
I me
you you
he $ him
she her
it $ it
we us
you you
they N them
#"

1. Finish the sentences in the negative according to the model.
Model: C A ,
L!.
1. & A $, ... 6. 7 A N, ...
2. R A , ... 7. & A , ...
3. & A , ... 8. C A , ...
4. R A , ... 9. R A N, ...
5. 4 A , ... 10. & A , ...
8.2 Accusative Case of Adjectives and Possessive and Demonstrative

Pronouns (Inanimate)
In Chapter 7 you learned the accusative case of inanimаtе nouns.
+C 5
/ $ / ) / $.
Review the simplified rule for the inanimate accusative.
; L!
&&%& ? 235
M, N 5 nom.
F
u -
u -
5 nom.
Pl. 5 nom.
#"

2. Write complete sentences according to the model.
Model: /

K ! L
.
1. &/

6. /)

2. / 7. 0 ))/)U/?
3. (/J 8.
/

/?
4. / /? 9. /
5. / 10. /)A
/?
You have already learned that adjectives, as well as possessive and
demonstrative pronouns, agree with the noun they modify, that is, they are
in the same case form as the corresponding nouns. Review the following
examples. Notice that the nominative and accusative forms are identical for
masculine, neuter, and plural phrases. Feminine phrases, on the other hand have
а special form. Рау attention also to the rhyming effect of feminine endings.
Nominative Accusative
Masc.
U !
?
!
A ?
[
&&%& !
. C A
&&%& !
.
[ . +C .
D 0. +C R a .
Fem.
U

?

A ?
[ &&

. C A &&
.
[

.
C L
.
D

.
C R
.
236 # 8
Neuter
U &&&?
&&& A ?
[ && &&&. C A && &&&.
[ "&. +C "&.
D "& . +C R "&.
Pl.
U /?
/ A ?
[ && /. C A && /.
[ "&
. +C "&
.
D . C A R .
Note: Adjective modifiers for feminine nouns ending in -ь also have the
ending -ую. Possessive and demonstrative pronouns change accordingly.
nominative accusative
'

)> '
)>

L

U
)> U )>
SIMPLIFIED RULE FOR ТНЕ

INANIМATE ACCUSATIVE
OF ADJECTIVES
M, N 5 nom.
F -
Pl. 5 nom.
POSSESSIVE AND DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS: INANIMATE ACCUSATIVE
Masc. Fem. Neuter Pl.
0/0 (5 nom.) L/L / (5 nom.) / (5 nom.)
/ (5 nom.) / / (5 nom.) / (5 nom.)
U (5 nom.) R/ U (5 nom.) U (5 nom.)
; L!
&&%& ? 237
#"

3. Complete the sentences using the words in parentheses.
Model: C A (

). K ! L &&

.
1. 7 A (
+

)?
2. 4 A (
)?
3. 7 A (
J)?
4. C A ($0 )U).
5. 40 A (J
)?
6. % A (

).
7. 4 A (
0 )?
8. R A (
).
9. 7 A (
)?
10. R A ($0

).
4. The verbs + and also need the accusative case. Answer
the questions using the adjectives in parentheses. Noticе that the
adjectives are given in the masculine form.
Model: 'C $ +? K % && /.
(
0)
1. '0 5
+ (? (
0)
2. 'C $ + ? (J
0)
3. 'C $ +C? (
0)
4. ' ) + ? (0)
5. 'C ? ()0)
6. ' + 1? (
0)
5. Answer the quеstiоns in complete sentences using the infоrmatiоn

in pаrentheses. Where applicable, replace nouns by the personal
pronouns , , and .
Model: 'C

A (
$0? (+

)
' L!
&&%&
.
1. 'C

A 7? (

)
2. %
5 A
C

? (J

)
3. '0
+ *? (
0
)
4. 4 A J? ($0 )U)
238 # 8
5. 'C

A ? (pŸcc +
)U)
6. 'C A R? (

-).
7. ' A '? (
)
8. ! A R? (
)
9. ' $ A M
? (

$)
10. ' A #$
? ( ) )
6. Write the corresponding questions using

.
Model: % A &

. L! S
?
1. (
$0 % +C
&&%& )UC.
2. C A
& .
3. R0
A & .
4. R R A
&&%& .
5. R +
& $.
6. 1 A O
&.
7. C A & .
8. R && .
9. R0 )) A & .
10. R
+ O
(&
.
7. Put the words in parentheses in the correct form.

1. R
(

).
2. +C ( )).
3. N
C (
a).
4. + C A (U $
).
5. + N5 (U ).
6. R + ( )).
7. ' +
( )?
8. + C A (U $).
9. R +
N (U

).
10. R0
N (U ).
; L!
&&%& ? 239
8.3 Emphasis and Preference
Очень (very) саn be used to emphasize certain verbs, such as to like.
% C A J.
I like science fiction very much (а lot).
Очень can also be used in negative sentences:
% C A .
I don’t like detective novels very much.
or in short answers:
4 A J? 1, + . * , + .
Yes, а lot. No, nоt much.
Preference can be expressed with the verb ! and the adverb
! (more).
! C A )UC.
I like poetry more. or: I prefer poetry.
8.4 Syntax
Notice the difference between the following two questions.
' C J

?
What is your favorite football team?
subject linking verb predicate
' J A ?

Which football team do you like?
object subject action verb
In the first example, which contains the linking verb to be in English, the
nominative case is used in both the subject and the predicate parts of the
question.
The second example includes the action verb любķть. The question
phrase which football team is the object of the sentence and, therefore, in
the ассusative case. When talking about sports teams, you can also use
the verb ! |ть (I) (to root for, to be fan of ) with the preposition за +
accusative. ? C «!
».
240 # 8
#"

8. A. Rewrite the questions using the verb C .
1. ' C

?
2. ' C N0 ?
3. ' C
0 ?
4. ' C

-$
))?
B. Write complete sentences.

1. / /
.
2. R/ /$00 J 0 «!
».
8.5 The Verb / : Games

When the verb / (to play) refers to playing games, it is used with
the preposition and the accusative case.
( $
O! . Sasha plays football.
Some games are in the accusative plural.
$
8
to play chess
$
to play cards
The question What do you play? also requires the preposition в (spelled во).
; % $
? What (game) do you play?
#"

9. Write questions according to the model.
Model: % $
. ; % / S
?
1. ( $
N.
2. $
C .
3. R $

.
4. R $
J .
5. ' #$
$
C .
; L!
&&%& ? 241
8.6 Conjugation of Verbs with the Suffix -ова- and -ева-
The conjugated forms of verbs with the suffix -
- and -
- replace the
suffix with -- The infinitive and the past tense forms (which you will
learn in Chapter 9) will retain the original suffix.

(. I dance, I am dancing.
but: C A
( . I like to dance.
- - to draw - - to dance
--C --C
-- --
--C --C
#"
e
10. Supply the verbs in the correct form.
1. :5 (
) )

.
2. ( $ ( ) C
.
3. 4 A ( )?
4. L (
)?
5. 4 A (
)?
6. 7 + () ( ).
8.7 The Verb / : Musical Instruments

When the verb / refers to playing musical instruments, it is used
with the preposition
and the prepositional case.
% $

$
. Liza plays (on) the guitar.
The question also has the на + prepositional construction.
Y

$
?
(On) what instrument do you play?
or: Y
% $
?
(On) what do you play? (from %, what)
#"

11. Y

& / ? Write complete sentences.
Model: 1/$
T
/
/ .
1. %/
) 4. /$ 0
2. /
5. /$

3. & (/
6. / 0
242 # 8
12. Write questions about sports and music ассоrding to the model.
Model: % $
J0 . Y

&
/ S
?
or: Y
% / S
?
(
$0 $
N0. ; % / )/?
1. $
C N.
2. R $

.
3. 1 ( $
C 0 .
4. R $

) .
5. R
$
C .
6. ' $
0 .
7. R
$
C J0 .
8. * $
C 0 .
9. ; $
C J .
10. R0 $
J .
Vocabulary

Nouns J saxophone
Musical instruments &"
violin

trombone
0a balalaika

trumpet

drum
J0 flute
+ f. cello
$
accordion
Musicians
/
guitar
$ 0 oboe /
&/
guitarist

clarinet "
&/
pianist
"
indecl. piano &" %/
violinist
m. grand piano J 0/ flutist
; L!
&&%& ? 243
Other music vocabulary N walking
!
ballet 8 hockey

jazz 8
chess
& instrument

music Sports players
"
opera !&! &/
baseball player

orchestra ! &/
volleyball player
"(, "(
singer

m. goalkeeper
) song $/ gymnast
-/""
rock group &&/
tennis player
-
rock music O/&/
figure skater
8&/
hockey player

8
&/
chess player
Sports

& football Other sports vocabulary
O!
&"
kind (category)
athletics
of sport
I
aerobics

team
!
&e! basketball
&" sport
$ running
0 puck
!&! baseball
$ bodybuilding Art and literature
boxing
!

ballerina
! volleyball
!
ballet
$ gymnastics
pl. detective novels
$J golf
&&& art
0$ diving

literature
þ judo
"R poetry
0$ yoga
fairy tale

U karate

dancer
"
swimming
O
&
science fiction
& tennis
8 artist, painter
O! soccer
244 # 8
Adjectives ~
+ prep. to play an
instrument
Sports-related
!| (II) to like, to love
!
&! basketball
! L,
!&! baseball
L!,
)0 bicycle
L!
B50 ski(ing)
" (I) to sing
)
0 sport
"L,
O! football
",
8 hockey
"L

|| (I) to draw
Other adjectives
þ,
& children’s
,

&&%& classical
þ
$0 light
(| | (I) to dance
! favorite
(,

folk
(,
0 table
(
"" popular
& modern, Other
contemporary
! more
% of course
Verbs
&! especially
/ | (I) to play
~ + acc. to play a game
; L!
&&%& ? 245
# 9 (T )
L!
&! ?

◆ Talking about the seasons ◆ Picking berries and ◆ Syntax: The noun

◆ Talking about free-time mushrooms and the seasons
activities ◆ Swimming in the winter ◆ Time expressions: Seasons
◆ Discussing past activities ◆ Where Russians spend ◆ Verb + verb constructions:
◆ Telling about your vacation their vacation C A/C )
◆ Russian souvenirs ◆ Impersonal constructions:
5
◆ Past tense of verbs
◆ Verbs of motion: N
and
◆ Time expressions: How long
( ) and How long
ago ( $ )
◆ Relative pronoun
0
) K& V .

L!
&! ? 247
Talking About the Seasons

R /
?
Pay attention to
the stress shift in
the accusative:
– .
[ . [ & . [ . [ &.
1 A . ! A . (
5 A . * A .
9.1 Syntax: The Noun врéмя and the Seasons
A ?
• '
$ A ?
• '
$ A ?
\.
;&.
/ $
?
S.
'&.
9.2 Time Expressions: Seasons
1.
&? Look at the yearly activity schedule for two
Russian schoolchildren, Tanya (4) and Yura (). Ask а partner . . .
1. who plays soccer
2. if that child plays soccer in summer
3. when Yura plays hockey
4. when Yura plays the violin
5. who plays chess and when
6. what Tanya does in summer
248 # 9
7. if Tanya plays basketball in the fall
8. if the children play volleyball in winter
9. what Yura does in the fall
10. what the children do in spring
& ç â& ë
J () N0 () (4) 0 (, 4)

N (4) N (4) N (4) ()

) ()
) ()
) () N (4)

) ()
Talking About Free-Time Activities
ß/ /!²
Although free-time activities in Russia and for most of the
/ (forest zones covering
Western countries tend to be similar for the areas south of the Arctic Circle), and

most part, one activity is more typical in (lingonberry) and
(cloudberry) further
Russia than in the West: picking berries and north in the
. Berries are preserved or
mushrooms. Russians love nature, сlеаn air, deep-frozen and eaten as dessert or jam during
forests with aromatic birch trees. Since most city cold winter months. Avid mushroom pickers
dwellers live in high-rise apartment buildings can recognize dozens of edible varieties, as well
with minimal greenery around them, weekend as several poisonous ones.
trips / (to the countryside) provide Mushrooms аrе usually
а welcome change of расе. Picking berries dried оr pickled for the
and mushrooms is а popular autumn activity. winter.
Berries аrе plentiful and include +

(blueberry), (wild strawberry), ! A &!
A (cranberry), and (raspberry) & / /!E.
L!
&! ? 249
L!
?

&
E
8
&
8 E
8
&
8
&

8

&

&
" &
&

!/

8 "

!
&& E!
L A

? ß C A ).
9.3 Verb + Verb Constructions: я люблю́ /умéю плáвать
4
)? 1, , C A ).
7
А вы?
• L A ž
? • ! N ķ B5N
• 7 A $? M $ ? ?
• 7 )? 7 N
ž ) ? • ! o
?
• 7
Nž? • 7 N ²5N?
250 # 9
2. L!
? Thе following people were asked about their
favorite free-time activities for summer and winter. Look at the results
and practice questions and аnswers according to the model.
S1: L A Y ?
S2: % A
$.
S1: ! + A ž0?
S2: ž0 A B5N.

1. #$
N B5N $
N0
2. % )
) 0
3. !
0 $ )
o

4. #

N N
5. 7 $

B )A
$

3.
?
А. Some activities require special skills. Look at the table and answer
the questions.
1. ( $
N? ! 4? 4. ' $
$
?
2. L !
0? ! &? 5. 4
N?
3. '
N? 6. ' )?
)
9 A T& ' S
$
N ✓ ✓
) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
N ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

N ✓ ✓
B5N ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

N ✓ ✓
$
$
✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓
B. Ask a partner about his or her skills and preferences using the
items in the table. Then continue with your own items.
S1: 4 $
N?
S2: 1, C ( C A). / * , C. ! ?
S1: 5 ( ) C. / ! ( ) C.
L!
&! ? 251
M )?
9.4 Impersonal Constructions: мóжно
A y
c?
• M $
5 ) 0? 7
? 7
?
4 0 ? ! $ 5 )?
• M $
5
B ?
• ! $ 5
$ $
B?
• 7 5 B5N?
@ "
? The term
5
comes from
5
& I
N )
; – I
5 , (walrus).
)

0. 7 (-"

$ A )C

*
$0 $1 – 5 2 $
$3 )

1year-round / 2even / 3snow
N 4 10 $
(–108C). 7 $N $
N 4air
) 5, $ 5 ) 0. 4 )

²6 5places / 6water
²+ 5 , + )C 4 $
(+48C).
R
5 – A, 7 A ) N0 , + 7who
$
, +
5 8 9
. 8strengthens / 9reduces
9.8 Relative Pronoun котóрый
A. '
"&.
C° F
1. L
5 ?
2. M B+ )C A (-"

$ ? 122 72
3. ' 5 )

N? ! )

B? 118 64
4. ' «
5»?
110 50
5. ' )- : + «N »? 22 $
?
18 $
? 10 $
? 14 39
6. 7 A ) N0 ? 210 14
7. M A ):
,
,

0 ? 4 ?
B. ^
?
1. R
5
.
2. R
5 )C N0 .
252 # 9
4. CL. Interview two classmates. Find out . . .
Review the following
1. what they like to do during different seasons time expressions.
2. how often they are involved in еасh of the activities
1
(2,3,4
/ 5,6...

) / C/
3. if they can swim, and if yes, when and where they do /$.
4. if they can ice-skate / ski
5. if they like horseback riding / fishing
L!
&! ?
15: *, + A
?
*: 7
? + C A )

5 1 N .2 % C A $ )
, C 1fresh / 2air

$ $
B , 0 B5N.
15: M B5N? $
?
*: * , + RB. R B+
.
15: ! N R 5 ?
*: '+ 5, 5 3 '
0 )>. * 3even
))
– U "
M
$. R
+ )+4 5C . 4almost
15: ! + A 5? & 5 A

$ $
B B5N?
*: * , + . & A
B . '
$0
$5 – , 0. 5year-round
А. '
"&.
1. ' $ * )

? ! +?
2. L A 5?
B. T
?
1. * A )

5 N .
2. O C
B .
3. & C B5N $
.
4. 7 R 5 N.
5. * A N 0.
6. G + N + .
7. G 5 A
B .
C. Assume the role of the interviewer and ask Natasha more questions.
Your teacher or a fellow student will play the role of Natasha.
L!
&! ? 253
Discussing Past Activities
, , /
/ &.
;% , , /

/
&.
, , B /
/ &.
9.5 Past Tense of Verbs

L ? There is no word for
weekend in Russian.
Instead, Russians
refer to these days
separately ( ,

) or
call them NB
(), days off,
!
0 * %
(
$0 B literally, resting days.
. &
&. , $
The English word
. 0 J. (-U) is

sometimes used.
5.
% ?
А. Here are some of the activities that Misha and Katya were involved
in yesterday.
S1: L R +

?
S2: T
$
.
% The verb ) has

a stress shift in the
R $
$
feminine form: )
)

(but: )).
' $ +

$ )
B.

?
)/?

Y
? What
do you think the people below did yesterday? Ask and answer
questions based on the following information.
1. (
$0 A )A
$
.
2. * A + C

.
3. ' !
0 A
J.
C. A ? In which of these activities were you involved yesterday?

In which were you not involved?
254 # 9
6.
&!!? Ask a partner if he or she engaged in
any of the following activities on Saturday. If yes, ask a few follow-
up questions, such as where, at what time, and for how many hours
(( +?).
S1: 4 ()
N ?
S2: 1, (). / * , (). ! ?
S1: 5 . / 5 (). / ! ( ) ().

N $
$
$

+ $
B5N
$
)A
$

)
!
!
!
!
9.5 Past Tense of Verbs (быть)
7. Y ! ! . Look at the chart and have conversations according

to the model. First ask about a location that will result in a negative
answer. Pay attention to the word stress in the negatives. Then correct
the location and select the appropriate activities from the list below.
S1: 1 +
?
S2: * , . & .
S1: L ?
S2: & $
J .
/
1. 1 ()
2. ( R
3. 4 0
4. (
$0
5. A ( -)
6. 7
+ ()
7. A
8. 7 )

$, , $
J ,
B , ),

J,
$
B,
L!
&! ? 255
(
$0 $. & 8 $.
*

!. & 8

.
% % B

. & 8

.
9.6 Verbs of Motion: Round-trips on Foot: ходи́ть
(
$0 8
/
.
8. 8 &?

А. What places did the American students visit while in
St. Petersburg? When?
S1: ' N ) ?
S2: 7 ) N
# 0
...
). # 0
+. '0
"
)
) ). !
-*

. %0 R
0

-
. $ «1 '$»

. ;0 0 ² () exhibit

«(» . [
5
B. V% T 8 ,&& ? A few students skipped the

required excursions. Where did they go instead? What did they do there?
+0 «:$»
-J
256 # 9
Talking About Your Vacation
Y
%
'
:
* + N (-"

$,
$ 1 1shore
$
. R, $
, + A )

+ $ N
. 4 5 ,
),
B . R5 $
) ) 2 )3. 7 A 2singing / 3of birds
5
+
4, $ 4blueberry
$
B.
" B+ N
C5, ) 6 )
7 5bathhouse / 6after / 7simply

$

$
8. #$ 8chat

9 9fire

, (
$0 $

$
. T +

R
,

. G $.
(
$0 $
$
.
A. D "
! Mark doesn’t like the simple lifestyle at summer
houses. When telling his foreign roommates about the visit, he
changed some facts. Compare Mark’s account with Kira’s story and
correct the discrepancies.
B
: T N 0
50
N B5N. 7
+ N! "
+
B+

.
;: T N ,
. R
...
B. K ! /
%. Read the story again and describe all the activities
that you were involved in when you visited Kira’s summer house.
Invent some more.
@ ëL! o8 ð&&?

'"& (vacation; the corresponding word Some of the most popular destinations are
for school and university breaks is
) 9( (Turkey), " (Cyprus), and U/"
is the time to get out of the city. In addition (Egypt). They are sometimes less expensive
to vacationing at a %
, foreign resort than the domestic resorts on the Black Sea
destinations have become increasingly popular, coast, such as )%.
especially among the more affluent people.
L!
&! ? 257
% 15 ;. % ;.
* R. &
R.
9.6 Verbs of Motion: Round-trips: éздить
% 15 ;C.
9. ? These were the vacation destinations for the people
in the pictures. Answer the following questions.
"
5/Z
%/A$ R$/#)í R
/;
1. 7 C
? /7 0
B?
2. 7 0 $
? /7 $
B?
3. ' , $ B UN $
N: , C,
0 0?
4. ' )

UN $
N?
( N
N

N, N $/, ,
), ..., $
)-...)
9 S
; S
&
258 # 9
/ B & ? /
/

.
) B ? / .

/
9.7 Time Expressions: How long and how long ago
) ? /
/? / ?
1 2, 3, 4 5, 6, ...
0
() C ( ) ...

$ $
Other important time expressions

before
)
$ last year
A ?
• 7 N
N ²? '$? (
?
• 7 ² ;?
• 7 N N (x! ²? '$?
• ' )
$?
L!
&! ? 259
10. )
?
/? Vladimir Ivanovich is а world
traveler who has visited a different country every year. The number
after the country name denotes how many years ago he went there; the
other number indicates the time spent in each city.
А. Answer the questions.
7
?
7 N $
N ?
В. Have short conversations according to the model.

S1: '$ !
?
S2: 2 $ .
S1: (
*C-d
?
S2: 7 *C-d
.
S1: !
&N-(?...
)
? ) ?
!
(2) *C-d
(2 .) &N-( (1 .)
R ) (3 .) "
(5 .)
' (1) MJ (2 .) 7)$ (2 .)

7
(5 .)
Z
(5) "
5 (6 .) * (4 .)
M
(3) V (1 .) V
(6 .)
Z
J
(3 .)
#) (6) R

(2 .) V
(1 .)
# (4) ; (6 .) 7 (2 .)
260 # 9
11. Visitor ID card. The ID card shown belongs to an American student.
Answer the following questions.
1. ' ?
2. 7 0 $
?
3. ( ( ) U B?
4. (
?
5. & 5 > 5 $ ?
6. 7
+?
L!
&! ? 261
R "

.
@ !² ?
A Russian-language newspaper in the U.S. found out that Professor Smith
takes a group of students to Moscow every summer. Read the following
excerpt of the interview.
"
J
(: K ²+, 5 > 5, 1 1because
$ R +
$ .
z
: ' )
$
?
"
J
(: T ²

$ )

+ ²

C, ) 2 ²+ 2after
N I
. ! ) +

$ ) $
, N ,
,

,
– $.
7 N )
–
,

, N² )3 – )U4 3fur hats / 4therefore
5
7
5, 6 5a few / 6prices
5 , + !
. & ,

+ A
C
C , )
0.
z
: ! $
7 ? 7out of town
262 # 9
"
J
(: 1, C ".
z
: [ ! ' $ 8 N? 8there
"
J
(: * +
. !
+ A ! *
,
) 0, $

0 ), + ² + 9 9noisy
10. 7 0 " ² + 10fun

:
11, , 11birch alley
40 5
, 5 12 $ $13. R 12even / 13grave
)
+ ). ( $, $
J$
J
,
)14 ). 14return trip
* 5 ) . T15, +. 15were tired
9.8 Relative Pronoun котóрый
A. '
"&.
1. "+ 5 > 5?

2. L R?
3. '
)?
4. & ² R?
B. Professor Smith made the interviewer’s task too easy. Re-enact the
situation where Professor Smith gives the information in small
increments. Also ask for clarification for points that he did not explain.
Start with the following questions:
1. Where did you live?
2. How many times a week did the students go to classes?
3. What did you usually do after lunch?
L!
&! ? 263
,&& c
Matryoshkas are by far the best-known samovar was used for boiling water for tea. The
Russian souvenirs. These wooden dolls are original samovars were heated by а charcoal
based on Japanese stacking dolls introduced to fire; modern ones are electric.
Russia in the late nineteenth century. Russians
were intrigued by the Japanese dolls because
Russians already had wooden Easter eggs
with smaller eggs inside. The Russian version
of the stacking doll was named Matryoshka, a
nickname for Matryona, a popular name for
peasant women of the time.
The &
(“self-cooker”) used to have
а central рlасе in the Russian household, but
now it is mostly а decoration or а souvenir. The D
&
.
Chapter Review
А. You should now be able to . . .
1. say which season(s) you prefer
2. tell what activities you like to do and during which seasons you
do them
3. say what you can and cannot do For self-tests and additional practice,
4. say when and where certain activities can be done please go to the Book Companion
5. describe what you did, where you were, and where you went (using college/nummikoski
appropriate past-time references) the Wiley Resource Kit, available with
6. say how long and how long ago уоu did something college/wrk
В. Hobbies and Free Time. Interview two classmates and find out about their
free-time activities. Ask what they like to do, when, where, and how often.
Also find out what they do not like or cannot do, or what they did before but
do not do аnу more.
C. Sunday Plans. Call а friend and ask what he or she did on Sunday. Then
explain how you spent your Sunday.
D. Roleplay I. Get together in groups of three or four students. Each of you had
a wonderful summer vacation. You want to make sure that your story is better
than anybody else’s. Compare your vacations by bragging about where you
went, how long you were there, what you did, and what you bought.
264 # 9
E. Roleplay II. You are interviewing applicants for a position at an international
organization. You need to find out as much as possible about the applicant’s
background. Use the following checklist and take notes. Be prepared to explain
to the class why the applicant is (not) suitable for the position.
Countries visited? Why? When? Foreign language skills?
For how long? University education?
Former places of residence? Former employment?
How long?
F. Interview Video. L A

?
G. Cultural Video. #00 )

7
5.
Word Building
Thе verb
literally means to roll or to slide something. You саn roll or
slide yourself оn various things:
N on skates
0 in а troika
²5N on skis
in а motorboat
N in а sled in а rowboat

is а place for sliding (ice-skating rink).
Thе verb (to ride) is used in similar phrases, and sometimes
both
& and can be used.

0 in а troika
) on a bicycle
(or
N) on a horse
;8, as in 8, comes from 8 (up, high). So, уou are
actually “riding up high” without any reference to а horse.
Thе following words or phrases all relate to the sports terminology in
this chapter. Match the Russian and English columns.
$ downhill (mountain) skiing
²50 )
swimming
$
²50 )
runner
50 )
skiing
fishing trip
) swimmer
) speed skating

rider
L!
&! ? 265
@,ABBA9CA
9.1 Syntax
A. The noun š (time)

You have already seen the form š, the genitive case form of
š, used in the expression (ž 0+ŧ
š ? (What time is
it?) In this lesson the noun time will be used in two expressions.

š $ž season (pl.
ŧ $ž)
and: ž
š free time, leisure time
;š /ž
and ŧ /ž
literally mean time(s) of year. Unlike
other nouns ending in -, š is а neuter noun and therefore the
adjective qualifiers are also in the neuter form. Questions and answers
about favorite seasons can be formed in two ways.
1. 'ž C ķ
š $ž?
Which is your favorite season?
linking verb to be
R C ķ
š $ž – &ŧ.
2. 'ž
š $ž A ?
Which season do you like?
object subject verb
C A &Ÿ. (accusative case)
subject verb object
)!ž š (free time, leisure time) is used in the following
constructions.
1. With the preposition and the accusative case (identical to
the nominative).
L A š &!ž š?
What do you like to do in (your) free time?
2. With the verb )
ķ (to spend ).
' )
ž ž
š?
How do you spend (your) free time?
B. The seasons
'& (fall, autumn) is а feminine noun ending in а soft sign (like
ž and )ž>). Remember that the accusative case of such nouns
is identical to the nominative case, but the modifying adjective is in the
regular feminine accusative form -ую.
C A Ÿ&& ž . I like Russian fall.
266 # 9
#"
š
1. Make complete sentences using the following cues.
Model: (ŧ/C ķ/ ŧ )ŧ
L! &Ÿ.
1. (
$š0/C ķ/
Ÿ ŧ
2. ķ/C ķ/ ŧ
3. /C ķ/ž /?
4. / /C ķ/ž š
5. /C ķ/ŧ (gоld-соlоrеd) ž
2. Ask the questions that elicited the following answers.
1. R C ķ
š $ž – ŧ. 4. ! A ž .
2. C A Ÿ. 5. 1, (ŧ A ķ.
3. * , C A š.
9.2 Time Expressions: Seasоns

No рrероsitiоn is needed in the Russian expressions for in winter, in
spring, and so on. The forms ž, &ž, š, and ž& are
formеd in the samе way as Ÿ, , š%, and ž%, which
you learned in Chapter 6. All these expressions are in the instrumental
case, which you will learn later. See 16.1 for details.
% (what) /ŧ (when)
ŧ ž0
ŧ ž0
š š
ž ž C
#"
š
3. Write both the questions with When? and the answers according to the
model.
Model: %š/$
ŧ /ŧ Sš
/ŧ !ž ?
0 ž ( ŧ) 'ŧ /ŧ !ž &ž.
1. (ŧ/$
ŧ š (ž )
2. /
ž (š)
3. 0
/$
ŧ Nš0 (ŧ)
4. /$
ŧ 0 ž ( ŧ)
5. *ķ 4ŧ/$
ŧ ž (ŧ)
L!
&! ? 267
9.3 Verb + Verb Constructions
When two verbs follow each other in the sentence (e.g., I like to sleep,
I want to read, I hate to go), the second verb is in the infinitive form.
C A /ķ )-
Ÿ.
I like to speak Russian.
conjugated verb infinitive
šC " ŧ
.
I can (know how to) swim.
conjugated verb infinitive
but: /L )-
Ÿ. (/ķ is the main verb)
N
" ŧ
. (" ŧ
is the main verb)
The verb š (to know how) is а regular first-conjugation verb. Do
not mistake the -- for а long vowel; there is а syllable line between the
two vowels.
š| (I)
šC š
š š
/ŧ š ķ šC
#"
š
4. How would you say that . . .
1. you like swimming
2. you don’t like horseback riding
3. you can’t ice-skate
4. your sister likes speaking French
5. your brother likes to play football
5. How would you ask Victor if . . .

1. he can ski
2. he likes rоller skating
3. he саn play the piano
4. his parents know how to water-ski
5. his sister likes to play chess
268 # 9
6. The verbs &!ŧ, " ŧ
, and !š/
are regular first-conjugation
verbs. Notice that there is only one main verb in these sentences. How
do you say that . . .
1. you collect old books
2. уour sister swims well
3. уour brother collects Russian classical music
4. you run in the park
7. Mixed Practice.
А. Write the corresponding questions. Notice that some sentences have

two verbs.
Model: 1, šC ŧ 9 š
ŧ&
ŧN.
ŧ8?
1. 1, C A š$.
2. * , šC )ŧ.
3. 1, 0
ž+ N
)ŧ .
4. * , šC š
Nž.
5. 1,
ŧC )+ž ŧ
(stamps).
В. The boldfaced words are the short answers to the questions asked.
Write the questions according to the model.
Мodel: R
ŧ ķ/. &!ŧ?
R
ŧ &ŧ ķ$.
ķ ķ/
&!ŧ?
1. R0 )ŧ)
ŧ ķ/.
2. &
ŧ Ÿ&& ķ$.
3.
ŧC &ŧ ķ/.
4. C A " ŧ
.
5. )ŧC !
&&š.
9.4 Impersonal Constructions: ž

B (it is possible, оne can, оnе maу) + the infinitive is used in
impersonal questions with or without question words.
M ž5 )ŧ ž0? Where can one swim in winter?
'$ŧ ž5 ķ
² ? When can one fish here?
ž5 ŧ ŧN? Can (mау) оnе ice-skate here?
L!
&! ? 269
#"
š
8. How would you ask . . .
1. if one can ski here

2. where one can swim in summer
3. when one can ride а horse here
4. where one can ice-skate in this city
5. when one can pick berries here
6. if fishing is allowed here
7. if swimming is allowed in this lake
9.5 Past Tense of Verbs

A. Basic rules. The past tense of verbs is formed as follows. Start with
the infinitive, take off the infinitive ending -, and add the past-
tense endings.
- (for masculines: //)
-
(for femininеs: //ŧ)
- (for neuters: ž)
- (for plurals and formal address: //ķ)
Ехamрlеs:
7+
ŧ š+

š ķ
. (а man speaking)
I watched TV last night.
L š
ž? (а woman addressed informally)
What did you do on Saturday?
" 5ŧ )Ÿ. (а neuter noun)
The letter was lying on the floor.
*ŧ #$
, + š +
ŧ? (several people addressed)
Natasha and Igor, what did you do yestеrdау?
7ķ
#ŧ+, $ 5ķ
ŧ ? (one person addressed formally)
Vladimir Ivanovich, whеrе did you live before?
Note 1: Watch out for verbs that have а consonant or vowel change in the
conjugated form (of the present tense). Remember that the past tense is formed
from the infinitive. Some verbs have a stress shift in the feminine form.
present tense infinitive past tensе
ž

š &š
) )
&"
/ ŧ )ŧ / ķ )ŧ
5 / ŧ 5ŧ / ķ 5ķ
270 # 9
Note 2: Тhe formal form is the same as the plural.
A Bķ, + š +
ŧ?
Аnуа and Mitya, what did you do yesterday?
A &š Vž%, + š M
ŧ?
Aleksei Petrovich, what did уоu do in Gеrmаnу?
B. Past tensе of the verb быть. Although the present-tense forms of
the verb to be are usually omitted, the past tense always needs to be
expressed. The verb ! has а stress shift in the feminine form. In
the negative, the stress is on , except for the feminine form.
// !
//ŧ ! ŧ
ž !²
//ķ !²
%š, $ ŧ +
ŧ?
Lena, where were you yesterday?
In the following sentences the day of the week is the subject. Its gender
determines the form of the verb.
7+
ŧ "š . Yesterday was Monday.
7+
ŧ ŧ &!!ž
. Yesterday was Saturday.
7+
ŧ ²o &&š. Yesterday was Sunday.
#"
š
9. Put the verbs in parentheses in the past tense.
1. L (š) #ž +

ŧ? T
#$

#ž (+ŧ) $š, $ŧ
(ŧ
), )ž (
š) ķ
.
2. G$ž 5 ŧ ! ž5 (+ŧ) $š, $ŧ
ŧ (ŧ
). "ž (after) ŧ
ŧ
(
ŧ)
ķ
.
3. 1š %š 7ž (ŧ
) 10 +ž.
"ž ķ (
š) ķ
. 1 š
($
ŧ) š,
ķ ( )
ž, $ ķ (
š) ž0 J
Ÿ0
Jķ.
L!
&! ? 271
4. 7š+
%š ( š$) )ŧ
, 7ž
(š) ž (Ÿ) Ÿ.
"ž š ķ ($
ŧ) ŧ
, )ž
(
š) ķ
.
5. 7 11 +ž #ž 5 ()).
10. @ ķ !² ? Write complete sentences according to the model.

Model: #ŧ/)
Cŧ ! "ŧ.
1. ŧ/ž 6. ŧ/
š
2. #$
/$ķ 7. š/ š
3. /ž () 8. 7ž/ž
4. ķ
ķ / ŧ
9. /

ŧ
5. $ /*ķ/? 10. /)š/?
11. Continue the statements based on the information given in the first
sentence.
1. ( $ž ž
. 7+
ŧ
2. ( $ž ž. 7+
ŧ
3. ( $ž + š
$. 7+
ŧ
4. ( $ž ) š. 7+
ŧ
5. ( $ž
š . 7+
ŧ
C. Past tense of reflexive verbs. The past tense of reflexive verbs

is formed in the same way as that of regular verbs. The reflexive
endings -& or -& are reattached to the past-tense forms.
infinitive past tense

ŧ | | // ŧ & after а consonant
//ŧ ŧ
& after а vowel
ž ŧ & after а vowel
//ķ ŧ & after а vowel
272 # 9
#"
š
12. Add the verb endings in the past tense.
1. 7+
ŧ
ŧ .
2. & (all day) ŧ ²5N.
3. ! $ž
ŧ 4ŧ ŧ š .
4. 4ŧ *ŧ ŧ .
5. ! š+
4ŧ ŧ ŧN.
6. R0 š +ķ Rž
š .
7. '$ŧ %š +ķ ž , ŧ 5ŧ Rš.
8. %š ŧ žN ²5N.
9. *ŧ, ŧ š +
ŧ?
10. #ŧ "
ž+, +ķ 'ķ
š ?
9.6 Verbs of Motion: Round-Trips
A. Round-trips on foot: 8ķ. So far you have learned to use the

verb 8ķ for repeated trips in the present tense. Remember that
8ķ implies walking only.
to go repeatedly Nķ ŧ50 N5Ÿ

(and come back) N5Ÿ
š.
Nž I go to the university every day.
Nž
In this lesson, you will learn to use the past tense of 8ķ, which
can often be translated as went in English.
went and came back Nķ T
Nķ $ķ.
Nķ I went to the store in the morning.
Nķ (Now I am back at home.)
As in English, going to places can be expressed in two ways in the
past tense.
1. With the verb to be.
@ (ŧ? & $ķ. (/
+ the prepositional
Where was Sasha? Не was at the store. case for location)
2. With the verb to go.
ŧ Nķ (ŧ? & Nķ (/
+ the accusative
$ķ. case for direction)
Where did Sasha go? Не went to
the store (and came back).
L!
&! ? 273
#"
š
13. Rewrite the sentences using the verb 8ķ and making all other
neсessary changes.
Model: %
ķ ŧ ž . S
ķ&
8ķ
ž .
1. V
ķ ž . 6. 4
ķ ² '
š.
2. %š %ķ ² )ŧ
. 7. (
$š0

ŧ .
3. 1š )š . 8. 4ŧ ŧ ž .
4. *ŧ ŧ š . 9. R0
ķ .
5. (š ² š . 10. #ŧ ž
.
14. Write the corresponding questions with / or ŧ.

Model: #$
š . @ ! C/?
#$
Nķ š0. ŧ 8ķ C/?
1. 4ŧ Nķ š0.
2. R0
ž .
3. #ŧ Nķ $ķ.
4. (š ²
š .
5. Vŧ Nķ š.
6. (
$š0 )ŧ
.
7. ! *ķ ² Ÿ.
8. Rķ Nķ

ŧ.
9. Nķ ŧ
.
10. R ² ž .
B. Round-trips by vehicle: здить. Since 8ķ implies round-triрs by

walking, а different verb, š, is needed for round-triрs that involve
longer distances, hence imрlуing or specifying the use of vehicles. Неrе,
too, round-triрs can be expressed in two ways.
1. Using the verb to be.
@ ² š? R ² Rš.
Where were you in the summer? We were in Moscow.
2. Using the verb to go (by vehicle).
ŧ š š? R š RŸ.
Where did you go in the summer? We went to Moscow.
274 # 9
#"
š
15. Rewrite the sentence ассоrding to the model.
Model: %š ŧ Rķ . Sš
š
B&.
%š š R. Sš
! Bķ&.
1. #$
&š .
2. %š ŧ "
ķ5 .
3. (
$š0 š %ž.
4. *ŧ ŧ *C-dž
.
5. #ŧ #ŧ+ R
ķ .
6. 15 (-"
Ÿ
$ .
7. R š 'ķ .
8. *ŧ ! ² RŸ
.
9. Rķ
¿ ² #
Ÿ .
10. 4ŧ š * ķ
.
16. Rewrite the sentences using а round-trip verb. In some sentences

both 8ķ and š are possible.
1. %š ķ
ķ ² Rš.
2. %š, $ ŧ š? 7 Rš?
3. T
š .
4. M ŧ ŧ Ÿ
? &ŧ ŧ $ķ .
5. *ŧ #ŧ, $ ² š?
9.7 Time Expressions: How Long and How Long Ago

You have so far learned several time expressions using numerals (1 $,
2/3/4 $ž, 5 , etc.). Examine the following chart and examples.
)ž š? /
ž /? /ŧ?
1 2, 3, 4 5, 6, …
0
(Ÿ) šC ( ) š š … ŧ
š š š
$ $ž
L!
&! ? 275
)ž š ² Rš? Rš š . (Note: no preposition)
“How much time” were you in Moscow? I was in Moscow for two weeks.

ž / ² Rš?
How long were you in Moscow?
/ŧ ² Rš? Rš š
ŧ.
When were you in Moscow? I was in Moscow two weeks ago.
#"
š
17. How would you say the following?
1. eight years ago 6. for three months
2. for twenty-one days 7. seven months ago
3. two months ago 8. for two years
4. for а week 9. three weeks ago
5. eleven days ago 10. for six months
9.8 Relative Pronoun ž

The relative pronoun ž (who, which, that) is used as a connector
between two parts of a sentence. 'ž
0 is a regular adjective by form
(cf. ž0, ž, ž , ž ), and it agrees with the noun it modifies
in gender and number.
The case of ž
0 depends on its function in the sentence. In
the following sentences, ž
0 is the subject of the relative clause
(nominative).
R0
, ž 5 '
ŧ, A ŧ ²5N.
My brother, who lives in Colorado, likes to ski.
*ŧ ŧ+, ž
Nž ž R², ž+ ŧ
.
Our summer house, which is located near Moscow, is very old.
R
5ķ – U A, ž A )ŧ ž
ž0.
Walruses are people who (that) like to swim in a lake in the winter.
In this sentence, ž
0 is the direct object of the clause (accusative).
It refers to ŧ0; hence, the feminine form.
[ ŧ0, ž š )ķ.
This is the balalaika that my student bought.
In this sentence, ž
0 expresses location ( + prepositional). It refers
to ; hence, the masculine form.
[ , ž 4ž0 5.
This is the house, in which (where) Tolstoy lived.
276 # 9
#"
š
18. Supply the missing forms of ž
0 in the nominative case. Pay
attention to the gender and number.
R0
R
, ;ķ š, )ķ

š0 ķ
–
ŸC ŧ0. (+ŧ š
RŸ, )ž *ž$
, Nž ž
(-"
Ÿ
$. 7 *ž$
$ž
¿,
² !š

$ž ŧ )žN $
¿ )-$ķ0.
&$, +ķ
š 'Jž
, 0+ŧ

ž ŧ0 ž . G 5 #$
,
ž
$ķ «R ž», ž+ N
ž $
ŧ ŧ0 . ! 0+ŧ
R
Ÿ+ $
ŧ ŧ0 . Rķ
ķ , ž+
A
ŸC
žC Ÿ, ž5 $
ŧC $ ŧ0 .
Vocabulary
Nouns &ķ souvenir

Seasons and time ŧ) cap, hat
&ŧ spring
Other nouns
š n. time
( pl. ŧ) ŧ bath-house
š /ž
season š
$,
$Ÿ coast, on the coast
&!ž š free time, leisure ŧ, acc. ž water
time žN air
ŧ winter $
mushroom
š summer ŧ
motorboat
ž& f. fall, autumn
campfire
& ( &Ÿ) forest
ž boat
Hobbies and collections
L people
)+ž ŧ
pl. stamps
š, pl. ŧ place
$ķ grave
Souvenirs
² fish

Russian nesting doll $ snow
&
ŧ samovar ŧ, pl. š price
L!
&! ? 277
+
ķ blueberry ķ (I), to catch
¿$ berry A,
ž,
ž
Adjectives
~
² to fish

$ž0 other 8ŧ| (I) to rest
ž who, which, that " ŧ
| (I) to swim
Nž0 fur )
ķ (II) to spend (time)
$ķ pl. only many )
5Ÿ,
¿>0 real )
ž,
)ŧ
0 sail )
ž
&!ž free
$ŧ
| (I) to chat
) ŧ0 special &!ŧ| (I) to collect
Nž0 cold š| (I) to be able, to know
how
Verbs J$
Jķ
|| (I) to take photos
J$
Jķ
C,
!š/
| (I) to run J$
Jķ
,
! to be J$
Jķ
C
š to go, to travel
by vehicle Adverbs
(round-trip) š fun
š 8ž to ride on š some, a few
horseback
"%Ÿ why

ŧ|& (I) to roll, to ride
)+ķ almost

ŧ&,

ŧ&, )U therefore

ŧ& )
ž simply
to water-ski ŧ (to) there
~ žN ²5N
to ride a motorboat Ÿ noisy
~ ŧ

~
ŧ8 to ice-skate
to ride in a Time Expressions
~ ž
rowboat â "ž /Ÿ last year
~
²
8 to ski &ž in spring
~
žN to roller-skate %ŧ yesterday
~ o ž
to snowboard ž / for a long time
"ķ to buy ž in winter
278 # 9
š in summer ž оnе can/may; it is

ŧ ago possible
ž& in fall because
ŧ before, earlier ŧ/ I was tired
ŧ we were tired
Other
ŧ5 even
ŧ $
out of town
L!
&! ? 279
# 10 (T& )
@ %&?

◆ Talking about places ◆ Education in Russia ◆ Prepositional case: Review
to study ◆ Colleges and divisions ◆ Ordinal numbers
◆ Talking about college-level ◆ Majors and year levels ◆ #+ versus +
studies and
◆ Getting into a university
◆ Talking about languages ◆ Nouns with parallel
◆ Different kinds of exams
◆ Talking about admission modifiers
◆ Russian grading system
procedures, teachers, and ◆ ;0 ² versus
course work ◆ Good-luck wishes
)-

◆ Discussing student ◆ Dormitories
◆ The genitive case (singular):
accommodations ◆ Secondary education Nouns, adjectives,
◆ Discussing secondary and possessive and
education demonstrative pronouns
◆ Substantivized adjectives
D & )
-V!/&/ /& &/ &
d O &.
@ %&? 281
Talking About Places to Study

.
M + ? + .

.
10.1 Prepositional Case: Review

²
Ÿ

(4–6 )
5

(2 $)
)
J -
N+ 0 0

+
(4 $) +

(5 ) = 9
'!
,&&
Mandatory education is nine years, equivalent provided by а two-year college in fields such
to the U.S. junior high school. Two additional as nursing and mechanics. #&,
years complete the secondary education & (and sometimes

) are
(" & !
), which is higher education institutions, also known
equivalent to а high school education in the as (from ² e + ).
United States. Тhe &
trains future music
VO&& -8%& ( professionals, such as pianists, composers, and
is а vocational school. А provides conductors.
professional training roughly equivalent to that
282 # 10
1. @ %
&?
А. Which ones of the following schools are higher education establishments?
R 0 5 №5 R0 R0

1 )

N
I, 5 $
0
$
R )
(R#[R") 5
N 01 1international
(RM#R&) relations
(-"

$0 R0 ) N+ 0
$
0 5 №2 ;0 !
) N+ 0
)
)
2 2entrepreneurship
R $

"
J 0 0

".#.
0 L0$
B. ' , $ +?
!F
3 "O&& !F
"O&& 3future
R N * $

% 5
!

R
)+ (
$0
! I 7 )
Talking About College-Level Studies
;E& !

Russian universit ies are divided into Students select a concentration called
O
, which are somewhere between a &"( &, which is the approximate
college and a division in size. Each O
equivalent of a major in U.S. universities.
specializes in its own area of study, such as Traditionally, university programs last five years,
mathematics, physics, and philology (languages leading to a title &"(
&. While some
and literature). A O
is divided into programs continue to award five-year degrees,
smaller units called (division), many more have adopted a four-year !

where each subject area forms a O
degree, followed by a two-year degree leading
(discipline, department), for example J
to the title of a
/&. The (post)-graduate
$0$ . degree is called
&"

.

(5
)

(4 ) (2 )
@ %&? 283

;
+ 4 N
+ ?
.
)
Many names of U.S.

universities can be
Y

& +

. formed with the suffix
+ ? +
--: (J
0
())
, etc.
Or the proper
+
/&
. name can be left
as is: T

+
&"
. «4
».

&" /
.

& &"( &? B &"( & –

.
10.2 Ordinal Numbers
"
$00 5
J
² )A
J$

)$ N 5 JJ

N
$ )$ J
$

)N$ N
5
$ I

C
)

А вы?
• 7
+ ?
• *
?
• ' ) ?
L % ? +C

.
10.3 Изучáть versus учи́ться and занимáться

А вы?
• L + ?
• ' )
A / º ?
• '0 )
, )- , 0
0? ! 0
?
284 # 10
2. Y

O
? Here are some common J in
Russian universities. What is the main subject of study in each one?
Have conversations according to the model.
S1: '0 )
+C + J ?
S2: * + J +C .
and
S1: * J +C ?
S2: * + J .
R + 0 J #

+ 0 J
Z+ 0 J [+ 0 J
:+ 0 J ZJ0 J
V$+ 0 J
3. / %&? Your friend had interviewed some Russian students

^ /%&
visiting your university, but she accidentally mixed up some of the includes
information. Recreate all the interviews based on her remaining notes. languages, literatures,
There is one extra item. and linguistics. Do
:

? not confuse it with
:

. the

#
š.
: ?
:
.
: !"
?
: !"
.
:
?
: .
g Y

B

@
.
# $ # %
#
O
.

#
&"(.

& 3 4 2 1

#

#
#

&'(
# )²

#
@ %&? 285

4. C/² & (. You have just arrived in Russia and are now
attending a welcome party for foreign students. Get acquainted with as
many people as possible. In addition to the basic introductions, find out
about the following.
1. name of their university
2. their specialty
3. their year level
4. what subjects they are studying
Talking About Languages
# & )² *

)
# )².

)
*?
# * )²? # + # )² #

#.

? ) ,
#

!
#
).
- * !- !-.

!
?
10.4 Nouns with Parallel Modifiers

10.5 Рýсский язы́к versus по-рýсски

#
# )² + #? $, + #,
/ , The word

#. (much, a lot) is
used to emphasize
comparisons:
#
#
!
#
# 6
#
+ (much more
"
# ")
#
# !
#
difficult).

5
# !
#
#
#
!
# *
# #
#
А вы?
• # * + # )²?
•
) ) ? - *?
• # )²
)
*? & ?
• +, # )² # + # ?
• ( # )² + :
!
#

# )²?
• ( 6
#

# )²?
286 # 10
5.
"- ? Compare the languages using the comparative forms
given.
+

S1: # )² + : ")
#
"
#?
S2: 7-, ")
# )² + , "
#.
")
# "
#

#
#
!
#
!
#
#
6
# #
#
6.
? Ask а partner questions about the chart.
Change the boldfaced parts in the model questions.
Model: 1.
) ) V ?
2. & V
)
/ & )²?
3. 8+ V
)
/ & )?
4. +*, V - * )
/ & )²?
Paul Gianna Stefan Nicole

English German Russian Chinese
8 yrs, school 1 yr, university 8 yrs, school 2 yrs, university
German French French Japanese
5 yrs, school 6 yrs, school 1 mo, university 2 mo, school
English
2 yrs, school
7. CL. Interview two classmates. Find out . . .

1. what language(s) they are studying now
2. what language(s) they studied before
3. where and how many years they studied the(se) language(s)
4. how well they speak the language(s)
5. what language(s) their parents know and how well
@ %&? 287

Talking About Admission Procedures,
Teachers, and Course Work

"&" &
While the emergence of private universities Students apply for admission to а specific
and professional schools has made higher O
, and they start immediately with
education accessible to more students than the required course work in their .
before, the & (competition) into the The program is very rigorous and allows
most prestigious universities remains very high. for relatively few electives. Instruction is
Students are selected based on their high school theoretical, with less student-professor
exit exam (U@D, + # + # interaction than in U.S. universities. Russians
9) ) scores and/or entrance exams are often surprised at the relaxed atmosphere
(&" d ). Parents often of U.S. universities.
hire private tutors (") to help their
children prepare for the entrance exams.
S om e s t ate u n ive rs it i e s s t i l l of fe r
! & (tuition-free slots paid
from the gov ernment budget) for students
with the highest exam scores. Students whose
entrance scores are slightly below the cutoff
line for scholarships will be offered admission

& ( # /
+ # ) (on a contract basis).
These students pay the full cost of tuition. V&" 8< + .
А вы?
• #

(
+ "&"?
• ( *

+ 6² !!?
• & )+ !!
=

?
288 # 10
hUY9, ,j))'@' K\kq C #S[9j,k
7 ""

# )².
% ! !+ / ) .
7 – ! !+ / ) .

(
# &
– ! !+ #
.
10.6 The Genitive Case (singular): Nouns, Adjectives, and Possessive and
Demonstrative Pronouns
10.7 Syntax
– +

@ /
.
8.
"-/? Rephrase the following statements using the words
student or teacher.
Model: (
! .
A
– &
"/ &
.
1. >
.
2. ( 7
! !+@ A
.
3. (#
9 .
4. B

! !+@

,.
5. %

.
@ %&? 289

9. ķ ""
L? First translate the business cards, paying close
attention to the use of the genitive case. Then discuss in Russian what
the people might teach. What would some of their titles be? (e.g.,
teacher of Chinese literature, dean of the chemistry department, etc.)
F. G. (6
C. I.
! + , !
C&GCG<G &GF( (HCC C (IFCC KCCLE&CM I(<>JGEG
+
##

+
# -

E. (.
. C. >6+
+" *
# ! !+
I(<>JGEG 7&CK%>%8CC I(<>JGEG E$<(F%$%8% BCHE&(

!
-
+

(. . *
>. . 8
+" !
C&G%FCLE&CM I(<>JGEG IC>%>%8CLE&CM I(<>JGEG
+ -
%+

!

! +
C
, &
B@#

- )
= + )
,
# . C), #
#

!
# ),

, (
,
C!

(

,
, A ,
"
,

+ ! +. ! + 6) 1. 1required
&
! +
, !,2, ! # . 2receive
$
3 +D +
. ! 6,, 5 3money
+ )5, !+ 6,, !

, +D
#
).
А. T
?
1. C – + .

2. %

.
3. E@ !"
– "
# )².
4. C ! +
+#.
5. E@ + )5 6,.
B. What questions would you have asked Irina in order to come up with
this story?
290 # 10
7
"
,, * !* & #
.
+ *,. "
!.
OTHER SCHOOL-RELATED VOCABULARY
&& semesters

holidays
assignments

# )

essay

#
! A
exercise

exam period +* )+
homework
++ presentation
+
! 6 thesis
d exams
classes grades
6 quiz ) 5
session, class 5 !@ A
9) lesson, class 4 @ B
# ~ oral exam "
lecture 3 # C
! # ~
seminar 2 +# D ( failing grade)
written exam )@ credit
@ %&? 291

!-
! !
is а wish for good
luck approximately
equivalent to Break
a leg! The literal
translation, Neither
down nor feather(s),
was originally a
hunter’s wish for good
luck. The response to

!-
! ! is a
superstitious @ !
( [Go] to the devil!). А
more neutral wish of
good luck is ,
+
(I wish you
& @A: 7
, ! G + 7 : g
%! success).

+@*? &+ : &!6.
: 7
, & @A!
+
) 5
. < 5 9) .
& @A: (-, ! (Oh, I see.)
Y "8
" !
ķ : %!
#&

-

- + :
#

#. $

– 4 ". H
– 1 ",
– 2,5 (+
! #) ".
- + 6²
6,. "1 A+
– !
+ 9) . 1at the end
%6²
+ 2 + ". &+ +D
,
2lasts
! 9) . 7 9) 6² + :

+ !*. 9) ! +@ +
6
, + 1–3 ! ,
+ ! ! 6
.
B
, !
, A 6 #:
,&&

:
1. 9
!
A.). V
«U/ '/».
2. g& 8

S.Y. 9 &/ «;
».
3. 9
( "d ;.;. B
&/ «J!».
292 # 10
'
"&.
1. ķ
-

-?
2. & " +1 + ? 1lasts
3. L +, +

- ?
4. 7 9)
?
5. !-*, = # 9) ! #

+ #?
A

&?
• *

(quarters)?
(
# ?
• & + +5 )
?
• L +,

+ :
6,?
• < 9) ?
• 9) 6* D6
:
! ?
• < 6, 6?
• ( 9) 6,?
• D6
+ ! 9) ?
• D6
!

?
• D6

++?
Discussing Student Accommodations
; !F
Only students whose parents do not live in the
same city may live in university dormitories.
The entrance to the dorm is often monitored
by an 8 (security guard), who will
check your ""& (ID card) carefully every
time you enter the building. In some dorms,
the documents are checked by a /

( floor monitor, person on duty)
instead.
10.8 Substantivized Adjectives
@ %&? 293

6SA
.
A
.
8+ A
@? + & *.
& .
.
*with my parents
10. @ % ?

A. Find out what the following students think about living in a dorm.
Underline the phrases that relate to the pros and cons they mention.
Where do you think these students actually live?
C : &+ , A
6SA
, 1, 1probably
+ , !
+2 )
+*
2they must
-)5# 5 3, = )
3independently

. - * A
+
.

: 6SA
6* 5

6+4. 4freedom
%
" 5 – @
5negativeside
! A

6, -57 +,, 6SA
6cramped living conditions /

7although

,
)+ - *.
( + #: 6SA

+ )
+*

-)5#. 7-, +
*.
: , A
) A
+

, 65
! .
B. A
"- ? Express your opinion about your living
arrangements (dorm, apartment, with parents) compared with the
other options. As a group, make a list of the pros and cons of each
option as stated by your classmates. Also consider the following in
your discussions:
8+ 6+? #? V + ?
D6

(yourself)
?
Useful vocabulary
! why ! because
-/* quiet, quieter * /6 * noisy, noisier
+ /+ A expensive, +@*, +* cheap, cheaper
more expensive
294 # 10
Discussing Secondary Education
;
&&
* 6 ? %
+5 .
&&
1 ! # 7 +# • *
6
@ S@
2 # 8 # *?
3
# (-) 9 +5# • ?
4 @ # 10 +5#
5 !5# 11 + +"#
6 *# 12 + +"#
(&'()
Z
,&&
F
+

+ * *
. %6²
* + +" .
<6 # +
! 6 5

+"
. & !

),
,

!
,

# )W. 7 + A ) 5
!
),

) .
5–9 -

), 6 ,
,, )
,
, -
,, 6

,,
# )²,
,

,,

,,
# )², )

) .
*
- - *

! +A,1
) 2 =
- 1continue / 2part, portion
! +, A 6
, 3 ! +. + +" 3select

+D ! ²4 9) (E+ # + # 4exit
9) , E8V).
+D

# )²,

, -5 !!

, +D 9)
!
+ ! +.
'
"&.
• & *
+
?
• ! +
),
- -?
• L E8V? ! + 6) ?
A
A?
Using the text above as a model, explain in Russian how the typical American
schools differ (or not) from the Russian ones.
@ %&? 295

Chapter Review
A. You should now be able to . . .
1. say where (university and department) а person is studying
2. say what уоu study and what your specialty is
3. compare school subjects and express your preference
4. say what year level you are in For self-tests and additional practice,
5. compare different languages as to their difficulty, interest value, etc. Site, available at www.wiley.com/
college/nummikoski
6. say which foreign languages you know, have studied, and where, For access to the videos, please go to
when, and how long you studied them the Wiley Resource Kit, available with
7. say who teaches different subjects college/wrk
8. ask about а person's native language

9. соmраre student accommodations
10. understand the Russian grading system
11. wish а person good luck on an ехаm and respond to such a wish
12. say what subjects you took in high school, what grade level, and for
how long
В. Roleplay. Get together in groups оf three to four students. Each student

assumes the role оf аn exchange student from а different country. Compare
the education system in your countries, using the following questions as а
guideline. Add аnу other questions as needed.
1. Where are you studying?
2. How long have you been studying there?
3. What kind of place is it (size, quality, price, etc.)?
4. In what department () are you studying?
5. What year are уоu?
6. What subjects are you studying?
7. What is your native language?
8. Which languages are you studying now, and which have you studied
before? Where and for how many years?
9. What is your major?
10. What subject do you like best?
11. Who teaches that subject?
12. Do you live in а dorm or аn apartment?
13. What subjects did уоu take in school and for how many years?
14. What subjects did уоu like best in school?
C. Interview Video. 8+
?
D. Cultural Video. %6SA

! ! +
296 # 10
Extra
TEACHERS AND STUDENTS AT ALL LEVELS

institution
&
&"

number of years 11 4–6 2–4
teachers ! !+ ! !

/
" +" +"
! !+
teachers refer to еасh other as . . .
students *|
, -
" + / !
/
| , - "
students refer to еасh other as . . . +

+
levels () ( )
students get on graduation +

! +
!
degrees / titles ! !"

(5 ) +
+ *
6 (4 +) (3–4 +)
(2 +)
*The terminal degree is called дóктор наýк. It often means over 10 years of dedicated research activity
beyond the кaндидáт нáук.
Word Building
Roots
"&- write @ # scientist
!
to write š
learning
!
writеr ķ
S school, institute
!
letter ķ teacher
!ķ # 9) writtеn ķ tо study at а place
ехаm š6
textbook
!ķ # desk
) tо study а subject
-, %- study ķ pupil (m.)
science ķ" pupil (f.)
# scientific š6 # + school year
@ %&? 297

Many Russian proverbs ("& () have to do with learning. Try to
match the following with the corresponding English translations.
#% – &,
% –
. Repetition is the mother of learning.
V –
%. Teach others and you will understand.
8% /
, ŧ ŧ &"
. Live a century, learn a century (and die a fool).
Y

"ķ, . The one who wants to know a lot has to sleep little.
; ķ – %ķc (
ķ
). Learning is light, ignorance is darkness.
#%ķ /ķ8 – &
". Science is not beer, you cannot pour it into your
mouth.
298 # 10
@,ABBA9CA
10.1 Prepositional Case: Review
Remember that adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender,
case, and number.
Ÿ !+

.
I study at the teacher training institute.
# 6
) *.
Му brother studies at the music school.
& #
+
" +A.
Sergei studies at the nursing school.
Remember also that the prepositional case for nouns ending in -
and
-
is -
.
*

.
Masha studies at the conservatory.
Before doing the exercises, review the conjugation of the verb %&.
Remember that Spelling Rule 2 is applied to the first (, not ) and last
(
, not ) forms of the paradigm.

*

/

#"

1. Write complete sentences with the following words.
Model: /!
-
# K %& " 8%&

&.
1. /+
"
# +A
2. /
#

3. /

4. /!+
#

5. 5 +/6 *
@ %&? 299

2. Write the questions with /. Notice that some sentences аrе in the
past tense.
Model:
@ %&?

.
1. G-

.
2. % 8<.
3. # +

.
4.
+
"

.
5. 5
6

.
6. 5 -
.
7. * " !+

.
8.
* 2 + )+.
10.2 Ordinal Numbers

Ordinal numbers are regular adjectives and therefore agree with the noun
they modify.
V # ! # ) .
This is my first time in Moscow.

! .
I study at the first-year level. (I am а first-year student.)
&*

.
Sasha is а third-year student.
Note: The adjective has exceptional case forms. See the back
endpapers for the complete declension.
#"

3. Write out the sentences according to the model.
Model: > /2 S
%&
&.
1. /3
2. /2
3. /5
4. /4
5. /1
300 # 10
10.3 C% Versus %& and
&
А. The verb %& (to be а student) is used in the following two
constructions.
1. То denote а place of study, that is, where you are а student.
8+
*?

.

.

! .
2. То express how one studies.

*? 8.
В. The verb % is used when you want to say what subjects
you are taking. Notice that the subjects taken are the object of the
sentence and, therefore, in the accusative case.

),
# )W,

.
At the university I study the Russian language, mathematics, and history.
С. The verb
& literally means to be occupied with, but is
often used in the meaning to do hоmеwork, to study. Тhis verb
cannot take а direct object in the accusative case.
L +*? )
,.
What are уоu doing? I am doing ту hоmеwоrk.
)
, 6
6

A+# .
I study in the library every night.
#"

4. Fill in %&,
&, оr % in the соrrect present-tense
form.
1. >
.
2. # 6
.
3.
,.
4. 6
6
.
5.
# )W.
6. ! .
7. &*
( ")
# )W.
8. + )5 +
" +A.
9. 6W
?
10. 8+ ?
@ %&? 301

5. Write complete sentences in the present tense according to the model.
Remember to put the object in the accusative case.
Model: (/
A
%
.
1. & #/)

2. *
> /6

3. /

4. / ")
# )W?
5. /
pa
6. 5 /+
"
7. ( + #/!
-

8. /9

9. # 6 /

10. *
> / #
# )W
10.4 Nouns with Parallel Modifiers

When two parallel modifiers refer to the same noun, the noun is usually
in the plural, while the modifiers remain in the singular.
) , && E

/ & E. =
) ,
# ).
10.5 ,&& E versus "-&&

The forms "-&&, "-
/ &, and so on, are normally used with
the following verbs.
to speak D "-&&.

ŧ to read
, "-(.
!
ŧ to write - * !
* "-
/ &.
The corresponding questions are Y

? or, in the plural, Y

8 8?
Y

* + ? % !-
#
.
Y

8 8 ? D !-

!- #
.
With other verbs, the forms && E,
/ & E, and the
like are used.

), && E. I study (the) Russian (language).
) , && E. I know (the) Russian (language).
,6D O
(& E. I like (the) French (language).
302 # 10
The corresponding questions are
E? or, in the plural

?

E
)?
),
!
# )W.

) ? ) ,
!
#
#
# ).
Note: The verb " (to understand) can be used with both
constructions.
!
, "- &. and !
, & E.
#"

6. Fill in the missing words.
1. (Polish)?
2. - * ) (Frenсh).
3. # 6
) (Spanish).
4. ) , (English, Russian, and German).
5. > - *
(Arabic).
6. # " !
(Ukrainian).
7. !- !
* (English).
8. ,6D (Russian).
9. (Chinese).
10. &*
) (Japanese).
10.6 Genitive Case (Singular): Nouns, Adjectives, and Possessive

You have so far learned three of the six cases: nominative (the case of
the subject), accusative (the case of the direct object), and prepositional
(the case of location). The main function of the genitive case is to express
possession, belonging to something or somebody. Compare the English
translations in the following examрlеs.
V * / / +

.
This is my Russian friend Maxim’s саr. (the саr of my Russian friend
Maxim).
V H!+ E !.
This is the map of Western Europe.
V + / ) .
This is the Russian language department (the department of the Russian
language).
@ %&? 303

GENITIVE SINGULAR OF NOUNS
Nominative Genitive
Masc.
C -ø
C
-
)# & # -# ) & -

C - C -
Fem.
* ( - * ( -
* - * ** -*
@ G - @ G -
6
- 6
-
!S+ - !S+ -
Neuter
!
- !
-
)+
- )+
-
SIMPLIFIED RULE FOR SIMPLIFIED RULE FOR

ТНЕ GENITIVE SINGULAR ТНЕ GENITIVE SINGULAR
OF NOUNS OF ADJECTIVES
M, N -
/ M, N -///*
F -/* F -/*
*Spelling Rule 1 is applied. *Spelling Rule 3 is applied.
GENITIVE SINGULAR OF POSSESSIVE

AND DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Masc./Neuter Fem. Examples of Sp. Rule 3:

M, N: 6*#-
/// / 6*/, but
- *
#-- */.
F: 6*-6*,
// / /
but - *-- *.
R/// R/
304 # 10
Note 1: Тhе letter / in the endings -/ and -/ is pronounced as .
Note 2: / (his), (her), and их (their) are not declined.
Note 3: Last names with adjective endings аrе declined as adjectives.
nominative genitive
G# G/ G/ Tolstoy’s novels
$
# $/ A
) $/ Dostoevsky’s life
L#
# L#/ ) L#/ Tchaikovsky’s music
А. Using the genitive case to express possession.

V / 6
C .
This is my brother Igor’s book (the book of my brother Igor).
V 6
=/ / +
.
This is this new student’s textbook (the textbook of this new student).
V * E *.
This is my sister Natasha’s car (the car of my sister Natasha).
Note: Masculine nouns ending in -
/ (!!, ++*, +5+, and some
nicknames) are declined as feminines. Their modifiers, hоwеvеr, are in
the masculine fоrm.
V * / !!. This is my fаthеr’s саr.
V 6 / +
+. This is my friend Volodya’s dog.
Many sentences denoting possession аrе preceded by the question Whose?
? which was introduced in Chapter 3.
Masc. =

? V +* C
.
Whose pencil is this? It is Ivan’s pencil.
Fem. = %
? V C .
Whose pen is this? It is Igor’s реn.
Neuter = "&? V !
> .
Whose letter is this? It is Lena’s letter.
Pl. = /? V
G .
Whose books are these? They аrе Таnуа’s books.
@ %&? 305

#"

7. Write questions and answers rding to the model.
Model: /# 6 R /

? D /
/
!
.
6
textbook +* pencil реn
! m. briefcase рursе
1. +*/= +
2. 6
/= +
3. /# 6 & #
4. !
/5 66*
5. /# !
6. ! /5
"
7. 6/+
8. */# ++*
9. * /5 G
10.
!+/# + y $
11. +
/ * + C
12. !D /5 !+ *
13. +/ * ! !+
14. *+/= 6#
15. /5
В. Using the genitive case to modify a noun with another noun or noun
phrase. In English, the modifier can be before оr after the noun it
modifies. In Russian, the modifier is after the main noun.
a Russian language teacher ! !+ /
modifier main noun )
а teacher of the Russian language ! !+ /
main noun modifier )
Note: The following аrе some mistakes commonly made by American
students.
John Smith is а Russian teacher.
$A &
–
# ! !+. (Не is not
should be: ! !+ ). Russian by
nationality.)
We have а Russian Club.
<
# 6. (The club is
should bе: 6 ). not Russian
by origin.)
306 # 10
#"

8. Translate the following phrases by combining vocabulary items from
the two lists below. Underline the main noun first.
1. dean of the philology 7. division of applied
department mathematics
2. school of classical ballet 8. а textbook on British literature
3. department of psychology 9. а professor of modern art
4. history teacher 10. а French language club
5. Russian language institute 11. Tchaikovsky’s music
6. а first-year student 12. Tolstoy’s novels
) G#
L#
#

#

! !+
# )W
!

6
!
+ (applied)

6 !
-

+
# 6
+

#
! #
+ (dean)

* ")
# )W
10.7 Syntax
Notice the difference between the following two constructions.

),
. I study mathematics.
subject verb object (5 accusative case)
5 !"
–
. My major is mathematics.
subject predicate (5 nominative case)
Some sentences can have а combination of cases.
%
)

/

. She is studying the
асс. gen. history of Russian art.

!=)
7*

. I (have) read Pushkin’s
асс. gen. poetry.
@ %&? 307

#"

9. How would you say that you . . .
1. study the history of the Russian language

2. have read Tolstoy’s novels (G#)
3. like Тсhaikоvskу’s music (L#
#)
4. understand the grammar of the Russian language (
)
5. have not studied the geography of Еurоре (
/E !)
10. Write the words in parentheses in the соrrесt form.
1. (
#

), ( # ).
2. + (

# ).
3. 5 !"
– (

).
4.
), ( #
# )W), ( #
),
(!
-
), (
)
(

).
5. # + & #
(
)
# ).
6. % A (!5# ).
7. %
) ()
), (
)
(
).
8. Eť !"
– ( )
).
9. & (& #) – + (@ # )
(

# ).
10. E@ !"
– (

).

Substantivized adjectives are adjectives by form and nouns by function.
Тhеу are declined as adjectives. You have encountered the following
adjectives previously.
bathroom !

, +* .
living room 5 +
,
.
$A #/+A (receptionist, person on duty) and
(cafeteria, dining room) are introduced in this lesson.
6+ . We еаt dinner in the dining room.
308 # 10
Vocabulary
Nouns O & finance

O
physics
Subjects 8 chemistry
!
anthropology
reading
-
architecture d
economics
! / biology ,
! + "
law

geography E language

geometry
A
journalism Grades and exams
& history +# D (a failing grade)

"
communication )@ credit
!D computer science
quiz
-

!

linguistics o grade

literature ï@ A

mathematics c
exam period
+
" medicine ò # C
A+ + international @ B
*
relations d exam
+A management
science Places, levels and activities

marine science
a+
academy
!
writing

&"

(post) graduate
!

political science program
" subject ) (W* 6 higher education
!
-
psychology )+
) institution
"

sociology
class session

statistics + department
+
area studies
&& class

) physical education
conservatory

philology (language +A in Russia: junior
and literature) college

philosophy & year level
@ %&? 309

"# lyceum E8` (+ # high school exit
( lecture + # exam

master’s program 9) )
+
division )+
assignment
& seminar
pl. school holidays
-
technical college competition

S vocational college 6 )
education
O
department ! ! ID card
&& semester

essay
Students and teachers
&"( & specialty, major

&" /
graduate student
! A
exercise
!

bachelor’s degree
! high school
graduate People
+" docent, assistant -
auto mechanic
professor +A #/+A person on duty
+
+ candidate +
! diplomat
colleague cosmetologist
master’s degree -
security guard
+
classmate (in
! violinist
schools)
+
classmate (at
universities)
Other nouns
! tutor +
pl. money
!"
specialist f. quarter
| , - " pupil
|, -(
schoolboy, -girl Adjectives
Departments and schools
Other school-related nouns 6

# biology
diploma (high school) + # state
6
ticket
# geology
! question

# history
+
! diploma
# mathematics
(university) +
"
# medical
+
! 6 thesis
)
# physics
++ presentation, paper
310 # 10
O /%& philology (language Other adjectives
and literature)
6+S
# future

# philosophy
W*
# higher
-

# chemistry
! # entrance
9
# economics
! # exit
+ # other
Languages # contract
6
# Arabic 6) # required, compulsory
& foreign "& written
#
# Korean ! # full
!
# Polish *
# older; here: higher
!
# Portuguese +
# student
native , difficult, more ~

# Ukrainian & oral
6 # study
Numerals
Verbs
" first
6| (I) to be (frequently)
second
6
| (I) to choose
third
+| to give
% fourth
+D,
" fifth
+@*,
& sixth
+D
& seventh
% | (I) to study a subject
& eighth
| (I) to end
ninth

| (I) to begin
& tenth
% | (I) to answer

(
eleventh
"& (I) to write
(
twelfth
",
",
Seasons "
!| (I) to receive

# spring, vernal
!! (II) to get in (a school,
)
# winter university)

# summer

# fall, autumn
@ %&? 311

""
| (I) to teach Other
""
L,
, cheap, cheaper
""
,
""
L /, expensive, more ~
! + (II) here: to conduct except
! +oæŧ| (I) to continue personally
& | (I) to rent
/ a lot more (with
comparatives)
%|& (II) to study at a place
%&, !
for example
%&, !-+ in another way
%
& " % because
|| (I) 6¿ to feel "% why
,, +
with parents
*,
, ŧ, ,
-self
e65 oneself
-/* quiet, quieter
Expressions
difficult

!-
! ! Good luck!
-o5 although
@ ! Go to hell!
*Ÿ /6 * noisy, noisier
, 6/ I wish you luck!
+
!
312 # 10
# 11 ('
(
)
@ " ?

◆ Talking about eating ◆ Russian food stores ◆ Verbs , !
,
and drinking ◆ Russians and money ! +, and !
◆ Counting money ◆ Metric system ◆ The genitive case
◆ Talking about things you e With numerals
◆ Russian caviar
have and do not have e To express possession:
◆ Comparing quantities у C /6

and measurements e With negatives: /
◆ Comparing prices 6

◆ Shopping for food e To express absence:
C +
e With quantity and
measurement: 6²
, 200 6²,
, , ,
6*, *
◆ Syntax
e Accusative versus
nominative
e $ ž#/+ž and
+*@#/+@*
\& " ".

@ " ? 313
Talking About Eating and Drinking
B&, "(
B % "
(
, sg. (
&
(
&
%
E!
!
& %
/ &
&
Y
"

" &
&
"
O
%

F ^
"
" &, ! ,
f. &
pl. " pl.
" & pl. !
/

"&
/(,

O / !
, pl. !

pl. /(E

J ! )

! 8 !

% 8 !
314 # 11
& A . & @A " .
A ? & to eat " to drink
• L D6
/ D6
/!
? !,
• L 6W !@ ? * !@*
• + A+# + ? ? / / !@
• L
? ( !
? + !@
+ !@
11.1 Verbs есть and пить +5 !,
past tense: past tense:
, ,
!
, !
, !
@ " "?

There are fewer large supermarkets in Russia &" . In addition, there are small
than in the United States. Instead, you can find stands (
, pl.
) along the streets,
convenient 24-hour grocery stores on almost which sell grilled food, snacks, and drinks.
every street corner and around metro stations. A E is a farmers’ market, which is a
Some of these stores retain their traditional popular place for buying fresh fruit, vegetables,
names, such as /
&, & , or flowers, and many other things.
simply ", while others are called
L )+ "
L? L A "
E?
11.2 Verbs продавáть and купи́ть
@ " ? 315

1. 9 8% E!? You and your friend are at the store deciding what
to buy. You do not seem to like the same things at all. Go through all the
different departments of a grocery store, using the following dialogues
as a model.
S1: G -* W6? / $# !

1 W6! 1let’s buy
S2: W6. / ,6D W6. / - W6.

or:
S1: $# !

!
S2: , !6. !,
. < 5 .
$# * !
!.
Counting Money
Numbers 100–1000s
100
200 +
300
400 W
500 !
600 *
700
800
900 +
1000 W
2000 + W
3000, 4000
, W W
5000, 6000, ... !, *, ... W
T/
Whereas Americans do not normally discuss with money and do not expect to be paid for
their personal finances with outsiders, Russians babysitting or other small tasks.
do not hesitate to ask how much you earn and Paying with cash ("

%)
how much your house or car cost. On the other is common, especially at farmers’ markets,
hand, Russians tend to be less materialistic although credit cards ( %)
when it comes to providing services to other are usually accepted at grocery stores.
people. Friends and relatives frequently help
316 # 11
)
& /? # ... The form днег is the
genitive plural of the
noun +
(money).
1 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7, ...
The plural forms are
explained in detail
6 6 6 in Chapter 15.
!# !# "
+ +
+
Note the feminine
" "
"
form of numbers 1 and
2: + ŧ !#, +
< 5

"& " (. !#
.
11.3 Genitive Case: (C) With Numerals Notice that amounts

including two different
units do not have the
conjunction
between
dollars and cents: two
dollars fifty-five cents.
)
& /?
C
C
& > /?
G
/ 6
E
11.3 Genitive Case: (D) У когó есть
When comparing two

– # / ! / /: C

> ? items, the preposition
– < C .
is used to denote
– Y
6*/ *? the exact difference
– < C
5 6# 6*/ *, % > . in quantities.
@ " ? 317

2. ) 8 /?
A. Practice questions and answers about money. Use the amounts in
both columns.
S1: & + ?
S2: < 43 65.
A B
43 . > 51 .
C 221 . + 223 .
C 293 . > 300 .
% 400 . ( + # 150p.
* $43.25 G $54.75
& @A $691.25 * $692.75
B. Compare the amounts in columns А and В.
S1: < 6* + :
> ?
S2: < > .
S1: 6*?
S2: 8 6# 6*.
Talking About Things You Have

and Do Not Have
$, -+

.
$,
.
-+
?
<

?
, -+

.
,
.
11.3 Genitive case: (F) Nonexistence or absence
"
8
318 # 11
3. #
& %/ !!! You just arrived at your furnished rental
apartment in Moscow and some of the things promised were missing.
The landlord (played by your classmate) is trying to offer an alternative.
: C)
,

.
K)5
: , +! A 1. !
. % - *, 1So it seems!
!
.
things missing alternatives offered

is a

microwave oven !
stove colloquial variant for
coffeemaker toaster
!.
! vacuum cleaner

broom and dustpan
#
tea kettle samovar
)
freezer -+
refrigerator
!+ * dishwasher
* washer
4. ; 8 %/ !!

А. Your refrigerator is half empty. You have only every other item on
the following checklist. Go over the list with а partner according to
the model. Then review the list а second time and switch around the
items you have.
S1: >
+ ?
S2: $, . / ,
+ .

+ ✓ " ! 5
B is a sub-
@

stantivized adjective in

" *#"
# W W6
the neuter form, hence

+ 6 ! #
the genitive ending
@ # -6

-/. Z
" &
+ A *+
(champagne) is
)@ # # !
declined the same way:

+A

" &/.
B. Which items do you have in your refrigerator? Which ones don’t

you have?
Model: < 5 ... / < 5 ...
@ " ? 319

6
# *+. *+/ *+
. Remember
<
- 6
. <
- ! @
E. that the stress
6W !. "/ !
. is on the nega-
tive не, not
on 6:
11.3 Genitive Case: (E) Possession in the Past Tense; (G) Nonexistence and
Absence in the Past Tense 6.
5. CE ! ! While at the supermarket, you had to make some

adjustments to your original shopping list. Discuss the situation with
your partner. Note: Remember to use the accusative case with the
verb купть.
S1: C !/?
S2: $, @ #
W 6. B .
or:
, ... 6. B... ...
intended items substitutions

@ # -6 6# -6
W6 5
6

*+
# *+
# *+

6
" ! !
)@ # # @ # #
Comparing Quantities and Measurements
The Metric System

Russians use the metric system for measure- sausages, salads, etc. are usually displayed in
ments. Since most food items are prepackaged, kilograms. The farmers’ market is another
you rarely need to specify the weight or place where items are sold by weight or volume.
volume. The exception may be the delicatessen Consult the following chart for approximate
section of a food store, where prices of cheeses, equivalents.
Metric American Typical items
1 kg (1000 g) 2 lb meat, apples, oranges, potatoes
1/2 kg (500 g) 1 lb sausage, ham
250 g 1/2 lb cheese
11 1 qt milk
320 # 11
1 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7, ...
() () The forms / and

()

() / are often

() replaced by /
and
/ , especially
1/2 !
in spoken language.
1/2 !-

5
250 W
1

11.3 Genitive Case: (H) With Words of Quantity and Measurement
V 6 @
E.
! 6 @
E.
11.4 Syntax: Accusative versus Nominative
6. "
Y
? Discuss Nina’s purchases with a partner. Decide
O is an indeclin-
which container goes with each item.
able masculine noun
Model: ! 6 6#/ , 6 ... (not neuter).
6#
# ! # +A
@
")
#
@ # -e6 )@ # #

# *+
"

!
!E
!8
!
& !
" %
!
@ " ? 321

7. " B
&" ? Here is Misha’s shopping list.
Discuss with a partner what he was supposed to buy and what he bought
instead. Use containers or weights in your discussions as appropriate.
Make as many changes as possible.
Model: 8 ) 6. % ! , !

# )@ .
8. T
/
A. Your Russian roommate wants to cook a meal for you. You offer to
go to the store to buy some necessary ingredients.
мясо 600 г
рис 800 г
лук 250 г
морковь 650 г
масло растительное 300 г
соль и специи – по вкусу
(ссылка 1001.recept.com)
G : $# !

1 !! 1let’s make
: 7? L !?
G : 7 – 9 +
"
)6 6D+.
: ( A 2 !? 2need
G : 5,
.
322 # 11
: & 5?
G : , !
, 3, 6+ + 4. C !
3probably / 4enough

. !
, 5
# #5. 5just in case
: V @?

G : F
A . 7
... $, ! S@ 6W
6 . 6vegetable
: , 6W?

G : , 6*, ,. C, A 6 S@ !
+
"W.
: V A +7 !? 7for
G : , . V . C S@ 6W

.
: ? ;!, the impera-
G : -*. ) ,,
- . tive form from
: K *. (to take) is sometimes
used instead of "!
B. Write down your shopping list, including the quantities needed. from " (to buy).
C. Now it is your turn. Offer to prepare a meal and send your

roommate to the store.
/
E* W6
5
.
!
11.3 Genitive Case: (H) With Words of Quantity and Measurement
9. ; – 8 8. Your Health Is in Your Hands.

Working with a partner, discuss which items you should eat or drink less
and which ones you should eat or drink more. You can also comment on
whether you are willing to change your habits.
Model: 7-, * 6* W6

* 5.
( ,6D W6!!)
W6/5 @ # -6/6# -6
/ +/-
+/!/
/+ #//

/ W6 /
@ " ? 323

1sauerkraut
10.

"&
1 %, % &. This is an excerpt of an
article that appeared in the « ! +» a few years ago.
Read it and correct the statements below, if necessary.
– G +
"
- * + , – +
+
+
"
- , +
# +
" # +
+

. – }
2, *3, @ # -6, + ) +, 2cabbage soup / 3porridge
– W6, !, * !, # + A
6*

&,
. ( -+
*
-6 , A
,4, 4unfortunately
) *, 5 - *, +"

, # 6+. $

+5 5break
+ + ) 6

,
- +
+5 *
, ++*
-
66*
+
+5...
http://www.kp.ru/daily/24098.3/325487/
15.05.2008

1. +

+ +
"
, ,
- ,.
2. L@ # -6 A A+# + .
3. % +e 5 + ) +,.
4. * # ! *
&,
.
5. F
+
D6 -+
*
.
• ( +, ! 66*

++*

+5 +?
Comparing Prices
) & !? Pay careful attention to

% & 60 6#. the stress in the forms
& and & (to
) & !
+ ? cost). They should not
% & 300 6#. be confused with the
forms and 5
(stress on the last
• (
"
syllable) from the verb
! (cauliflower)?
5 (to stand).
• +, *

6*
*,
!
+ ?
324 # 11
B @ #
W
300 + . V /!
V & /!
B #
W
10 + . V .
L@

/ , %
.

/ , % @
.
11.5 Syntax: Adjectives дорогóй and дешёвый
11. D & /!

А. Your Russian friend asked you to compile а list of food prices from
U.S. stores. Discuss the results of your survey. А classmate will
assume the role of the Russian.
S1: &
6 -?
S2: %
*+5 " .
S1: V + ./V +@*.
A B
6 - $.60 6 ! $1.00
6Wa
! $1.20 6Wa " ! $1.40

# $3.00 *#"
# $6.50
6Wa ! $1.20 6Wa
# +W $.80
6# -6 $1.23 @ # -6 $1.25
! $2.55 6 $3.55
В. Continue the discussion by comparing the prices of column А with

those of column В.
S1: L +*/+ A: 6 -
6 !?
Y
?
S2: B -
" +*/+ A,
6 !.
@ " ? 325

12. ) & ?
A. Examine the caviar prices and find out how the price is determined
by the following factors:
color of caviar
type of fish
size of can
metal can (A[) ]/6[ ]) versus glass jar ([5 ] 6 )
D stellate sturgeon (Acipenser Stellatus)

sturgeon
salmon
^ Y

h
"
309 C ¸ ,A 8999.00

113 .6
310 C 129.00

)
140 A/6 F

311 C ¸ 4959.00
)
113 .6
312 C 179.00

140 A/6 F

313 C )
1169.00
600 .6
!
314 C ¸ 1799.00
56,8 .6 F

B. Working with a partner, discuss in Russian the various options and

decide which one would be the best deal. Which one would you buy
and why?
326 # 11
Shopping for Food
T
! , !A#, 6W +W. $* (fem.) and
B % ! +#
(masc.) are polite
ways to address a
13. T
/. Practice the dialogues with a partner, changing the items and salesperson. Actual
quantities as applicable. exchanges between the
salesperson and client,
1.
&" : however, are often
: , !A#, = W . fragments of sentences
devoid of extra cour-
$*: # ? =?
tesy. The items you ask
: , , . for are in the accusa-
$*: ES@ ? tive case, since they are
: = 6... direct objects of the
$*: &? complete sentence.
: , .
$*: )1? 1to slice
: $, !A#.
2.
&" :
: &
= ? The ingredients of
$*: ;/? 400 6#. / usually
: %#, = * + ! include beets, carrots,
$*: V " )
. potatoes, and pickles.
: (-, )
! , + 250 , !A#.
$*: L S@?
: C ?
$*: E . L@ # .
: (

?
$*: , 6 -? 140 ? %

179 6#.
: ( !6* ?
$*: 235 . &5 6 . 519 6#.
: , . )Ÿ , 6 .
$*: 7A#.
@ " ? 327

3. @ –
(:
: %+
", !A#.
7 +": , -? =?
: K *.
7 +": ( *?
: V ?
7 +": V -6.
: (-, = !
!
$, !A#.
4. Y
E:
: 7
+ , !A#. You wouldn’t happen
A : ? to have 50 rubles?
: =
6*. G
. C "W. Salespeople at markets
A : &? often do not have
change. How much
: $.
money did you hand
A : 150... %#, 50 6#
&? him in this dialogue?
: .
5. На Ÿлице:
: BW +W, !A#.
S
: ,?
: =, 6*,.
S
: 7A#. 50 6#.
14. B

. Solve the math problems. (Note: The ruble amounts
given here do not reflect rеаl prices.)
1. < &*
6Wo + 6#. % ! !
6
!1 + 6 +

2.
+ ) 6*,
#. &
6 ? &
! ? 1received / 2change
2. < *
+ 6#. < & + ) 6*,
*
, ( + + 65 *, & . &
6# ( + ?
3. 7! ! 6Wy ")
, 6Wy )

6W *! . 8 )

+òü
6#, ") ! 6# + A. '!

+ ) 6*, ")
. &

!!
?
328 # 11
Chapter Review

1. say what уоu like and do nоt like to eat and drink
2. ask and explain where specific items are sold
3. say how much money you have
4. say how much more or less money you have than somebody else please go to the Book Companion
5. ask and answer questions about items you have, have had, college/nummikoski
and will have For access to the videos, please go to
6. ask and answer questions about items you do not have, have not your access code at www.wiley.com/
college/wrk
had, and will not have
7. shop for food using correct quantities or containers
8. compare quantities and measures
9. ask and explain how much things cost
10. compare and express opinions about prices
11. address a salesperson politely
12. ask for items at a store
B. Roleplay. Several groups of two students each.

You are an exchange student in Russia. Your refrigerator is half empty.
Working with your roommate (played by another student) make a shopping
list of the things needed for the weekend. Since you have very little money,
decide with your roommate how you are going to share the cost of items.
You may want to buy some things at the farmers’ market and others at the
grocery store, including the deli department. Your teacher or other students
assume the role of salespeople in these places.
C. Interview Video. L º6

?
Word Building
Roots
-"- buy -"
- sell &+ ! +A A
#
! + to sell, to be selling . Today for sale—
! to buy, to purchase
fresh salmon.
!! to buy, to be buying ! + to sell
! +A sale, clearance
!! buyer ! +" salesman
sale
!! purchase ! +S" saleswoman
! + sold out
&

! +A sale
6
A ! + . All
!!
? How much did ! +A for sale, in stock tickets are already sold out.
his purchases cost?
@ " ? 329

@,ABBA9CA
11.1 Verbs eсть and пить
The verb & (to eat) is an irregular verb. Learn the conjugation carefully.
This verb is not related semantically to the verb form &, as in
&. The present tense conjugations for both & and " (to drink)
are given on page 315. The past-tense forms are as follows.
& to еаt " to drink
past tense: , , ,
!
, !
, !, !
< 6² " #, + " .

A+# + .
!
56
.
Remember that when you say what you like to eat and drink, the main
verb is in the infinitive.
!, . I drink milk.
but: ,6D " . I like to drink milk.
#"

1. Write complete sentences using one word or phrase from each
column. Make at least two sentences in the past tense.
1. # 6 ( ) ,6 !
+
2.
+ 5
3.
+

4. +
+
5. A
6. 5 6² o
+
7. S
8. C 66 !
9. G
10. >
$
11.2 Verbs "

and "
The verb "
(to sell, to be selling), like other verbs ending in
-вать preceded by
-,
-, or &
-, drops -
- from the present-tense
stem. The past tense, however, retains the suffix -
-: ! + .
B6* "
S
p² . Grandmother sells vegetables
at the market.
L )+ "
L? What do they sell here?
330 # 11
The verb " (to buy, to have bought) adds the consonant - in the
first-person form (like the verb !). " is а perfective aspect
verb (more about this in Chapter 12). It means that the conjugated forms
denote the future, not the present tense. You will also encounter the
command (imperative) form "/ in this lesson.
H " L , . Tomorrow I will buy а new
purse.
+ " , * ? When will you buy а new саr?
"
6
! . I bought bananas and oranges.
8+ A "
? Where can оnе buy caviar?
", !A#, -6! Please buy (some) bread.
"-
-
- (I) " (II)
! +D ! D I will buy, etc.
! +@* !
*
/ ! +@ / !

! +@ !

! +@ !

! +D !
#"

2. Supply the correct verb form.
1. + (will buy) # ?

2. (will buy) 66.
3. L (аrе selling)?
4. (аm selling) S

.
5. 6 )
(bought)
! +.
6. 8+ (did buy) : p² e

) ?
7. L (do thеу sell) = ) ?
8. < ? . >ía (will buy)
.
9. + (will buy)
?
10. 8+ A (buy) ?
@ " ? 331

11.3 Genitive Case
In Chapter 10 (grammar section 10.6) you learned the basic use and
endings of the genitive case. Review the information if necessary.
SIMPLIFIED RULE FOR SIMPLIFIED RULE FOR

ТНЕ GENITIVE SINGULAR ТНЕ GENITIVE SINGULAR
OF NOUNS OF ADJECTIVES
M, N -
/ M, N -///*
F -/* F -/*
*Spelling Rule 1 is applied. *Spelling Rule 3 is applied.
This lesson expands on the various uses of the genitive.

А. To express possession (see Chapter 10).
V 6 / 6
. This is my brother’s dog.
В. То connect modifier nouns to the main noun (see Chapter 10).
( & – ! !+ / ) .
Anna Sergeyevna is а teacher of the Russian language. (i.е., а Russian
teacher)
С. With numerals 2 and higher. You have already learned that nouns
with numerals have different case forms, such as год, гžда, and
лет. Тhe case of the noun is determined by the numeral. Thus, the
noun is in the nominative singular after the numeral 1 and after any
compound numeral ending in 1 when pronounced. The noun is in
the genitive singular after the numerals 2, 3, and 4, as well as after any
compound numerals ending in 2, 3, or 4 when pronounced. Nouns
after numerals 5 and higher are in the genitive plural. The endings for
the genitive plural are discussed in detail in Chapter 15. For now, you
have to memorize the forms needed.
1 (21, 31, ...) 2, 3, 4, ... (22, 23, 24, ...) 5, 6, 7, ... (25, 26, 27, ...)
Nom. Sg. Gen. Sg. Gen. Pl.
+ +

! ! !

( (
(
332 # 11
Note: Remember that the numerals 11, 12, and 13 requirе the genitive
plurаl form, since they do not end in 1, 2, оr 3 when pronounced.
< 21 (++" + ) + / " / 6.
but: < 11 (+ +") + / " / 6.
< 23 (++"
) +
/ "
/ 6.
but: < 13 (
+") + / " / 6.
D. In the construction # / &? (Who has?). In Chapter 3

(grammar section 3.7) you learned to express possession like this:
< 5 .

By me there is а book. (I have а book.)
# is а preposition used with the genitive case ( is the genitive case of
the personal pronoun ). If the personal pronoun is replaced by а noun
or а noun phrase, the noun and its modifiers must be in the genitive
case, too.
< C
* . Ivan has а саr.
< / 6
# ". Мy brother has а new
motorcycle.
< cecp² > *. My sister Larisa has а cat.
< / ? Who has а dictionary?
QUESTION WORDS
(INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS)
Nom.
Gen. / %/
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Masc./Neuter Fem.
Nom. #/@ #/@ 5 5
Gen. / /
Nom. */ * */* * *
Gen. / /
@ " ? 333

#"

3. Write complete sentences according to the model.
Model: 5 / 6 # cecp² &

&!
.
1. #
# + & #/ *
2. 5 */ *
3. 5 @ */ # +?
4. # + C / ²A
?
5. * 6 / #
!+
6. %/
7. 5 !+ >)/ # 6

8. * 66*/ +
9. * ++*/ # ) ?
10. &*/+ # !D
4. Write complete sentences according to the model. Remember to put

rubles, dollars and cents in the correct form as indiсаtеd in section С.
Remember also that there is no соnjunction и between dollars and
cents.
Model: /2 . # B
2 ! .
>)/$5.32 # S 5
32 (
.
1. +/5 . 6. / $26.34
2. G /$2.28 7. ( + #/26 .
3. & @A/32 . 8. C /$32.10
4. %/ $11.22 9. (/11 .
5. */1 . 10. /$21.31
E. Possession in the past tense. Remember that in the construction

/ &? (e.g., C c * ), the thing possessed is the
subject of the sentence. То express possession in the past tense, you
need the past tense of the verb ! (to be), which agrees with the
subject (the thing роssessed) in gender and number.
< * !

!+. (masculine noun
!+
Natasha had a bicycle. as subject)
literally: By Natasha there was a
bicycle.
334 # 11
< ( + ! 6. (feminine noun 6 аs
Andrei had a dog. subject)
literally: By Andrei there was а dog.
< E !² o (neuter noun рдио
+
. as subject)
My sister had a radio.
literally: By my sister there was a radio.
< !² (plural noun коньк as
. subject)
Nina had new skates.
literally: Ву Nina there were new
skates.
#"

5. Write complete sentences in the past tensе.
Model: > /* # S !
.
1. /
2. %/*
3. # 6 & #/ #
!+
4. >)/!D
5. ++*/ +

6. 5 !+ G /²A
7. # + ( + #/A
8. / 6
9. C /*+ ( f.)
10. C /!
# "
F. То express nonexistence оr absence. In earlier lessons, you learned

the following question-and-answer pair.
< 65 6? Y. (short answer, only for negative)
А negative answer with а complete sentence requires the genitive case:

+ = + gen.
< 65 ) ? , 5 )

.
< >) ? , @ .
< ? , .
@ " ? 335

#"

6. Answer the questions in the negative. Replace the names with the
corresponding personal pronouns.
Model: < C "? Y, / (
.
< > *? Y, .
1. < C 6? 6. < *

*
6 ?
2. < 66*
"? 7. < ++*
+?
3. < * ? 8. < A ?
4. < >) A? 9. < 65 ?
5. < ( ? 10. < *+?
7. Pretend that you are working in а store. Today you are out of
everything the customer asks for.
Model: < @
? Y, &/
& %
².
1. < *+
# (Swedish) *+?
2. <
#
# #?
3. <
+?
4. < " 6?
5. < A ? (declined as an adjective)
6. < ")
# ?
7. <
?
8. < ") *! ? (declined as an
adjective)
9. < @ # -6?
10. < " !?

Model: , > ². # S
& & && ?
1. , C 6
.
2. , 5 .
3. , > - # 5.
4. , &*
# * .
5. , G
+* ( younger) 6 .
336 # 11
Тhe genitive case can also express the absence of something or somebody.
/ ?
, >

G .
Who is absent? Маrk, Lena, and Таnуа are absent.
literally: There is no who In class, there is no Mark, Lena,
in class? and Таnуа.
#"

9. Answer the questions using the words in parentheses.
Model: ? ; && ""
.
(! !+)
1. +? ()
2. L ) ? (@
)
3. L A? (* )
4. ? (# + C )
5. 6? (( 7
)
G. Nonexistence in the past tense. То express nonexistence and

absence in the past tense, the negative is replaced by ! +
genitive. Examine the following question-and-answer pairs carefully.
Notice that in the question the verb ! agrees with the subject
(nominative case) in gender and number. The negative response,
however, has no nominative case, and therefore, you use the neuter
form ! regardless of gender (оr number).
< 65 6 ) ? , 5 ! )

.
< >) 6 ? , @ ! .
< 6² o ? , ! .
#"

10. Write questions and answers according to the model.
Model: > /6 , S

& ! &!
?
Y, / ! &! .
1. B6*/
!+ 4. > /
2. & #/! * 5. C /+
3. C /"
@ " ? 337

H. With words of quantity and measurement. The genitive case is
used after nouns of measurement and quantity (containers, packages,
weight, and volume) and with the words & , /, ,
! , and .
!8
@ / -6
&

a loaf of black bread how much wine
!

² /
a lot of butter
a can of red caviar
² little caviar
/ 5
! *+
one kilogram of meat more chocolate

one liter of milk
² less ham
#"

11. Supply the correct forms of the words in parentheses. Notice that this
exercise contains forms of the verb & (to eat), not to be confused
with the phrase &.
1. & () =# 6²?
2. 6* (*+), # 6 .
3. + 6* ( ²6)
* (5).
4. # !! ( ).
5. 6* ( A ):
# 6 ?
6. !, (+).
11.4 Syntax: Accusative Versus Nominative
Notice the difference between the following sentences.
< ¿ 6
@ #
². (6 is the subject of the
sentence)
! 6 @ #
². (6 is the direct object of
the sentence)
#"

1. L ! > ? (6²/
+)
2. L C ? (6 /+A)
3. L G
? (6- /@ # -6)
4. L ! $? (!/
# #)
5. L +
? (
/)
6. L ! !!? (6²/*! )
7. L ! >)? ( 6/
# *+)
8. L (? (6 /
)
338 # 11
11.5 Syntax: Adjectives / and
The adverbs / and аrе used independently, without а
noun, to express an opinion about а price. The adjective forms are used
to modify nouns. Study the following examples.
V / * . (the adjective modifies the noun
This is аn expensive car. * )
or: V *
. (predicate adjective)
This саr is cheap!
but: V /! (no noun)
That is expensive!
V !
That is cheap!
The word & (too) can be used to emphasize both adjectives and
adverbs.
V * & + . This саr is tоо expensive.
V & + ! This is tоо expensive.
T (more expensive) and дешвле (cheaper) are independent
сomparative forms. Do not use them to modify а noun.
5 * , 5 * .
My саr is more expensive than your car.
То modify а noun, you have to use the adverb ! and the main
adjective instead.
< 5 ! / * , 65.
I have а more expensive саr than you (have).
#"

13. Compare column А with column В. What is the price difference
bеtween the items?
Мodel: D &"
100
, %
&".
A ;

!+ $150 $250

$350 $400
$23 $20
$42 $43
+
$79 $179
@ " ? 339

Vocabulary
Nouns
Food items /(, pl. /(E cucumber

" & orange (fruit) " beer
!
banana ! pilaf

ham " tomato

Russian salad with ! + pl. produce
beets, etc. !" bird, poultry
wine
rice

+ collect. grapes ²!
fish
water &
salad

vodka sour cream
+A jam & juice
caviar & cheese

"&
cabbage cake
* ~ sauerkraut O fruit
" ~ cauliflower 8 ! bread

O m. potatoes %
tea
collect. ( *)
*! champagne
- Coca-Cola subst. adj.
!
& sausage chocolate
O m. coffee ! , pl. ! apple
(
chicken (, pl. (
egg
* flatbread
lemonade Stores
onion @, pl. kiosk
margarine

delicatessen
& butter, oil &" supermarket
~ vegetable oil food store
milk ² farmers’ market
f., collect. carrot (
²)
subst. adj. ice cream
& meat Containers and measures
F pl. vegetables !
can, jar
!²
bottle
340 # 11
6- loaf #
teakettle
/
gram person
/ kilogram % young man
6 box
piece Adjectives
liter ! # orange (fruit)
"
carton )
# Georgian (country)
" %
package , cheap, cheaper
" half a kilo /ž, expensive, more
" -
half a liter expensive
6#
# Colombian
Other Nouns
# mineral
allergy # milk, milky

broom dairy produce

young woman, girl ! +
/ pl. only money +
# sweet
(gen. + ) 5 # glass

dollar ( from )
!# kopeck *+
# Swedish
coffeemaker *#"
# Swiss
+ credit card

!, microwave oven
Adverbs

! more
)
freezer cheap
!, pl. !
drink / expensive
!
stove + enough
!+ dishwasher little
* less
! vacuum cleaner / a lot
! ruble () probably
dustpan must, need

* (clothes) washer A need
toaster & how much
8 refrigerator * too (much, etc.)
( cent + then, in that case
@ " ? 341

Verbs "
| (I) to sell
) to take "
L,
), "
,
)@*, "
L
) & to cost
& to eat &, &
, , &, ) to slice
, , ; ! to pay (with cash)
,
, (
)
" (II) to buy
" L,
", "; Other
"/ imp. 5
# # just in case
" (I) to drink
", ", "
" , " , "
342 # 11
# 12 (T (
)
!
&!!?

◆ Describing past activities ◆ Telephone etiquette ◆ Verbal aspect: Overview
◆ Describing future activities ◆ Verbal aspect in the past
◆ Talking about TV and tense
movie schedules ◆ Verbal aspect in the
◆ Making invitations consecutive action
◆ Talking on the telephone ◆ Verbal aspect in the future
tense
◆ Going to the theater
◆ Verbs of motion
◆ Animate accusative
(singular)
T
ŧ &š& "ŧ!
!
&!!? 343
Describing Past Activities
L + ? + 6,

) .
/ ' %

/, 9
&"
.
; %/ % !F
M *
G
&*
%
1. ; !F 7 %
&.
A. Working with а partner, discuss what the students in the picture
above were doing in the dormitory оn Thursday evening. Compare
the simultaneous activities of students within а room and in
different rooms.
S1: L + M, + &* )
?
S2: + &* )
, !.
B. What was happening in other rooms? Compare the simultaneous

activities of these students. Remember to use the past tense.
% š
% š

+ ) ( 6

& # !
!+
$ A +
/* )

C
9) F
A

G
!D * +
344 # 12
%
%
% % %

«(
» +
, ",
! +
.
+. "%
@.
1. & # / &

9) .
2. !5
" + &
9) .
V) 6 + #, & #
- * "/ &.
+, & # &
9)

?
12.1 Verbal Aspect: Overview

12.2 Verbal Aspect In the Past Tense: (A) Single Action
2. \ / " .
A. Read the dialogue and analyze the use of aspect in the boldfaced When you say that you
verbs. call someone, you need
$ @ & # " G
&
, &
9) . the indirect object
& #: 7
, G ! forms of pronouns
[to] me, 6š [to] you,
G : & #! 61
. 8+ 6? 1you
[to] him, # [to]
& #: )
9) . her, etc. See Chapter 13
G :
? )
?? for details.
& #: )
. !@ ! ( ! * + " %
@
!
G : +"!!
B. 7 +
! +? Correct the false statements.
1. G
& # / ! !5
" .
2. G &

,
2 . 2him
3. & # " % @ 9) .

4. & # &
9) , ! - * "/ &.
5. & # / + .
6. & # + " % #
9) -.
!
&!!? 345
\

!

?
!

...
2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7, ... 30 =
(+)

" %
&
ŧ
3. \
& ? Discuss how long it took the students to finish
their activities.
S1: H
+
?
S2: % +
) 2 .
%
&
1. +
2
2. C ² !+ 5

3. > !

A
15

4. &* 6 !o

"

!
!

!

) ) ")
6+ 6+ "6+
%
A
A
"A

%
+ + &+
%

)
"

9)
"

6
6
!
!+ !+ ² !+
!

+* !

+* " +*
+ * "!

, %
/& 9) . V& /

V& /
"
. (after) is a more
"8
+. specific way to express
consecutive action
than / (when).
12.2 Verbal Aspect In the Past Tense: (B) Consecutive Action
": " , " , "
12.4 Verbs of Motion
346 # 12
4. ; &!! !F.
A. The students in the dorm had just finished their previous activities.
What did they begin to do next?
S1: L + , + !6+?
S2: + !6+, !+.
/
* ! +*
)
!

) )
G !) 6

B. Select a suitable activity to complete first, and then say where the
following students went afterwards.
Model: 7 & # !) , !*@ +
.
!- +.
1. & # / +
( ) 3. / + ( )
2. (
> /
4. / 6
6

5.
W
? Yura was working on his term paper on Saturday.
Look at his schedule and answer the questions below. Pay close attention
to the verbal aspect.
8–9 зáвтрак
9 в библиотéку
10–13 в библиотéке (реферáт)
13–14 обéд в кафé
14–18 в библиотéке (реферáт готóв1!!!) 1ready
домóй!!!
1. L + 8 ?

2. + !*@, + !) ?
3. L + 10 ?
4. L + 6
6
12 ?
5. & !
+ (before) 6+?
6. L + 13.30?
7. L + ! , !6+?
8. !
?
9. + !*@ +#?
10. H !
?
11. +, + ? + !*@?
!
&!!? 347
T YL8
$ D-
(whose last name, incidentally, comes from the verb
The letters N and X
L8
, to sniff ) has been assigned to follow NN. Read the detective’s
are sometimes used
report and answer the questions that follow. Pay close attention to the use of
in Russian literature
aspect. The most important new aspect pairs are given below.
to denote a place or
person that the author
*)/) to ring / *
to meet does not wish to
/ * to get up !) / *!) to show identify.
!

/ *!
¿ to take *!/ to watch
/ *) to speak, / * ² to open
to say + / *+ to give
6 / *6 to smile *!/
+ to sit
6 / *) to take *!/) to call
/ *!A to put *²/!
to drink
6 NN S@ !. 6.30 )) 6+

(alarm clock)
This story contains

NN . % !*@ ,, ! +*, ! !*@ - ,
several pronouns
) . + ) , )) . NN +

ending in -: -
!
6. + !) ,
and its instrumental

,-
, ).
case form -
11 , ", !
). % ) # 6
(somebody), #-
!A ! (briefcase). 7 ) !
!*@
(some kind of ), -
6
6
. 6
6
+ 6 @ !D
and its prepositional

!
- , A.
case form @-
13.20 NN ²*
". + *@ !
",

(something). There
,- A S
. % !* «L#».
is also an adverb of
- (quietly)
@-. + !6+
, !*
the same type in the

, + !)
#-
#
. I
o
story: +- ( [to]

, @ -
. 7 ² D
somewhere).
(purse)
+ NN 6*# ! (list). NN !A
! .
7 !* , +
+

!
- ")

. NN !) # -
.
% 6
!) ,- . % ) +-
! 6
,
(with nobody) . 7)+
, + ²!

, ²*

". G )5

!-
+-. G (because) 5 6 * ,
(could)
- ! + ( follow) +* ( further). %
)
(disappeared) @ , (dark) ...
348 # 12
A. '
"&.
1. NN?
2. L +, + ) ?
3. L +, + !) ?
4. + !*@ 6
6
?
5. L + 6
6
?
6.

"?
7. L +
?
8. + !*, ! !6+
?
9. L +

)?
10. + !* ! ?
11. L +
?
12. L +
, + ²!

?
13. 7 + D-
! +
- +*?
14. +, + !-
NN
) A S
?
B. ? ? V%? There are still a lot of unanswered questions.
Who are these people? Why was D-
following them? What was
in the photographs? Try to come up with as many more questions
and answers as possible.
!
&!!? 349
Describing Future Activities
L ! + 66? ! 8 . Note that the will go
! forms do not need the
helping verb 6+,
6+*, etc. See
+ " 66? " " .
grammar section 12.3.
"
+ " 66? " +.

"
12.3 Verbal Aspect In the Future Tense

" "8

Pay close attention
!#+ !#+@ !+ !+
to the word stress in
!#+@* !#+@ !+* !+
the two verbs: !#+
/ ŧ !#+@ ķ !#+ / ŧ !+ ķ !+
versus !+.
; &!!
(
>
" " .
% ! *
) L#.
& #, C ,

G " ( 6+ + &* ?
6. G !
(
" , 6+
?
"&. & # !

. , ) *?
A ?
• L 6+ + 66?
• + !#+@
!+?
• ( 6+ +?
350 # 12
6. !
&&?
А. Working with а partner, discuss the students’ plans for Sunday.
S1: + !#+@ ?

S2: % !#+@ .
S1: L 6+ +?
S2: % 6+ «L#» L-.
1. «L#» L-

2. %
( + # -
3. * 6# !
4. + ! 6
B. These students are not staying in the city.

The phrase /
1. !+ /? ( ž) ? (out of town) has
2. L 6+ +? the accent on the
preposition .
G F
7. V
&!!.
А. What do you think the following реорlе will be doing on Saturday
afternoon and evening? Why?
1. >) – *
". % D6
! .
2. C
– +
*. % D6

, ).
3. & # 7
– . % A . < + ² .
4. – + ! 8<.
5. ( 7 – ) + «B».
)A.
6. + – *
. <
+5 .
7. > – !
. 7* +
"
,.
8. ( + –
A . % )A. < @ +.
B. A ? Interview a classmate to find out what he or she will be doing all
day Saturday. Be very persistent. L? +? +? 7? ( !?
!
&!!? 351
+ " # !D ? " L ) .
+ " ? "L # .
G A !
«(
»? , S@
,. /
, S@ !
.
( + "% ? , , "% @ ) .
12.3 Verbal Aspect In the Future Tense: (B) Perfective
8. 9 š "% &

L? You have а list of activities that you were
supposed to complete. You are procrastinating and have not done
anything yet. Your roommate is checking the current status of the list.
S1: G Aš !
D?
S2: , S@ !
.
S1: ( + !
*?
S2: !
, @ ! 6+.
things to be done your estimate

1. !
D (!
,, !
*) ! 6+
2. !
( !
*, !**) )
3. ! # 6
(!D, !
*)
4. +
(+,, +*) ! =
+ " L # !D , ! 6* !

.
+
" = , "L 6.
+ &

, "
.
12.3 Verbal Aspect In the Future Tense: (C) Consecutive Action
9. / "/ ... Finish the statements with your own
ideas.
1. + !D 6, 6+...
2. + + 9) , !#+ / ...
3. + !D !D , !+ / ...
4. + +,
, !) D 6.
5. + !
, A
, !D...
6. + !
, = ,
352 # 12
Talking About TV and Movie Schedules
L + " ? «F-2» 6+ -#.

% & = ! +? %
22.25.

%
&? % )
23.25.
Г де? Что? Когда?

Кино ТВ Концерты Клубы Рестораны Выставки Театр
ТВ / Телепрограмма
Выберите дату сегодня, ср 17 марта время Вечер Показать
Первый канал Россия-2 MTV

18:00 Новости 18.00 Вести.ru Новости 18.05 Следующий Шоу
18:20 Давай поженимся Шоу 18.10 Вести-спорт 18.30 Губка Боб Квадратные Штаны
19.10 След Сериалы 18.25 Скоростной участок Спорт Мультфильмы
20.00 Пусть говорят Шоу 18.55 Волейбол. Чемпионат 19.00 Секс в большом городе
21.00 Время Новости России. Мужчины Сериалы
21.30 Семь жен одного холостяка. 20.45 Моя планета Путешествия 20.05 Университет Сериалы
6-я серия Сериалы 22.00 Вести.ru Новости 21.00 Проект Подиум Шоу
22.30 Среда обитания. Почему все 22.10 Вести-спорт 22.00 Секс в большом городе
так дорого? Фильмы 22.25 Хоккей России Сериалы
23.30 Школа Сериалы 23.25 Моя планета Путешествия 23.35 Южный парк
0.00 Новости Мультфильмы
00.10 Гламурама Шоу
10. !

&/ %? Look at the TV program
and have conversations with a partner.
S1: L 6+ + + ?

S2: ) ,. L + ! ) ?
S1:

. MTV 6+...
S2:
= ! +?
S1: ...
S2: ( S@?
S1: ...
S2: V ( )
!
!
&!!? 353
G A
«(»? , S@ +.

«(»?
«7*

#».
11. $ O . You decided to go to

the movies instead.
Кинотеатр
S1:
«7*

#»
+@
#
«% @ 5
Пушкинский
A ». $
, 6! # wi-fi,
, wi-fi,

S2: A + =
. -+

I

(495) 545 05 05 7*
!., 2
S1: ( « 6 A
²» +? . 7*

6
100-250 .
S2: , +. V ?
Не брать живым 10:00
S1: V 6. Боевики, драматические 14:30
фильмы, военные фильмы 19:00
S2: %-o, . ,6D 6
. L
S@? О чем говорят мужчины... 12:30
Комедии 17:00
S1: «H@)+ 6
». . 21:30
S2: V A

. Звездные собаки: Белка и 11:00
Стрелка 3D 15:15

, ? Мультфильмы 17:15
S1: 15:15
17:15.
Making Invitations
" / /
.
T
/ " ) +/ +/ ²A-.
"&
«(».
! + «$6 # , ».
G ( ) -* !# & *

+ ?
!- # + 66?
*with me
354 # 12
strong agreement K *. T
/.
K *. (& +
.)
agreement after hesitation , .
polite declining ( A

,) /.
less polite 8%.
excuses < 5 ) 6Ÿ+e 9) .

B )
.
< 5
/+ .
< 5 6.
& /
.
A /a =
.
<A * !)+ .
counterproposals T
/ % !#+@ .
% 8
A - -
A* A -* -
/ A / - -5
12. T
!
А. Respond to the following suggestions. Get some more details before
accepting or declining.
1. $# !#+@ 6 ) .
2. G -* !#
?
3. $# !+ ) + ²A-.
4. $# !+ ) + . B+ 6
5+.
В. Using part А as an example, invite your friend (played by а classmate)

to the following places. Give some mоre details, including the time of
the event.
1. +
4. - 7. «( 6»
2. ) + 5. ² 8. +
3. " 6. ²6 9.
6
!
&!!? 355
Talking on the Telephone Russians often read
telephone numbers as
complete units: +
# * ? # (6

/+* ++"
–
) 223-45-07. ! – .
) Ÿ
;
&!
Russians usually answer the phone simply ways of asking to talk to а person such as
by saying T
?!, A ?! or )
! (I am V, " &
, U C /
listening). T&
C %
( O). Other
When you call an office, school, a person’s possible phrases are short versions of the latter:
house phone, etc., you are expected to use the U C , " &
or B
proper telephone etiquette. There are several U C ?

, B/B%.
A C , !A#? U/ (+). % !*@ ) 5
.
> , U . % !*
.
G ,
) , + / "?
& &.
-! " ?
V , !A#, C . K *. V .
12.5 Animate Accusative

and
13. B )/? Working with а partner, ask to talk to the people
are
listed. The number in parentheses indicates the approximate time when fragments of the
they will return. sentence 7+A+
S1: & A ?
() (Wait a
minute).
()
S2: E +. % !*@ +
. is the diminutive form
S1: ) , + !
+@? of the noun

(minute).
S2: L .
S1: &!6. 7 +#, !A#, ) *. Approximations are
expressed by reversing
S2: K *, ! +.
the word order:
1. C ( +
(2 .) 4. & (4 .) & (around 6:00)
2. + (7 .) 5. & # (
(6 .) instead of the normal
3. > C (10 .) * (at 6:00).
356 # 12
14. V/
. Invitation.
А. Read the dialogue and answer the questions that follow.
: (!
7: A , !A#?
:
. - !!
: $.
7: 7
, . V 7. &*#, +
+
6Ÿ+ «&! –
$
». < 5 + 6
. G
-* !# #?
: -, ! !)
*?!
7: ) 6 , .
: < 5 6 .
7: , !#+@?
: >+ . ?
7:
+", +#

.
: 8+?
7: < -+. K *?
: K *, +
!
7: , + +.
: 7.
1. + !
(invited) 7 ?
2. # + 6+ ? Где? Что? Когда?
3. 7 7 ) !)+ ? Клубы ср. 17 марта
4.
? ФМ Клуб 20:00
5. 8+
+ (will meet)? « Скрипт», Elektroshaman,
Электроника, Инди
В. Using the dialogue as а model, call а friend and
Джаз Таун 20:30
invite him or her to one of the clubs here. Agree on Трио Евгений
the time and place to meet. Джаз, рок
Дума 21:00
DJ Карина
Танцы
Точка 18:00
« Страна идиотов»
Рок, панк
!
&!!? 357
Going to the Theater
15. T
/. Read the series of dialogues and answer the questions
at the end.
&M( "M* N . O "* 3O *.
> : H+ #! A > , !A#?
> : E@ +.
> : ( ) , + !
+@?
> : G ) ,. A 6 11.
L-
6+ ! +?
> : 7A#, ! +#, ) > . %
) # 6
.
> : K *, ! +.
&M( "* 3O * (" "M:.
> : $?!
> : > ? V > .
> : 7
! 8+ 6 ? 6 ) .
> : 6 6
6
. H
.
> : (-. &*#, + B*

+@ «F
$A». 7#+@?
> : +
. < 5 ) 9) .
A 6 ) ?
> : ) ,, ž
+@ ) . !) D

) ,. >+ ?
&M( "M* O((, ":5Q " * O*&.
S
: G .
> : &A, !A#, 6+ !
) ?
S
: H ? B «
)».
> : ( 6
S@ ?
S
: , 6
A ! + .
> : (
!?
S
: +".
> : K *, !6.
S
: ) .
358 # 12
&M( "M* N .
> : (!
> : > ! H 6+ «
)». #
)
, 6
) A
! + .
> :
. !
*
6
, .
> : ! $# +

. >+ ?
> : $
. G+ + ) .
> : $ ) . 7.
1. 7 > 6 +, + ) > ?

2. + - > !
> ?
3. > ) , 6+ ) ?
4. 8+
+ ?
5. 7 !#+Ÿ , 5 , (although)
6
A ! + ?
T
" !
!
&!!? 359
Chapter Review
1. describe single activities in the past, present, and future
2. describe simultaneous and consecutive actions in the past, present,
and future
3. use appropriate time expressions to say when a task will be For self-tests and additional practice,
completed please go to the Book Companion
4. ask and answer questions about TV programs and movies (what college/nummikoski
is on, when the programs start and end For access to the videos, please go to
5. ask a friend out your access code at www.wiley.com/
college/wrk
6. ассерt and decline an invitation
7. make а counterproposal
8. ask for and give a telephone number
9. ask to talk to a person on the telephone
10. leave а message
11. end a telephone conversation
В. Directed Dialogue. Create a dialogue with a classmate based on the

guidelines below.
Student 1: You want to invite your friend Natasha to the theater, club, or a
sports event, but she is not home. Ask when she will be back. Leave a message.
Call again later and ask where she was. Make the invitation. Negotiating a
suitable day is somewhat difficult, since your schedules do not match. Do not
agree to your friend’s counterproposal. Agree to find out where to get tickets,
what they cost, and when the event starts. Then call the ticket office. After that,
call your friend again and agree on the final details.
Student 2: Your schedule is very busy this week. Make all kinds of excuses, make
a counterproposal, but do finally agree to your friend’s suggestion. Make sure
that you know exactly how much the tickets are and when and where to meet.
C. Interview Video. L + !5

" ?
360 # 12
Word Building
Verb Prefixes
Many perfective aspect verbs are formed by adding а prefix to the
corresponding imperfective aspect verb. There are more than 20 different
verb prefixes from which to choose, а challenge for nonnative learners of
Russian. Generally, however, there is only one basic perfective prefix for
each unprefixed imperfective verb, which makes an aspect pair. Dictionaries
usually cross-reference the basic aspect pairs.
In addition to the basic perfective prefix, many unprefixed verbs can also
take other prefixes. Adding other prefixes results in а modified perfective
with а slightly different meaning. For example, the imperfective aspect
verb !
(to write) can take several prefixes, all of which give the new
perfective verb а specific meaning.
1. Basic perfective:
!

2. Modified perfectives in which the prefi x has а distinct meaning

+- to the end +!
to write to the end
+- above +!
to write on top, to superscribe
! - again ! !
to write again, to rewrite
!+- under !+!
to underwrite, to sign
3. Modified perfectives in which the basic meaning of the prefi x is
less distinct (idiomatic expressions)

!
to write down, to record (also: to record audio
or video)
!
to describe
"!
to subscribe
"!
to register place of residence

&!
to acknowledge receipt of something
(also: to register a marriage)
&!
to сору (exactly)
!
&!!? 361
@,ABBA9CA
12.1 Verbal Aspect: Overview
Most Russian verbs have two separate forms, the imperfective and the
perfective aspects. Together they form an aspect pair. Accordingly, starting
with this lesson, most verbs listed in the vocabulary will have two forms.
The perfective aspect will be marked with an asterisk in explanations and
in the Vocabulary.

| (I) and *!
| (I)
All forms of the imperfective aspect of a verb (the infinitive and
the present- and past-tense forms) denote process, action only, with no
reference to result or to the action being finished. Such action can be
habitual, repeated, or it can be continuous.
The perfective aspect verb, on the other hand, denotes a one-time
action that had or will have a result, was or will be finished.
IMPERFECTIVE ASPECT PERFECTIVE ASPECT

(process, ongoing or repeated action) (result of a one-time action)
Infinitive - % . - *"% .

I want to read a/the book. I want to finish a/the book.
(I want to be involved in that action.) (I want to read the book and finish it.
There will be a result.)
Present % . NO PRESENT TENSE

I am reading a/the book.
(at the moment)
%
.
I often read books.
(in general, or repeatedly)
Future ! % . *"% .

I will be reading a/the book. I will finish a/the book.
(I will be involved in that action.) (I will read the book and finish it.)
Past % . *"% .

I was reading a book. I finished the book.
(I was involved in that action.) (I read the book and finished it.)
%
.
I often read books./I used to read books.
(in general, or repeatedly)
362 # 12
Aspect Formation
Aspect pairs are formed in several ways. Sometimes you can predict the
perfective aspect by seeing the imperfective aspect, and vice versa. For
most verbs, however, you have to learn and memorize each form separately.
The following are the most common ways to form aspect pairs.
А. The perfective aspect adds a prefix. In this type of formation,
both aspects are conjugated in the same way.
"- ) *") to eat breakfast
6+ *"6+ to eat lunch
A
*"A
to eat supper
c- + *&+ to do
-
*²
to do laundry

- !
*
!
to write
"-
*"
to prepare
"-
*"
to read
B. Stem change (and sometimes a stress shift) occurs in the aspect

pair. The conjugation of verbs in this category must be learned
separately for each aspect.
-
-/-- ! *! to get
-
-/-
- !)
*!) to show
-
-/- ! + *! + to sell
--/- 6 *6 to clean
Other stem changes:

!

*!
5 to take (a shower, medicine, etc.)
!! *! to buy
!
* *!
to invite
C. The aspect pair is formed from different verb stems.

*) to speak, to say
6 *) to take
12.2 Verbal Aspect in the Past Tense

A. Single action in the past tense. In your Russian lessons so far, you
have used most of the verbs you have learned in the present tense
(= imperfective aspect). You have also used the same verbs in the
past tense, but most of them have dealt with activities in general,
not the result. Therefore, all the verbs you have used so far, with the
exception of купить, have been imperfective aspect verbs.
!
&!!? 363
For example:
L +*? – D ) . (present tense)
What are you doing? – I am watching TV.
L + ? – ) . (past tense)
What did you do yesterday? I watched TV.
The choice of imperfective or perfective aspect depends on what the
speaker wants to express.
Use the imperfective aspect for . . .
1. Action in general.
( + #
!
6
6
.
Yesterday Andrei worked/was working in the library.
F * / a !.
I used to play the violin.
Also, when you ask people if they have read a book, seen a film, etc., you
are more likely to use the imperfective aspect. You are not asking if they
finished the activity.
G % «(
»?
Have you read Anna Karenina?
G
«B »?
Have you seen the film Brother?
2. Repeated actions. These sentences often include time expressions,
such as &/ (always), % & (often), !²% (usually), /
(sometimes), (every day), & (all the time), and
so on.
> %
.
In the summer I often read books.
3. Duration of time. These sentences often include time expressions
such as весь день (all day), / ( for a long time), %
& ( for
three hours), and so on.
66 +

.
On Saturday I was doing homework all day long.
/ A
+ .
I prepared supper for two hours.
364 # 12
Use the perfective aspect when you want to emphasize the result, the
completion of a one-time action. Perfective sentences may include words
or phrases that imply completion, for example
( ( finally),
(already), & %
& (at eight o ’clock),
%
& (in three hours),
and so on.
& # *" G . There was a result. (they
Sergei called Tanya. talked) — perfective aspect
but: G
& ,. Activity only, no result.
Tanya called Sergei. (Sergei didn’t answer.)
&+ *& 9) . There was a result.
The students passed the exams.
but: &+ &
9) . Activity only, no result.
The students were taking (the)
exams.
" *"% «(
».
Last night I finally finished Anna Karenina.
but: % «(
».
Last night I read/was reading Anna Karenina.
*
"&
! .
I wrote the paper in five hours.
but: "& ! .
I wrote a/the paper for five hours.
7 +*
? –
- A &
.
Why aren’t you doing your homework? – I already finished it.
Note that the English translation of the perfective aspect can sometimes
leave out the main verb of the Russian sentence.
*"% . I finished the book. (i.e., reading)
*
"& . I finished the paper. (i.e., writing)
*"
. I finished supper. (i.e., eating)
#"

1. Examine the following sentences and translate them into English.
1. 6
/*6 to clean
L + 66? – <6

.
&
6
? – 6

+.
– ( 6 D ) .
!
&!!? 365
2. !!/*! to buy

(met) ( ² . – L +? – %
!! ! +. – L !? – % ! S

.
3. /*) to speak, to say
B6* + «* !)+ ,
+».
C)
, )
?
4. ) /*!) to eat breakfast
> + 6² )
+ .
& # 6² !)
!*@ ) 5
.
5.
/*!

to prepare

A
+ . 7! !

A
)
30
.
6. +/*+ to do
+

.
!5
" +
) + .
7. !

/*!
5 to take (a shower)
* !

+*
) + . ! +*
.
8. !)+/*!)+ to be late
> + !)+ 6, +
!)+ !.
2. Select the correct aspect.
1. + (
/*!
)
.
2. >) ( /*)), - ! 6.
3. 66 " (
/*!
) «#

».
4. (
/*!
) ) ?
5. 8+ 6? – ) . – 7A (show),
(!!/*!).
6. &+ () /*!) ) ) !
.
7. * (!
/* !
)
- ( poems).
8. G A (!
/* !
) !
? – , S@ !
*.
9. (+/*+)
) !.
10. * (+/*+)
+ 66.
366 # 12
3. Select from the following list the correct perfective aspect verbs to
complete the sentences in the past tense. Translate the sentences.
*!
*!

*+
*!6+ * !

1. >) + !

. 11 ,
", .
2. G A «#

»? – ES@ . S@
, .
3. 7 > +
? – %
- A .
4. G A ) ? – ES@ .
5. A ? – , S@ 6+.
4. Say that you have already finished the activity. The perfective aspect
verb is given in parentheses.
Model: >) +
. ( A +
.
1. &*
«G-
# $ ». (!
)
2. * 6+. (!6+)
3. >
) . (!

)
4. & # !*

. ( !
)
5.
A . (!
)
6. > A
. (!A
)
7. *
G +,
. (+)
8. !

+*. (!
5)
9. * !+. (²)
10. 6
. (6 )
B. Simultaneous and consecutive action in the past tense. You have

already learned to express simultaneous action as follows:
+ &* )
, !.
When Sasha was studying, Maksim was sleeping. / While Sasha
studied, Maksim slept.
Since these actions are taking place at the same time, imperfective
aspect verbs are used.
!
&!!? 367
Consecutive action can be combined in different ways.
1. The first action is finished and the second one started.

+ *"

, %
% .
After I had eaten breakfast, I began to read a book.
In the example above, the verb
% (to begin) is followed by the
infinitive of an imperfective verb (beginning of an action, no result).
2. The actions are completed one after the other.
*"% )
*
"& !
.
I read the paper and wrote a letter.
or: + (7 ) *"% ), *
"& !
.
After I read the paper, I wrote a letter.
+ (7 ) &* *&

, *"
.
When Sasha had finished his homework, he went to the movies.
+ (7 ) + *& 9) ,
*"8
+#.
When students had passed the exams, they went home.
The last two examples contain the verbs " (to go on foot; " ,
" , " ) and "8
(to go by vehicle) in the past tense. Both
verbs denote the action of setting off (completed action) to go to a
destination. Refer to Section 12.4 for more details on verbs of motion.
#"

5. Supply the missing verbs in the action chain.
66 , ! (had taken) +*,
(to eat breakfast). + (had eaten breakfast),
(to read) ). 7 (had read)
), (to write) . + (had
written) , (to prepare) 6+. 7
(had prepared) 6+, (to eat lunch). +
(had eaten lunch), (went [on foot]) 6
6
.
6. Answer the questions in complete sentences using the words in

parentheses.
1. L + & #, + +
? (
) )
2. + !* *, + !
!
? ( /!)
3. + !- , + !) ? ( /) )
368 # 12
7. Write the corresponding questions. Begin your questions with the
following:
L / +...
+ !*@ (!*, !*)...
+ !-/...
1. + ² !+, !* 6.
2. + >) +
, * ).
3. + + !

6+, 6+.
4. + C !
, !*@ ) 5
.
5. + ! (woke up),

9) .
6. + ( !) , !- ) +.
12.3 Verbal Aspect in the Future Tense

The following is the basic rule about the use of aspects as applied to the
future tense.
action in general; continuous, unfinished imperfective future

action; or repeated future action:
single action to be completed in the future: perfective future
A. Imperfective future. The imperfective future consists of the

conjugated form of the verb быть and the infinitive of an imperfective
aspect verb.
6+
6+*
/ 6+ % . I, you, . . . will be reading a
6+ book.
6+
6+
!
&!!? 369
#"

8. Write complete sentences with the words given. Add prepositions
where needed.
Model: /*/) Y
! &
.
1. /
/ 6. /
/#6
2. & #/!
/!
7. 66*/

3. /)
/6
6
8. !!//!+
4. >
&*/5/! 9. /)+
-
5. > /6
/ 10. +/*/)
9. Write the questions asking what the people will be doing.

Model: * 6+
. !
B
?
1. % 6+ * ).
2. 6+ )
6
6
.
3. 6+ 5 ! .
4. % 6+
A .
5. # 6 6+ !.
B. Perfective future. Although the imperfective future is formed much

as the future tense is formed in English (helping verb + the infinitive
of the main verb), the perfective future is not. Instead, the perfective
future is formed by conjugating a perfective aspect verb without the
addition of a helping verb.
*"% . I will read the book. (I will finish it.)
H *" L Tomorrow I will buy new jeans.
+A .
*"
. I will go to the movies tonight.
" . I will gо to Moscow on Sunday.
370 # 12
#"

10. When will the activity be completed?
A. Answer the questions saying that you will complete the activities
at the time indicated in parentheses.
Model: G A !/ ? Y, F " /
. K
() ) " L /
.
1. G A !
/ «#

»? ( 66)
2. G A !
/ !
? () )
3. G A !/ ! +? () )
4. G A +/
? ( )
B. Answer the questions saying that these people will complete the
activities at the time indicated.
1. *
+
A !
, * ? ( !5
")
2. & # A !
? ( )
11. Write complete sentences in the future tense by selecting items from
each column.
Model: !#+@
66 .
!+ + 66 .
) 66
>
* ) +
!# 6
6
! +

!- ) 5
!5
" + @
+

+
C. Consecutive action in the future. As with the past tense, there are
many ways to express consecutive action in the future tense.
+ *&

, ! & (The first action will bе finished; the
) . second will then start and continue
When I finish (mу) homework, I will watch TV. for аn unspecified time.)
+ *"% = , *" (The first action will be finished before
+
. setting off.)
When I finish this book, I will go to the stadium.
+ *"% = , *
" (Both actions will be finished, one after
!
. the other.)
When I finish this book, I will write a letter.
!
&!!? 371
#"

12. Answer the questions using complete sentences.
Model: L 6+* +, + +*
?
(
)
/ &
, ! % .
1. L 6+* +, + !
* = ?
( ) )
2. L 6+ + >), + +
? (!

!
)
3. L 6+ + , + !A
?
(* ))
4. L 6+ + +, + !*

? (!)
5. L 6+* +, + !6+*? (
A )
13. Answer the questions saying that the activity in parentheses has to be
completed first.
Model: + !#+@* 6
6
? (!) )
K " !! , / "

.
1. + &* !+ +
? (+
)
2. + !#+@ 5? (!
= )
3. + !+* ? (! , * )
4. + !#+@*
? ( !
= !
)
5. + & #
> !+ ) +? (!6+)

The verbs *" and *"8
are perfective aspect verbs of motion.
The prefix "o- denotes setting off, beginning of a motion towards
a destination. In the following examples the verbs " and "8

are compared with the round-trip verbs 8 and (from
Chapter 9). Note that all four verbs can be translated as went in English.
A. Motion on foot.
8+ &*? – % " ) . (Sasha is not here.)
Where is Sasha? – Не went to the store.
&*, + 6 ? – 8 (Sasha is now back.)
) .
Sasha, where were you in the morning?
– I went to the store.
372 # 12
B. Motion in a vehicle.
8+ C ? – % "8
+. (Igor is not here.)
Where is Igor? Не went to the summer house.
C , + 6 66? – (Igor is now back.)
+.
Igor, where were you on Saturday? – I went to
the summer house.
See sections 12.2 and 12.3 on consecutive action and the perfective future
for exercises with the verbs пойт and поéхать. The following chart
sums up what you have learned so far about verbs of motion.
Unidirectional Verbs
to be going at a 8
+
+@*? Where are you going?
given time
+ + % + +#. Не is going home.

+@* +*

+ +
was going, were *@ - + *@, + 65 +?

going * - Where were you going when I saw you?
*
-
* -
6² .
The cars were going fast.
will go " "8

!#+
.
!#+ !+ I will go to the movies tonight.
!#+@* !+* >) !+ ) + 66.
!#+ !+ Lisa will go out of town on Saturday.
went, left, and hasn’t !*@ !- &* +? – , !*@

.
returned yet !* !- Is Sasha home? – No, he went to the movies.
!* !-
8+ ? – % !- .
Where is Mitya? – Не went to Kiev.
!
&!!? 373
Multidirectional Verbs
to go repeatedly 8 A+# + -A

.
(and come back) -A )A I go to the university every day.
-+
* )+
* G )+
* ?
-+ )+ Do you often go to Moscow?
went and came back -+ )+

Ó -+ ) .
-+ )+
I went to the store in the morning.
-+
)+

> )+
.
I went to Moscow in the summer.
#"

14. Supply the missing verbs. Consult the verb chart if necessary.
1. 7
, 7! < 65 * ? + (are
going)? – (am going) +.
2. G ( go) +? – $a, ( go) +
A+, 66.
3. ( go) 6
6
A+# + , # 6

+ ( goes) 6
6
.
4.
+ : 7
, & #! G + (are going)?
– (am going) ) 5
.
5. 8+ 6 , >)? – (went) ) .
6. C +? – , +. % (went)
+
.
7. > , + 65
" . + (were
going)? – (was going) ) . ( , C ? –
(was going)
.
8. C , + (went) ? – (went)
&
, 5 ( (went) .
9. , + 6 66? – (went) +.
10. ( + # ( +
+ 6? – ,
(went) +
.
374 # 12
12.5 Animate Accusative
Russian nouns can be divided into two categories: animate and inanimate.
Animate nouns refer to people and animals (e.g., &*, , !
,
*); inanimate nouns refer to places and things (, ) ,
! ). You have so far learned to use the accusative case with inanimate
noun phrases only. Animate noun phrases have a separate accusative form
for the masculine, identical to the genitive case. The feminine accusative is
the same for both animate and inanimate nouns. Review the following
examples.
ACCUSATIVE CASE
Masc. inanimate: ,6D

# 6. (same as nominative)
animate: ,6D / 6
C
. (same as genitive)
7), !A#, C .
G ) * =/ / +
?
Fem. inanimate: ,6D ). (special accusative ending)
animate: ,6D L +* (special accusative ending)

> .
A G ?
Neuter inanimate: !* + !

. (same as nominative)
SIMPLIFIED RULE
FOR THE
ANIMATE ACCUSATIVE
M = gen. (adj.: -///; nouns: -а/я)
F = inanim. (adj.: -; nouns: -/)
Note: Masculine names ending in -а/я are declined as feminines.

> !
, C , *
+ .
Lena invited Victor, Igor, Misha, and Volodya to the theater.
!
&!!? 375
#"

15. / º!? Write sentences according to the model
Model: + & # L! )/, )/ L!
.
1. > + &* 6. C + $
2. G +
# 7. >) + +
3. > + 8. + *
4. % + ( + # 9. ( +
5. * + C 10. & + (#
16. Finish the sentences with the animate or inanimate accusative.
1. ,6D (
).
2. ) , (=o ).
3.
(#
# + C ).
4. !

(C , > , G
& #).
5. # + D6
(6).
6. G ) * (5 !+ *)?
7.
(5 +* ) 6
6
.
8. ,6D (

# 6).
9. ) , (= + ).
10. G ) * (# *
# 6 +)?
11. ) (# +*
# 6 )?
12. (5 ) ) .
Vocabulary
Nouns skating rink
! ticket ! club
6 action film ( concert
6+
alarm clock
% game (sports event)
-+ entrance
minute
² exhibit
() dim. minute
channel " %
TV or radio
broadcast
here: box office
376 # 12
! song 6 you (indirect
" %
& half an hour object)
! m. briefcase %-!y something
!
*
invitation
Prepositions
"/
program
O report, paper
+ ((. in, within (a period
of time)
show (in movie
theaters) "& + gen. after
! list y + gen. by, at
bag, purse
Verbs
The following verb paradigms reflect the usage
Adjectives in this chapter. For a complete listing, consult
# main the verb glossary in the back of the book.
Perfective verbs are marked with an asterisk.
+*
# (-) home
soft. adj. 6 (I) to take
*
#, * , extra 6 , 6 @*,
* , 6
*
soft. adj. *) (I)
# theater o), o)@*,
o)
Adverbs (II) A, to see
+
*, +
+ for a long time
|() (I) to meet
F still
*
() (II)
F not yet
(),
no way
*(),
- quietly (),
/ in that case +aé
% exactly cp
let’s meet
already /| (II) to prepare
/ , (dinner, etc.)
/, /
Pronouns *"/
, , @, all |
to prepare for
& all day 9) an exam
*!+

, # him, her (indirect
object)
!
&!!? 377
+| (I) to give ,
*,
*+
+, +*, + 8 | (I) to rest
++, ++, | (I) to open
++ * ²

| (I) to do ,, *,
*&
,
8
(I) to go, to travel *! + to convey, to pass
, , imp. " /

" (I) to sing

| (I) to eat breakfast "L, ",
*"

"L

%
|& (I) to end "& (I) to write
| (II) to call on the ", ",
) D, )o *, telephone "
) 5 *
"&
*!) " (I) to drink
See !Aķ ", ",
" See to buy "
!! *²!

% (I) to be able to *"8
(I) to go, to leave
/, , ", ", (by vehicle)
/ "
past /, / , *" (I) to go, to leave
/ ", ", (on foot)
(I) to wash "; past
,, *, , " ,
*² " , "
*
% to begin (to do *!)/ imp. call
%
, something) !)| (I) to show

%a , %
*!) (I)

to begin !A,

% &, !A*,

% & !A
!
| (I) to eat lunch !!| (I) to buy
*" (II)
*"!

" L, ",
"
| (I) to be late "
*!)+
*!A| (II) to put
% | (I) to answer !A,
* (II)
378 # 12
!A
*,
(,
!A
(
(imperf. ) 6
| (I) to clean
!| (I) to receive *6 (I)
*! (II) 6 , 6 @*,
! 6
!
*,
| (I) to eat supper
! *"

!
*| (I) to invite *) | (I) to find out
*!
(II)
6| (I) to smile
!
*,
!
*, *6
!
5 8 to want
*!
# (I) to arrive (on foot) 8%, 8%,
!
+, !
+@*, 8%, 8,
!
+; past 8, 8
!
*@, !
*, % | (I) to read
!
* *"%
!

| (I) to take (e.g., a
*!
5 (I) shower) Phrases
!
, ! *,
! ; ;&/ 8/! All the best!
past ! ,
"/ let’s go
!
, !
"
*! to wake up
"& let’s watch
&
| (d ) (I) to take (an exam) +
it’s a deal
+º, +@*, +º / out of town
*&
(d ) to pass (an exam) A
, unfortunately
&
, &
, all right
&
&, &
, B(%)! Just a minute!
&
, &
I have to
&| (II) to watch, to look +"! Well done!
&L, ) you are welcome,
&, don’t mention it
& ! + , ! + , sold out
*"& ! + short adj.

| (I) to do laundry +
with pleasure
*²

& with me

(| | (I) to dance

(, & /
I am tired
!
&!!? 379
# 13 (9 (
)
"
?

◆ Buying presents ◆ Giving gifts ◆ Dative case: Overview
◆ Asking for advice and ◆ Birthday parties ◆ Verbs !+ and +
making decisions ◆ Visiting Russian homes ◆ The possessive pronoun
◆ Discussing likes ◆ Russian holidays #
and dislikes ◆ Dative case: Personal
◆ Julian and Gregorian
◆ Planning for parties calendars pronouns; singular and
and making invitations plural of nouns, adjectives,
◆ Discussing ages and and possessive and
dates of birth demonstrative pronouns
◆ Talking about holidays ◆ Verbs !,
! +, and
◆ Expressing congratulations

and wishes
◆ The verb

◆ The preposition
◆ Age expressions
◆ Verbs +
and
◆ Time expressions: Days,
months, and years
D @#B. \& " " &

.
"
? 381
Buying Presents
V
Gift giving is often spontaneous and does h²
not necessarily need an occasion. There are а Flowers are given for every occasion and also
few holidays, however, in which gifts play an without any particular reason ("&
).
essential part. One of these is Y /, There are flower stalls everywhere: around
New Year’s, а holiday that has adopted many metro stations, on street corners, and inside
nonreligious elements of Christmas. Another buildings.
such holiday is International Women’s Day,
celebrated on March 8 (B

& , ;&
). On this
day, men send cards to and buy flowers and
gifts for all the important women in their
lives (mothers, wives, sisters, grandmothers,
aunts, girlfriends, etc.). Gifts are usually given
for birthdays, also. Special parties for gift
collecting, such as baby or bridal showers, are
not typical of Russian culture. Contrary to
U.S. traditions, the recipient is not expected to
unwrap the gift immediately.
"
A ?
• "
6² "" !+
?
7+

...
• FA+ / K • $ &
• # + • $
•
# + • + A+

• D6
+ !+
? 7 ( )?
• ( " % !+
D6
?
• ' / 6² ! !+
?
• D6
"²? !! "²?
382 # 13
)" W
&

& (
8
L
% !Ÿ&
!
&

²
("%
'
%
&²
C/

O

!
&
/ &
/ &

O
!
O
• !+
6² !! 66*/
++*//!!?
• (
?
V
O
• # +?
• ( +"
# +*?
• ( ! +"
D *?
• !+
, !-*,

?
8
• !+
+ ?
« &

B& » 13.1 Dative Case: Overview
"
? 383
?

C > +*

C G +
&
13.4 Dative Case Endings
1. T . What did these people buy each other for their
birthdays?
> "

C .
S1: L !+ ( ? C "
> "².
S2: % !+ . 13.2 Verbs подари́ть and дать
S1: ( !+ ( ?
S2: % !+ # "².
? ? ?

(
( "²
G C 6
C G 6
> & #
& # > "!
% &*
&* % @A
+
( + #

( + # +

+
? ?
/// */*/= +

* 6 C !
,
/// */*e/= !+ >

+* G

/// */*/= + )
&!
+*

13.3 The Possessive Pronoun свой 13.4 Dative Case Endings
384 # 13
2. V
Y /. What do you think Victor bought all the
people on his list? Use the store signs as a clue for possible gift items for
some of the people.
S1: +*, ! & +* ?
S2: +,, ! Ÿ.
1. +*
2. +*
# 6
3. *
# 6 ( + #
4. * C
5. *
# + C
6. +
7.

+ )5
% +
&
"².
6 !+ = ? . Notice that the verb

" % (to receive)
requires the genitive
' / " % = ? '
/ C / > / G . case after the preposi-
tion ( from), not the
dative.
"
? 385
3. T . Svetlana’s birthday was yesterday. What did her
friends give her?
S1: % & ! ?

S2: % ( + š.
% /
( + #
"²
6²

6
@A
+
"! G
6 &*
4. "
T
Y /? Each one of the people listed
bought little Dima а New Year’s gift.
А. Look at the picture and decide which gift each person gave him.
S1: L !+ 66*?

S2: +,, 66* !+ * .
66* !!
++*
@ (
C 6
В. Practice the conversations аgаin bу saying from whom each gift was
received.
S1: % $ ! * ?
S2: +,, ! * 66*
.
386 # 13
5. " ? ? You are souvenir shopping at the
A
market in Moscow. Here are some typical items that tourists buy there.
What did you buy for all your friends and relatives back at home? What
did you buy for yourself (6)?

) 5
K (amber),
6Ÿ
) 5 harvested from the
@A

) 5 bottom of the Baltic
6
) 5 Sea, is one of the most
@* popular materials for
jewelry in Russia. It is

molded into necklaces,
- *! fur hat bracelets, rings and
+ D brooches.
+ 5 A wooden spoon
D ;& . \&

& ""
&.
Asking for Advice and Making Decisions
?
$5+ & ,?
B6*?
G@ ( ?
! !+
&
.
= ) 6*# ²!.
"
? 387
Asking for and giving . . .
help: V// ²6 !+ . K *. (& +

.)
suggestions: L " ! ?

" "/ # 6 .
V
/
advice: L (*")& ! ?
(*")&
13.5 Dative Case: помогáть, предлагáть, and совéтовать
6.
8 " ?
А. Larisa is looking for the perfect gift for Professor Smirnov and his
wife. She consults her friends Nina and Sегgеi.
1. L ) > + )5
& ,?
2. L
(answered) ? ( & #?
3. ( ! +A
?
4. +, ! > ?
" Y " )/

! &
!
6² - *

A ! &
"² 6
В. You need to buy а gift for the following реорlе. Ask several
classmates for advice.
1. An exchange student from Russia who is now leaving to go back.
2. Your host family in Moscow during your trip next summer.
Discussing Likes and Dislikes
= !+ .

( ) & = .
B = !
.
( ) & =

.
> ! =

13.6 Dative Case: (А) Present Tense of the Verb нрáвиться + +A , +*@.
388 # 13
7. ; /.
А. The following couples cannot agree on the items to buy for a relative.
Explain the situation according to the model.
Model: C
6# , (
#
.
C 6# ( #
C
# G A@#
( + # )# 6 C 6 # 6
&* )# * > )@ # *
& # @ +A
+A
B. Working in pairs, assume the roles of the people above. Then have
conversations according to the model.
S1: $# !
/# = 6# . %

.
S2: ( 6*
= # .
8.
! &?
А. You are planning а surprise for your friend. Find out your friend’s
preferences concerning the following items.
S1: ) 6 6*
:
-)?
S2: 6*
-).
1. )
-)
2.

3.

4.
5

-
5. *+
A
6. 6*

6
7.

8. )²
6 @A
В. Based on your friend’s preferences, mention some actions that could

be taken.
Model: !+ D /# .
6+ * -).
!#+@
5
# .
"
? 389
"
& !+ ? "
&.
G6 "

& ? % "

&.
"
& @ !
? "
&.
"
& + )5? "
&.
13.6 Dative Case: (B) Past Tense of the Verb нрáвиться
$ ! &/
"
& *.
9.
" ! &/ " &? Тhe teenagers
listed received several gifts for New Year’s. Which gifts did they like the
most? Why?
S1: # !+ 6* !

& ,?
S2: E 6* !

.
S1: 7?
S2: 7 D6
-.
1. ( + # ²A
2. C
+
3. > !D
4.

5. ( 6

6. C «

»
7. &*
!+
8. G
390 # 13
"

Y /? Traditional role
Nina Alekseevna works in a toy store. Find out what she recommends for divisions are more
New Year’s gifts this year. accepted in Russian
than in American
& ( , ! +S" «$ C *
»: culture.
& *
!+
+ A ! «$
C *
». = +
*
, A
,, + A,
! * +,
²6 ! + # 1. G, + * 1different
6²

!+
2, ! 5 +
9 6
2scooter
«I
». F5+ 3 «I
» « #», A

- 3next to
6, !+ #,
+*. E
«I
»
! 4, * ! -5 + , + 4can’t afford / 5something
!+ * 6* .
E
*
+
D6
,

! 6 +
@
* . * ! 6wonderful
, ! , 7 +, A 8 +

6² 7simple / 8complicated
!!, + 65 "².

! +
, +,9
,
,
9turn into
+A 6.
$ B 6
, B

> +, ,
A
,, = + + A, ! * +.
B+S
+-)5#
* !c10
10vacuum cleaners

* .

+
«6 !
"#»: !

. ( 6+S
6
) ! +

!! .
+ 6² *
, -511 = + * 11although
!+ 6*,, -,12

* , 6. 12furry
A. '
"&.
1. L « #»?
2. ( ! « ¿»? 7 ( )?
3. 6² !! A +
@
* ?
?
4. L «6 !
"#»?
5. L ! + ( ! 6+S

6
) ?
B. Pretend that you are buying gifts for children. Ask Nina Alekseevna
questions about her recommendations.
"
? 391
Planning for Parties and Making Invitations The conditional
form -/ 6
(I would like) is a
V8/ /&. more polite phrase

&!6, (& &)! than -
(I want). The use
K 8 /
! "/
&
. of the conditional
is discussed in detail
13.7 Dative Case: The Preposition к in Chapter 15.
The phrase !
-+

comes from
$6 !A! the noun (guest).
It does not have a
direct equivalent in
English. A possible
translation is to
(go) visit somebody.
Another form of
this phrase is 6
-)5
5- (to be visiting
-)5# somebody).
; /&8 && &

When you are invited to a Russian home, it is entire evening, as your hosts have most likely
customary to bring the host or hostess a small planned an elaborate dinner. Be prepared to
gift or a bouquet of flowers. Flowers are brought eat a lot and please do taste everything that is
in odd numbers, 3, 5, and so on; an even offered.
number is for funerals. Expect to stay for the
T
Children’s birthdays are usually observed celebrants and (
,
with small parties in the home of the “birthday boy/girl.” These terms originate from
celebrant. Adults’ birthdays, when they are the Russian Orthodox tradition of celebrating
observed, аrе either celebrated at home or name days (from the word , name) in addition
in а restaurant. Gifts аrе usually given, but to birthdays. In most cases, name day celebrations
singing birthday songs is not as common as in have now been merged with the celebration of
the United States. Russians sometimes call the birthday, but the original terms remain.
392 # 13
< 6+ + A+
.
. Note that the verb
% !
& . !
*/
/ !
? *. *!
(to invite)
G . takes the direct object
(accusative case).
10. / "/

&?
A. This is а page from Tanya’s notebook. Whom is she planning to
invite to her birthday party?
Model: % - !
*, ...
B. Tanya consulted you regarding the list, and you have some serious
reservations about the compatibility of the group. Discuss the
situation with Tanya.
G : - !
*.
G: 7-, = - *
+. *
> .
>* !
* *.
G : ( A 6 > !
*?
G:
> ! ...
"
? 393
11. T Y
.
A. Natasha sent her friends the following message. Read the message
and relay the information to a friend who was supposed to get the
invitation, but accidentally deleted the message before reading it.
The friend intends to take his/her car.
Друзья мои!
Я хочу пригласить вас на торжество по случаю моего дня рождения.
Празднование состоится 31-го января в пятницу в 20.00 в клубе
«Рублёв» по адресу Чистопрудный бульвар, д. 25. Метро Чистые пруды.
Для тех, кто за рулём, лучше приезжать без машины. Веселее будет.
Наташа
B. Andrei and Liza talk about the upcoming party.

( + #: G ²*, !5
" 6+ + A+
*
?
>): $, ²*. 6 «F6@». G ) *, + =?
( + #: 6 «F6@»? 8 5, +-
«L ! +²».
>): ( * +*?
( + #: , * . ( ) *, S@ 6+?
>): H ,. % !
D A, C ,
> , G ,, > ,
. C , .
( + #: ( # !+ ? 7+ + A+
—9
! 6. L * # !+ ?
>): ) ,. A 6 ! "²?
( + #:

! ,6D -+ ! )
!! !+
. 7 , !A#.
>): ! # 6*, 6
6² - *

.
( + #: (
#
*+?
>): , A 6 CD +? ) #
?
( + #: ) ,.
>): ) ,, * #

-
), ! # 6*

). , ) ,.
( + #: +*, ) F-
#
?
>): $,, +.
( + #: , + . !+, 6 =. <+
!5
"!
>): 7!
394 # 13
'
"&.
1. !
*?
2. L ! +A >) ! *?
3. +, ! ( + #?
4. Continue with your own questions.
C. Tanya missed the party due to some unforeseen

circumstances. She calls you the following day and wants & + @ A+š
!!
to know all the details about the event. Create a dialogue
between the two of you. Include at least the following in your
conversation.
1. 7 G
6 ? ( 6?
2. L !+
*?
3. # 6 ? B*#, #?
4. L

!
?
5. + 6²
? $ ?
6. L +
? G "
? C
?
7. 6² ?
12. B . Your birthday is coming up. Call a friend to

discuss who should and should not be invited and why. Also agree on
the time and place.
Discussing Ages and Dates of Birth
& !/
? B 21 +.
& /* * 6 ? U 23 +.
& /* 66*? U 65 .
13.8 Dative Case: Age Expressions
You can compare two

# 6
+ + & 5.
items by using the

conjunction +
nominative ( *,
• E
, ? C /A,
• & * "? ) or the genitive
• ( *# ? case instead of ,
• & *
6
@ ? as shown.
• *
A ?
"
? 395
ORDINAL NUMBERS 1–100, 2000
1 ! # 11 + +"# 21 ++" ! #

2 # 12 + +"# 30
+"#
3
# ( , ) 13
+"# 40 #
4 @ # 14 ² +"# 50 !
+5#
5 !5# 15 ! +"# 60 *
+5#
6 *# 16 * +"# 70
+5#
7 +# 17 +"# 80
+5#
8 # 18 +"# 90 + #
9 +5# 19 + +"# 100 #
10 +5# 20 ++"# 2000 +-² #
&? + 1992- +.

+ &? +
( ² +
&? + +).
2000- +.
+ * ? % + ( +-² +).
2003- +.
( ²&%
+).
13.9 The Verb роди́ ться

13.10 Time Expressions: Years
13. ) ? All the babies in the picture were born in different

years. Answer the questions.
)
Y

S
&
2007
1990 1993 1. + +
?
2. &
# ?
3. # *
#?
4. *: C
*?
5. *?
6. >
* %
?
C/ '
1988 )
2000
1985
396 # 13
$+*
B6* 2006- ( + ²
*) +.
%
) !² o ++*, + ? U !² o 85 .
13.9 The Verb умерéть
14. C& && . When were these famous реорlе born?

When did they die? How old were they when they died?
S1: + + L#

#?
S2: % + ² +.
S1: ( + ?
S2 % ² + +.
S1: & 6², + ?
S2: E 6²o !+5
+.
7@ C C5 E

( ( +
L#
# F!
(-
1840–1893 1844–1930 1889–1966
+
C >

>
G#
1870–1924 1828–1910
"
? 397
M&(
1. (- ) • ) # " +?
12. +6 (- ) 2. (- ) • ( +5#?
)
• ) ! # " ²?
11. 56 (- ) 3.
• ( ! # " ?
4. !
10. 56 (- ) • ( "& " +?
9. 56 (- )
5. # • ; " +
?
6.
D • ( *
6
@ ?
8.
7.
D
13.10 Time Expressions: Months
+ ? B +" ! / .

! #
+ / !
+ # / + A+
26- +6 5.
A+
?
13.10 Time Expressions: Days, Months, and Years
15. / A ?

А. When do the following students have their birthdays?
S1: + ( + A+
?
S2: < @ + A+
++" ! .
1. ( (21.03) 6. (07.04) Dates are expressed
2. G (08.08) 7. C (04.06) in the order day-
month-(year).
3. > (13.05) 8. >) (02.01)
4. &* (30.09) 9. (03.12)
5. (# (23.11) 10. (25.02)
B. Find out the birth dates of five of your classmates. Report the
results to the class; have оnе student write the dates on the board in
chronological order.
398 # 13
16. Aš. Applications. Working with a partner, ask and answer
questions about the chart, using the constructions below.
A & C

A
T

8.4.1990 21.9.1981 14.5.1995 9.11.1988
& E
6
6
1. + / "...

2. & ...? */A...?
3. + +...? 8+ +...?
4. +... + A+
?
Talking About Holidays
,&& "

Many typical Soviet holidays, such as May The celebration of Y / includes lavish
Day (Vš ) and the anniversary of dinners, gift giving, and decorating a tree
the October Revolution (T '!& (/
). Whereas adults celebrate
L(, Nov. 7), lost their significance with food and champagne on New Year’s
with the fall of communism. Only three Eve, children often have morning parties
holidays of the Soviet era remain: New Year’s (). Their festivities include dressing
(Yž /), International Women’s Day up as animals or as characters from fairy tales,
(B
ž š& ), and
Victory Day (T "!š, May 9). At the
same time, new holidays appeared, such as
Russian Independence Day (T ,&&ķ
ķ
T
ķ&&, June 12), and
National Unity Day (T
ž/
ķ&
, Nov. 4). Some Soviet holidays have
been renamed or replaced. T )š&
A ;š-&ž/ O ž
(Soviet
Army-Navy Day, Feb. 23), is now called T

Fķ
'š%&
(Day of the Defenders
of the Motherland) and T '!&
L( was replaced by T
"š &/ & (Day of National
Harmony and Reconciliation). ) Yž /ž!
"
? 399
singing songs while walking around the
, an important part of the traditional Easter
and receiving gifts from the Russian Santa celebration.
Claus, T B (Grandfather Frost) and
his helper )/%
(Snow Maiden). Both
$+ ) and & were originally
characters in folktales.
The V &8
(Easter) celebration starts the
night before Easter Sunday when worshipers
bring their traditional Easter food to church
to be blessed. The food includes Easter dessert,
" &8
, sweet bread, %, and some Easter
eggs. This is the night when attendance in
churches is the highest. Near midnight the
priest opens the door of the church and leads a
procession of deacons, choir, and parishioners
around the church three times (&
8). Decorated Easter eggs ("&
) are J&ž& &š&!
occasion what we say response
birthday & + @ A+

! &!6.
new house & ! &!6.
New Year’s & +! A. / & +!
newborn child & A+@ ! &!6.
Women’s D & ! )+
! &!6. (to female: A.)
Christmas & FA+ (K
)! A.
Easter K
!
!
n occasion & ! )+
! A.
Julian and Gregorian Calendars

Although Russia implemented the Gregorian and Easter are celebrated later than in other
calendar, used in most countries, after the countries. It also explains why the October
Revolution, the Russian Orthodox Church Revolution was celebrated on November 7
still uses the old Julian calendar, which is during the Soviet years: the original date,
approximately 13 days behind the Gregorian асcording to the Julian calendar, was
calendar. This is why Russian Christmas October 25.
400 # 13
,&& "
F) C :
# ,6# ! )+
– # +. ! )+
!!
*!
, *1 + ,, @

!+
. 1decorate
!
-+ +

, + )5. F 12 6,2 ² 2strike
&!# 6* 5: @, !+

63
3raiseour glasses
!)+ 5 + + 4 +. %6² !
, . 4congratulate each other

+@ +
# " , +5
. +.6 5costume party / 6etc.
# A+ + # A
# + –
. +
!+
,
66*,
!)+ 5
- ! )+
. A A # ! )+
– = $
)S
,7 23- 5. 7Day of the Defenders of the
&+,S
# ! )+
– 7 . V ! )+
²
+.8 Motherland / 8labor

+ # ! )+
– $ !6+.9 = + 9Victory Day
1945- + )

# . $ F

$ )

10 – = # + # ! )+
. 10Independence Day
E , 12-
D . # # ! )+
, $ +
+ ,11 , 4- 6 5. 11National Unity Day
7 12 ,

) ! )+

: FA+ 7- 12members of the Russian
5
7- !
. a 7- D+
!13 !- Orthodox Church / 13bake
14dyed, colored

(-6), * 14 5#"
-+ " .
25- 5 – = G5
+
+ + . = +
15parties
+
, *
.15
'
"&.
1.
, # +?
2.
- ! )+

#? L )
6 =
-
! )+
-?
3.
! , FA+?
4. L G5
+ ?
"
? 401
17. / % Y /?
A. Here is a list of the most common Russian and U.S. holidays.
Examine the chart and answer the questions that follow.
" ,&& A

# + 01.01 01.01
$
>D -
+*
$ & (14.02) 14.02
$ )S
O 23.02
08.03
7- ! /# /!
7 01.05
$
56 #
$ !6+ 09.05
$ !

#
$ "
,
$ )

12.06 04.07
$ + 01.05 56
K9 31.10
$ + + 04.11
$ 6+
56
FA+ 07.01 25.12
1.
, $ )

(
?
( F
?
2. ! )+

, (
? G F
?
3. ! )+

D6 +
? 7?
4. V ! +,

! )+

– 6
+
?
5. ! )+
+ !+
(
? ( F
?
402 # 13
B.
R " ? Read the descriptions and decide which American
holidays they refer to. (The vocabulary is at the bottom of this section, just
in case you need it.)
1. = +
"
, 6*# ! )+
#
6+: *
,
+# D
!,
!, , +
# , ), +
² # !
.
2. = + +
, + D

, -+ !
"
! +
,+#.
3. = +
"
, !

6 6D.
4. V + ,6@ -. >,6 D+ + "², ,
)+* *

!"
²
–
.
C. '
"&.
1. # * ,6# ! )+

?
+ 6²
?
2. ES@ ! )+

? ?
sweets, candy; )+Ÿ* # *
balloon; ² card
cranberry; +
# sweet; Ÿ) corn; ² pumpkin; ! ķ to ask; +
Vocabulary:
organize; *
ž # stuffed;
+š# turkey; º
Chapter Review
1. discuss buying and receiving gifts
2. ask for and give advice regarding gift giving
3. say what you like and dislike and to what degree
4. invite people to a party and accept invitations For self-tests and additional practice,
5. receive guests Site, available at www.wiley.com/
college/nummikoski
6. use days, months, and years to express when something happened For access to the videos, please go to
or will happen the Wiley Resource Kit, available with
7. discuss dates of birth and death college/wrk
8. express age
9. compare ages
10. say when and how certain holidays are celebrated
11. express congratulations and wishes for various occasions
"
? 403
В. Roleplay.
Student 1: Your birthday is coming up. Decide with a friend whom to invite
and then call the first person on your list. Let that person know what the
occasion is, when and where it will be celebrated, and who else is coming.
Then ask him or her to write down the list and call the next person.
Student 2: Help your friend make the plans.
Student 3: Call the next person on the list and explain the what, where, when,
and who. Also discuss what you are going to buy.
C. Interview Video. ž# * ,6ķ# ! )+

?
D. Cultural Video. ž

)ķ
Word Building
Roots

- give -, - birth-, generating
+ to give + to give birth
! + to sell + to be born
!+ to give as a gift A+
birth
+ gift, talent + A+
birthday
!+ gift, present +
A+
date and place of birth
+ @ # talented, gifted FA+ Christmas
+ # !+A dative case A+@ # newborn
(“giving case”) +
parents (“ones who give birth”)
+
relative
+
motherland
+
birthmark
+ nation
!
+ nature
! + breed (of dogs, etc.)
+ # native
+ # ) native language
+ # !+A genitive case (“generating case”)
+ # + maternity ward (“birthing house”)
404 # 13
@,ABBA9CA
13.1 Dative Case: Overview
You have so far learned that the direct object of a Russian sentence is in the
accusative case. The dative case is needed to express the indirect object of
a sentence. The indirect object answers the question to whom, for whom
something is given, bought, said, and so on.
! .
I bought him a book.
indirect object direct object
dat. acc.
+ &&.
I gave the book to my younger sister.
direct object indirect object
acc. dat.
Sometimes there is no direct object in the sentence.
!
* !.
I am writing to you.
indirect object
dat.
Some of the most frequent verbs used with an indirect object (the dative
case) are the following.
+/*+ $# .
to give Give me the book.
!!/*! ! !+ .
to buy I bought (mу) mother a gift.
+ /*!+ !+ && "².
to give as present I gave (mу) sister flowers.
*!/) G A ) C/?
to telephone Did you already call Igor?
*) % ) , D6
.
to say, to tell She told him that she loved him.
)/* ) A ,

, ) .
to tell (a story) I will tell him the whole story tomorrow.
!)/*!) !A !
to show ) .
I will show you mу photos tomorrow.
! +/*! + 7 +# , ) G .
to convey, to pass Tell him that Tanya called.
"
? 405
In addition, the dative case is used with many other verbs and
constructions. This lesson covers use of the dative as follows:
1. with the verbs ! (to help), ! + (to suggest), and
(to advise) (section 13.5)
2. with the verb
(to appeal) (section 13.6)
3. with the preposition (to) (section 13.7)
4. in age expressions (section 13.8)
13.2 Verbs *"

and *

The Russian language has a separate verb for giving as a gift:

/*"
. It is a regular second-conjugation verb. Giving in
general is expressed with the verb
/*
. The imperfective aspect
verb + drops the syllable -ва- in the present-tense conjugated forms. The
perfective aspect verb *
is irregular. The imperative (command) form
Give! is usually formed from the perfective aspect verb: T
! and T !

- - *

+D +@ + ++
+@* +@ +* ++
/ +@ +D / + ++
imperative: +#/
*"
L "². I will give (mу) mother flowers.
$+ ) +
*
. Santa Claus gives children toys.
+

L My parents often give me money.
+
.

6 = , + I will give you this book when
!
, @. I finish it.
#"

1. Supply the correct forms of the verbs
or
.
1. E
(will give) D , (will give)
6 D.
2. (gave) * A .
3. B6* + (gives) !
56
.
4. + +
(will give) 6 +
?
5. > , (give) , !A#, = .
6. ( + # (gave) D 6*.
7. & # (will give) , (key to the
apartment).
406 # 13
8. (gives) & @A +
A+, !5
".
9. (give) , !A#, +
6².
10. G +
(give) 6 +
A+# + ?
13.3 The Possessive Pronoun cвой

The possessive pronoun & (one’s own) refers back to the subject of the
sentence. It can be used instead of the pronouns , ,
, and
ваш in sentences in which the possessives are not part of the subject. The
declension of & is similar to that of .
) D/&L . I took my own book.

G ) #/& . You took your own dictionary.
)5
*
/&
. We took our own books.
)5
*
/& . You took your own dictionaries.
In third-person forms, there is a difference in the meaning of the

possessives /, , and 8, and &.
% )

. He took his (somebody else’s) guitar.
&L
. He took his own guitar.
% ) @ . She took her (somebody else’s) book.
&L . She took her own book.
% )5

- +
. They took their (somebody else’s)
money.
& +
. They took their own money.
Note: The possessive свой is not used in sentences where reference to the
subject cannot be established.
) ,, + 5 . I do not know where my book is.
) 6 ? What’s your brother’s name?
# 22 +. My sister is 22.
#"

2. Substitute the possessive pronoun & where possible without
changing the meaning of the sentence.
Model: ! 6 K "

&e !
*+. .
8+ 5 ? &# not possible.
) D ? &# not possible without
changing the meaning.
"
? 407
1. ,6D D *.
2. 8+ A
@ * 6 ?
3. 5 - *
5.
4. &
5 * ?
5. L !+
* * 6 # +?
6. ) ,, + 5 .
7. ) +A ?
8. A !
(received) *
+
?
9. ) 6 ?
10. G A ! !+ # ?
13.4 Dative Case Endings

Examine the following examples of the dative case.
> + ! + C .
Linda bought her Russian friend Igor a book.
L !+ !+ *?
What did you give (as a gift) to your new friend Natasha?
( + # ! =
+
.
Andrei bought these American students souvenirs.
DATIVE OF NOUNS
Nominative Dative Singular Dative Plural
Masc.
C — C -
-

)# & # -# ) & - ) -
C - C -
-
Fem.
( - ( - @
-

@ G - @ G - @ -
*+ - *+ - *+ -
Neuter
) - ) - )@
-

)+
- )+
- )+
-
Note 1: The dative case singular of nouns ending in -

is -
:
–
408 # 13
Note 2: The following nouns have irregular plural forms.
nom. sg. nom. pl. dat. pl.

6@ +
+ child
+ + )5 + )5 friend
D+
D+ person
6 6 6 brother
+ +
+ neighbor
SIMPLIFIED RULE FOR THE SIMPLIFIED RULE FOR THE

DATIVE OF NOUNS DATIVE OF ADJECTIVES
M, N -/ M, N -/1
F -e1 F -/1
Pl. -
/ Pl. -/2
1-и for feminines ending in -ь and -ия. 1Spelling Rule 3 is applied.
2Spelling Rule 1 is applied.
DATIVE OF POSSESSIVE AND DEMONSTRATIVE

PRONOUNS
Мasc./Neuter Fem. Pl.
&// &// &//

/ / /
R/ R/ R/
Note 1: The pronouns / (his), (her), and 8 (their) are not declined.
Note 2: Remember that masculine nouns ending in -a are declined as
feminines. Their modifiers, however, are in the masculine form.
! ++* .
$A ! + &* .
"
? 409
DATIVE CASE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Nom.
Dat. !

QUESTION WORDS
(INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS)
Nom.
Dat. %
#"

3. Answer the questions in complete sentences using the nouns in
parentheses.
Model: !
* !+
? (( )
K " L " A.
1. !+
* ? ()
2. 66* ! ? (C )
3. +
!

!+? (>))
4. >
C , !+
=
"²? (G )
5. !
* ? (& #)
4. Write complete sentences with the words given. Use the perfective
future.
Model: /!+ /# *
# 6 /
K "
L & & ! /.
1. /!/# - *
# + C /
2. & #/!/= # + /
3. /!/ * !+ > / 6
4. /!/5 +* %/
5. /!+ / * ! !+
"/
410 # 13
6. /!+ /= # ! /"²
7. /!/ * !!/

8. /!/# +*
# 6 &*/*
9. $
> /!/= + /6
10. /!+ /* ++*/* ?
5. Write complete sentences in the past tense by selecting one item from
each column. Notice that both the indirect objects and the direct
objects are in the plural.
Model: !
*
+
*
.

+
*
=

@A
>) ! +

!+ *
+
+A
& # =
+*
")
+-
+ )5
6. Supply the correct form of the personal or interrogative pronoun.
1. L ! * +* 6 ? – % !

*.
2. L 6 !+ ? – 7+ @A
.
3. > !+ ? – , !+
+-.
4. L !
> ? – ! "².
5. L !+
+
+? – % !+
².
6. , ! ? – ! A .
7. (
, !+ # +? – !

*
.
8. ( & , - !+ = .
9. > , ! =
*? ? – ,
6, 6 . ! .
10. , ! *+? G# ? – ,
_____ !+ D "², *+ – = . – %#,
6* !6, ! ,6D *+.
"
? 411
13.5 Dative Case: Verbs "/ , "
/ ,
and &š

The verbs "/ (to help), "
/ (to suggest), and &

(to advise, to give advice) govern the dative case; that is, the person
receiving the help, suggestion, or advice is in the dative case. The verbs
are conjugated as follows.
"/ | (I) "
/ | (I) &|
| (I)
!, ! +, ,
!* ! +* *
!, ! +, ,
*"% (I) *" | (II) *"&|
| (I)
! ! +A !,
!A* ! +A
* !*
/ !A ! +A !,
!A
!A
!
past tense: !, !, !
imperative: 7/
A+# + !, . I help (mу) mother every day.
7 & ! Help your parents!
>) ! +A ! Lisa suggested (to me) that
!! . I buy Dad a tie.
, ! ! . I advise you to buy him a book.
#"

7. Translate the following into Russian.
1. Whom are you helping?

2. I am helping my mother.
3. I will help you tomorrow.
4. I helped my sister choose presents.
5. Victor helped me prepare dinner.
6. Help me clean the room.
7. Help me select a present for my grandfather.
8. Sasha suggested (to me) that I buy my sister a bracelet.
9. What do you advise me to give my friend Sasha?
10. I advise you to buy him a new watch.
412 # 13
13.6 Dative Case: The Verb нр виться
А. Present tense. You have so far learned to express liking with the verb
!. Although the verbs ! and & (to appeal,
to please) are often used interchangeably, they do have differences
as well. S! is a more general term, whereas & often
refers to a single, specific item or incident. Compare the following:
6S ,6D ")
, =

.
In general, I like French films, but this one I do not like.
When using the verb &, the thing or person liked is the subject
of the sentence. The person who likes is in the dative case. Compare the
following sentences with the verbs ! and &, both of
which can be translated as I like Russian music.
,6D ).
subject verb direct object
nom. acc.

)
.
indirect object verb subject
dat. nom.
literally: Russian music appeals to me.
Notice also that the verb & must agree with a plural subject.
&
.
indirect object verb subject
dat. nom.
literally: Russian films appeal to me.
"
? 413
#"

8. Write complete sentences with the words given.
Model: C /=
C & R O .
1. /= )
2. C / -)
3. # 6 /=

4. /=

5. 5 /= +
6. # + ( + #/6
7. /= ! /?
8. # *
# 6 /+A)
9. + )5/= *
10. 5 / !+
/?
11. / ")
+-
12. * ! !+/=
+ /?
13. 5 !+ G / *

14. /= +/?
15. +
/# !+
9. Write both questions and answers according to the model. Use the
corresponding personal pronoun in the answer.
Model: > / + )

&
S?
U &

.
1. & #/ 6. 7!/ *
) 7. 5 / ")

2. */!!-)
3. 5 * / 8. +
/!

())
4. =

+ / 9. 5 +* G /)W
!=)
"
5. +/-# (
+ ! ) 10. *
+
/
*
(!+
)
414 # 13
В. Past tense. Past-tense sentences are formed as follows. Remember
that the verb agrees with the thing liked.
*!
& !+ . (agrees with a masculine noun)
Mother liked the gift.
C , *!

& . (agrees with a feminine noun)
Igor liked the book.
B6* *!
& !
. (agrees with a neuter noun)
Grandmother liked the letter.
&* *!
& ²A
. (agrees with a plural noun)
Sasha liked the skis.
#"

10. Which present did these people like most of all? Write sentences in
the past tense.
Model: C /²A
C/ ! &/ " &
².
1. &*/ 7. # +*
# 6 & #/
2. > / @
3. ( + #/
!+ 8. !!/²
4. 5 / @A
9. 5 !+ G /+-
5. ( /
10. *
+
/6

6. 66*/*
"
11. Respond to your friend’s statements by asking if the person in

question liked the object of the activity.
Model: > )+

. 9! "
&
B& ?
1. 6
. (
)
2. 66 -+
* , 6
6
.
3. > )+

> + .
4. 5 A 6 )
#.
5. 5
+ .
6. B6* ! @ !
2 + )+.
7. # 6 ! !+ .
8. 6²
6.
«>6+ ) ».
"
? 415
C. *V & or H &. The past tense of an imperfective aspect
can sometimes indicate reversal of an action. The imperfective aspect
form & implies that one has stopped liking something that was
liked before, whereas the perfective aspect from *" & denotes
that the liking started in the past is still going on.
,
& -), ! 6*

).
I used to like rock music, but now I prefer classical music.
*" & =
.
I liked this film very much (and I still do).
#"

12. Here is a list of some people’s past and current likings. Write
sentences according to the model.
Model: F * (
#6, ! # 6*

.
p "
1. ( #6

2. & #

-#
3. + *- !

4. G -) +A)
5. C

")

6. >

13.7 Dative Case: The Preposition

In this lesson, the preposition (to, toward) is used to denote direction
toward a person. Compare the following.

+ *. ( + acc.)
+
+@*? I am going to school.
Where are you going?
+ > . ( + dat.)
I am going to Lena’s.
-+ C . I went to Igor’s (house, place) yesterday.
7
-+
š . Come and visit us in the evening.
(literally: Come to us...)
Note: The preposition adds the vowel with the first-person pronoun.
Remember also that the third-person pronouns add the consonant with
prepositions.
416 # 13
dat. + dat.
to mе
to him
# # to her

to them
#"

13. Finish the sentences with the prepositions or and the correct case.
1. +
+@*?
+ (>)).
2. -+ (6
6
).
3. 8+ *? % !* ( ).
4. 7
-+ () !
5. +
+@ & #? %
+@ (( + #).
6. H >) !+ (66*) (+ countryside).
7. H !+ () ( +
).
8. > )+

(C ) ( *
+ )5).
9. C
> !#
. (% ) !
-

.
10. 7
-+ ()!
13.8 Dative Case: Age Expressions

Age is expressed as follows:
& ! ? How old are you?
How many for you years?
dat.
& 6 ? How old is your brother?
& +? How old are your parents?
+* 21 +. My younger sister is 21.
* 6 23 +. My older brother is 23.
Age expressions in the past and future tenses need the verb !. In the
past tense, the neuter form !² is used with all numerals other than
those ending in l when pronounced.
past tense: + !² 10 ,
66.
When I was ten. I used to like basketball.
but: + & , 6 21 +, )+
(
.
When Sergei was 21, he went to America.
future: ! 20 .
I will be 20 soon.
"
? 417
#"

1. I’m 25.
2. How old is he?
3. How old are you (formal)?
4. She’s 22.
5. Are you 21?
6. How old is your younger brother?
7. How old is your grandmother?
8. My grandfather is 75.
9. How old are your parents?
10. My mother is 40 and my father is 42.
11. My brother will be 18 soon.
12. When my sister was 15, she liked rock music.
13.9 Verbs & and š

You will need the verbs & (to be born) and (to die)
mostly in the past tense. The verb has a shorter past-tense stem,
-. The masculine form does not add an - . Pay attention to the
shifting stress.
& *

+
&
+
&
+
&
418 # 13
13.10 Time Expressions: Days, Months, and Years
Time expressions answering the question when? with days, months, and
years use the following combinations of cases.
month only ; "? + prep.
year only ; +? 1996- o+Ÿ + prep.

( ² + +
* +)
2011- o+Ÿ
( + W
+ +"
+)
month + year +? 1996-/ +

+ prep./gen.
(... + */ +
)
š 2011- ž+
(+ W
+ +"/
ž+
)
day + month
/ %& ? 2-/ ( / a ) gen.
+?
day + month + year

/ %& ? 2-/ a 1996-/ +
gen./gen.
+? ( / ... +
*/ +
)
7. C. L#
# & 25- ! P. I. Tchaikovsky was born on April 25,
1840- +
25- 6 5 1840, and died on October 25, 1893.
1893- +.
To ask about somebody’s birthday you can use the verb родться or the
noun phrase день рождния.
+ &? & 24- (++"
@ ) 5.
or: + ? B 24-
5.
or: + ! ? #
24- 5.
"
? 419
#"

15. Translate the following into Russian.
1. In what month was your brother born?

2. Who (always masc.) was born in June?
3. In what month is Washington’s birthday?
4. In what year did Tchaikovsky die?
5. When is your birthday?
6. My sisters were born in November.
7. My birthday is in May.
8. My best friend’s birthday is on April 2.
9. Grandmother was born in 1945.
10. Anna Akhmatova died on March 5, 1966.
11. My grandfather died in February 2008.
12. Lena was born on January 31, 1989.
13. Volodya was born in June 2002.
14. Larisa’s birthday is November 2.
15. Natasha was born on September 30, 2000.
Vocabulary
Nouns
m. teddy bear
Gifts ball
6 bracelet +A+ clothing
6 necklace " () pl. " gift, present
/ & necktie (
) (tennis) racket
) truck &
airplane
8 pl. only perfume & sweater
/
toy &
earring
D* (-# ) (hockey) stick &
bag, purse
( pl. (
ring goods
6

building blocks ! ~ sporting goods

doll (² sg. " flowers
pendant "! chain
420 # 13
%
&² pl. only watch ! (-š) October

O scarf ! (-š) November
,
)+
jewelry ! (-š) December
m. amber
Other nouns
Holidays and celebrations ²6 selection, choice
%
party /& m. guest
;&
, International -+
to go for a visit
A+ + # Women’s Day 6 5- to be visiting
A
# +
+ idea
T B Grandfather Frost
+# turkey
$ )

Independence Day D cranberry
$ !6+ Victory Day ) corn
birthday mask
@ fir tree ² card

|
, -
" person celebrating ! +A
suggestion
name day ! 6 problem

name day +
relative
+ costume party
! sauce, syrup
V &8
Easter +
pl. only sweets
7 May Day + labor
" celebration, holiday ² pumpkin
P& Christmas -)5
host
)/%
Snow maiden -)5# hostess

morning party
date, number
*
, )+* # ~ balloon
Months (all masc.)
(
š) January Adjectives
O (-š) February # vanilla

March # delicious

" April )# gold(en)

May
#, here: -year-old
L June , ,
L July
soft adj.
/& August !

#
&! (-š) September
five-year-old boy
"
? 421
A+ + # international Prepositions
younger, youngest + dat. to, toward
+ # fashionable + gen. from
соmp. of younger
+#

# creative Verbs
!+
#, -, last 6
| (I) to choose, to pick
-, -
soft adj. *²6 (I)
! )+
# festive ²6 , ²6 *,

) # religious ²6
6 # silver
| (I) to give

L,
,
L
+
# sweet
*
,
& соmp. of
,
,
&,
# older
,
,
& older, oldest
;
*
# stuffed imp. /
*+ # chocolate
| (II) to give as a present

L, ,
Аdverbs
*"

! &/ most of all & (II) to like, to please
6S in general, generally &,
exactly &
& soon *" &
| (I) to celebrate
Pronouns *!+| (I) to think (for a
while)
dat. to whom, for whom
!)+ 5| (I) to congratulate
dat. to me, for me
"" (I) to buy
! dat. to you, for you *"| (II)
dat. to him, for him " L, ",
dat. to her, for her "

dat. to us for us " % | (I) to get, to receive

dat. to you, for you *" %| (II)
" %, " %,
dat. for them " %

& poss. one’s own
6 reflexive for oneself
422 # 13
"/ | (I) to help, to aid &|
| (I) to give advice, to
*"% (I) &, advise
"/, &,
", &
"/; *"&

past "/, *| (I) to decorate
"/ , "/ ;

| (I) to die, to pass away
imp. "//
* (I),
*!/! to ask (for) , @*,
*! +a| (I) to suggest ;
*! +A| (II) past , ,
! +A,
! +A
*,
| (I) to organize
! +A
!
*| (I) to invite Phrases
*"/
& (II)
$6 !A! Welcome!
"/
,
"/
&, ) š! Happy Birthday!
"/
& & ! On your new house!
!
-+ (II) to arrive & A+@ ! On your new baby!
!
-A, ) Y /! Happy New Year!
!
-+
*, ) " ! Happy holiday!
!
-+;
& ! )+
Happy Women’s
imp. "8
! Day!
* + to be born
& FA+! Merry Christmas!
&,
&, K
! Happy Easter!
& ( literally: Christ
is risen!)
²*| (II) to hear
²*, ²*
*,
! response to «Happy
²* Easter” (Truly
is risen!)
"
? 423
# 14 (²
(
)

! "/
?

◆ Talking about the weather ◆ The climate of Russia ◆ Syntax: impersonal
◆ The Russian view of nature ◆ Nature and the seasons versus noun + adjective
constructions: +
◆ Discussing weather-related ◆ The White Nights
-+ /-+ !+
activities ◆ «<A 6 ,
+*» ◆ Irregular comparative of
adjectives and adverbs
◆ Climatic zones and animals
◆ Emphasis with
◆ Impersonal constructions/
physical and emotional
conditions: A ,

◆ Necessity with +
◆ If clauses: future
◆ Syntax: # versus
◆ Soft adjectives
U&
! 8
"/
, " V(.

! "/
? 425
Talking About the Weather
!
!
(!
) ()
The word & ( is
& ( pronounced [ "].

$ @ & ". , & .
+ "/

? &+ - * !+. In Russian, the
!- !+. weather can be
8
, " 8 ,
" &

! !+? ! 8
!+.
(wonderful), but not
.
) ! !+? H ! "
!+.
14.1 Syntax (A & B)
)/...
;% !² ...
\
!...

"
"8
c % !
% " &
)/... 8
;% ! / ...
\
!...
)/ ...
;% ...
& / When it is raining cats
\
!...
and dogs in English,
Russian rain is being
poured from a bucket:
T

.
&/
426 # 14
1. V/
&/, %
. With your partner, practice asking
about the weather conditions in the following cities. Pay close attention
to the Russian equivalents you need.
S1: !+ ,-M + ?
S2: K * !+.
S1: ( !+ 6 ?
S2: 6 !- !+.
S1: ( ) 6+ !+?
S2: H 6+ -+ .
% &/
Y- bad weather nice weather cold

T
& sunny cloudy overcast
/ hot warm cold
' sunny windy rainy
B& rain snow frost
)-V!/ snow rain cool
S overcast thunderstorm rain
J & cool cold snow
% , ! -+ .

-+ !+.
! +A+.
% , +A+.
14.1 Syntax (C)
• + !+?

• ( 6 !+?
• !+ 6+ ) ?
• !+ * + )
#/ #// ,?
• * + 6 -+ ?
• * + A (humidity)?
•
* +? 7 ( )?
• + 6*
: , , )

? 7?

! "/
? 427
H
# &
6

/ -+ , % 6 L@ .
14.2 Comparative of Adjectives and Adverbs
Opposites
adjective adverb comparative adjective adverb comparative

# ²*e )
# ) A
+ # (+ ) +

#
8 8 8 " " "
%
@ # 5
# 5 5
5 # 5
#
#
6# 6 6
2. A&&( (. Which adjectives would you associate with the

following nouns: "

; ; %; "/
; ; ;
& (; ?
Model: ! , ) ! , ...
3. / % ? Answer the following questions.

The northern part
1. +
+
: )
#
? ( +
? of the globe is
2. 8+ +
+
:
D?
characterized by few
hours of daylight in
3. 8+ +
)
# :
D? winter and, in contrast,
4. * )
# -+ : (5
G-? long hours of daylight
5. + )
# !: ,-M
KD ? in summer.
7?
6. 8+ )
# -+ : &
6

8#
- -?
428 # 14
4. T %? Compare the items in column А with those in
column В using comparatives оf the adjectives in the box.
Model: & -7 6 / 6 L@

S )
-V!/
/ 8 , %
!/ / .
A B
1. +
2. "
3. )
)
D
4. D
5. (
)
6. + L
+ V-7
7. )
&
6
)
* +
21 + " .
+ ! ? &+ 22 +

.
25 +
V ^
/ V h &
Degrees above and

below zero can be
expressed in three ways:
+4 +/
(1) using the words
4 + !/
" & and &,
4 + ²* 5 (2) using the words
" (of warmth)
/ and
(of frost),
and (3) using the
–20 +/ expressions ²
20 + )/ (above zero) and
20 + A 5 (below zero).

! "/
? 429
5.

"/
?
А. The chart shows the weather conditions in various cities around the
world. Answer the questions.
1. + + ! ? (
)?
2. - +-
+@ +A+? ( ?
3. 8+
"? ( + ! ?
4. + + !: > +
?
+ !?
5. 8+ + -+ : ,-M
7 A?
+ -+ ?
A& $
/ $ $/ @

+15 +33 +11 +17 +24 +23
"/ / S
S B
B& Y-
+9 +29 +13 +21 –5 +4
V
)/ ) 9 9 ;

+16 –4 +31 +17 –2 –1
В. Working with а partner, ask questions about the cities.
S1: + !+ ( +?

S2: ( + + ! . G! 15 +
!.
6. V/ "/.
А. Look at the weather forecast and answer the following questions.
6) without
+
precipitation
1. What city is the forecast for?
2. What dates is the forecast for?
430 # 14
3. Is precipitation to be expected on the first day of the forecast?
How about the following days?
4. What are the direction and strength of the wind?
5. What is the range of temperatures on the first day? How about
the following days?
В. How are the following expressed in the Russian text: sleet, high
temperature, above zero?
Погода
В Москве и Московской области 26
марта в отдельных районах слабый
дождь со снегом, ветер юго-восточный,
5–10 м/сек. Максимальная температура
днём 3–5 градусов тепла, по области
1–6 градусов тепла, на дорогах местами
гололедица. 27 и 28 марта без осадков,
ветер юго-восточный, 5–10 м/сек, днём
2–7 градусов тепла.
7. ) "

8 / 8. Use the temperature chart
to answer the questions. Refer to the map of Russia on the inside cover
of the book for the location of the cities.
1. 8+ -+ =
+?
2. + ! )
#
?
3. 8+ + ! A )
#: +

& -7 6 ? + A?
4. 8+ !:
& -7 6 ?
+

? + !?
5. + ) + ! )
#?
6. ( + + ! ?
& "

/

–12oС +18oС
& -7 6 –9oС +17oС
&
+6oС +23oС
C –20oС +16oС
+
–14oС +21oС

! "/
? 431
8. T
/. Read the two dialogues and answer the questions that follow.
M "M* M* " "(*Q.

>): + !+?
: K * !+. & "
, , !
22 + !. ( 6 !- !+. + *@
+A+
6²o -+ .
>): <
+@ +A+?
: ! A+# + .
& M & "O&>*. M *Q:" 3*" &^(:
'*-# * &^& .
: G6 !
& -7 6 ?
The word does
: $, !
. not have a direct
: ( !+ 6? equivalent in English.
: $ -+ 6². L *@ +A+
. It expresses doubt or
: ( ! 6? disbelief in something
that was said and can
: 10 – !, 5 +. be translated as I won-
: 7 I #? der if . . . or You don’t
: , !
,. really mean that . . .
: F) = -+ ?
: , , 6 #.
: G+ .
1. +
>) )
,:
)
#?
2. +
!+?
3. +, + 6 & -7 6 ?
4. 6 !+?
5. +,
#? 7 ( )?
6. +, A
@
D? 7?
9. C/²e & (. Conduct the following dialogues with a classmate.
1. Your friend is spending а semester in Russia. Call him or her and

compare the weather conditions today.
2. Your friend just returned from а trip. Find out where he or she
was and how the weather was there. Then describe the weather
conditions in your city while your friend was away.
432 # 14
The Russian View of Nature
V
/
Russian literature and music are full of descrip- wrote а series of twelve lyric songs for the piano
tions of nature, and of trees in particular, often called «; /
» (The Four Seasons), one
to the extent of boring а Western reader, who is for each month of the уеar. Each song reflects
unaccustomed to such detailed odes to nature. the feelings and emotions of рeорlе during that
For Russians, nature is everywhere: it is in the particular month.
white trunk of а !
(birch tree), the symbol $ % refers to the time around the
of Russian nature, and in the color of leaves in summer solstice, June 21, when the amount of
the fall. \ & (golden fall) is а phrase continuous daylight ranges from а full 24 hours
often heard, and it is also the name of а painting above the Arctic Circle to approximately
by the famous Russian landscape artist C&
20 hours on the latitude of St. Petersburg.
S . «$ %» is also the name of а popular
The seasons are represented not only in art arts festival held in St. Petersburg during
and in literature, but also in music. Tchaikovsky that time.
10. # ! & ...

Here is an excerpt from Pushkin’s novel-in-verse «E
# %
».
1. Which season is it describing? Which month? “… <A 6 , +*,
2. Find the adjective that describes the month. <A A * 6
,
3. What does it say about the length of the day? + ,
4. How about the sun? >
& ! * 6 A,
5. The Russian word for a goose is . What
>A !5 ,
does the poem say about the geese?
8#
-
6. What is the general mood of the poem? G D: !
6
A
$ ! ;
&5 56 A + …”
.'. #^5, “ N !N ”, . 4
C&
S “\ &”

! "/
? 433
Discussing Weather-Related Activities
9! -+ ? , !/A /- *.
14.3 Impersonal Constructions
Y
(, literally in
the street, is also used
in the meaning outside.
Y
( -+ . & A .
>
"
. U & .
14.4 Necessity with нáдо

, &
( % 8 ? A &
( ?
O!
"
F

"

"

&
"/ &
O
"%
434 # 14
11.
? These people are not properly dressed for the
weather. What should they do?
A
W

T
! /
.
U& ) ! - * !+, " )! .
"
" .
14.5 If Clauses
A ?
• L 6+ + 66,
6+ - * !+?
• (
6+ !- !+?
12. "? "? Where are these реорlе going
tomorrow if the weather is nice? Use the verb !# for short distances
and !- for long distances.
S1: + !#+@/!+ &*,

) 6+ - * !+?
S2: E
) 6+ - * !+, !#+@/!+
+
.
1. % ! (6))
2.
& @A !A (+)
3. 66*
++* + (+)
4. +5+ ) (+)
5. *
> )! (6))

! "/
? 435
13. U&
!...
A. It is the end of September in St. Petersburg. The weather is very
unpredictable and can rangе from an Indian summer to snow.
Larisa was asked what she would do tomorrow under the following
eight weather conditions. Her answers were accidentally mixed
up. Select the most logical answer for each condition. Also give
recommendations for clothing when appropriate.
S1: L 6+ + > ,
) 6+ !?
S2: E
) 6+ !, 6+ 5 ! /
!#+@ ! .
S1: +*, # + +?
S2: E# + + +A
6.
"/
(her response)
1. -+ 6

2. +A+ )!
3. A ²Ax
4. 6
6

5.
+ +

6. # 6

6²
7. ! !A
8. ) ! # +
B. Ask what your friend will be doing tomorrow under the weather
conditions in part A.
E
) 6+
- *
!+,

!,
+ , !#+@ !A.
E
) 6+
!- !+,

-+ ,
14.6 Syntax: такóй versus так
436 # 14
14. 9 & ...
А. Your classmate and his or her friends will go to the following places only
if the weather tomorrow compares favorably with the weather today.
S1: ) !+ +?
S2: $, !+,
) !
-+ ,
+ .
or: $, !+,
) !
!,
+ .
"/"8

6# 6+ -+

+
6+ A - * !+
) + 6+ A !
)! 6+ !- !+
!A 6+ A A
В. Respond to the following statements by giving your conditions.

1. $# !+ ) ) +!
2. $# !#+@ ) ! !
3. $# !#+@ - ) !
4. $# !#+@

) !
Chapter Review
1. ask and answer questions about the weather, including the sun, wind,
rain, snow, and temperature; in the past, present, and future
2. соmраrе weather conditions in different places
3. express temperature in Celsius and Fahrenheit For self-tests and additional practice,
4. describe the typical weather conditions of an area please go to the Book Companion
5. express physical and emotional conditions concerning temperature; college/nummikoski
well-being; boredom and interest; fun the Wiley Resource Kit, available with
6. give advice about appropriate clothing college/wrk
7. say how activities depend on the weather

8. say how activities relate to the current weather
В. Roleplay. Pretend to be a weather forecaster. Using a weather map,

explain the current weather conditions around the United States or
Russia. Also make a forecast for the next few days.

! "/
? 437
C. Dialogue. Invite a friend to your + this weekend. Your friend is
wondering about the weather, because the forecast was a little vague.
Discuss what you will do there under various weather conditions.
D. Roleplay. You live in а cold Russian city of your choice (Irkutsk,
Novosibirsk, Vladivostok, Murmansk). Your classmate is a foreigner who
lives in а warm climate. You are both at the Moscow airport waiting for а
plane. Introduce yourself to the foreigner and compare the climates of your
cities. Also discuss what leisure-time activities can bе done in your climate.
E. Interview Video. FŸ !
ž+
Extra
V ,&&

g
&
(

Other vocabulary: @+,

+ # ice, icy; !"
bird; grass

& !
Areas above the Arctic

Circle have at least
The following texts describe the four main climatic zones in Russia: arctic, one day of complete
tundra, taiga, and steppe. Skim through the readings to find answers to the darkness in winter
questions in English that follow. Do not try to understand every word. (winter solstice,
December 21) and

& one day of continuous
#
# -+
+ # ) , ! +- # daylight in summer
-+
& # >+
# ,

. (summer solstice,
B ! +- + # ) 23–176 +
! , June 21). The number
# A
"
))+
6 of these days increases
. ) " - # - (

+
, –40° &, gradually toward the
!6 A- –30°C. North Pole, where there
7 !! ! + , are 176 days of complete
! +A
, 40–189 . ! ! darkness and 189 days

)
!A
" +

#
) . & + of continuous daylight.
438 # 14
! )+-
,
- !6 A- +

+5...+9°&, " - # -
*: 0°...+2°C. 7+
6 , -+ .

! - 6
# #
+
#
, +
, A, ,
6# ++.
1. The Arctic region does not include the mainland of Russia. What
does it include instеаd?
2. “Polar Night” refers to the time in winter whеn the sun does nоt
rise above the horizon at all. What is the range of the Polar Night
in the Arctic regions?
3. What is the оnlу source of light during Polar Nights?
4. What is the temperature in winter?
5. During Polar Days in the summer the sun does not set at all.
What is the range of the Polar Dау in the Arctic геgiоns?
6. What is the weather like in the summer?
7. What animals live permanently in the Arctic?
9
&
G + ( + #) )
10% #

F
.
+ #: )
+
6 –8 ",
), +-+S
+o –50°&,
-+ .
> +
-+ . & + !
,
! * +10°&. H )
6, +A , !+
A .
7 - 6
# + :

, +

!
".
1. How much of the territory in Russia
does the tundra occupy?
2. How long does the winter last?
3. What is the weather like in winter?
4. What is the weather like in summer?
5. What animals live in the tundra?
c

! "/
? 439
S& " &:
/
, &
& &
G# – ! -# , S

)
,
+
- + . !##
F
# !

+ < , + ) , &

6
, ,

&-
.

#
-
) ¸!
+ A
! -+ #,

-+ # )
#. G! )+-
+ ! * +30°&; )
# ) +
, 230...250°C.

- # .
-
6 : 6,
, 6 # ++, ,
, 6, )"
@A.

- - $ A
@ ! +

*, 6
,S F
–
#
.
1. What areas of Russia does the taiga cover?
2. What is summer like in the taiga?
3. What about winter?
4. What animals live in the taiga?
5. What animal lives in the forests of the Far East?
)"
&! )

, () + A < .
&!
! A H!+ # &
6

. 7 - 9#
) !
.
& + !
, +22...+23,5°& (A
+

+40°&). 7+
-
. H

!,
# ) , )
–20...–30°&.
G
!
! +

A

!
, ! #

# ( 6*
!a).
1. What areas of Russia does the steppe соvег?
2. What is the main vegetation of the steppes?
3. What is the weather like in summer?
4. What is the weather like in winter?
5. What аrе some typical animals of the steppes?
440 # 14
Word Building
Roots
-x a-, -8 - cold -- frost
-ť+ cold $+ ť) Grandfather Frost
-+
rеfrigеrаtоr )
freezer
-+ to cool ťA ice cream
-ť+ # cold *)/ ť)
to frееzе
! -+ # сооl
Soft Adjectives
Soft adjectives are formed with а suffi x -()-. Most of them refer to time
or place.
14.7 Soft Adjectives
Time
)
# winter(y)
H
# + š" Winter Palace (in St. Petersburg)
š
# spring, springlike
š
# + spring day
š
# autumnal
«%š
# ť » Autumn Маrаthon (а Russian film)
š
# summer(y)
>š
# + Summer Garden (in St. Petersburg)

# morning
! + morning broadcast
š
# evening
«š
# H » Evening Веll(s) (а Russian song)

! "/
? 441
Place
š+
# middle
š+ ! average temperature
š+ * middle school (including high school)
& š+ ()
Central Asia
A
# lower
A
# ť + Nizhny Novgorod (а city in Russia)
š -
# uрреr
%) š - Lake Superior
+
# distant
$
# Far East
!š+
# last
!š+
# !)+ the last train
#
# extreme
#
# &š the Far North
Other Adjectives

# blue

+A blue jeans
*
# extra
*
# 6
š extra ticket
+*
# home
+* )+
homework
442 # 14
@,ABBA9CA
14.1 Syntax
A. Weather conditions can be expressed using two different
constructions.
1. Adjective + noun constructions. In these, the adjective agrees
with the noun !+ (weather).
&+ -+
"/
. The weather is cold today.
6 -+
"/
. The weather was cold
yesterday.
H 6+ -+
"/
. The weather will be cold
tomorrow.
2. Impersonal constructions with (predicative) adverbs. These
constructions do not modify a noun. Notice also that the word
R is not used (compare the English it).
&+ -+ . It is cold today.
6² -+ . It was cold yesterday.
H 6+ -+ . It will be cold tomorrow.
Pay special attention to the stress shift that sometimes occurs from
adjectives to adverbs.
-+ |# cold -+ it is cold
@!|# warm ! it is warm
#"

1. Change the sentences from impersonal to adjective + noun
constructions and vice versa.
Model: &+ !. )/ "
"/
.
6 @! !+. ;% !² " .
1. &+ -+ .
2. 6 @! !+.
3. H 6+ !.
4. H 6+ ! -+ .
5. 6² -+ .
6. &
6
)
# -+ !+.
7. L@ A .
8. 6²
!.
9. 66 6 6 !+.
10. &+ .

! "/
? 443
B. Nouns are used to express windy and freezing conditions, as well as
thunderstorms.
&+ # . It is windy today.

H 6+ . It will be freezing tomorrow.
6 & It was windy yesterday. (agrees with the
. masculine noun)
6 / . There was a thunderstorm (agrees with the
yesterday. feminine noun)
Nouns are also used to express raining and snowing. The verb is
used mostly in the present and past tenses.
&+ +A+. It is raining today.
)
#. It snows often in Moscow in winter.
# +A+. It rained hard yesterday.
V +A+. It began to rain.
In the future tense, the verb is replaced by the verb !.
7 +

, ) ! .
They said on the radio that it will snow tomorrow.
C. To express frequent or typical weather conditions in the present

tense, the verb ! (to be [ frequently]) is often used.
> ! - * The weather is often nice in the
!+. summer.
! -+ . It is often cold in Moscow.
& -7 6 It is often windy in St. Petersburg.
! .
The verb ! can also replace the verb to express frequent or
typical raining or snowing.
% & ! +A+. (The noun rain is in the
It often rains in August. plural.)
or: +A+.
#"

2. How would you say the following in Russian?
1. What’s the weather like today?
2. The weather is nice today.
3. The weather was awful yesterday.
444 # 14
4. It will be cold tomorrow.
5. Is it sunny today?
6. It was warm yesterday.
7. Is it windy today?
8. It is raining.
9. Does it often snow in Murmansk in winter?
10. What was the weather like in Moscow?
11. Does it often rain in Moscow?
12. Is it cold in Moscow in winter?
13. It rained all day ( + ) yesterday.
14. It will be sunny tomorrow.
15. The weather is often very cold in St. Petersburg.
14.2 Comparative of Adjectives and Adverbs

You have already learned that the comparative of adjectives and adverbs
is usually formed with the ending - (Chapter 5, grammar section 5.2).
You have also learned that the adverb
/ (by far, much) is used
to emphasize a comparison of two items (Chapter 10). Do not confuse

/ with / (a little).

/ -+ , %+.
It is much colder in Murmansk than in Odessa.
Many adjectives and adverbs, however, have irregular comparative forms.
Most of these end in a single vowel, -e, and some have a consonant
mutation in the stem. The following irregular comparatives are introduced
in this lesson.
² higher % hotter
lower % brighter
% shorter
#"

3. Rewrite each sentence twice using the comparative. Some forms are
regular and some irregular.
Model: + )
# -+ , G- !.
;

/ 8 , % 98 &.
; 98 &
/ " , %
.
1. G! )
# ), .
2. )
# -+ , %+ !.

! "/
? 445
3. $
+ , )
#
.
4.
)
# @
+ ,

.
5. L
#, & -I 6#.
6. D A , -+ .
14.3 Impersonal Constructions

Several predicative adverbs are used in impersonal constructions
referring to a person’s physical or emotional state. Among them are
8 , " , and , as well as 8, " 8, & ( fun),
&, &% (boring), and many others. The dative case is used to
denote the logical subject of sentences with predicative adverbs.
9! A ? Are you hot?
& !-. Sergei is feeling bad.
> 6² . Lena had fun in class.
U ! !. He will be warm.
Note: There is a difference in meaning between sentences that use adverbs
and those that use adjectives.
U -+ . but: % -+ ().

Не is (feels) cold. He is a cold person.
(It is cold for him.)
C . C .
Igor is bored. Igor is boring.
#"

1. I’m fine.
2. I was cold yesterday.
3. Are they bored?
4. He is boring.
5. We had fun yesterday.
6. Professor Vodkin is an interesting person.
7. You will be cold in Moscow.
8. Are you hot?
9. Your brother will be bored here.
10. We felt bad yesterday.
446 # 14
11. Are you (pl.) cold?
12. Did you have a good time at the movies last night?
13. Were you bored at the party ( ) on Saturday?
14. Do you feel bad?
15. It was very interesting for me at the museum.
14.4 Necessity with н до

Necessity can be expressed using (must, have to) as follows: dative +
(!² /!).
B
+ +#. I have to go home.
C/ 6* )
. Igor must study more.
S !² !. Lena had to take off (her) coat.
9! ! 6* !. You will have to sleep more.
#"

5. Supply the missing phrases.
1. (You will have to) 6* )

.
2. (Lena had to)
+ +#.
3. (I will have to) ! , 6.
4. (You’d better) *
(carefully).
5. (They had to) !- ,-M .
6. (Ivan must) !.
7. (You [formal] have to) + *!.
"
-+ .
8. (We will have to) 6* )
.
9. (My brother had to) A 6 " +
+
.
10. (Tanya had to) ! !
.
14.5 If Clauses
In this lesson you will learn to express the dependence of one future
action on another. Note that the future tense is used in both parts of the
complex sentence.
! %
! .
E
) ! - * !+, *" 6# .
*" !A.

! "/
? 447
The choice between the imperfective or perfective future in either part of
the sentence depends on the context.
E
*"% = + , ! % @
) .
If you read (and finish) this book today, I’ll read (be reading) it
tomorrow.
E
! % , *" 6
6
.
If you’ll be reading a novel, I’ll go to the library.
#"

6. A. Say where the following people will go tomorrow under the
following weather conditions. Use either " or "8
as
appropriate.
Model: ! /

U&
! " , " &.
1. -+ /
+
2. - * !+ /!
3. /+
4. A !+ & #/!A
В. Say what the following people will do tomorrow under the

following weather conditions.
1. #
( + #/ ! # +
2. +A+ /
+ +
3. M/ ²A-
4. !- !+ # 6 /6

14.6 Syntax:
versus

9
and
(so, such) can be used to emphasize a statement. 9
is
used with short adjectives and adverbs, whereas
is used with long
adjectives that modify a noun.
&+
-+ ! It is so cold today!
% !@
! She sings so beautifully!
%

! ! He is such a nice person!
&+ - *
!+. The weather is so beautiful today!
448 # 14
To compare two parallel items, you use
() ...,
... (as . . . as).
E
) 6+
A ,
+ , !+ !A.
If it is as hot tomorrow as (it is) today, I will go to the beach.
E
66 6+
A
!+,
,

+ !#+.
If the weather is as hot on Saturday as it was yesterday, I will not go
anywhere.
In negative sentences, the particle is omitted.
E
) 6+
A ,
+ , !+ !A.
If it is not as hot tomorrow as it is today, I will go to the beach.
#"

7. A. Emphasize the statements with
or
.
1. % ! !+
".
2. E 6² -+ .
3. % !
+ !
.
4. , .
5. 6²
.
B. Compare the two items with

() or
().
1. H 6+ !- !+, + .

2. &+ A , .
3. 5 * + , 5.
4.
, 5 - *, # 6 .
5. 7 +

, ) 6+
# , + .
14.7 Soft Adjectives

The adjectives , &, , and & are examples of
soft adjectives. In previous chapters, you have encountered the following:
(home), (extra), "& (last), & (blue),
and & (middle). The Word Building section of this lesson lists
several other important soft adjectives.
These adjectives are called soft because their stems end in the soft
consonant . When declining soft adjectives the stem must stay soft at all
times. Therefore, instead of the regular adjective endings with the vowels
, a, o, and (before which the consonant is hard), the soft variants , ,
e, and are used.

! "/
? 449
Some forms of soft adjectives coincide with those of hard adjectives
conforming to the spelling rules. Compare the following:
- * (ending - is determined by Spelling Rule 1)
(soft adjective, ends in -, but not because of the
spelling rule)
- */ (ending -/ is determined by Spelling Rule 3)
/ (soft adjective, ending -/ keeps the stem soft)
Soft adjectives are declined as follows. The case forms in parentheses have
not been introduced yet.
Masc. Fem. Neuter Plural
Nom. #
Gen. # ( -)
Dat. #
Acc.
#/ , /( -)
(Instr. #

)
Prep. # -
#"

8. Supply the correct endings.
1. + 6 # !+ + .

2. < * 6
?
3. +
-+
$ .
4. < 5 * .
5. * + + ! ?
6. -+ & + ()
?
7. ! !.
8. # + &* A
@ A +.
9. G6 + + ) !
.
10. L !+ 5-
?
450 # 14
Vocabulary
Nouns !
+ nature
Weather !" bird
& ( [o "] sun
() wind
gen. sg.
grass
A humidity (² sg. ( flowers
)+- air
/ & degree Clothing
/ thunderstorm A
pl. mittens
т. rain
jacket
climate
sleeveless T-shirt
frost "
indecl. overcoat
"/
weather "% pl. gloves
! ) forecast !S raincoat
&/ snow &
"/ boots
"

temperature & sweater
I #, Fahrenheit, O!
T-shirt
" ^
/ on the Fahrenheit "
hat
scale

O scarf

#, Celsius,
" Цльсию on the Celsius shorts
scale
Other nouns
Nature " zoo
6 @) birch " beach
tree
pl. дервья
pl. star Adjectives and Adverbs
land, ground & , & happy, fun-loving
moon &, & high, tall
! sky ² соmp. higher, taller
!
pl. !
cloud , hot

! "/
? 451
% соmp. hotter Verbs
, short ! | (I) to be frequently
% соmp. shorter
| (I) to put on (of clothes)
соmp. lower *

, low
,
,
ť!
%, !
% cloudy

" & overcast )
| (I) to talk, to chat
" & wonderful &; is shining; was
past & shining
"8 , cool
"8 & | (I) to take off (of clothes)
*& (I)
& , & light
&, &,
& , & strong &
&%, &% boring, dull
& !, & ! weak Other
& %, sunny + adv. fairly, rather
& % & if

,
so, such & minus, below zero
, dark adv. must
" , " warm
/ adv. by far, much
8 , 8 cold , zero
5
#, 5 bright " & plus, above zero
5 соmp. brighter ! almost
5 #, 5 clear ) I wonder (if )
+ in that case, then
452 # 14
# 15 (V (
)
" ?

◆ Making travel plans ◆ The resort of Sochi ◆ Conditional mood
◆ Packing your suitcase ◆ Transportation in Russia ◆ Genitive plural of nouns,
◆ Discussing modes of ◆ Hotels and dormitories adjectives, and possessive
transportation and travel and demonstrative
◆ The writer Anton Chekhov
routes pronouns
◆ Arriving at your destination ◆ Animate accusative: Plural
◆ Making requests ◆ Time expressions: )
+ +
,
+
◆ The short adjective A
◆ Verbs of motion with
prefixes: !-/!#;
-/#; !
-/
!
#
◆ Imperative
) "8
)
-V!/.
" ? 453
Making Travel Plans

L! 8 ?
" &

"
/
"

&
" / /

& &

& &"% &
(
" &
)
8 "8
• 7 ) ! , # 8

""% ОПРОС

?
Какой вид отдыха вы предпочитаете?
• ( ? 6* D6
#
!# # 8?
• D6
) ? 39.8% – пляжный
• ( ! D6
? 35.3% – активный
• C
, A 6, ! +!
=
) 5
:
21% – спокойный
WA-/ -/+
)+
- 3.8% – не знаю, что это такое
"
5 , Всего проголосовало: 5121
W6
-+ )
, , ...
• * * A )
)
?
• D6
-+ !-+? ( ! !?
• * + +!

?
454 # 15
D6
"&
? $, . The phrases
6W

/
(? $, + +
6/ /
( and
(
. /
( (abroad)
are formed with the
preposition
(behind) and the noun

A ? /
(
(border) in
• D6
!*? the instrumental case
• - - A 6W
? +? for location and in
the accusative case for
direction.
+ ! "8
, U& ! 5 !E +
,
& ! !E +
? ! "8

/
( / C
,.
15.1 Conditional Mood
1. U& ! !E /...
А. Where would these people like to go if they had money? Select the
most appropriate activities.
S1: + 6 !- >),
6 @ 6W
+
?
S2: E
6 >) 6W
+
, 6 !- > + .
G 6 -+ )
.
%
7 A A !5A, )
& # + WA-
& GŸ "
!
(5 ( ) ) !
$
# W6
( ) 6+ - *
- -
A +!

(
-+ ! )
B. A ?
1. E
6 6W
+
, + 6 !-
? >,
)
#, ,
#?
2. L 6 +
?
" ? 455

2. ) & "
? ГРЕЦИЯ / РОДОС $315
A. Look at the travel advertisements and Отель: MEDITERRANEAN * * * *
answer the questions below. Условия проживания: ПОЛУПАНСИОН
Полёт и гостиница
1. =
!)+
? Отдых на 4 ночи
2. & ? ТУРЦИЯ / СТАМБУЛ $269

3. !)+ W+ (better deal): Отель: GRAND EMIN * * *
Условия проживания: ЗАВТРАК
!)+ 8 "
,
G "
,?
Полёт и гостиница
7? Отдых на 3 ночи
4. 7 # ) +*, ЦВЕТЫ КИТАЯ (экскурсия по Китаю) $980
+- A
? Маршрут: Пекин – Шанхай

5. + )! (pay) 65- В стоимость входит: полёт и гостиница, все экскурсии

+ -? Условия проживания: ЗАВТРАК
Дней: 8
АКТИВНЫЙ ОТДЫХ В АВСТРИИ $560

Направленность тура: горные лыжи, сноуборд
B. Select your own destination and answer В стоимость входит: полёт и гостиница
the questions. Условия проживания: без питания
Дней: 5
1. + +?
МОРСКОЙ КРУИЗ ПО СРЕДИЗЕМНОМОРЮ от $449
2. & + # 6+ ?
8 дней / 7 ночей
3. L -+

*# В стоимость круиза включено: проживание в каюте
!)+
? выбранной категории, питание по программе “всё
включено” (кроме напитков)
4. L 6+ +?
Дополнительно оплачивается: авиаперелёт Москва -
Милан - Москва
Оплата производится только в рублях по курсу ЦБ РФ

+2%
@- )%

Sochi is one of the most popular resorts After the fall of the Soviet Union, other Black
() on the Вlack Sea coast. Every year Sea resorts, such as Yalta and Odessa, became
millions of Russian and foreign tourists come to foreign territory, which further enhanced
this city for recreation or for medical treatment Sochi’s popularity as a true Russian resort. The
in the mineral springs of Matsesta. Sochi also president of the Russian Federation has a +
attracts sports enthusiasts. Activities range in Sochi called $% ,%, originally built
from tennis, water sports, and swimming to by Nikita Khrushchev. The most important
mountain skiing and climbing. In the course of Russian film festival takes place in
а day, vacationers can ski in the breathtakingly Sochi every June. And the ski resort near Sochi,
beautiful Caucasus Mountains and afterward &
V
, is one of the most popular
swim in the warm Black Sea. ones in the country.
456 # 15
* + / 8 ! , ), !5A,

"
!S+.
15.2 Genitive Case: Plural

15.3 Animate Accusative: Plural
3. )% – /-.

А. You and your friend are trying to decide where to go on vacation.
You are looking at а travel brochure, which includes some statistics
about the city of Sochi. Answer your friend’s questions.
1. & &
A#?
2. V 6*# +? & + -
?
3. & A+# + !
)A (arrive) &
?
4. &
)
, !5A
?
5. & &
!

"? (
?
6. & &

? ( ?
7. & &
- + # +?
8. # ?
9. &
+ ! )+- ?
10. ( + ! +W?
11. & " + !5A # ) ?
12. &
A )
!
)? ( WA ! ?
Сочи
◆ ! #*
# F

◆ 330 A
#
◆ !S+ 3500 + -

◆ 3

+
◆ !A# 118

◆ 230 !

"
◆ 50

◆ 500

◆ 5
-
◆ 240 - + # +
◆ 6 !

#

◆ + ! )+- () 23o&
◆ + ! # + () 26o&
◆ !A # ) – 6 " (# – 6 )
◆ "
)
◆ A - 25
B. E
6 !-
&
!, 6 +
?
" ? 457

4.

/&(?
A. Skim through the hotel section of the Sochi travel brochure and
answer the questions based on the information provided.
,
" 6 W6
,
...
1. - ! +
" !
2. - + )

3.
!
4. - + L@
Ÿ, +1 1distance(here: as far out to
the sea as possible)
5. A A
6) +
"

◆ + +"
9A #

" «A
»
,
A6
, ,
#-6 , )
, 6 # !A, ! #
6# # +#. 7 «A
»

*
-
- + .
◆ 8

" «7
» – +
) !! - &

. E@ A,
, !, )
+

+
". # )+- ! * )+ ".
◆ 8

" «&
-
» !A " &

A
!
# ! # ) , !

- -+6 .
A+# S ),

-6 ,
) ,
, +
"
.
◆ 8

" «)» !A " +-
. C)

" A
!
#
+
L@

! )
. !
9A
)+

" 150 , - .
В. You and your friend finally decided to spend your vacation in Sochi.
You are now trying to select the most suitable hotel for you. Look at
the hotel descriptions аgаin and answer your friend’s questions.
1. &
" «A
» ?
2. & 9A# (floors) «A
»?
3. «A
» ?
4. «A
» -+
6 ?
5. ,6D ! . «A
» 6# ?
6. «7
» – = - *
"?
7. <
" «&
-
» !A?
458 # 15
C. You still have several questions about the hotels and Sochi in
general. Compile a list of questions you would ask a travel agent.
Start with the following and continue with your own ideas.
1. Which month would be the best for travel?
2. When is the Кинотáвр festival and where are they showing
films?
3. Are the hotel rooms usually air-conditioned?
D. Which hotel did you finally choose? Why? Compare your selections
with your classmates.
/ " B&?
(1) 2,3,4 5,6,...

+ + + #
!+ % +, (+) +
+ !+
" " "
+ +
R /.
& F /.
!+

%
& 6 .
(
Y
5 + #.
# ? Y
& .
Y
& ? Y
!+.
15.4 Time Expressions: чéрез and на
" ? 459

+ & E? & % 5 + #. The preposition из
& ( from) requires the
genitive case; hence
the phrase
)-)
ES@ . % @
" ( from
" 5.
A
& -
"? abroad; literally, from
7 A
? behind the border).
$, Ÿ
5 + #
.
&
@
@* @
/ @
5. ' & -

/
(? Working with а partner, find
out which of the people listed have already returned from abroad.
S1: (# A

)

?
S2: $, ð
+ )+. / , S@ .
S1: ( + @?
S2: % @ ) + #.

&/
& &
> 7 A 2 + )+
& # > + ) 4 +
( %+ 5 + # )+
B ) 6 + #
+ ,-M " 6 5
460 # 15
6. "? Use the chart below to have а discussion with а partner.
S1: + !+ C ?

S2: % !+ C .
S1: ?
S2: + #.
S1: + !+?
S2: +,
+" 5.
S1: ( + @
) C ?
S2: +, ++" 5.
S1: +*, 6+ +?
S2: +,, 6+...
/ " / &

1. C C . 13.01 . 20.01
2. > > + ! . 25.02 . 28.02
3. $
# F
. 02.04 !. 05.04
4. > *
! . 22.06 . 28.06
5. C (! . 22.08 ! . 29.08
7. Check your skills. How would you . . .

1. ask Larisa if her parents have already returned from abroad
2. say that Lena returned from Vladivostok five days ago
3. say that уour brother will return from St. Petersburg in three weeks
4. say that you are going to the south for the whole summer
5. ask Sergei if his sister will go to Moscow this year or next year
6. say that your friends are going to Odessa in the middle of May
7. ask Olya when she is going abroad
8. say that you will return from Russia at the end of August
" ? 461

8. T
/.
А. It is the end of the spring semester. Your friend wants to know what
you are planning to do in the summer.
S1: G +-
6+1 !+* ? 1somewhere
S2: $, !+ &

.
S1: + !+*?
S2: L ) 2 +
.
S1: ?
S2: ".
S1: + @*?
S2: "
D .
S1: L 6+* +?
S2: B+ A !5A, ) , ! ,
! -+ ... The adjective

S1: ( +!

6+* ? is pronounced
S2: 6+, A+# + . [S].
S1: A,2 !!3 2Oh, well! / 3Hаvе а nice trip!
S2: &!6.
" ?
462 # 15
B. Examine the Sochi advertisement carefully and find out what
else you can do there other than lie on the beach. Also pay attention
to the tourist sights. Then modify the conversation in section A
accordingly.
Отдых в Cочи – круглый год!

Летний отдых в Сочи – это самое
тёплое в России Чёрное море, много
солнца, длинные пляжи. Зимой в Сочи
можно гулять вдоль морского берега,
по вечнозелёным паркам, а потом
поехать на горнолыжный курорт
Красная Поляна кататься на санках,
лыжах и сноуборде. Курорт Сочи –
единственный в России город у моря,
где такое возможно.
Экстремальный отдых в Сочи

Любителям активного отдыха курорт
Сочи предлагает морские прогулки
на яхте, рыбалки в открытом море,
катания на водных лыжах. Здесь
можно погружaться с аквалангом,
заниматься кайт-серфингом, винд-
с е р ф и н го м и в е й к б о рд и н го м ,
с п л а в и т ь с я п о бу р н ы м го р н ы м
р е к а м н а н а д у в н ы х л од к а х
(рафтинг), совершить экскурсии на
внедорожниках, горных велосипедах.
Достопримечательности Сочи
Сад-музей «Дерево Дружбы»
У н и к а л ь н о е м е с т о , гд е р а с т ë т
единственное в мире дерево, крона
которого – это целый цитрусовый сад.
Башня на горе Ахун

С высоты 700 метров над уровнем моря виден практически весь Сочи.
Говорят, что в ясную погоду с башни на горе Ахун можно увидеть далёкий
турецкий берег.
source: www.sochiru.ru
" ? 463

Packing Your Suitcase
!! .
L
? B A + .
A !.
A E +A .
15.5 The Short Adjective нýжен

%
/
%
!
" &"
!
F
!
! " &

&" & % %

: O
, O%
&
&L !L !

&&
" L!
"
"
bag, purse * scarf 6 t-shirt

,) backpack necktie sweater
6
cell phone *! hat
shoes
+! adapter ( for outlets) !
gloves ! boots
jacket +A jeans
! coat (longer) * shorts
464 # 15
9.
?
А. L A ,

+@/+...
1. 3. F, )
#
2. + 4. L@
B. What do you think these people need to take with them to the
following places? Ask about several items.
S1: & , A W !
?
S2: , !
A W.
1. & # !+ C 5.
2. !+ > + + .
3. A !+ G "
, "
D .
IMPORTANT VERBS
* *" *E *
E *
!E
) !A , ) , )6+
)@* !A
* * ) * )6+*
) !A , ) , )6+
)/ !A
/ #/ ) #/ ( ) )6+/
2. 3.
4.
1.
7.
6.
5. __ % !A +

6
.
__ 7 W +
!A
10. Y
! & " &"!! + +A+, , 6 , )6 ,
Arrange the lines in the S@
!.
correct order. __ 7 !- 9 ! .
__ + ) +
) *.
__ ( )6W +?
__ % !A + .
__ 7 ) W + .
" ? 465
11. 9 ? You and your friend are getting ready to go
to the beach for the weekend and you are deciding on the items to take
with you. For some items, one may be enough.
S1: G )@* = ?

S2: $, ).
S1: ( ,)?
S2: , ,) A . ( + ? G
) ?
S1: G A !A
- .
S2: (-a, ! ( ? G )@* +A ?
S1: , +,. ) *
6
. C =
6, D6.
S2: K *. ( !! )@*?
S1: G # 6
. G# !! *. G
) !! , + ?
S2: K *. C )6+...
S1: #! (Don’t worry!)
Discussing Modes of Transportation

and Travel Routes
V
V (trains) offer an intriguing way to see in Moscow go to Kiev in Ukraine and other
Russian life from the inside. While traveling, southern destinations.
you eat and sleep on the train, cramped in small
compartments with your fellow travelers. Each
car has a ! + or ! + " (conductor,
attendant) who serves you tea from a samovar
and snacks for a small fee. You can eat in the
restaurant car or you can buy food from farmers
who sell their produce at train stations.
Railway stations are often named after the
main destination or direction of the outgoing
traffic. Thus, trains from the
# )
466 # 15
Y
!)+.
Y
% +? Y
* .
Y
.
E- is a generic verb for

transportation. >š is a
more specific one.
*
&
. & # +
".
G +

!&. #6
@ +?
#
• #
+ ! # !!5 # &'(? > is a multidirectional
• @ A )+
,
!& ? verb. Cf., -+ and
• + ! * +? G ? )+
.
" ? 467

?
?
"-
- E
"- E
15.6 Verbs of Motion with Prefixes: Introduction
T! "
!
T & !
& # "- . '

* - E.
!
-? "-?
12. B
. Itinerary.
А. A group of American students visited Russia in the spring. Discuss
their itinerary.
S1: + (

) -

) ,-
M ?
S2: % -

) ,-M ! +
, +"
, +" .
S1: + !
-
& -7 6 ?
S2: % !
-
& -7 6
,
+"...
S1: + -

)...
468 # 15
%&

! . 17.5 17.40 ,-M JFK, # (<6
. 18.5 15.50 &-7 6
!. 21.5 22.20 &-7 6 , !)+ ¹ 237
6. 22.5 06.02
. 9.6 20.45 , # ( 334
21.45 > +
. 10.6 10.35 > + , # ( 054
13.25 ,-M
B. ;"& . One of your classmates participated in the

program. Ask him/her . . .
1. what modes of transportation they used for the different
portions of the trip
2. how long they were in the locations
3. which city he/she preferred and why
4. when he/she returned
5. if he/she is planning to go back and when
C. ' "

&
. One student missed the group flight
and had to travel directly to Moscow on a different flight. Get
together in small groups to devise a story about Olya,s adventure.
Why did she miss the flight? How was the flight? What did she do
in Moscow while waiting for the group? Then share your stories
with the class.
'

&
;
/ – B&

" «AdO ».
" ? 469

Arriving At Your Destination
'
? (
.
13. ;
/ "8
?
A. You decided to stop in St. Petersburg for a few days on your way to
Moscow. You had made arrangements to stay at a student hostel in
the center of the city.
G: $6 # + . $A
B#
) &'(.
(+

: H+ #. &# ! D... $...
B# ... + # !
-
?
G: ! + #.
(+

: !
- !!
) '"
,
6+ + ! .
G: &+ ! ? +, 5
6+ + .
(+

: > +
".
* ,. 45, @ 9A.
G: K *. &!6. ( +
?
(+

: < . >
" , ! .
;
:
G: H+ #! V 45?
C : $. 5 ) C .
G: % !
5 . ( 5 $A
. %+ ?
C :
) '"
. (
) (
?
G: ,
) &'(. C)

.
C : G + !
-?
G: G ! + #. ( + 6+* )+?
C : 6+ & -7 6 + +
,
! !+ +. (-, !) .
V M- .
G: $A
.
M- : O !
5 .
470 # 15
B. Continue the conversation with Johanna. Find out where she is
from and how long she is going to be in St. Petersburg.
C. Some students are staying in St. Petersburg for the whole summer
and their names are listed on the doors. Assume the role of Johanna
and explain to Jessica where the students are from. Also give some
other details about them. ((
, 8
, C
, 7*,
I "
, !
)
Jean-Pierre Dupont Katarzyna Grzegorczyk Johanna Schwartz

Giorgio Mastroianni Yoko Kawasaki Jennifer Smith
14. Y

d
?
A. You have been told that your hotel has a dry cleaner’s, a
hairdresser’s, and currency exchange. Look at the sign and find out
on which floors they are located. What other amenities does the
hotel have?
B. Practice asking and answering questions about the location of
various services.
S1: 9A -+
+! ?
S2: !5 9A.
" ? 471

15. ; /&( «Y ».
A. Read the dialogue and then have similar conversations asking about
other amenities of the hotel.
: $6 # + . < 5 ))1 G# . 1reservation
W + .
(+

:
... $, )) ... C) &'(...
- +-?
: , + .
(+

: < , A
,, + - . A
))
+- # .
: $, ) ,, # + ! +2
2changed his mind
!-.
(+

: G. - ) +- #? V 6+
!+ A.
: , + . $# +- # +.
(+

: H!
3 = 6 . C A + 3fill out
# !! .
: 7A#.
(+

: * ,. 378, 9A.
>
, ! .
: &!6. (-, ! )6W. 8+ A
) ! 4 * ? 4взять напрокат: rent
(+

: 6, 6A

, ! 9A.
: B* !6.
B. Ask and answer questions about the dialogue. Ask . . .

1. how long Mark will be at the hotel
2. why he wanted a single room
3. if he reserved a single or double room
4. (your own questions)
472 # 15
16. ; /&( «A
». You are checking in at your hotel.
(Your room is already reserved.) Your teacher plays the role of the
+

. How would you . . .
1. offer а polite greeting
2. give your first and last name
3. say that you are from the United States
4. hand in your passport politely
5. ask on what floor your room is
6. ask if there are restaurants in the hotel
7. ask where you can buy ballet tickets
8. find out where the closest metro station is
9. ask if your room has а telephone and а TV
10. ask how you can make local calls from your room
17. V! . Unfortunately, things do not always go as smoothly as you

would like. Using the following as a model, make up more complaints
or requests.
1. W + .

2. -+ .
3. -+
.
4. # ! (burned out) !.
5. G 6.
6. < 5# (hot) +W.
7. A +5 (blanket).
8. ! 5 (lost) # !! .
9. < 5
. My purse was stolen.
10. )6W # ! ! / +
# 6
(student ID).
You may also need the following:

faucet
! " towel
!+* pillow
" ? 473

Making Requests
IMPORTANT COMMANDS
" %/ be quiet "/ ( , )+) turn (left, back)
%/, E %/ turn on, off &
&, &
& stop
& / stand up &, & don’t worry
&
&, &
& sit down !&, !& don’t be afraid
"/ wait
15.7 Imperative
Do not forget these: Other useful vocabulary:

+#/ A/ BW ! B ! Fast! Faster!
!/ / + ! Slower!
/ #/, ) #/ &!! Stop!
*#/ )/ % A ! Careful! Watch out!
!A/ !A/ G-! G*! Quiet! Quieter!
!/ 8 ! 8 ! Loudly! Louder!
$ ! $ ! Fool!
18. ;
&.
A. You need to run some errands in Moscow. Your taxi driver does not
seem to know the city too well. Give the driver directions as follows.
1. Turn left.
2. Stop here.
3. Wait here. I will be back in five minutes.
4. Turn back. I forgot my passport.
B. Your classmate assumes the role of the driver. Give him or her
directions of your choice.
474 # 15
Chapter Review
1. say what kind of vacation activities you prefer, like, and dislike
2. describe what you would do and where u would go if you had
money
3. give the dates of your travel using the following: in how many days/ For self-tests and additional practice,
weeks/months/years; beginning/middle/end of month Site, available at www.wiley.com/
college/nummikoski
4. say for how long you are going and when you will return from your
destination the Wiley Resource Kit, available at
5. list what u need to pack in your suitcase and direct other people
in packing
6. state your mode of transportation
7. say that you left place, arrived at place, and set off to go to
destination using appropriate verbs of motion and time expressions
8. check in at a student hostel and at a hotel
9. complain about some travel-related problems
10. make several commands and warnings regarding traffic in a city
В. Roleplay I. The teacher gives а ticket to each student. The tickets display
а destination and dates of’ travel. Find out from all уоuг classmates where
they are going and try to find the one who is going to stay in the same city
at the same time as you. Arrange to meet each other somewhere and to do
something together.
C. Roleplay II. You have won а prize of $10,000 and уоu want to use it on а
trip abroad for two. Pick your traveling partner and discuss all the details of
your trip, such as where to go, when, for how long, what to take with you, and
what уоu will do there. After the trip: Talk to other students in the class and
compare your vacations, including the weather.
D. Interview Video. 8+ D6

+-ŧ?
E. Cultural Video. 7)+ & -7 6Ÿ
" ? 475

Extra
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (1860–1904) is mostly known as an author of

plays and short stories. His stories are based on human behavior, mood,
and atmosphere, rather than on action and plot. Тhеу are often humorous,
but with а serious undertone. “Тhе Winning Ticket,” оnе of Chekhov’s
best-known stories, tells the tale of а husband and wife whose quiet and
comfortable life is upset bу the prospect of winning the lottery. Both spouses
have their own individual dreams, which are overshadowed bу growing
jealousy and hatred.
Read the story, keeping the questions that follow in mind. Remember that
it is not necessary to know every word in order to understand the gist of
the text.
;/ !
The Winning Ticket
C $

, +
#, ! A
+

).
– 7
,
6
"
A#1? – ) A , 6
1the lottery results
.
– $, . # ?
– &
9499, 6
26.
– G-... 7
-... 9499
26. *, 9499 ! – ) .
– 9499? – !
.
– $, +... & @) !
– ( 6
?
– (-, +! ES@ 6
. 7#2. @-
3 *#
. 2Wait! / 3at least

C $

64 *
, 6@ . A 6. 4smiled
– *
, – ) C $

. –

* 75 000. V
+
, !
! 7*#,
+5

? 5in fact
+ 9 A
) ! B
#,
6 6
, ,
, !
6 ) 25

,6 10 !*
... 6estate
% 40 6 !+ ! " ...

– $,

– 9 - *, – ) A .
476 # 15
– , ) *, *, )
" !- 6, – ) .
C + , - * 6 !- 6# , )

", +-
6+ A , I "
,, C
,... C +
,.
– A 6 )
" !-, – ) A . – , !

6
!
– 7#. 7+
! ...
% -+
!
! +A +: !* !

+ . (
+ A !+ )
"? % 6+
A,7 @ )6 ,8 * + ... 7complain / 8head hurt
H # )
" -? L !
?
C ! # ) A
)
6

9 , A 9paid attention
! , ! !-10 - #, S@ +, )+ , - A
10smelled of
# ).
C A 6#,11
,12 A . % A 11smile / 12hatred
!
A
,. < @ 6

,13
13dreams
! ;

!
, @ @ A.
A ) @ ,
" )
):
– &
9499, 6
46! 26!
C $

A ),14
- , 14began to feel

)
, +

...
7 (. L-
Answer the questions in English.
1. At what time did the conversation 7. What would the husband do with the
take place? money?
2. What were the husband and wife 8. Where would he travel?
doing? 9. What time of year would he travel?
3. What was the series number and 10. Why did the husband prefer traveling
ticket number on their lottery ticket? alone?
4. Which number did the husband look 11. How did he rate himself compared
up first? with his wife?
5. How much was the jackpot? 12. Did they actually win?
6. Who bought the ticket? 13. How did the news affect their mood?
" ? 477

Word Building
Roots
-"- travel
!@ travel voucher, package tour
!* to travel
!
traveling companion (also used in the Russian space program)
! road, travel, triр
& !! Have а nice trip!
!+ guidebook (for travelers)
- - fly
, to fly
@ from (self ) and @: “self-flyer,” i.e., аirрlаnе
@
the “one who flies,” i.e., pilot
!@ flight
@ from (to turn) and @: “turn-flier,” i.e., helicopter.
Note: the corresponding English word comes from the Greek words heliko
(spiral) and pteron (wing).
* “flying mouse,” i.e., bat
478 # 15
@,ABBA9CA
15.1 Conditional Mood
You have already learned to use the conditional mood to express a wish
or suggestion.
8 ! !
.
I would like to invite you to a restaurant.
L " ! ! ?
What would you suggest that I buy my mother?
The main use of the conditional mood is to denote an action that may
take place under a certain condition, either implied or expressed.
A. Main clause. The conditional is formed with the particle ! and the
past tense of the verb. Note, however, that the past-tense form does
not imply a past activity, it implies a condition. The particle ! can
either precede or follow the verb.
C !*@ !
íť. Igor would go to the movies.
> !
! +. Lena would buy a dacha.
! A !5A. We would lie on the beach.
B. If clause. The same construction with the particle ! is used in the if
clause. The particle ! immediately follows & .
U& ! )
& 6ť*, ! ) 6ť*.
If you studied more, you would know more.
U& ! 6 ťA, ! -+ !-ť+.
If I were younger, I would go hiking.
Many if clauses require the construction if (I) had. Pay attention to the
agreement between the subject and the verb.
E
6 5 6 &,... If I had a son, . . .
E
6 5 6 %,... If I had a daughter, . . .
E
6 5 6W ,... If I had time, . . .
E
6 5 6W /,... If I had money, . . .
#"

1. Translate the following into Russian. The key vocabulary is given in
parentheses.
1. If I had money, I would go to Canada. (!-/ +)
2. If I had a dog, I would go for a walk. (!#/5)
3. What would you do if you had money?
" ? 479

4. If I had time, I would read more. (Note: is neuter.)
5. If the tickets were cheaper, we would go to the theater. (+*/
!#)
6. If I lived in Paris, I would go to the museum every day. (A
/
-+/)#/A+# + )
7. If Yura were older, he would know how to swim. ( *//
!)
8. If I lived in the mountains, I would often ski. ( -/
WA-)
9. If these books weren’t so expensive, I would buy them.
10. If my friends didn’t live so far away, I would invite them to my
house (to me). (+ť/!
/ )
2. Change the following into conditional sentences according to the

model. Some variations are possible.
Model: < 5 + . !D * .
Y & ! !E /, " /
!
.
1. < C
. % !#+@
íž. ...
2. &*
+ )
. % ! !-
. ...
3. A
I "
. D !- ")
. ...
4. <
. !#+@ +
ž . ...
5. < *
+ e. % !
íž# ) . ...
6. < 5 * . !+ ) +. ...
7. < + . !+ ) ". ...
8. A
@ -. )
!
). ...
9. &ť+ !- !ť+. !+ !A. ...
10. + ť -ť+ . !. ... (past tense
of : /)
15.2 Genitive Case

A. Use of the genitive case. You have so far learned the singular use of the
genitive case. The uses described here apply to both singular and plural.
1. To denote possession, belonging to something, or connection

between two things.
V * 8 +. This is my parents’ car.
V

8 )ť. This is the institute of
foreign languages.
480 # 15
2. To denote part of a whole or of a substance.
ť /ť +ť
the windows of my house
6W a bottle of milk
3. As a partitive. The English language adds the words some or any.
$# -6
! Give me some bread!
!
? Did you buy any milk?
4. To express nonexistence, or absence, with , ! , or
!.
7
8 A ?
Why don’t you have foreign journals?
< 5
+ ! + /
, ,
+ !.
I have never had money, and probably never will.
Ý8 +* ! ť .
These girls were not in class yesterday.
5. With words of quantity. For example:

ť how much, how many
some, a few (with plural nouns only)
ť/6ť* a lot, many/more
ť some, a little
/ * few, little/less
quite a few

/
kilogram/liter
)ť )+ + ? How many students are here?
6W ť & There were only a few girls in
. the class.
< 5 ť// 8 /. I have a lot of/few Russian books.
K ! / ! . I bought a kilogram of oranges.
6. With numerals other than 1.
2, 3, 4 + gen. sg. + A
/
E
5, 6, ... + gen. pl. ! A / 6
7. With the comparative degree (instead of + nominative).
B * E.
8. With some prepositions.
by !ť after
+ for 6) without

) from
" ? 481
# =8 + ť 6+ 9) .
These students will have an exam soon.

ť - + =8 ,+.
I do not want to do anything for these people.
ť+ !
- >ť +
.
Volodya arrived from London.
Vť& 9) !+ +ť#.
After the exams I will go home.
L 6+* + ! 8 + )?
What will you do without your friends?
B. Endings for the genitive plural of nouns.
NOMINATIVE SG. GENITIVE PL.
Masc.
hard stem
end-stressed ( " "ť
stem-stressed ( " "
soft stem )# -# )

-
four s-sounds

(%, F, , )
S
S
+* +*
A A
Fem.
hard stem *ť *
soft stem + - +

ť*+ - *+
Neuter
hard stem ť -
soft stem

S -
S
482 # 15
SIMPLIFIED RULE FOR THE
GENITIVE PLURAL
OF NOUNS
-consonant -/
-# -
- -
-, S, *, A -
-/ drop (adjust

for soft cons.)
-o/e drop
Note 1: Nouns ending in -

and -
have the ending -
in the genitive
plural.
6 ť
6 ť
laboratory
)+
)+
building
Note 2: Some nouns drop the vowel -e or -o before all oblique case
endings (not only the genitive).
" + "ť father
+ + # + e day
+ť + +ť small city
C. Fleeting vowels. As you already know, the genitive plural of

feminine and neuter nouns is formed by dropping the last vowel. If
the stem of these nouns ends in two consonants, the vowel -o- or -e-
is usually inserted between the two consonants in the genitive plural
forms.
1. Insert the vowel -o- if one of the consonants is а and the other a
consonant other than , %, , F, , or .
- purse, bag
*"- *! hat
6- 6) blouse
" ? 483

2. Insert the vowel -- if one of the consonants is а and the other one
is , %, , F, , or
ť- ťA spoon
%- pen
ť- ť* cat
or if neither of the consonants is а .
!&- ! song
!-ž ! letter
- sister
+/-
+ money
3. In some cases no vowel is added.
map
place

firm, company
medicine
D. Some exceptional endings.
Nom. sg. Nom. pl. Gen. pl.
Masculine 6 6 6 brother

+ + )5 + ) friend
6@ +
+ child
+ +
+ neighbor
5 son
A A5 A husband
Neuter ť 5 sea
+ + + tree
Note: The word L (people) has two genitive plural forms. The form
% is used with all numerals 5 and above and with the word
()&ť . The form is used with the words ť/ and .
+
ť
íž
484 # 15
#"

3. Write the words in parentheses in the genitive plural form and
underline the main word that calls for the use of the genitive case.
1. *# *ť 6ť* (
"),
().
2. &ť (+ ) =

?
3.
"- W ť+ 6ť* (* )
* (ť6).
4. 7 ť 6 (+ )?
5. & -7 6 ť íž ( , )#
).
6.

- +- 6W ( #).
7. I
5 +
– = W
(ť) ).
8. &ť (") 6W
?
9. 6) (+
).
10. < %
ť ť (+ ).
E. Genitive plural of adjectives and possessive
and demonstrative pronouns.
Examine the following sentences.
6) 8 + )#. I am bored without mу friends.
< *8 +#
ť*
. Our parents have three cats.
< =8 íž8 + S@ These new students don’t have
6
. textbooks yet.
SIMPLIFIED RULE FOR GENITIVE PLURAL

THE GENITIVE PLURAL OF POSSESSIVE AND
OF ADJECTIVES DEMONSTRATIVE
PRONOUNS
M, F, N -8/8*
8/8/&8
8/ 8
R8/8
" ? 485

#"

4. Write the words in parentheses in the genitive plural form. Then
underline the main word that calls for the use of the genitive case.
1. * ť + íž (- ť*
# íž# ).
2. &
6
6ť* (+ ), !##
F
.
3. =

(- ť*
6
6
), ! (íž 6SA
)
íž
(
) + ( * + ).
4. ť ť + 6ť* (ť )+
): & -
7 6
L
?
5. ,-M —
# ť +. G íž
( #
- ť* W)
, ,
ť íž (
# ).
6. < (
# + ) 6W (5 * ).
7. *

( ť#
! !+
! ).
8. ť + &ť
íž (! # !A
! ),
! (
# )
(
#
)#).
9. A+# + &ť
!
)AD W
(
#
).
10. &ť
240 (ť # + ) +.
F. Adjective agreement with numerals: Introduction. These rules
apply to situations where numbers are the grammatical subject of the
sentence.
The numeral 1 has all three genders. The adjective and noun are in the
nominative case.
íž# A
6
ť íž !
ť
After the numerals 2, 3, and 4 the noun is in the genitive singular.
Adjectives are in the genitive plural in masculine and neuter phrases and
in the nominative plural in feminine phrases. Also note that the numeral
2 has a different form for the feminine.
+ (
, W ) íž8 A
/ !

(
, W ) 6
486 # 15
After the numerals 5 and up the nouns and adjectives are in the genitive
plural.
! (*, ...) íž8 A /"&
! (*, ...) 8 &!
Remember that the rules above include all numbers that end in 1
(21, etc.) and 2, 3, 4 (22, etc.) when pronounced.
21 (++" + ) íž
but: 11 (+ +") íž8
*ť
*
23 (++"
) 13 (
+") 8
6 6
SIMPLIFIED RULE FOR ADJECTIVE

AND NOUN AGREEMENT
WITH NUMERALS
Adjectives Nouns
1 nom. sg. nom. sg.
2, 3, 4 gen. pl. (M, N) gen. sg.

nom. pl. (F)
5, 6, 7, ... gen. pl. gen. pl.
#"

5. Supply the words in parentheses in the correct form.
1. < 3 (@ ť*)

6 (6 ť*).
2. * ť + 2 (+ #

)
5 ( #

).
3. < $Ať 3 ( * ), 4 (íž#
) )
2 (+ ť# !D ).
4. = ť + 7 (6*ť# ! ), 3 (íž#
+
ž ), 2 (
# )#)
4 (- ť*
6
6
).
5. F * > 6W 9 (ť*)
4
(6), ! @ ť 2 ( ť*)

1 ( 6).
" ? 487

15.3 Animate Accusative: Plural
You have already learned that singular animate masculines have a special
form in the accusative case (the case of the direct object), identical to the
genitive case singular. You have also learned that feminine nouns have
one form for both animate and inanimate nouns as direct objects.
Masc. inanimate > D6

&". (асс. identical to nom.)
animate > D6

. (асс. identical to gen.)
Fem. inanimate D6

). (асс. ending in -y)
animate D6
> . (acc. ending in -y)
In the plural, both masculine and feminine animate objects have forms
identical to the genitive plural.
Masc. inanimate > D6

8
. (асс. identical to nom. pl.)
animate > D6

8 + ). (acc. identical to gen. pl.)
) 8 ť+
.
,6D !

.
Fem. inanimate D6

. (acc. identical to nom. pl.)
animate D6
=8 . (acc. identical to gen. pl.)
,6D &! , ť
a.
#"

6. Translate into Russian. Some vocabulary help is given in parentheses.
1. Do you like dogs?
2. Not much. I prefer horses. (6ť* ,6/ť*+)
3. Do you know my parents?
4. Did you invite my friends and neighbors? (!
)
5. Do you like to receive visitors? (!

/)
6. I do not know these women. (A S
)
7. Olga says that she does not understand men. (A )
8. I did not invite these people.
9. I do not like very small children.
10. Did you already meet these new Russian (female) students?
(
)
488 # 15
15.4 Time Expressions: чšрез and a
The preposition % + accusative refers to the time in the future when
something will be done. When numerals other than 1 are required, the
noun that follows is in the genitive singular or plural.
!+ %+ % + / " / +. (асс.)
I am going to Odessa in a week / month / year.
!+ &ť
% 3 + / "
/ ť+
. (gen. sg.)
!+ 7 A % 5 + / " / . (gen. pl.)
The time expression
+ accusative answers the question For how
long? Whereas the expression with % refers to the future only,
+
accusative can refer to both future and past. Numerals other than 1 follow
the same rule as with the preposition %.
!+ %+
+. I am going to Odessa for a week.
> )+

Last summer I went to the Crimea
4 +. for 4 weeks.
15.5 The Short Adjective

When you need something (or somebody) you use the short adjective
( , , E). The thing needed is the subject of the
sentence, and the short adjective agrees with it in gender and number.
The person who needs the item is in the dative case.
& . I need a dictionary.
Literally: For me is needed a dictionary.
E A
. Не needs а тар.
& , A íž "
ť. Sergei needs a new
coat.
* A E íž &. Masha needs new
jeans.
Questions: 6 ? What do you need? (% is neuter)
6 ? Whom do you need? ( is always
masculine)
When the sentence includes quantifiers (numerals other than 1, &ť ,
íž/, etc.), the neuter form is used.
ž + I need only one suitcase.
+ .
But: A
+ . I need two suitcases.
)ť + - How many credit cards do
e6 A ? you need?
A ť/o + . We need a lot of money.
" ? 489

#"

1. What does he need?

2. I need a new suitcase.
3. Do we need sunglasses?
4. I don’t need a credit card.
5. He doesn’t need an umbrella.
6. Do you need a razor?
7. Do you need shorts?
8. He doesn’t need this book.
9. How much money do you need?
10. I need two skirts.
15.6 Verbs of Motion with Prefixes: Introduction

The verbs and 8
can be used with or without prefixes. In this
lesson you will learn to use them with three prefixes, all of which have a
specific meaning. When a prefix is added to and 8
they become
perfective aspect verbs.
Note: When prefixes are added to the verb , some spelling changes
occur.
*" * *"
!#+ #+ !
+
!#+@* #+@* !
+@*
/ !#+@ / #+@ / !
+@
!#+@ #+@ !
+@
!#+@ #+@ !
+@
!#+ #+ !
+
A. "- means to set off, to leave for (with the destination mentioned).
"+ . I will go to Moscow in the summer.
H "#+@ )! . We will go to the zoo tomorrow.
&* "- Vť
,. Sasha went to Estonia. (He is still there.)
7! "*@ ) . Father went to the store. (He has not
returned.)
B. y- means to go away from a place, to leave, to depart. Whereas the
prefix "o- emphasizes the new destination, the prefix y- emphasizes
the place away from which you are going ( + gen.), either
expressed or implied. Less frequently, the destination where a person
is going ( + acc.) is also expressed.
490 # 15
-
7 A
We left Paris at the end of November.
" 6 5.
% -
6 . Olga went away to Novosibirsk.
С. "- indicates to arrive. You can arrive to ( + acc.) or from ( +
gen.) a place. The corresponding question words are (where to)
and
(where from).
!
-
? % "-
.
Where did the tourists arrive? They arrived in Moscow.
'
!
-
? "-
E.
Where did you come from? We arrived from Moscow.
"* +ť# ť.
Mom came home at eight.
#"

8. Translate the sentences into Russian.
A. Use "8
, 8
, or "8
.
1. Where did you come from?
2. I came for two weeks.
3. Sasha is going to Canada at the end of May.
4. My brother went to Italy for a week.
5. My friends left two months ago.
6. When are you coming to see me? (When will you come to
me? )
7. I’ll come in two months.
8. Sasha left yesterday.
9. Why did he leave?
10. I’m going to Moscow in six months.
В. Use ", , or ".

1. Do you want to go to a restaurant?
2. Where did Sasha go?
3. Larisa arrived.
4. Larisa went to the store.
5. I’m not going anywhere tomorrow.
6. Who came (arrived)?
" ? 491

7. Nobody came!
8. I’ll come tomorrow.
9. Where is Sasha? – He left.
10. Why did he leave?
15.7 Imperative
To make a request or a command you use the imperative form of the verb.
In English, the imperative does not differ from the present-tense form.
present tense imperative
I read a lot of books. Read a book!
I go to school. Go to school!
You have already learned a few imperative forms: \ &/!
C/! "/! T /! and so on. The imperative is formed
from the third-person plural by replacing the ending with , , or .
А. Add - when the stem ends in a vowel. Reattach the particle -&/&
to reflexive verbs.
third-person pl. informal formal and plural

|,

*
|, * *
ť|, ť ť
)
|, )
& )
& (-& after a vowel)
В. Add - when the stem ends in a consonant. Reattach the particle -&/
& to reflexive verbs.
ť|
)| ) )
| A A
"| ! !

|
+
+
|5 +& +&
C. Add - when the stem ends in a consonant and when the first-person
singular is not stressed on the ending. There are relatively few verbs
in this category.
)6+| ( )6+) )6+ )6+
492 # 15
Note: The same rules regarding the use of cases that apply to other verb
forms apply to imperatives as well.
7A . Show me the book.
dat. acc.
7A 6* + . Put the shirt in the suitcase.
acc. acc.
#"

9. Supply the verbs in parentheses in the imperative form. Use the
informal address, unless a formal form is indicated by the use of the
name and patronymic.
1. ( , ( )!
2. C , (*)!
3. C , ( ) + ,
!A#!
4. C ( +
, (!) 6
, !A#!
5. > , () W) + !
6. &*, ()) # !! !
7. ť A . ( W) íž!
8. (!A) =
+A + !
9. ( !
) !
10. (!) ) ) !
Vocabulary
Nouns " border

/
( abroad
Travel-related nouns
/
( (to) abroad

ť!& bus -
/
( from abroad

d"ť airport / money
! ticket gen. pl. /
) visa (travel + ť road, trip
document) +!
- tourist sight
railway station f.
" ? 493

credit card "
ť indecl. coat
%
! paste
íž hotel room ! " &
toothpaste
nоm. pl. !
gloves
ť+- rest, vacation " men’s swimsuit
!
resort hotel " dress
" &" passport !
(men’s) shirt
"ť train backpack
!)+ trip &
"/ boots
!@ flight & sweater
! + , train conductor &
bag, purse
! + "
W/

men’s/women’s
# flight, route underwear
&
airplane O shoes
ť
# health spa O!ť
t-shirt
& ( metro station "
hat

streetcar
O scarf
#6 trolleybus ť shorts
% suitcase S@ brush
In your suitcase ! F
toothbrush
+! adapter (for outlets) L!
skirt
!
aspirin
6 razor Time-related nouns and expressions
!L pants & F / next year
/ & necktie " end
& jeans ( at the end
ž() umbrella beginning
&L suit
% at the beginning
ťO
, ťO%
women’s top + middle
&&ť athletic shoes & in the middle
" swimsuit ! in the evenings

jacket "o /ť
half a year
& socks period of time
% glasses ť# for how long
&ť % % sunglasses
494 # 15
Other nouns !5A # beach
!
) mountain climbing various
!/ (
!/) coast +,S
# next
ť)+- air +
# middle, central
, f.
fool # happy
) 5
activity & !! Have a nice trip!

()" foreigner
Adverbs
pocket
, key !E& fast
faucet ť, ť loudly, louder
ť resort slowly
! lightbulb
ago

" staircase &ť carefully
O elevator
where from
+5 blanket 8, quietly, quieter
! tent (to) there
!+* pillow
Prepositions
! " towel
!-ť+ hiking + gen. from
&
( &
) garden % + асс. in (in time
expressions)
)
rock-climbing

+ асс. for (a period
ť
cost, price of time)
* ( *) closet
d floor, level, story Verbs
6|5 (II) to be afraid
Adjectives
6D, 6*,
# active 65
5
# hot (about liquids) * (I) to take
+
# far ,
+- # double (room) ,

# cultural
) S| (I) to return
, , needed
*& (I)
, E
&,
+ # single (room) &,
+ # separate &
! # passive
" ? 495

8
(I) , to go, to travel *"8
(I) to arrive
, ",
)6| (I) to forget ",
*
!E (I) "

!, !*|| (I) to travel

!, !*,,

! !**,

/ | (I) to sunbathe !*,
) | (I) to shut, to close *8
(I) to go away
*
E (I) , , (by vehicle)

ť,

ť, *

ť 5
to steal
)
| (I) to climb mountains + acc.
!
)
" |& (I) to swim, to bathe Imperatives only
(play) %/ turn on (the light,
) ! to climb rocks an appliance)
| (I) to fly &, don’t worry
(II) Ÿ, to fly &
*, 5 / stand up
8 | (I) to rest E %/ turn off (the light,
| (I) to open an appliance)
*E (I) , stop
ť,
ť, ! / turn
ť
(")/ wait
*"8
(I) to go, to leave
" %/ be quiet
", ", (by vehicle)
" &
&, &
& have a seat
*" (II) to put
" , Other
" ť, & conj. if
" ť
, A interj. oh, well
*! 5 to lose &" interj. stop
! +!
| (I) to prefer
496 # 15
# 16 (Z& (
)
@ ! !
?

◆ Talking about food ◆ Typical Russian ingredients ◆ Instrumental case of nouns,
◆ Table manners and setting and dishes adjectives, and possessive,
the table ◆ Recipes for salads demonstrative, and
personal pronouns
◆ Deciding where to eat ◆ How food is served
and drink ◆ Home entertainment ◆ Substantivized adjectives
◆ Making reservations ◆ Short adjectives
◆ At the restaurant
◆ Ordering food ◆ Toasting
T ! ² & % &². D % &!

@ ! !
? 497
Talking About Food
,&&
8
• O is а beverage of fermented cow’s milk, • А "/ is а filled pie. Fillings can include
sold either plain or with various fruit flavors. meat, potatoes, or cabbage. Dessert pies are
• )
is sour cream—an essential filled with fruit or berries. А " is a
ingredient and a garnish of many Russian small pie or pastry.
foods, including borscht soup and beef • ;

is а flat sweet bread with а filling
Stroganoff. of .
• 9/ is а kind of cottage cheese used • $
is white bread. The word !

often in dessert pies. refers to the shape (French bread). $ %
• V are Russian gingerbread cookies. is a bun.

V% is any other type of cookie.
% " &E "

O /
&&&
&
& O

/
!

&
F O /

!

"( !
%
/
8 !
!
/ !
%& "&
! %

&
" "
"" "/
%" "(

/%(
& & 8
&

498 # 16
Review the following vocabulary from previous lessons:

" !
W6 56
(sg. 56)

! 6
A 6 / *
+
5#" (sg. #") !
+

"W

6W
• ! + !

" + )+ ?
! + !) ?
• L A ,
+
? ( ?
• ( A ,

"/
?
• D6
5? E
+, 5 D6
6*:

5+
?
• + &
S
A+# + ? ?
• D6
5+? ?
•

?
@ ?
• +
6W?
1. C/.
А. Igor works at the «&-
» pizza parlor. Below is his favorite
pizza. How does it differ from your favorite?
#11 '" -"

, " ,
, !
+ ,
6, , ,
# ! "
B. Igor wants to know the basic ingredients of the following typical

American dishes.
1. hamburger 3. coleslaw
2. milk shake 4. omelette
2. CL. Interview а classmate about his or her attitude toward the
items listed. Report the results to the class.
1. various milk products

2. red and white meats
3. cold cuts
4. bread
5. vegetables, fruit, and berries
6. rice, macaroni, and potatoes
@ ! !
? 499
3. ,(".
А. You decided to try out some Russian recipes. Find out what
ingredients you need for the Stroganoff meat dish. What do you
think the abbreviation &. . stands for? See which items this
measure is used for in these recipes. Another measure of the same
type is %. . What do you think it means?
flour

500
1

2

250
2 .
.

4 .
.
2 .
.

: http://www.gastronom.ru
B. This is a recipe for the Russian salad called /. Translate the
list of ingredients into English. How might this salad look?
@ beet
+ f. herring
vinegar

2

2

2

3

150

2 .
.

2

2 .
.
2 .
.
2 .
.

2 .
.

2 .
.

: http://www.gastronom.ru
500 # 16
Table Manners and Setting the Table

" ?
Many Russian families eat а leisurely four- Drinking is а serious and indispensable part
course sit-down meal together every day. The of social life. Some Russians may be offended if
table is usually set in advance, and the food their visitors do not drink with them.
is brought to the table in serving or cooking Some cultural hints for the visitor: Do not
dishes. Rather than the members of the family bring an even number of flowers, do not shake
helping themselves, the person responsible hands over the threshold (both are bad luck),
for cooking places (" ) the food оn and take off your coat, hat, and shoes when уоu
everybody’s plates. come in. You may be offered slippers when you
enter a Russian home. Russians generally take
off their street shoes and put on slippers when
; /&8 they enter their home.
Entertaining at home is casual and spontaneous. A
A?
Friends and neighbors often drop in uninvited. How do the customs explained here differ from
If visitors happen to arrive at dinnertime, U.S. customs? Use the questions provided as а
they are expected to join the family for the starting point for your discussion.
meal. Foreign visitors are treated with special 1. 8+ ) /6+/A
?
hospitality. The hosts eagerly place food on -
#? H ? BW
their visitors’ plates and do not easily take “no”
+ ? E
6W , !?
for an answer. They encourage the guests with
2.
) , +
Ешьте! Ешьте! or
! (Eat, please!),
) /6+/A
?
and insist on giving second helpings the minute
the plate is empty. 3. + !
-+
,
+ )
?

!
@ ! !
? 501

L
!
%
! L( &

A shot glass (usually
&
O
for vodka) without

a stem is called a
&"
.
& (f.)
4. / 8 ? А waiter at the restaurant «L#» was very careless

in setting the table. Working with а partner, discuss what is missing from
each place setting.
S1: L & ?

S2: < A.
S1: L A ?
S2: E A A.
A
)/ ;
S
&
$&
5. %/ "L?
А. What do Russians drink coffee from? Look at the list provided and
answer the questions.
Model: C)
!, ?
!,
) *
.
% %/
*
# , *
, , +
+ D, !

6
! A,
502 # 16
В. ( (
?
1. C)
" !, :
) *

A
?
2. ( 5
# (hot) #? C) *
, A

?
3. K+ # #?
4. 7?
5. 7!
-?
6. " %? You and your Russian friend are

planning а dinner party for 10 people—American style. Make а shopping
list of the things you need to buy, including drinks and utensils.
Remember to mention the quantity for each item. Keep the cost of your
party moderate. Then compare your list with those of your classmates.
Whose list sounds the best? Who got the most for the money?
+ 5? A

.
( A ? >A.
( !""? F .
16.1 Instrumental Case: (A) Introduction; (B) Without Prepositions; (C) Nouns
A? B* A.
A#? A#.

? L
.
16.1 Instrumental Case: (D) Adjectives
B
& "(( ,

9 – .
@ ! !
? 503
V /&
Find the recommended etiquette for eating various appetizers, soups, main dishes, salads, and
desserts. In each bullet point, underline food items and the key information, with special attention
to the instrumental case.
Also find out how to position the fork and knife on the plate at the end of the meal.
)Ÿ appetizer ) to cut + Aŧ to hold
• Холодные закуски обычно едят прибором, предназначенным для десерта. Если подан-
ное блюдо не нужно резать (паштеты, суфле, яйца вкрутую и т.д.), достаточно одной
лишь вилки, которую держат в правой руке.
• Некоторые виды супов, бульоны и фруктовые холодные супы, которые подают в чашке,
едят десертной ложкой.
• Мясо едят ножом и вилкой. Нож держат в правой руке, вилку в левой. Некоторые блюда,
которые можно не резать, например, омлет, блины, едят только вилкой. Её держат в
правой руке и помогают при еде кусочком хлеба, который держат в левой руке. Зелё-
ный салат ножом и вилкой разделяют на небольшие порции и вилкой кладут в рот.
• Торты, пирожные и другие кондитерские изделия едят вилочкой для пирожных. Пу-
динги, кремы и желе едят кофейной ложечкой.
• Твёрдые сорта сыра режут ножом и едят десертной вилкой. Мягкие сыры намазывают
ножом на хлеб с маслом. Бутерброды (большие, многослойные, горячие) едят ножом и
вилкой.
• Десерты, поданные в бокалах, едят маленькой вилочкой или ложечкой.
• Фрукты с мелкими косточками едят руками. Садовые и лесные ягоды едят ложечкой.
• Закончив еду, нож и вилку кладут на тарелку рядом друг с другом параллельно в знак
того, что вы уже больше есть не будете.
#" * &u "&n"&*" *9 «%» №7
!Ÿ & "?

; ?
504 # 16
7. % ? What utensils would you use to eat the foods listed?
Define the size of the spoon when appropriate. Also mention any
possible cultural differences, if applicable. You may also need the word
!
(chopsticks).
L + 5?
# 6+ ? ( A?
1. !
2. 6 6 +
3. W6
4.
#
6D+
5. !
6. !
7.
"
8. A
9. !
A
!E% R & ? Y
10. 6 " %
?
11. *
12. #ž
13. !""y
14.
8. CL. Interview а classmate. Find out how he or she prefers to eat
and drink the items in activities 5 and 7.
1. C) !@*...?
2. # # ...?
3. L *...?
@ ! !
? 505
Deciding Where to Eat and Drink
Hunger and thirst are

&. usually expressed in
K (%) 8% Russian with the verb
8 + the infinitive
".
(есть and пить).
@ ! !
?
There are numerous kiosks ( @, pl. ) meat pies from various ethnic cuisines, such as
everywhere, especially around metro stations %! (Crimea) and &
& (Uzbek, Tajik).
and bus stops, which sell various drinks and If you prefer a sit-down meal, there are a number
snacks. You can buy soft drinks (
-
, of specialized establishments: a !

O
, etc.), carbonated and non-carbonated sells Russian pancakes called ! E, and a
water (//

), and beer.
E%
sells
(shish kebabs).
The snacks may include " (& &, Among the most popular restaurants are
&,
"&, etc.), &&& &, and those serving Georgian and Uzbek cuisines.
! – !
A #
) V
6 *, A # .
W
)
& – @- # !
A # !#

) 6 *
.

6
6 #
#
506 # 16
B& "
L?
, ) , 6+, A

6 )
: !
A, 6 6 +, , #
6 6
²
**² **
)
and
! %
(bakery) are
commonly used nouns
in an adjective form.
Numerous others are
formed in the same
way: !
, " ,

²%
, etc. Many
newer establishments
have more creative
names, often of foreign
& "
L? origin.
9. "?
1. L ! +D 6 #?
2. +, + ! +D !
A
A ?
3. A **?
4. F
+ 6+,

# #.
( ?
5. & *

-?
6. & ) +,
" 6+
A

-?
7. , - , 6* D6
:
5 ,,
#,

,?
8. * +
# ?
9.
- ?
@ ! !
? 507
?
(, [] ,

,
)
/
(, [] ,
,
) /
/
(, [] ,
,
)

16.1 Instrumental Case: (E) Possessive and Demonstrative Pronouns
10. ? Discuss the chart with а partner.
S1:
! "# $ %$?
S2: &
! $ %$ .

1. "# $ $ %$
2. '$ $ $# $ + $ $ 5
3.
$ #
4.
$ $-1 0$ 1acquaintance
5. &# % 2# «$ »

6. 3
y $ $
7. * # $ 04 3 % «6 »
- 73
(- 7)
?
- 7 %- (- 7 %-) .

! $8. - 73
?
/ (!") !

3# #! 0$ !

$ Note:
? Lena and I =

Igor and I =
%&
16.3 Instrumental Case of Personal Pronouns
508 16
11. &
А. Practice conversations according to the model: you suggest an
expensive рlасе to eat, your friend would rather go to а cheaper place.
S1: : 3 73 . 0$ ! !
S2: * $ ?
S1: 4 %- «;$»?
S2: $
. < = . 0$ 3

!
3+ +.
S1: ', . 0$ .
B.
. You and your roommate are going out for an evening
snack. Call a friend to join you. Also agree on the time and where to
meet. Review the following expressions:
* ? At what time?
*#: $ # to meet: let’s meet
0! Agreed!
0 3$ ! See you tonight then!
Making Reservations
@ +? ', 4 ,+.
@ $? ', ,-.
@ $? ', ,-.
16.4 Short Adjectives

0 2 ,+.
– 0 $?
– 0$, % . *, 4 $.
'
$! $*? 509
. , , "
* ? 3 . and are collec-
* "? ". tive numbers. In this
. lesson, they are used
to answer the question
* ? (How
45 , 4 $. many people are in
your group?)
,,* ?

2$: - # 3 ! «$ ».
$: * «$ »? 1, % =5 1get in
3. A3
$$ $ .
2$: 6
. : B .
: ! C «$ ».

2$: D ! : 7$ %- $$ $ #
3 # $ 3.
: "4 $. '$ - 3$?
2$: '$ 7 3$.
: 2$
$ 8$#?
2$: ; .
: $%. D$ #.1 1taken
2$: &3 7

. $%. 0 #.
: * 7
.
N3 &"
2$: 0%- 3! < $ $ $ $ 8$+ ; .
'$ 3, ! F! 3.
: "7 , 4 $.
8*

.
1. $$ 2$ ; ?
2. '$ $ $$ $ ?
3. 2$ - $, 3 $$ $ $ ?
4. 2$ - $, 3 7 %Go 3, $ =?
510 16
;8 2 4$+,
< $ $
. '
2*
? 15.
12. %&+ 9.

А. Call a restaurant and reserve а table for your party. Уour teacher will
рlау the part of the maitre d’.
В. Your group is trying to get into а fancy nightclub. The doorman says
it is full. Do not take no for an answer. Find out how long you have
to wait and also explain where you are from. (It might help.)
13. ?

А. Discuss the seating order in the picture below. Who is sitting next to
or between whom?
:, & . If more people were
$# 2 ;. to be seated at the
H $= . table shown here, they
' ... would probably have
to sit at the corners.
According to an old
Russian superstition,
unmarried women and
girls should not sit at
the corners; otherwise
they will never get
married.
В. You and your Russian friend are hosting а semiformal dinner party
for 10 реорlе. Decide whom to invite and what the seating order
should be and why. Sketch the seating order on paper.
Model: 0$ $ # ...
: % . % = ,
3 3 #...
'
$! $*? 511
Ordering Food
J$ , $, 7$.

;% "? %$ .
" =.
28 /$, .
<$ «; »
Unlike the sandwich
pictured here, typical
Russian sandwiches
are open-faced: they
do not have another
piece of bread on
top to hold together
" %% ? a tower of toppings.
Traditionally, the
toppings consist of a
14. <$ "? few items only: cheese,
А. Each of the people listed ordered а sandwich, pastry, and tea. salami, or ham, in
Discuss with а partner who ordered what. Also select your own addition to butter.
order.
S1: J $$ * #?
S2: & $$ %% G, 3$
7$, % $.
$$ " & " " "/$, "&

1. * # - 7$/
2. '$ = / 7$
3. A$ 3 $$ 7$
4. * = ! /
5. %$ =% $
6. ;% 5G %G ! ( )/ 7$
7. A $ - 7$/!
(% $)
8. : ______________ ____________ _______________________
512 16
В. Answer the questions.
1. 3 - ! 3$ 8?
2. 2$ 8 $ %
#: $ % ?
3. C + 3$ ! $. *$
# $ 3$?
4. *- B% 7 - 3$? 3?
5. 3 + 3$ ?
15. = $ . Order yourself а snack and а drink from the menu, using
the dialogue as а model.
KF$: J $?

* #: ; % %G G.
KF$: ?
* #: ', % $.
KF$: J F!?
* #: @ !.
«Tepeм»
Блины и салаты Напитки is a
блин квас «Терем» fermented
с ветчиной и сыром чай чёрный/зелёный beverage made
с грибами кофе from rye bread.
с красной икрой сок апельсиновый
с клубничным вареньем пиво «Клинское»
и сливками минеральная вода
салат
с крабовыми палочками и свежими Десерты
овощами мороженое
винегрет с солёными грибами с лесной ягодой
с бананом и шоколадом
'
$! $*? 513
16. >
5 ,?
А. Here are some suggestions for а hеartу Russian breakfast. Which
would you choose?
1. %% 3, G; 8 3;
=%
2. #35$ %$; 3$ %3 4; 8-
$
3. 3$#l
$ ; 3$ ! ; =%3- 1buckwheat
4. =$#2
$ ; 7$; 2oats
8-
В. How do the suggestions in А differ from the breakfast you usually eat?
7# (pl.) cereal (- corn; =- oat)
%% bagel 3 doughnut
@9
! $A
The taste in Russian foods is based more on the • &
$ is a cold soup made with fresh
natural flavor of the ingredients than on added cucumbers in $ and garnished with green
spices. The most typical condiments include onions and $.
salt, pepper, and the herbs (dill) and
=+ $A Main dishes

$ (parsley). Garlic is also widely used.
• " are dumplings with meat, a
B! Appetizers Russian version of ravioli.
• 2%=$ is an oblong pie stuffed with meat • ;8$ is a dish with cubed meat
or fish and rice. The top of the pie is usually simmered in $.
braided or decorated with pieces of pastry. • 2- - (chicken Kiev) are
+ (4
$A) butter-filled chicken breasts.
• ;F is probably the most famous Russian • P%5G are cabbage rolls stuffed with meat
soup. The main ingredients are red beets or vegetables and rice.
and fresh cabbage. It is also served with • Q$
G -$ is a Georgian
$. shish kebab with marinated meat
• N is soup made with fresh cabbage or (often lamb).
sauerkraut. It is often served with $. • &$ (sturgeon), /!$ (salmon),
• C $ is a s oup w it h pick le d and 8 (trout) are typical seafood.
cucumbers. It can be made with meat,
kidneys, and so on. • 2 is a jellylike dessert made of cooked

• =$ is soup made with fish, meat, or berries or fruit creamed with potato starch.
mushrooms. • 2 is a dessert, a drink with fruit
cooked in water.
514 16
#%" &

/
%% -

-

#
" !

Note that

(- %B $)

! refers to soups,
" not appetizers.

You will often

hear the question
" %

? (Do you
'" -, ( want soup?)

!

/ "

% ) /
"
#
, #
"$ -
17. > ,,*? Using the menu above, select а full meal and а
drink for your 16-уеаr-оld cousin who . . .
1. does not eat fish in any form

2. does not like beef
3. is allergic to milk products
4. likes vegetables, except for beets
5. does not drink anything fizzy or sweetened
'
$! $*? 515
Addressing the waiter ! / "! (&85 /$!)
Asking for items 4 , 4 $, B / $8 / ... F!
$ / F! ! %G $.
Asking for J - !? / 2$ $ D

recommendations %B $?
Ordering food , 2 , 3!# , ($ ) =,
($ ) ($ ) 4.
"4 $, ! 9# / 9 3!

+ (=,
, 4&).
Ordering drinks "4 $, %G G.
$ / .

$ .
100 $ . Vodka is typically
sold in portions of
Wishing bon appetit "=& $!
100 grams per person,
which is approximately
Asking to pass items 4 /, 4 $, . 4 fluid ounces.
at the table
Commenting on food O3 !!
CG%$ 3 !-.
Paying the bill (4) ", 4 $.
*- - 3?
=
Traditionally, only one menu was brought to a separate menu for each customer, but one
the table and the “host” of the party ordered for check per table is still the norm. Tips, "²
everyone. Nowadays most restaurants do bring (colloq. " ), usually 5–10%, are optional.
516 16
18. = .
А. Read the dialogue and answer the questions below.
&: 0
$, 4 $? “ ”
&85 $: 0$? . ! 3-" # $%"

- .8
&: @ 3!. : $$
$
G
*
: 149
$ , $ %3 %F. $ 4 + # 149 0 # 11 2 1
%-. ;- $. 22-05-2010 *
$ 18:09 7
$ 18:35
22-05-2010
&85 $: &, . : $$. * $
3!.
$ 282 %=. <
: ( =
*# : 0 >%
... &, - -
?@ <- 0
3.
&: * 300. ?
A' 1 115.00
? A' 1 130.00
0
$ > 0,3 1 50.00
1. J $$ &? ?
2. ? C: 295.00
D
!: 0.00
3. & $ 85 300 %.
E : 295.00
3 3?
4. 2$ - $, $ & 85 $
3$? - %- ? "3?
B. How would you do the following? “ ”

1. Ask the server if they take credit cards. . ! 3-" # $%"

- .8
2. Ask for a new fork. *
: 150
3. Order another bottle of beverage. + # 150 0 # 10 2 1
22-05-2010 *
$ 18:09 7
$ 18:35
4. Ask somebody to pass you the butter. 22-05-2010
5. Complain that you got the wrong dish. <
: ( =
6. Order yourself a complete meal, including drinks. *# : 0 >%
?@ <- 0
0 1 55.50
F%$
$ 1 197.50
< 0.3 1 29.00
C: 282.00
D
!: 0.00
E : 282.00

.
'
$! $*? 517

Toasting is serious in Russia, more like a short Russians always eat ( , )
speech than a simple “cheers.” Depending on the while drinking. After a toast, they take a bite of
eloquence of the speaker, the toast can last from bread, a pickle, or whatever else is available.
one to ten minutes (and most Russians are born
orators). The speech itself is usually very poetic 0 , %
!
and emotional. During the toast, the speaker is
often standing. The guests are holding up their
glasses in the expectation of the final sentence,
after which they all take a sip from their glasses.
In some instances, everyone is expected to drink

(literally: to the bottom), especially if
toasting with vodka. The hosts normally propose
the first toast, followed by each member of the
party in the order of his or her importance. 1$
.
/ !
!
(/
) !

!
!
!
!
19. . Read the two toasts and answer the questions.
1. What is the occasion of the first toast?

2. Who are the people listening to the first toast?
3. What is the occasion of the second toast?
4. Which occasion is probably more formal?
1. " " ! # $

, % &%
% $ , % % "%,
"% %, % % " "

'" . * &% , % !
2. +
$ '
-". ! 0 , %
!
518 16
!"#!
*: , ' 2,
'?
3-4: 5,
'. 6 % " ?
*: 7$... 6 ? 1 a ?
3-4: , a .
*: 6 % $?
3-4: 3"
-. 3 $9.
*: ;, "
,
«*"%» –
4
4
"%
-.
3-4: + $ ?
*: &", %
$ ?
&": &, $.
*: # ' $.
3-4: < $?
*: , «&
».
3-4: «&
» 9 . = '. ;"?
*: ;.
4 '.
3-4: < % $
?
*: > 200 .
3-4: B C?
*: ,
".
#"$Q
*: +
"!
&": *
"... 7--!!! 3 $!
*: , . &,
!
&": 0 !
7 $Q
*: ,
",
', DC 100 .
F C,
'.
3-4: ;. *!
$ .
1. G % $,
" : * &"
" &" *9?
2. 6 " $?
3. 6 "
?
? 519

4. 6 " ?
5. 6 "
"? *?
6. F
( food)?
7. G % $, " %? +$?
Chapter Review
1. list, categorize, and express your opinion about the ingredients
of various foods
2. explain what utensils are used for eating different foods
3. say that you are hungry or thirsty For self-tests and additional practice,
4. suggest а place to eat and make invitations Site, available at www.wiley.com/
college/nummikoski
5. say with whom you go to а place or do something For access to the videos, please go
to the Wiley Resource Kit, available
6. reserve а table at a restaurant and get in with your access code at
7. arrange а seating order for а dinner
8. order а complete mеаl including drinks for yourself and а whole
group
9. ask for items to be passed at the table
10. complain about your order
11. comment on food quality
12. propose a toast
B. Roleplay. Form groups of three or four students. Each group will be celebrating
аn occasion оf its choice. The members agree in advance on what day and at
what time to celebrate. Оnе student calls а restaurant and reserves а table for the
group and then calls everybody to give details.
Dау of the event: Мееt outside the restaurant, say that you have a reservation
(оnе student is late), and go in.
At the restaurant: Ask for the menu, find out what they have, ask for
recommendations; order complete meals; wish each other bon appétit and
comment on the food; propose а toast; order some more food or drink; ask
items to be passed; ask for the check.
C. Interview Video. 6 49 $9 $9?
D. Culture Video. H", - %.
520 16
Extra
"# "
This is а story about а man who wants to live to be а hundred years old.
He intends to follow every diet plan that he reads about in various journal
articles. Find out what happens to him. Note: You do not have to understand
each word in order to follow the story. Just keep reading.
5
' «>$ %»l
$ lhealthy
2 «».
+
9, 9
'$. # C 2
. < –
2 9 9,3
$ C ž 2dangerous / 3health
9'C% D. < 9'C% D, $
4.4 F 9 " . 4heart
– 6 ž? –
" ', ", 9 D
. – 7ž', ?5 L%
.6 5got sick / 6lоst weight
– &, 9 . F %, ', .
6 %

"%
-. 3 :
«5 ž – .» + %
9 9
ž9,
ž , % " ". #
9"4. & N % ".7 7mistake
5
2 «7 – " 8?» * 8еnemy
a .9 F 9 " 4. =DC 9 9eyes
10
-". «G-" ž
9 ž9», – 10quit
.
#
% 4 ,
$
– N 9.11 L
'. 5 11poison
ž 9

$.
– 5 " - " , – '% -4.
– = ,
.12 5%
. 12free
– & $ o, -

9
9.
< 9
9, $
'" 100 , DC
"
.13 5 «R14 – C9, ž 4» " 13step / 14hunger
ž , ' "%
,
' ,15 % % "% 15fast
. L
9 ' "%
%, 4 ,
$.
7 ' 9 "9 ' .
G C%
" $,

: «=DC " '".» 5 "4 9 ' 10 . G 9
C $, % « 9», : «= C,
.16 5 $ ž%.» 16be afraid
? 521

S! # ž. &ž '.17 7% "
17stomach
'ž "4. 5

'
": «6 %
?»
– &
4, D, -, , -",
ž' ž-. & $' , , $,
,

"% DC
'%...
– & ž , $ . 3
.
+ a ' «*
$»

1. What food item was described in the first journal article?
2. After listening to the radio program, what did the man stop
eating? What did he eat instead?
3. Why did he later stop eating those items as well? What milk product
did he reject as being dangerous? What did he start eating instead?
4. Why did the waitress in the cafeteria offer him coffee for free?
5. What was described as the last step in order to live long?
6. Where was the poor man taken? What was the doctor’s advice
after he was treated?
7. Did h follow the doctor’s advice? What was the problem?
8. Did the doctor’s final advice offer n real help to the problem?
Word Building
Phrases in the Instrumental Case
You have already seen many expressions with instrumental case endings in
previous chapters. Some of these are fixed phrases in the Russian language
and are classified as adverbs of time, manner, etc.
* % '9 Happy Birthday! $, %, ,
* & ! Happy New Year! ', ', ,
with pleasure
There are several more that express the manner in which something is done:
on horseback Other expressions:

by foot in what way
C
whispering mainly
as a chorus, all together in a word
$
' as a group !

! in other words

by train all the more, especially
522 16
()**)+-)
16.1 Instrumental Case of Nouns, Adjectives, and Pronouns
A. Introduction. The instrumental case is used in several ways.
1. Without а preposition, to express the instrument for doing

something, the means by which an action is accomplished.
/ %
"? What are you writing with?
#
$ . I am writing with а pencil.
#
''. I eat soup with а spoon.
2. With some prepositions. For example:
() with
side by side, next to
behind, at (to express location)
' between
0 % " ? With whom did you go to the movies?

# " F I went to the movies with Igor and
&'. Natasha.
5 9 2 At the movies I sat next to Natasha.
&'.
H" " Lisa is sitting at the table studying.
9.
L% $ You will be sitting between Igor
F H" '. and Lisa.
3. With certain verbs with or without а preposition.

*
/ 9 to get acquainted with
* /9 to be interested in
5 7 % !"! ! .
We got acquainted with interesting people in Moscow.
# ! $! 9 %.
I am interested in the Russian language.
? 523

B. Use of the instrumental case without а preposition. The English
language uses the preposition with to denote both an instrument and
parallel action. The Russian language, however, uses no preposition
to denote an instrument. Compare the two sentences.
#
''. (instrument, no preposition)
I am eating soup with а spoon. (by means of а spoon)
#
. (parallel action,
I am eating soup with (my) daughter. preposition с used)
C. Noun endings.
ТНЕ INSTRUMENTAL CASE OF NOUNS
Nominative Instrumental singular Instrumental plural
Masc.
F — F - ! -!
* - * - 4! -4!
F - % F - 2! -4!
Fem.
" < - "' <' -' "! -!
C9 L9 -9 C' L' -' C4! -4!

D -
D -
D2! -4!
Neuter

-
-
"! -!
- - 4! -4!
SIMPLIFIED RULE FOR THE QUESTION WORDS

INSTRUMENTAL OF NOUNS (INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS)
M, N -/ Nom.
F -'/-'1 Instr. 7
Pl. -!/4!
524 16
Spelling Rule 3: After , 7, 8, 9, and :, write in stressed singular
endings, and e in unstressed singular endings.
' knife ' ' husband $'

pencil *C' *C''
94 egg 94 * *'

' Mrs.
'' "4 "4'
The following nouns have the instrumental plural ending -! instead of
-4!.
nom. sg. nom. pl. instr. pl.

C
2
The following nouns have irregular plural forms.

nom. sg. nom. pl. instr. pl.
9 9

' ' '
9
% % %
$9 $9
"9 "9
D. Endings for adjectives. Examine the following sentences.
7 $o '.

Mom cut the bread with a big kitchen knife. SIMPLIFIED RULE FOR THE
INSTRUMENTAL OF ADJECTIVES
+$ ' ''.
Pudding is usually eaten with a dessert spoon.
M, N -/!1
&
"44 !
!.
Don,t eat pizza with dirty hands.
F -'/'2
Pl. -!/!!1
? 525

!4
1. Finish the sentences with the words in parentheses in the
instrumental case. Translate the resulting sentences into English.
pencil % left
$ pen
% right
1. # ____________ ( ').
2. L% ' ____________ (9 ')?
3. S"
" ____________ (% ).
4. S"
" ____________ (9 $).
5. & %
$ ____________ (9 ).
6. 7 " ( fed ) C ____________ ().
7. L%
" ____________ (
9 ) " ____________
(9 )?
2. Translate the sentences into Russian. Remember that you do not need
а preposition in these sentences.
1. I write with (my) right hand.
2. Which hand do you write with?
3. I eat ice cream with а small spoon.
4. Do you eat pizza with (your) hands or with а fork and knife?
5. I do not like to eat pizza with (my) hands.
6. We eat meat with а knife and а fork.
7. Do you eat cake with а fork or а spoon?
8. Students write with а black or blue pen.
E. Endings for possessive and demonstrative pronouns. Examine the

following sentences.
39 % ! $.

Olya was at the movies with her new American friend.
# " ' $'
$' &'.
I went to the exhibit with my best friend Natasha.
H
! ! !.
Lena walked in the park with my big dogs.
L% 'e
!! ! !?
Did you already get acquainted with these new students?
526 16
INSTRUMENTAL OF POSSESSIVE AND
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Masc./Neuter Fem. Pl.
// '/'/' !/!/!

8!/
8!
8'/
8'
8!!/
8!!
!/ '/' !!/!
Note 1: The preposition becomes before the pronoun ':

", , ".
Note 2: The pronouns #, %, and != are not declined.
Note 3: Remember that masculine nouns ending in - are declined as
feminines. Their modifiers, however, are in the masculine form.
!4
Model: * G9 % ? $ " ! 0#.
(*)
1. * H "
-? (F)
2. 1 " H" ? (F)
3. * H" " ? (*, <, ", *9
H)
4. * % ? (*, G9 Y)
5. * % ? (59, H", *C', 7",
H" , G9 +9)
6. * ' 7
7? (&", L9,
7, F, & 39)
4. Finish the sentences with the words in parentheses in the singular

form of the instrumental case.
1. <
-
9
( % $
).
2. <" "%
(

").
3. F% "%
( 9
$9 ").
4. *
(N 9 $9
").
5. Y
9 ( 9 7).
? 527
6. < % ( *C').
7. F + ( ).
8. H" 7"9 '
( )?
9. # % ( $ *).
10. *
C ( &).
11. 5% '
(N 9 "4)?
12. 3" '
(N )?
13. <
( *).
14. < ( 9 ).
15. &"
" ( % ' <).
5. Finish the sentences with the words in parentheses in the plural form
of the instrumental case.
1. +- *
9 ($ -" ).
2. # % 4 (" $ ).
3. L" " '
(N % 2)?
4. 1$

(
%

).
5. #
(" ).
6. < "%

( % $ "%).
7. 5% '
(N % $
%)?
8. 7% "4% (" " %).

You have already seen several substantivized adjectives, such as
(ice cream),
4 (bathroom), and 4 (person on
duty). The following words are introduced in this lesson.
"9 pancake house

9 beer bar, pub
9 dining room, cafeteria
9 shish kebab house
Remember that these words are declined as adjectives.
# ( + prep.)
( + acc.)
'
in the cafeteria to the cafeteria
528 16
!
1. Let’s go to the cafeteria.
2. We went to a pancake house yesterday.
3. Would you like to go to the shish kebab house with me?
4. I don’t like to eat dinner in the cafeteria.
16.3 Instrumental Case of Personal Pronouns

Review the following sentences.
7 2 . # ' ' $.
My dog likes to run. I run with her every morning.
L%
" ž'?
Do you want to go to the theater with me?
* % " ? @! .
With whom did you go to the movies? With nobody.
INSTRUMENTAL CASE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Nom. 9 % % % "
Instr. ' ' ! ' !

!
! !
Note: The preposition becomes before the form ': '

(with me). When preceded by prepositions, the third-person forms add
the consonant .

" "
!
7. Finish the sentences with the words in parentheses.
1. F $ (%).
2. L%
" (9)?
4. #
$ ().
4. L%
" (%)?
5. F H (%) ?
6. 5% '
(")?
7. +$ % ()?
? 529

16.4 Short Adjectives
You have already learned some short adjectives, such as #"
(in
agreement) and (needed). Short adjectives are formed from the
corresponding long adjectives. If the stem ends in two consonants, a
fleeting vowel o/e is added to the masculine form. Refer to grammar
section 15.2 for the rule about fleeting vowels.
Long adjective Short adjective
masc. fem. neuter pl.
9-% 9 9

9 9
"-% " " " "
-%
-

-%
C#- C

Two adjectives have an exceptional short form.

"/"!
/"!/"!
"/"
/"/"A
Short forms of adjectives are not declined. They are used only as predicates,
as follows.
A. To denote a temporary condition.
B ? Is this place vacant?
1 ' . The restaurant is already closed.
B. To denote a relative value.
B 2 . This skirt is too small for me.
'"% $ ". The jeans are too big for him.
C. With the words and .
R% "%. The mountains are so beautiful there.
D. When the subject of the sentence is or %.
B
.
5C .
530 16
!
1. Is this place vacant?

2. No, it’s occupied.
3. Are you free tonight, Larisa?
4. No, I’m busy tonight.
5. Professor Vodkin is busy.
6. The cafeteria is already closed.
7. Why is the window open?
8. Liza and Lena, are you free tonight?
9. All places are occupied.
10. Is this table free?
Vocabulary
Nouns "4 mustard

$ pear
Food items kvas (fermented drink)
pineapple
ketchup
$ watermelon -" buttermilk
lamb " strawberry
loaf (French bread) "% ( ; ice
"!A Russian pancakes о )
$ bagel "! lemon
" white bread onion
"7 bun mayonnaise
sandwich % macaroni
jam, jelly " raspberry
$ Russian cheese C honey
pastry flour
#
# hamburger
" pl.
" drink
beef #: pl. #:A cucumber
? 531

()4 pepper At a restaurant

peach 2 dish

$ parsley 24 saucer

cookie wineglass
!#, ! () pie, pastry " fork

' pastry dessert

"44 pizza food, meal
! tomato order

doughnut snack, appetizer

% spices, condiments 4 credit card

gingerbread cookie
7
! rice $' mug

= sugar " spoon
C beet 9 ~ tablespoon
" pork 9 ~ teaspoon
C herring B indecl. menu
f. herring m. maÎtre d’
"! pl. only cream knife
" f. salt
pl. chopsticks
! sausage links
49 portion

spaghetti 2 shot glass
Russian cottage " plate
cheese "C napkin
dough f. tablecloth
" pigs in a blanket
glass

dill "! table
$ vinegar
shot glass
- ground beef 7% check

9 pl. cereal toast (drink)
" blueberry subst. adj. pl. tip
garlic 7
8 cup
shish kebab
532 16
Places to eat % dirty
"9 pancake house A short adj. closed
"74 bakery
4, 4
, occupied, busy

4,
4
C buffet
short adj.
"4 dining hall,
A short adj. open
cafeteria

% good (for health)
9 shish-kebab house
!' fresh
, free, vacant
Other nouns ,

" appetite ,

|()4, vegetarian
short adj.
7 party "
!' sweet
meeting =' dry
head (here: of a -"%: house special
table) ~ 2
at the head of 7 ' clean
the table
diet
$' friendship Adverbs
health in advance
acquaintance (
)
' later
ingredient there (direction)

nutrition
produce
4
recipe Pronouns

hand ' instr. me
=2!, =2' host, hostess ' instr. you
()! instr. him
Adjectives ()' instr. her
' delicious
! instr. us
%: carbonated water
! instr. you
~9 ()! instr. them
#¿7!' hot (temperature
of food)
? 533

Prepositions Phrases
+ gen. without
' Let’s meet . . .
9 + gen. for ! 4…
+ асс. here: to, for /* to give a tip
+ instr. between 7 #
. See you tonight
then.
2 + instr. next to
! “Bottoms up!”
+ instr. with
#"! . Agreed.
F!2# Bon appetit!
Verbs
!
*/
(I) to wait F
', Please, pass . . .
', 'C, '
',...
'| (II) to hold F! , Please bring me . . .
'$, ',
',...
'
Foxo Come in
%| (I) to order, to reserve
0 ! Sit down! Have
*
(I)
a seat!
'$, ',
' 0 " !. With pleasure.
$%| (I) to snack
* " Other
|" (II) to feed "2 may not
2, collect. num. two
,
9 collect. num. three
*

$| (I) to mix up collect. num. four
*
'" (II) to put
collect. num. five

'$,

',

'
*

to get in
!!
| (I) to take (here:
credit cards)
534 16
17 (0
:' )
- "
9?

◆ Talking about your plans ◆ Typical professions ◆ Use of the instrumental
and interests ◆ Wedding ceremonies case with , %,
◆ Discussing love and and traditions , 9,
marriage 9, and the short
◆ Birth of a child
◆ Discussing family plans adjective
◆ Popular names
◆ The verb

/
*

"
◆ + %
◆ The reciprocal pronoun
$
◆ Verbs '"9 and ²
'
◆ Feminine nouns ending
in а soft sign
K "
4 ¿: ! ŧ %.
- "
9? 535
Talking About Your Plans and Interests
G"
% 9?
>$D (future) is
a neuter substantiv-
- % " ? # $ . ized adjective: C
%? % '. $D, $D.
- %
8? # C.
%
?
- % $ ()? # $ () '.
17.1 Use of the Instrumental Case: (C, D) With the Verbs стать, быть, and
рабóтать.
G * % !, 3 C 7
?

'.
<

" C.
3 9% 8".
-#
²"!
"! /
"', ="! ?
The Soviet Russian
>"? organization 7"49
1- %? was changed into
+4 /
"4'? +"49 in 2011.
<C? Thus, the former
;'? 4%
S"?
are now known as
<? !""! "!:' !'
4.
5?
5?
+ ? ' /
F ' %... "
7! =!#
• G ÷ % ?

• G % $, "
-
"'%?
536 17
1. - ="! ? - 9% 8"? Working with а partner,
ask questions based оn the chart.
S1: G 7"9 ?

S2: 3 "% -".
S1: <
?
S2: 3

- $% (physical
education).

8
1. 7"9 "% -"

- $%
2. ]
"4 " $ %
3. &

4. Gž9 % - % $
5. H" C%
6. &" 9 " ?
$! 9 %.
% ! 8 4?
/ # ! "' $'.
% ! ?
ž! 8!4!.
17.1 Use of the Instrumental Case: (E) With the Verb интересовáться
2. / ! 4? - ? These students were asked

to fill out а career-interest questionnaire. Based оn their interests, what
kinds of choices might they havе?
S1: 6 $9 &?

S2: 3 $9 .
S1: G % $, $/?
S2: # $, $/ ".
4 ! 4 !

1. & 7. * $
2. H" % 9 %" 8. H a9 -$ %
3. *
, - 9. 39 '% 9
4. L9 4" 10. &9 9 $
5. 5ž9 "9 $ % 11. Gž9
6. 5" % "%
- "
9? 537
²'
.
/ % 9? # "' $ %'.
% ? -$ .
17.1 Use of the Instrumental Case: (F) With the Verb занимáться
- !

4?
>" 9 !"!#.
C=
!

=
#
) ?
• G" N "
% ?
,
9

%
-$
²'%
%

538 17
3. $ . !
8 4 ? This survey was taken by
correspondents of the newspaper «<% -%».
А. Skim through the survey and find answers to the following

questions.
1. G $?
2. * ?
3. G " ?
4. 3" 9
? G" "
?
$F($0
!8 4 ? 0#', 25, ':

'" ($"&*" 9 $ &9 (*(: – L . 5-
%, ^
5" . ;*" ,&" .,:*,&9. , -% – ,

@ "/ – (9 >9 , @ 9 ' .
&, / – ""&"*.
)', 20, :
*!8, 26, : – 7 % 99 . &
– 0 9
? &, 9 . >% %
...
.
$"#, 21, :
M, 24, "! -# «*!»: – #

-. L% '
– # . 6 9 9. , ^ .
^ % %'
9 . <

9
a^.
B. $ .
1. +$ 7" 9
?
2. G" "
H ?
3. < " " 9 C ?
4. R * % (earn) ' ?
5. +$ < 9 ?
C. Pretend to be the interviewer for «<% -%» and ask

the participants several more questions. For instance, you can ask
how long they have been involved in the sports, why they are not
involved in their previous sports any more, etc.
- "
9? 539
6 % $ " 7
!4 ?, After you graduate
% 7! ? can be expressed in
two ways: (1) with
the preposition

# DC 8"/.
(after) and the noun
# $ " $ 9 %.
(end) in the
# $
$.
genitive case: "
# $ $.
7
!4 8"/
# "B $.
! !, or
(2) with the verb
17.2 The Verb поступáть/*поступи́ть
: ...#
(or
, )
) ? % 7! /
• 6 (" ) % ? .
• 5% ' ", % "
9
?
4. !"#. Read the dialogue and answer the questions below.

H": & - % $9?
*: & ".
H": L$ ²o

"?
*: &, . Hť is pronounced
H": < % ' ", % $
9 [ť].
?
*: &, DC ". # $

$.
H": < % $, % $

$%?
*: L . 7' %

.
H": < % ?
*: , . 3-4.
H": G'% ?
*: &,

4 .
A. $ .
1. 6 *
9 %?
2. < "
% $D?
3. R % ' ?
540 17
В. Read the dialogue aloud with partner and modify it to find out
what his or her plans are. You may also need the following:
!
(look for)

4...
$ ( join) / 55* / 57*
55* = 5- $% "% Air Force (U.S.)
57* = 5-" "% Navy (U.S.)
5. - != "
9? Working with а partner, answer
the following questions and then ask similar questions about the other
teenagers.
1. * 3?

2. 6 ?
3. 3 ' ? * DC (remains)
"9?
4. G" C
% $D?
5. 6 $9?
6. G C "?
7. G % $, $ 39 9 ?
"9: 39
: 15
: ( just) 9-%

%: 4"
%: '%

": 4 – 'C1, – '" 1movie director
"9: F
: 18
: ^-" '

%: ?
%: ?
": '%
"9: 5"
: 17
:
4 " 9 % 9

%: -- 7
%: " 9 ²
": 4 –
, – ^"
- "
9? 541
# $ "7 ² 8
!.
# $ .
7" " , 7 9

"" 4" .
9 " .
17.3 The Conjunction чтóбы

5²
(literally: highest
7" " ()" '. education) refers
to university-level
17.1 Use of the Instrumental Case: (G) With (не)довóлен education, as opposed
to 99 or
.
H 9

,
C " , 7
" $ %.
6. ("! " !. These parents are not satisfied with
the future plans of their children. Discuss their respective wishes
S1: 6 0"?

S2: 3 '.
S1: <
$ " % ?
S2: 3" , %

" 4" .
! =2 "! =2
1. 0" '

" 4"
2. &" 9 -$% 9
3. "
" ²e
4. 59

" % $ "9
5. * - % ()
6. H" 9 9 $ % ("
)
7. 5" R$ C
542 17
!"#.
Sergei is talking to his career counselor. Read the dialogue below.
< <: *, "
% $D? G %
?
*: # DC ". 7" " , % 9

" 4" .
< <: 6% ?
*: , 9 $
-
.
< <: < % $9?
*: # $ $.
< <: L% '?
*: F , . & $, N 9

-9.
< <: < $ % $9?
*: , . B
" $.
< <: L ' % % ?
*: R--. 7' %... &
$ N...
А. $ .
1. G"
% " 9 *9?
2. < N 9 *? (What does Sergei think
about this?)
3. 6 $9 *?
4. +$ * '?
5. 6
'" * < <?
6. < " (reacted) *?
B. You meet Sergei after the counseling session. Create a dialogue

between the two of you.
7. Roleplay. Pretend to be а career counselor for unmotivated high school

students. Try to find out what their interests are and what they might
like to do after they finish high school. Then report the results of your
counseling session to the class.
- "
9? 543
Discussing Love and Marriage
39 < !"! 6 39 ""

. 3" "! <9. < ""
# # . H". 39 <
+ 9 % " " . < " 4
"! . B
!' . H".
3 ² 17, <
18 .
17.4 Verbs *полюби́ть, *разлюби́ть, and *развести́сь

17.5 The Reciprocal Pronoun друг дрýга
• R
39 <?
• G "
'"?
• +$ " "?
• & '"9 <?
• G % $,
$ 39 " <9?
• G
-, ' '" $
?
4 ( ?) ²'!

( #?)
5" 4 &". &" ²'!

5".
* " 4 3. 39 ²8"
*4.
5" &" "! .
17.6 Verbs жени́ться and *вы́йти зáмуж
544 17
8. 0" 8!4. Complicated Relationships.
А. The male and female applicants for marriage licenses got all mixed up.
• G '"9? & ?
• < ² '? 0 ?
R"!4 +4 $7 R"!4 +4 $7 Note: Feminine
last names
1. G 4 7" * 74 * < ending in -a
are declined
2. 04 < & 7 " 5" as adjectives
3. 1 < < H &" " in the preposi-
tional case, e.g.
4. 1 = Y F 7" < 74'.
B. Discuss the relationships of the people shown. Use the following

questions as a starting point.
1. G 2 *9?
2. G 2 *?
3. G '"9? & ?
4. G ² '? 0 ?
C. How do you think the situation will be different in ten years? Which
couples stopped loving each other? Who got divorced? Whom did
they marry?
1. & " *9?
2. * " &?
3. * & "?
4. G
" &?
5. & ² '? 0 ?
- "
9? 545
Wedding Vocabulary
wedding bride
4: 9 4 to get married in a church witness
0<R*:
9 0<R* to get married in the a civil 9 4 to exchange rings
registry office 'C% newlyweds
4 9 wedding palace 4(9) to kiss
'" groom
( 4

Traditional Russian weddings often include text “,” but nowadays a white flower
an activity called ² (buying of on the lapel is more common. The father of the
the bride), where the = has to perform bride does not give her away: the couple enters
various tasks in order to redeem the . the room together.
The actual ceremony takes place in a : After the ceremony the bride and groom
7
!4, which is a branch of the climb into a vehicle decorated with colorful
civil registry office, 0<R*. The ceremony is ribbons and rings. A teddy bear or a doll is
often performed by a woman. The ceremony sometimes tied to the front of the car for good
ends with the exchange of rings and a kiss, as in luck and fertility. The " % then visit
many other countries. Religious ceremonies are some local landmarks (e.g., the Tomb of the
growing in popularity, but they do not replace Unknown Soldier, a park, etc.). The wedding
the official ceremony by the 0<R* officials. A ends with a lavish dinner at a restaurant. The
wedding at a Russian Orthodox Church is a party usually lasts for a long time and includes
long, elaborate ritual, involving a procession, singing, dancing and games organized by a
singing, wedding crowns (cf. 9 (master of ceremonies).
from 4 crown), and candles. -
' is a round bread with a small cup
Many features typical of an American of salt on top, used in traditional welcoming
wedding do not exist in Russia. There are no ceremonies, which are also known as -.
bridesmaids. Instead, there are two unmarried At a wedding, parents greet the newlyweds with
witnesses ( !"), one from the bride’s a . The husband and wife each take a
and the other from the groom’s side. Until bite of the bread, and the one who gets a bigger
recently, they used to wear a red sash with the piece will be the “head of the family.”
B '"è 4š 9. B .
546 17
0

1 % &:
94
$ 3 ² '. =C $' $
*. O
.1 1guy
# % . 149 2 2took place

4 9. 5C ² ". 5
" " 3 , 3entered
'%4 % . + ² " 4festive
'" . +"5 0<R*

6 3 5representative / 6greeted
* 4 9. 3 " "7 7mutual
", " 8

9 $. < 8duty / 9faithfulness

" ' , % " % $' '.
3" : «»,
4
4.
5
'C,

«* », %
10 N 11 ².12 10celebrate / 11happy / 12event
0
%
$
:
«R-! R-!».
A. $ .
R is a traditional
1. 69 N % ? wedding cheer to
2. 0 ²a '? encourage the newly-
3. R " " ? weds to kiss. Literally,
means bitter.
4. G % ?
It can be understood
5. G9 $ % %? as “life is bitter” or “the
6. 3 C "
" 0<R*? wine is bitter,” and the
7. 6 '"
, " «»? young couple is ex-
pected to kiss in order
8. 6
4?
to make life or wine
9. G "

? sweet.
10. 6 'C%, «-»?
B. ) ?
1. 5% -$ ² ? G ² ' "
'"9? R % ? * ²?
2. 1$ 9 4
. < 4%?
3. G
4 : '",
" (both)?
4. 7'C% 4$9
4?
C. Pretend that you attended Olga’s wedding. Tell your friend about it.
Your friend asks questions in order to get as many details as possible.
- "
9? 547
Discussing Family Plans
( ! %
Russians do not have baby showers for their Traditionally, maternity hospitals ("%
unborn child. In fact, making preparations in , ) do not allow fathers or other
advance, and sometimes even selecting a name, family members in the birthing room, and the
is considered bad luck. When the child is born, new mother normally stays in the hospital longer
the hospital prepares a document stating the than in the United States. As in most European
date of birth. The parents have up to one month countries, all new mothers are guaranteed a
to decide on the name and apply for the official government subsidized maternity leave (

birth certificate ( ')
) and they are entitled
at the ЗАГС, which, in addition to marriages, to a leave up to three years (

registers births and deaths. C) without losing their jobs.
Collective numbers
are in nominative case
(, , etc.) in
the construction
2 , and in the
accusative (=,
=, etc.) after the
verb !. All collec-
tive numbers are fol-
lowed by the genitive
plural (here: ).
The verb ! to

G % $, "9: ? have is used mostly in
abstract phrases (e.g.,
!
S ? &, . to have the opportu-
, %. nity) and also when
//7 '. preceded by another
verb, such as .
5% " ! &, $. Hence: I want to have
? , 9 $ C. = 4 =7 !.
=/=/7eA= '. Compare: # $
= I want to eat.
548 17
1. 2. S & F9 "9 C. 3"
"!
C <. < $ ?
)"
.
& % C. S

C $ C.
0
"2 !
The verb %/
5
5–7

' "9 7 – * means to
<. 0 < $ 7", F, <C, ", name somebody. The
&", 7", ", = <. name itself stays in the
*"
<"9,
7"9, 9, nominative or instru-
<, H , +", 59, =", *-9. mental case form: $
% <.
"!
"7!
* ().
(*"3 ä "âà@ ãà à «ã@ä»
• G" N C 99?

• G % % ² /2 ?
• G" '" ' <?
9. 0" != '? Answer the following questions. Then ask

similar questions about the other families.
1. * F% ?

2. B " ?
3. G " ?
4. < $ -"9?
2 + F *

"! F" H" &" * < &
! < 7"9 5
< 5"
"
- "
9? 549
10. ( !, ! ! . Working with а partner, answer the questions
based on Elena’s family chart.
1. G "9 e¸ / e¸ ?
2. & ?
3. G : " ?
& ? 5 $ N ²?
4. 6 e¸ 1957- $?
5. * ?
6. G "
C?
7. &
' "9 C?
8. G " C?
9. G ? R?
10. < ?
11. G $ : " ? & ?
12. * % , $? < ?
13. G $ <?
14. 5 $ "9 <?
15. 6 <
9 %?
16. G % $, $ "9?
17. 6 < 1984- $?
18. * ? 5 $?
19. G <
9 $? R?
20. G % $, '?
2
8 ' 8 ' :
4-7 < 7 F & )"

! 1939 1937 1960
7
! 1954 1952 1977
8"
! ! — — 1978–1984
1957 1957 1984 (&9 Y)
! H" (. 1958) 5" (. 1985)
)"
(. 1960) L (. 1988)
T" (. 1995) d K 4.
" (weaver)/ / /"4
- ^49
2010 1997
17.7 Feminine Nouns Ending in a Soft Sign
550 17
F" ! ! :
A. Read the text and answer the questions between the paragraphs.
39 ' ' 'D 9

$'%. + $'% '
"9
. F ^ 9 ² 2
$ ,
" %
$ . *D
9
' 9, 2
$
" % «^ (
)», "
«^ ». 5 ^
² 2
,
" 29 $. 5 9 1"
% %% «' »,
2 ' -4
-9 . 7 , «'
»
29
, " ' .
1. What are the three different stages in a relationship?
2. According to the text, what are the possible advantages of
cohabitation?
5 1" "4,
$
4.
5
, '"9 " , ' "9
²

' «<
'9», %
² '" «» " «»,
$ N
2 '
$
,
" .
5 " '9 ', '

"
. B ' % "
" , " - .
3. How does the Russian proposal tradition differ from the
American one?
3 '% ^
' C% 99
"9. 9 % '
9
'
, 9 , '
" -4

" 9 4
%. + N '$
"
%.
4. What is the next important step in the relationship?
5. What is the final step in the “getting acquainted” process?
9 , % "9 0<R*,
"
9. +
99,

C9 " 94 % ,
" " '"9.
- "
9? 551
6. How long does the young couple have to wait after getting
their marriage license before they can get married?
* ² %. K ²

'"9, 9 "9
.
+ ' "9 94

. 5 % " ' %
² 9

.
7. How does the length of the wedding preparation differ from

the American one?
8. Who pays for the wedding?
0 % '"
" "
«4
$» 9 " '% . <

" –
9 $'

$' C. & " ² 9
.
9. What happens a few days before the wedding?

10. How is the corresponding American tradition different?
B. In Russian, make a list of all the differences between Russian and

American customs regarding courtship and the steps leading to a
wedding.
C. Challenge: Prepare an oral presentation about the corresponding

American customs.
Chapter Review
A. You should now be able to . . .
1. ask and answer questions about what you want to be(come)
2. explain how your plans have changed since childhood
3. state what you are interested in and involved in
4. describe what you will do after you graduate For self-tests and additional practice,
5. say how your parents’ wishes differ from yours Site, available at www.wiley.com/
college/nummikoski
6. explain what people are (dis)satisfied with For access to the videos, please go to
7. say how long people have been friends before marriage the Wiley Resource Kit, available with
8. say who fell in love, fell out of love, got married, or got divorced college/wrk
9. compare Russian and American weddings

10. describe someone’s plans for starting a family
11. say that somebody is expecting a child
12. announce the birth and name of a child
552 17
B. T "! ... Interview a classmate, asking the following questions
in Russian. Do not attempt to translate them literally, however. Add any
other questions necessary. Take short notes and prepare a written report as
homework.
1. When you were little, what did you want to be?
2. Are you working now? As what?
3. What are you interested in?
4. Are you involved in any sports?
5. How about music?
6. Did you apply to other universities?
7. Have you already decided what you want to be?
8. When will you graduate?
9. What do you want to do after you graduate?
10. How did your parents react to your choice of career?
11. Do you want to get married? When?
12. Do your parents want you to get married?
13. What kind of weddings do you like?
14. Do you like children?
15. Do you want to have children? How many?
C. F!8 $"? Go back to activity 5. Select one of the people and tell your
classmates everything that you know about his or her career and personal life.
It is now fifteen years later.
D. "! ! You meet your high school friend after 20 years.
Compare your lives since then. What have you been doing? Are you married?
Do you have children? What is your profession? Also discuss some rumors
that you have heard about other people in your class.
E. Interview Video. G 99 ' C?
- "
9? 553
Extra

7'
Read the beginning of а story bу Anton Chekhov, The Lady with the Dog.
R", '
9" 1 4: 2 1appeared / 2face
. " " R$,
'" # '
, 9 ž% "4. 3'% ",
'
9 , % 3 ", 3hеight
; ' %

4.
F
ž C ž $
. 3
, ' , %
"4; ž , ,
% C
ž : .
«= $' %, – ' R$, –
o % "4
ž9 .» 4here: would not bе bad
=$ % DC , % ' 4

c a ". =ž '" , % DC
ž $,
'
5 . 3 5onе and а half
ž , % $' ", ",
C $ , 9 C " % ž.
F '%,6
, $,
" 6оnсе

, ž% . =C %', 7
ž, 8 7expression / 8gait
,
C9 " $,
10 D,11 9hairdo / 10respectable /
11society
', #
% , $ ...
O <. +. 6 « »

1. How long had Dmitri Gurov bееn at Yalta?
2. What did the newcomer look like?
3. What kind of dog did she have?
4. Where did Gurov see the lady and how often?
5. What was her name?
6. Was she with someone?
7. Ноw old was Dmitri Gurov?
8. How many children did he have?
9. When had he married his wife?
10. What was his wife like?
11. What could Dmitri Gurov tell by the lady’s appearance and
behavior?
554 17
Word Building
Marriage Vocabulary
Тhe phrase
is formed fгom the preposition (behind) and the
instrumental case form of ' (husband). Thus, married women are behind
their husbands. And if а woman wants to get married, she goes behind the
husband ( '). Меn, оn the other hand, are “wived” ('), and
when they marry they “get wived” ('"9).
Тhе noun (marriage) has аn interesting second meaning, defective
goods, spoilage, wreck. So if the marriage, in fact, becomes defective, some
people mау opt to lead each other apart, ", from the prefix
(apart), (to lead), and the reflexive - / 4 (each other).
Roots
- - woman
' wife
'D woman
' married (of а man)
'e" bridegroom
' women’s
'% feminine (in appearance or behavior)
- - man
' husband
'" man
' married (of а woman)
'" peasant
'ž men’s
$'% masculine, manly, brave
- "
9? 555
()**)+-)
17.1 Use of the Instrumental Case
In Chapter 16 you learned to use the instrumental case as follows.
A. Without a preposition, to denote an instrument, a means for
doing something.
# ž''.
B. With the prepositions , 2 , , and .
#
ž A .
In this lesson, you will learn several other uses of the instrumental case.
C. With the verbs стать (to become somebody/something) and
(to be somebody/something).
# o$ ž'. I want to become a nurse.
# o$ % ž'. I want to be a nurse.
# ž ž. I will soon become a physician.
# ž $ ž. I will soon be a doctor.
- % ž ? What do you want to become?
- % ž %? What do you want to be?
** is a perfective aspect verb, conjugated as follows:
9
%
"
In sentences with the verb , the predicate is in either the nominative
or the instrumental case as shown in the chart.
infinitive # $ ž. instrumental

present tense * – . nominative (implied verb )
future # ž. instrumental
past tense =ž "
$4. nominative (permanent condition)
5 9 "
instrumental (nonpermanent
ž'. condition)
556 17
D. With the verb ž (to work as somebody).
- % ž? # ž -4.
What are you working as? I work as a waiter.
You can ask about a person’s profession in two ways, as the following
examples show. Note also that the English language uses the pronoun
what, whereas the Russian language uses the pronoun who.
- % ž? What are you working as?
or: - %

-? What is your profession?
!4
1. Finish the sentences by putting the words in parentheses in the
instrumental case.
1. 39 ž (
"4).
2. Gž9 ž % ( % - %).
3. H $ ( "%
).
4. * ž (') ž.
5. 5ž9 ž % (%).
6. ' (
4).
7. G F % (), ().
8. G H" % (9), (C%).
9. 7 ž (
D"4) ".
10. & ž ('ž%
)
' «3C».
2. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. What do you want to be?

2. What does your sister want to become?
3. Nina will be an actress.
4. Lena will become a veterinarian.
5. In the summer Misha worked as a waiter.
6. What are you working as now?
7. Larisa wants to be a teacher.
8. When Sasha was little, he wanted to become a firefighter.
9. When I was little I wanted to be a nurse, but now I want to
become a doctor.
10. Sergei, when you were little, what did you want to become?
- "
9? 557
E. With the verb ! |
| 4 (to be interested in somebody/
something). Notice the change in the present-tense stem from --
to -y-.
9
% 9
" 9
# $
ž. I am interested in sports.
/ % $9? What are you interested in?
G 9 % , 9 When I was little, I was interested
9 '. in gymnastics.
F. With the verb !
4 (to be occupied with or involved in
something, to study).
# $! 9 %ž.
I am doing my Russian homework. (actively involved)
I study Russian.
but: # $ 9 . (in general, but not
I study Russian. necessarily now)
Note 1: Note the difference between the verbs !
4 and
!
4.
# $
ž. (I’m interested, but not
involved)
#
ž. (I play football, tennis, etc.)
Note 2: The question / !
8 4? can mean several things.
6 % 9? What are you doing right now?
What are your hobbies?
What kind of sports are you involved in?
!4
3. / ! 4 ! "B!? Write complete sentences with the
given words.
1. %/9 -$ %/?
2. </
9
3. 9/9 $
4. H H" / $
5. /%
558 17
6. %/
/?
7. */'ž% 9
8. %/-$
9. 9/'ž% "
10. %/ž9/?
4. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Use the verbs

!
4 or !
4, as appropriate.
1. What are you interested in?
2. I’m interested in classical music.
3. What is Lena interested in?
4. She is interested in Russian movies.
5. Are you involved in sports?
6. What kind of hobbies do you have?
7. My hobbies are swimming, tennis, and skiing.
8. Does your brother do bodybuilding?
9. Igor does fencing and wrestling.
10. I jog.
G. With the short adjective ž"/ž"/ž"/ž"

(satisfied, pleased) and its opposite ž".
Note: Unlike the English, there is no preposition with in the Russian
sentence.
7" " ž% '. My parents are pleased with me.
G9 ž ' ž'. Katya is not satisfied with your
work.
!
1. I’m not pleased with him.

2. Is Anna Pavlovna satisfied with my work?
3. Are your parents pleased with you?
4. The professor is not satisfied with these students.
5. My parents are not satisfied with my decision ().
- "
9? 559
17.2 The Verb
/*
Remember that the imperfective aspect denotes action without implying
result, whereas the perfective aspect implies that the action had or will
have an intended result. Examine the following sentences and pay close
attention to the English translation.

to apply
*

" to get accepted, to get in, to enroll
#
$. (I will be taking entrance
I will apply to graduate school. exams.)
L%
" $?
Did you apply to graduate school?
L% " $? (Did they accept you?)
Did you get accepted to graduate school?
# $ $. (I want to get accepted.)
I want to go to graduate school.
= 9 "B,
ž
ž 9.
If I get accepted, I will have to study a lot.
!
6. Supply the correct form of the verb

/

".
1. 6 % $ , % $?

– & . >$ ž, ž' %.
2. < ž %
%, " DC $9 4 .
3. 5 4
9 " ' , " % "
.
4. H$ , %
, " % % . Gž
(competition) ž ž.
5. 5 " % $ ?
6. H" , R
, $ ž (happy).
560 17
17.3 The Conjunction 7ž
You have already learned to use the verb = to express what a person
wants to do.
# $

" ž.
I want to enroll in the conservatory.
To express what a person wants somebody else to do, the conjunction
7ž (that) with the past tense of the verb is used.
Мо" род"тели хотт, 7ž 4 (refers to another

"" в университт. person)
My parents want mе to enroll in
a university.
literally: My parents want that I should
enroll in a university.
7% ", ž% "! (refers to another
. person)
We do not want you to be here.
Note 1: Remember that as with other clauses with , 7ž requires
the past tense of the verb.
Note 2: Pay close attention to translations from English into Russian.
In English you can use the object forms of personal pronouns. In Russian,
however, you have to use two separate clauses, both of which have a
subject in the nominative case.
I want him to read. # $, ž% .
subject verb subject verb
My parents want 7" " , ž% 4 9.
mе to study. subject verb subject verb
!
7. Translate the sentences into Russian. Remember to use the past tense
of verbs.
1. Mother wants you to go to the store.
2. I want you to go to the movies with me.
3. I do not want my sister to become an actress.
4. I want my son to finish school.
5. My sister wants me to be involved in sports.
- "
9? 561
6. My parents want me to become a doctor.
7. Parents want children to get a college education.
8. Our teacher wants us to study more.
9. I do not want you to buy a new car.
10. We want you to go to graduate school. (say: to enroll in a
graduate program)
17.4 Verbs *", *", and *

When added to the verb ", the prefix o- denotes the beginning
of an action and the prefix - cancellation of an action. Thus, the verbs
*" and *" can best be translated as to fall in love and
to fall out of love, respectively. Both verbs govern the accusative case.
7
" 7. " 2 &".
Masha fell in love with Mark. Denis fell out of love with
Nina.
The verb 4/* + instrumental (to get divorced)
is needed mostly in the perfective aspect form. The past-tense forms of
the verb are as follows.
C9

"
G F 28 , %" 4 'ž'.
F H " .
!
8. Write complete sentences with the words given.
Model: </18/
"/39
-#
)" A" 18 ", "" $".
1. "/14/
"/L9
2. </24/ "/H"
3. &/32/ "/5ž9
4. 3/35/ "/5"
5. 7/21/ "/F/ / "/
562 17
17.5 Reciprocal Pronoun # #
The reciprocal pronoun # # (each other) is declined like the
noun #. Only the second word is declined, however. The pronoun
does not have a nominative case form. When a preposition is needed, it
falls between the two words.
Without With
preposition preposition
Nom. —
Gen. $ $ without each other
Dat. $ $ to(ward) each other
Acc. $ $ at each other
Instr. $ $ with each other
Prep. * $ about each other

* The prepositional case is not used without a preposition.
H" 7"9
" # #. Lisa and Mitya fell in love
with each other.
3" ž ' # #. They cannot live without each
other.
3"
# #. They always help each other.
!
9. Supply the missing words.
1. Ý ž99 (fight) (with each other).

2. (to each other) %.
3. &9 Gž9
(each other).
4. &" 5ž9 " (each other).
5. 7%

(each other)
.
6. 7% ž' ' (without each other).
7. H H" ž (about each other).
8. < *
(each other) &ž%
ž.
9. ' 5ž9 ž (each other).
10. 3"
"
" (to each other).
- "
9? 563
17.6 Verbs 4 and *²'!

You have already learned to express the current marital status of people.
For masculines, you use the short adjective
/
and for
feminines, the phrase
.
Gž9, '? &, 9 ž (single).
Až +, '? , 9 '. (Notice the formal
form, identical
to the plural)
H, '? &, 9 '.
< +, '? , 9 '.
The corresponding verb referring to masculines is 4 +
prepositional. The same verb is both imperfective and perfective.
5
ž $ * '"9. Sergei got married last year.
0 9 '2. I will get married tomorrow.
* '"9 &". Sasha married Nina.
For feminines, the verbal phrase =/*A'!
+
accusative is used.
Note: The past-tense forms of A'! are A8", A8"!.
H ' 2 ž . Lena got married two years ago.
L9 ' . Tanya will get married in the
summer.
39 ' F4. Olya married Igor.
H" ž ' *. Lisa wants to marry Sasha.
5 ž ž 'D (in general; hence the
$ = '? imperfective aspect)
What is the best age for women
to get married?
When you want to say that a couple got married, you use the verb
* 4.
* H
'""! . Sasha and Lena got married.
!4
10. Write two sentences for each item according to the model.
Model: 5"/3 " 4 $"#.
$"# A8"
.
1. F/L9 4. "/H"
2. */39 5. */&
3. 7"/H
564 17
11. Translate the following sentences into Russian. You will need both
the verbs and the expressions for current marital status.
1. My sister is married.
2. She got married two weeks ago.
3. She married Nina’s brother.
4. Lena has been married for a long time.
5. My older brother is married.
6. Katya and Yura got married last year.
7. My best friend Mark married a Russian woman.
8. Natasha says that she does not want to get married.
9. All her friends (female) are already married.
10. Aleksei Alekseevich, have you been married for a long time?
17.7 Feminine Nouns Ending in a Soft Sign

You have already learned several feminine nouns that end in a soft sign.
дверь door night salt
bed žсень autumn
ž horse
žD square
The following nouns are introduced in this lesson.
' life death
(ž) love
The complete declension of feminine nouns ending in a soft sign is given
in the following chart. You can see that the singular instrumental case
has the ending -, (нžчью, žсенью). The accusative and nominative
are identical, and all other singular case forms end in -!. The plural is
identical to that of masculine nouns ending in a soft sign.
Singular Plural
Nom.
žD ž
žD
Gen.
žD "
D
Dat.
žD "
D
Асс.
žD ž
žD
Instr.
žD ž
D
Prep.
žD "
D
Note: The noun "ž (love) drops the fleeting vowel -o- in the genitive,
dative, and prepositional forms.
- "
9? 565
!
12. Supply the missing words in the correct form.
1. 5 N $
" ž ().
2. L% ž (ž).
3. +ž () 4 % 7$.
4. G" 9 ž99 (G9
žD)?
5. & N - (ž pl.).
6. 5 7 9
" ž % (D)(thing).
7. 5 9 ' ().
8. 6 % (' ) N ž'?
9. * C '9, &!—* (ž), F.
10. +$ % $9 (' ) N "%?
Vocabulary
Nouns %()

Family Life gen. %,
pl. ! child
marriage
! birth
4 palace

wedding
4 marriage palace
m. witness
9
f. death
7 (little) girl
4ž9 ceremony
= bridegroom
4() f. ( 4) church
0<R* (3
civil registry office

#'
9) School
4 n. (рl. !
) name, first name
! education
":ž pl. ž4 ring schooling, teaching
"(ž) f. love 7
! finishing
gen. " " plan

"7! (little) boy
4ž special school
'C% newlyweds -- department
bride (= -" of languages and
-) literatures
566 17
Professions a round bread
(for ceremonies)
% subst. adj. soldier
7
dream
!"
diplomat
millionnaire
'C movie director

ž survey
"%7! pilot
relation(ship)
:, : singer

m. guy

'%
subst. adj. firefighter
"!:' !' Adjectives
subst. adj. police officer highest (here:

psychiatrist college level)
intelligence officer ž", satisfied with
- % rock musician ž",
"
soldier ž"
+ instr.
$ surgeon
' famous, well-known
"#ž (it’s) easy
Sports '% ski(ing)
# running ž' international
" bodybuilding ž% fashionable
wrestling
"'% prestigious

% soft. adj. early

bicycling ž'% complicated
9 horseback riding
- fencing Adverbs
C!" physical education
ž" fairly, rather
walking
ž soon
ž just
Other nouns
ž7 exactly

!4 army
9 the future
Pronouns
55*, 5- Air Force
$% "% # # each other
57*, 5- Navy ž m., n.; ž f. both
" "% , , myself, yourself, etc.
ž age
interest
- "
9? 567
Prepositions 7
| (I) + prep. to dream
+ gen. before %| (I) to name
*
(I)
ž " + gen. after
$, C,
$
Conjunctions
" (II) to carry, to wear
7ž that, so that, $, ž,
in order to ž9
" ... " either . . . or *ž7! (II) to finish, to conclude
ž7,
Verbs ž7!8,
*
" (II) to join (a party, ž7
military, etc.) *
$| (I) to think (for a little
%o" ' (II) to get married while)
*A'!
(I) (of a woman) * 4 to marry (each
+ асс. other)
A', A'8, *"| (II) to fall in love with
A'; + асс.
past A8"

| (I) to apply
'" (II) + instr. to be friends with * (II) to enroll, to enter
'$, $', "B, (a university,
$' !8, school)
(I) + gen. to wait, to expect 4
, %8, *
/4|| (I) to kiss
4$, 4$,
4 (II) to get married (of 4$
+ prep. a man) *
/4||9 (I) to kiss each other
B ,
* " to get divorced
!8 4,
+ instr.
4 4
C9, ,
(I) to look for "
D$, "D,
*"|V (II) to fall out of love
"D
+ асс. with
!
| 4 (I) to study, to be
| (I) to decide, to solve
+ instr. occupied with
*8 (II)
!| (I) to own, to have 8, 88,
! |
| 4 (I) to be interested in 8

+ instr. * (I) + instr. to become
! ,
,
8,
! 8 4,

! 4
568 17
18 (
:' )
- 2 7 ?

◆ Describing your physical ◆ Health care in Russia ◆ Syntax: Expressing
appearance ◆ Folk medicine resemblance or similarity
◆ Complaining about with похžж and такžй же
◆ The Russian bathhouse –
your health 9 ◆ The reflexive pronoun
◆ Making health ◆ Impersonal constructions
recommendations 9 and
"9
◆ Expressing feelings ◆ Impersonal constructions
and empathy with íî, íŸæíî, ìžæíî,
◆ Going to the doctor and íåëüç
Y"4
"! !!.
- 2 7 ? 569
Describing Your Physical Appearance
#"
â"
#" – #"
:
"
!
:
:
#
– # The noun

= – 8! – (chin) is formed from
4A
#" the preposition

9
– 9%!
84
(under) and the noun
(beard).
Z # / # / # . 2...

"4 / '4 C!#.
8!
2...
#" /
" / "!:.
7%"
2...
" / ! " .
2...
4² / " / 2 " .
570 18
A

2... 2...
4'/ '/#
' . %/ %"/# #"
.
â" #"
c% ²
C% %
C% C%
$% dark blond brown
²' red Z 8 7.
² grey
1. - A#"44? How do they look?

A. Give a short physical description of the following people.
Model: < % . S C "%,

9², %
%...
â" "!: #"
) 5'11" long, straight, blond narrow face, small nose blue

* 5'1" short, curly, red round face with freckles green
0
5'5" long, wavy, dark, dark eyebrows brown
with bangs wears glasses
B. Describe Pushkin’s portrait in as much detail

as possible.
C. Describe a relative or a friend.
)"

0#!7 F8!.
- 2 7 ? 571

2. - 4
?
А. Your friend John knows several people in Moscow. He wants you to
meet Mitya, who has promised to show you around. Now you are
calling Mitya for the first time.
5%: 0. B *, 9 '.
7"9: 0, *! 5% ' 7?!
5%: , 9
.
7"9: 3". &, 9 9?
5%: ;. R ?
7"9: e G
9. 5 $, 4 .
6 7.
5%: < 9 ?
7"9: # $ C ' $. # %. 5 .
S C% %.
5%: < 9 %9. S "% $% %. # $
$.
7"9: ;. S"9 .
5%: ;. 9.
B. Act out the dialogue again, changing the place, time, and your
personal descriptions.
"
The Russian language
does not differentiate
"e7—"7!
#
between an arm and
a hand () or a
leg and a foot ().
!
Similarly, there is only

– ! one word for fingers
! and toes:
4%

": –
":
(sg.
4).
2#!: ()
#
—#! Small children’s body
parts (and those of
adults in humorous
talk) are often in the
diminutive: ',
$,

.
572 18
& % = /? # = / ().
% = !?

(4
).
# ' %, 4.

2 % %,
.
18.1 Syntax: похóж and такóй же
3. @ # = !? Discuss whom these people resemble and how.
S1: & 39

'?
S2: 3
' . S C 9 ' 9 -$,
%.
# = /a 7 = /a
1. 39 9 -$
2. * C%
3. &

",
4. *C' 4 , %
5. &" $ 4
6. < "%, ' %
7. #
Complaining About Your Health
5% "A? , 9 " / "

. The question /
'/
!? always
implies that the person

asking either knows or
6 "? S " .
sees that there is some-
'? thing wrong with you.
S "2 .
6
!?
"" '.
+$ % ? S "" .
"" 4.
""! $.
- 2 7 ? 573

Other vocabulary:
' skin brain
(f.) bone nerve
(f.) blood 4 [4] heart
C [C] lungs – C % tear
4. / != "?
А. Explain what is wrong with these people.
S1: 6 " L?

S2: S C "
.
\
M *!=
'"!7
0#' F
" 08

4 )!7
@
В. Working with а partner, practice conversations according to the

model.
S1: L9 ? S1: 6 ?
S2: , . S2: S C "
.
C. The students listed missed class yesterday. What was wrong with
them?
S1: +$ H% % ?
S2: S C $.
7 ""
1. " ž
2. 5"
$
3. <9
4. &" 4
5. *C' '
574 18

.
% 2 7 8? $'/$. Ч$вствуешь is pro-
G ß 7 2
% 2 7 ? . nounced [ч$ствуешь].
.
18.2 The Reflexive Pronoun себя́
6 ? &
8#. ß " 4.
/ "7" ? # "".
/
!?
The current state

of being tired is
expressed with the
past tense of the verb
*: <C
2
. 2
8". *2 8.
2 (û 4) (Аlуоsha is tired); Hš
. . (Lena is tired);
% (we are
tired).
Z 7
"/. * =7 4 . * 4.
18.3 Impersonal Constructions хóчется and спи́тся
Other Illnesses:
4" appendicitis 4 insomnia

"9 allergy
flu
" strep throat " rheumatism
asthma stress
- 2 7 ? 575

L% 9% /? &, 9 /.
L% /? &, 9 9% /.
5. $ ? Working with a partner, have conversations according

to the model. If the person is already well, ask what was wrong.
S1: &" ' ?

S2: &, DC . / , ' .
S1: 6 ? / 6 ?
S2: & . S C ". / S C % ".
ê ç/ á"/"

÷ "7"
&" ✓ "
<š ✓
<9 ✓
Ÿ
7" ✓
Hš ✓ ,
*š ✓ Ÿ
& ✓

6. \"Ae ! !
#. Working with а partner, match the diagnoses
with the correct patients. Read the diagnoses first.
Model: 7 '9, F F...

!
#

"

4"
"

hangover
C, , (short adj.) in love
, % (short adj.) pregnant
576 18
1. F F: , 9
$. S
" " . 7 ".
2. < *: S " "
9 '.
F %9
$.
3. *: S C ": , , $ ' $ .
S , %9
$.
4. H": & 9 $
. # C 9 $
.
5. &": + 9
$

.
6. >: S C 9 , $
4%.
7. 39: S %, 9 $ . ß
$ C 9 $ C $ *.
8. 59: # $ ,
$ "
" . F
$ .
/o?
<
!. S

S 3 . = $
!. 3 "!!'. =$ ' "A8è. =$ $' 8
. = $'
" "
". "='
. "
.
- 2 7 ? 577

7. ("
. Which doctor would you call if . . .
1. you thought you needed a face-lift
2. your grandmother needed dentures
3. you were having vision problems
4. your child had an ear infection
5. you were expecting a baby
6. you needed help with your insomnia
*T+]+@0-+^ ]T@( «/T(¨*_-+»

M! # -"! "!' \! !7
F%. H , %, , G, % -4. >9
4%,
4, 9 ,
% , 9 '. L%
. L. (495) 588-22-28. %. F
9. L. (495) 588-18-31.
) ! \! - !!7 "! *! "!!

H % ,
5 % á% . F %
% . ;9 . L. (495) 588-13-49.
4 9. L. (495) 588-18-28.
$ "! T#!' !"!7 \"!: 4 )

&% 9 '% ' , > %, 9.
94 9 . 3' 4, >
,

' .
49 -% , . F R9 9. L. (495) 588-13-26.
-% (, '). L. (495) 588-13-48.
`=! â ( !
Health care in the former Soviet Union Although official health care is mostly based on
was free to all citizens, but it has now been modern technology, traditional folk medicine
replaced by a two-tiered system of public and remains very popular, as it offers many
private health care. Health insurance policies inexpensive alternative options for curing
(
4" 9) are now different ailments. For instance, treatment for
provided by the employer, or, if the person is a flu might include mustard plasters, steam
not employed, by the government. Insurance baths, and herbal teas, whereas a runny nose
policies guarantee free access to government- might be treated with a mixture of onion juice
run health care, but private clinics and hospitals and honey.
will charge a fee for their services.
578 18
8. F ' ! 4. Find out how you can beat a bad
cold in three days with herbs and other ingredients. Then make a list
of all the staples you should keep at home in case of illness. Categorize
them according to their intended use.
cleaning the air:
stuffy nose:
sore throat:
cough:
vitamins and liquids:
1. -=, ! ! = 8' .

1 4 4
.
2. -=, ! ! " ! "4
!#"4:!' ! . 5
9 1–2
: ,
. 7' '
4.
3. -!=, =! "8 ! ( 10
) 9 ( , , ).
3

¸% .
4. -7¸=, "! "! #",

«9 »: 1 9 ' %, 1 9 ' , 1–2

200 C
%. =
9 49
,
' '
% .
5. -4=, "! 8",
'
%
. 3 9
- (9%
', % ).
6. -8 =, =! !4 !! 0.
= 4% -
%.
<: * http://medland.ru/health/a-43.html
F: ] ] «StyleHive.ru»
- 2 7 ? 579

Making Health Recommendations
! .
!!
$.
!!
"
2–3 .
!2
".
² 9.

...
" .
...
"
".

... "4.
"2... .
.

" "
.
"%.

".
.
18.4 Impersonal Constructions with нáдо, нýжно, мóжно,

and нельзя́
6% ²

D
-, $' «03».
01 –
4
02 – "ķ:!4
03 – 4 9
112 – ' "C !4
H !. G" % – (
" "C)
. = ! ".
• 6 , ...

%
"? 1$
C. < %?
%9
$?

"9?
• G ' 9 (reduce) ?
• 5% $? = , % " ? +$ ()?
• G 9 9. G" "
(habits)
%?
580 18
G9 =. =$ < H"
! 4.
8.
Recommendations
= "8.
containing compara-
tives can be softened
by adding the prefix
o-, e.g.,

(a bit more) and

š (a bit less).
The verb

9
(to gain weight) liter-
ally means to get right/
correct. Russians have
traditionally equated
fuller figures with
strength and healthi-
ness and considered
9. / ! š? Give recommendations to the following skinny people sickly.
people.
1. H" $ 3
.
2. *

9.
3. &
.
4. <
'% .
5. S " ".
6. 7 '9, C .
7. S &"% , .
8. H C.
9. S <9 ' %9
$.
10. < ' .
- 2 7 ? 581

Expressing Feelings and Empathy
pitying 7 ' /.

5C %.
>%/9!
>'!
understanding # /
.
encouraging 5C $ .
asking someone to calm down S
9/
.
not to worry & $9/$.
&
9/
.
not to lose hope &
/ $.
to get hold of 5 "/ $.
himself or herself
not to blame L% /. / 5% %.
himself or herself
to get well +
9/

.
10. $7 "! How would you offer emotional support to the following
people?
1. Larisa’s final exams are approaching and she is very nervous. She
thinks she will not have enough time to study and will therefore
fail the exams.
2. Volodya has missed а lot of school lately. You hear that his
mother has been seriously ill (but you know she, ll probably be all
right).
3. Dmitri’s roommate was suddenly taken to the hospital. Не had
been complaining about stomach pain all week, but Dmitri had
brushed it off as nonsense. Now he feels guilty.
4. Natasha has been sick for the whole week. Now she is worried
about catching up with her schoolwork. You understand her
because the same thing happened to you.
582 18
11. !"ž#!. Read the dialogues and answer the questions that follow.
Then have similar conversations with а partner.
1. *: <!
+9: *? B +9 ". G ' ?
*: L 1. 1so-so
+9: 6 "?

*: #
$. S "

$ .
+9: L% $ "?
*: & %, 9

"9. 0 9, ,
$ ' .
+9: L%
?
*: , 9

".
+9: &, . +
9. F
9 C.
#
2 .
*: ;. +.
1. 6 *?
2. 6
e $ +9?
2. H: +$ % ?

&": #...
$. R .
H: L%
"?
&": &. +
. #
.
H: L 9
.
&": 7' %. & N $. 3, 9 !
H: G9 % "9!l 5 " $! 0 $ 1lazy
, ?

&": H,

.
1. +$ &"% % ?
2. G % $,
$ &" ?
3. 6 % %
&"?
12. +#Ae !

:!!.
1. Call your instructor saying that you are sick and cannot come to
class. Be polite.
2. Call your instructor and explain what is wrong with your roommate.
- 2 7 ? 583

Going to the Doctor
13. "!"!. Read the dialogue. Then have similar conversations
with а partner.
*: *'",
',
5$?
7: +, 10.
*: *
".
5 :
5: & % '?
*: S " .
5: +. 3 . *'" «--a».
*: <--.
5: R--. 1 ... %" . #
$
C 4. R--. L
$ ?
*: # . S .
5: L
$... R--. L"4 Sergei’s temperature
. 37.6°С, is approxi-
S "... 5 4
. + N mately 100°F.
4 .
*: *
". <
?
5: 0 .1 & $4 H. 1around the corner
14. , 2 . Assume the role of Larisa and continue the
dialogue. Your instructor will play the role of the doctor.
5: 6
?
H": # . G'9, .
5: 5% ?
H": #
$
.
5: <, . 5% C?
H": 6 .
5: < '"
?
H": 5 4 " DC
'.
5: 5%
"?
H": &, ² 9 '$ $ .
5: + ?
H": # % . # ²

-.
584 18
( 4
4
The tradition of bathhouses goes back over inhabited by an evil spirit
!, who cast a
a thousand years. Bathhouses in rural areas spell on anybody who wore clothing into the
were used for many purposes, from weekly bathhouse.
baths to childbirth. Although the bathhouse «0 "%#!
» is a wish of good
has now lost much of its original use (and health to a person who has just emerged from
some people consider it backward), it is still the steamy 9. It is also used in the title of
popular as a social establishment. Important a popular Soviet era movie (also known as
business and political decisions are often «F9 ², " C
» (Irony
made in the 9. of Fate, or Enjoy your Bath).
The 9 is heated by wood-burning or
electric stoves topped with natural rocks to a
temperature of 40–60˚C (cf. the Finnish sauna
80–100˚C). Water is thrown lightly onto the stove
to produce soft steam (["%#!'] ). There
are usually up to three wide shelves of varying
heights for bathers to sit or lie on. In order to
relax and increase blood circulation, bathers
sometimes beat themselves or each other with a
bundle of birch twigs (%' !).
No clothing is worn to the бáня. According
to Russian folklore, traditional bathhouses were 0 "%#!
!
How would you translate and explain the following Russian sayings?
to rule, to lead

to fix
Русские пословицы
«Баня – вторая мать.»
«В бане веник – дороже денег.»
«Баня парит, баня правит, баня всё поправит.»
- 2 7 ? 585

15. 0 "%#!
!
A. Before reading the story, examine the vocabulary below and
translate the verb column into English.
adjective noun verb

% weak (9)/*(9)
relaxation
"% clean D cleaning D(9)/*"(9)
% cold ' cooling '(9)/*"(9)

strong

(9)/*
"(9)
strengthening
second
repetition
(9)/*
"(9)
B. Read the text and correct the statements that follow. The boldfaced
words refer to the table above.
5 1" 9 ' . B 9
""!4, % 7!9!4 "1. 1soul
* "9 "

. &
$
4
. + % $

" 5–10 $.
+
" $' ²9. + %

", N % $ 2 C % 2whip

,
. B '.
R, N
4$ "2 .
+ N 93 , " 94 3rinse off / 4rub oneself
( ), "
² 5 , " 5jump
.
>% " C - :
", =" !
%. 5% ' 2 N - % ,
".
1. 5 9.
2. 5 $
.
3. 5 ' 9 .
4. + ' ²9 .
5. % – N ,

'.
6. >%
.
18.4 Impersonal Constructions with нáдо, нýжно, мóжно, and нельзя́
586 18
Chapter Review
1. name the parts of a human body
2. describe your physical appearance, including your height and figure;
shape of fасе and nose; length, tуре, and color of hair; color of eyes
3. say whom you resemble For self-tests and additional practice,
4. explain in what way you look like your parents please go to the Book Companion
5. say that you are sick or well college/nummikoski
6. inquire about а person,s health the Wiley Resource Kit, available with
7. state what is wrong with а person, including fatigue college/wrk
8. say what hurts

9. say how well а person can see or hear
10. give health recommendations by saying what а person must, need,
may, and may not do regarding quitting а habit, sending for а doctor,
calling for emergency medical help, going to а medical facility, and
taking а medicine
11. say to what extent а person should do something
12. say that you want to lose or gain weight
13. offer empathy by feeling sorry and understanding; asking а person
not to worry or to blame himself or herself; asking а person to calm
down; asking а person to get well
В. Roleplay.
1. Your mother calls to check on how you are doing. Tell her that you
are sick (complain а lot). She offers you her best Doctor Mom advice.
2. Your non-Russian-speaking roommate got sick. Call the doctor and
ехplain what is wrong. Get the time for аn appointment and then
take him or her to the doctor. When you get to the clinic, ask where
the doctor’s office is, fill out all the necessary paperwork, and act as
аn interpreter in the examining rооm. Then go to the pharmacy to
buy the medicine. (The patient should complain а lot, and the doctor
should ask а lot of detailed questions.)
C. Interview Video. G ķ9 % ?
- 2 7 ? 587

Word Building
Roots
"ü- ill, hurt, pain, ache
to hurt
S " .
to be sick
.
also, to be fan of
7"9 «».
* to get sick
& .
sick, sickly
>9 'D .
also, patient
5 "4 o õ.
, , sick
3 .
>!!! It hurts!!!
, illness
"4 hospital
pain, ache
headache medicine
D fаn
-, - health
% healthy
, a, û healthy, well
>$/ ž//%! Вless уоu! (said to а person who sneezes)
Hello!
colloq. good, well, «cool»
health
0 () ! Cheers! ( toast)
0/! Hello!
*
/ 9 tо greet, tо shake hands
/*
tо congratulate
588 18
()**)+-)
18.1 Syntax: =ž and ž'
Resemblance can be expressed with the short adjective = //! and
the preposition + accusative. Remember that the accusative singular
of animate masculines is identical to the genitive case. The accusative
plural of all animate nouns (masculine and feminine) is identical to the
genitive case.
"
' 7". Dima looks like Maksim.
7"
' (#) 4
. Maksim looks like (his) father.
H
' (B) . Lena looks like (her) mother.

' "', "

' =
8 8.
Children usually resemble (their) parents, but sometimes they look
more like their grandparents.
' (same kind) agrees with the noun it modifies in gender,
number, and case. The two items compared need to be in the same
grammatical format.
# 9 ' %9, . I am as tall as my mother.
(nominative) (nominative)
S " ' , (') .
( + genitive) ( + genitive)
I have the same kind of blue eyes as (my) mother.
!
1. Translate the following sentences.
1. Sergei is as handsome as his father.
2. He is as tall as his father.
3. Lena looks like her aunt.
4. She has the same kind of curly hair as her aunt.
5. Mitya has the same kind of round face as his brother.
6. I look like my grandmother.
7. I have the same kind of slender figure as my grandmother.
- 2 7 ? 589

18.2 The Reflexive Pronoun 2
The pronoun 2 (-self ) refers to the subject of the sentence and
therefore does not have a nominative.
$ 2 2. He likes only himself.
Z
" 4 . I bought myself flowers.
() " '. Take mе with you.
" . Victor talks only about himself.
When the verb 7 (to feel) is used to inquire about a person’s
health, the pronoun 2 is needed. The corresponding English
translation does not have the pronoun -self.
G % 2 $? How do you feel?
Nom. —
Gen. c
Dat. c
Acc. c
Instr. c
Prep. ()
!
2. Supply the correct form of the pronoun 2.
1. 7
" ".
2. 6 % C ?
3. *C' 2 .
4. & " .
5. H '% " .
590 18
18.3 Impersonal Constructions =ž7 4 and 4
You have already learned to express need and want with the verb
хотéть. The impersonal construction with =7 4/=" is similar
in meaning, but also implies what a person feels like doing. The verb
=7 4/=" has one form only in each tense. The person who
feels like doing something is in the dative case.
T ť9 . Не does not feel like eating.
*
. I really felt like sleeping.
I felt very sleepy.
The verb form 4/ " (from
) denotes the ability to fall
asleep.
(%
"9. The child cannot fall asleep.
7
. I slept well at the summer house.
!
3. Rewrite the sentences using the construction =7 4/=" .
1. 59
.
2. 7 " .
3. H" ".
4. L% %.
5. 7% " .
18.4 Impersonal Constructions with

, , ,
and "2
You have already learned impersonal constructions such as:
R L ' 9 Where can one/you ski in Texas?
'?
The “logical subject” in constructions with
, , , and
"2 + infinitive is in the dative case.

. You have to put on your coat.
(dat.)
@
(must, have to, should) and (need to) are close in meaning
and often interchangeable.
L ". You must quit smoking.
7 $' 9 I need to exercise more.

.
- 2 7 ? 591

* is used to expess what someone may or is allowed to do.
0 ' "? Is smoking allowed here?
7 '

". I am allowed to take aspirin
(in general).
7 ' *
"9
". I can take an aspirin (right now).
Whereas can be used with both imperfective and perfective
aspect verbs, the corresponding negative construction, to denote what
one should not or may not do, requires the imperfective aspect verb with
"2.
7

". I may not take aspirin.
(due to an allergic reaction, etc.)
Note: "2 + a perfective aspect verb often means cannot, it is impossible.
Compare the following examples.
7
. I am not allowed to shower.
(due to a medical problem, etc.)
7 *
. I can’t take a shower.
(due to water being cut off, etc.)
The following two examples refer to activity 15 (* C
!) in the
main text.
5 9. Relaxing in the banya is not
allowed.
5 9. It’s impossible to relax in the
banya.
!
4. Translate the sentences using
, , , and "2, as
appropriate.
1. He shouldn’t buy sleeping pills.
2. You need to take vitamins.
3. We should call the EMS.
4. You shouldn’t smoke here!
5. Sergei needs to buy new glasses.
6. You need to take your temperature.
7. Katya must eat more fruit and vegetables.
8. You shouldn’t drink so much beer.
9. I need to go to the doctor.
592 18
Vocabulary
Nouns C [C] lungs

"!: pl. ": face
Ailments
( $) forehead
""#4 allergy
brain
# strep throat
nerve

4" appendicitis
#
pl. #! foot, leg
asthma
nose
4 insomnia

4 pl.
4% finger, toe
#! flu

pl.
shoulder

8" m. cough

(o) chin

runny, stuffy nose,

colloq. "butt"
head cold
"4% eyelashes

hangover
height, growth

$ cold
( $) mouth
" rheumatism

pl. ! hand
stress
: [4] heart
pl. C % tear
Human body
!
back
beard
body
f. eyebrow
mustache
$ freckle
= pl. 8! ear
" hair
-$ figure
#" pl. #"
eye
C bangs
#"
head
9 neck
#" throat
D pl. DC cheek
# f. breast, chest
¿4% buttocks
pl. $% lip
4A tongue
! stomach
tooth Other nouns
skin
gadget
f. bone
hearing aid

f. blood ! aspirin
- 2 7 ? 593

bath-house spirit
habit

4 banya, Russian relaxation
bath house 4
prescription
"' subst. adj. patient ("%) maternity ward
broom; here: a !# cigarette
bundle of birch sleeping pill
twigs
c insurance
! vitamin
4" ~ medical ~
diagnosis
pill
soul
thermometer
hall
$ (/ $) corner
health

strengthening
health care
- phase
meaning
" cholesterol
vision
! office
Adjectives
smoking
jacket ' poor
"
medicine C % (made of) birch-tree
" lens , pregnant
%
% " % contact lenses
$ nearsighted
' cooling
", "
, sick
D cleaning
"A

" steam room

' important

package
%"' cheerful

nutrition
!
, !
, guilty

victory !

repetition C, , in love

' fire
"!"! clinic "% wavy (of hair)

policy ' harmful, bad

"49 police for you
9 f. help !' high, tall
4 9 ambulance, deaf
emergency % aquiline, eagle’s
medical service (of a nose)
594 18
#27!' hot (of liquid) Adverbs
# ' sad ! downstairs
, well (not sick) deeply
,

even

() probably
, -99, -, - brown (of eyes)
dat. + "2 must not, cannot

strong
simply
'% (made of) leather
so-so
#"' round
% curly
% pug(-nosed) Verbs
"' lazy
(II) to worry, to disturb
mute
,

,
% oval
9
"' full, full-figured, | (I) to be sick
plump
*"| (I) to get sick
= , = , similar, resembling
= ! + асс. " (II) to hurt
", "2
4' straight
* ! (II) to throw, to quit
% regular 8, !8,
$% dark blond 4
' red (of hair) (II) to see
"' light(-colored) , !8,
gray (of hair) 4
%' serious 9| (II) to look (of
9', appearance)
% weak
9,

blind 99
% fast % % (I) to call
!' average, middle *A (I)

8' awful, horrible, scary , ,
'' slim
' same kind 8
(II) to breathe
8, A8!8,
%' dark
A8
!' narrow
"% clean
- 2 7 ? 595

'9 (I) to complain | (I) to get tired
+ асс. 2, C,
', 2
'9, * past
", to be tired
'9
",
"!
* (II) to measure =| (I) to lose weight
, , *=
9 7 || 2 (I) to feel
9: dat. + to seem 7 ,

4 7 8,

4 it seems to me 7
(II) to smoke *
$
B, !8,
4
Verbal Phrases
to dial (a telephone
number) 5 "/ Get a grip on
(II) to wear, to carry $! yourself!
8, dat. + " + асс.
!8, 4 7 ' . I feel sorry for you.

|9 (I) to get well @ ' 4/ Don’t worry!
*
! 4 here: to gain weight ' .

, &
/ $. Do not lose hope!

9,
Ï
9/ Get well!

99

.
*
/
|| (I) to try
dat. +
"9

,
,
4 I can’t sleep!

асс. + "
!!
(I) to take; also:
e2 8 I feel nauseated.
*
(I) to receive patients

$,
", S
9/ Calm down!

"
.
* 4 (II) to catch a cold dat. + 9 I want to eat;

'$, =7 4 I am hungry.

$9, / "7" ? What happened?

$99 / '? What is wrong
"A8 (II) to hear with you?
"A8, "A8!8,
"A8
Other Phrases
9 to reduce stress
>' Poor thing!
*
| (I) to recognize,
to find out * C
! Enjoy your bath!
596 18
Grammar Reference
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS

- -
some-/anybody nobody
- -
some-/anything nothing
- -
some/any kind no kind
- -
some-/anybody’s nobody’s

-
-
some-/anywhere
nowhere

-
-
(to) some-/anywhere
(to) nowhere
- -
some-/anyhow in no way

-
-
ever
never
To- ending pronouns and adverbs are usually used in answers and in affirmative sentences,
-
endings in questions and requests.

USE OF CASES
This section reviews only the most important uses of cases. Refer to the
grammar sections within the chapters for more details.
Nominative (? ? who? what?)
1. As the subject of a sentence, answering the question who or what does or

is something.

.
.

– .
Note that the subject is not necessarily the first word in a sentence.
.
.

.
2. As a predicate, i.e., as a complement of the verb to be (!), expressed
or implied.
" .
# .
$

.
When the verb ! is in the past tense, the predicate can be in either
nominative or instrumental. The nominative expresses a permanent
condition; the instrumental a temporary condition.

% ! !! ".
But:

% ! !. (instr.)

! , ! &. (instr.)
Genitive (? ? of whom? of what?) (10.2, 11.3, 15.2)

1. To express possession
' (
? $
# $.
$
%
)

.
2. To modify a noun with another noun or noun phrase. (Note: These
modifiers always follow the main noun. Only adjective modifiers can
precede the noun they modify.)
$
*
%&.
+
!- "&.
/ 0 –

".
598 Grammar Reference

1 ²

&, 2
²,

'! .
3. With the preposition у, to denote possession

3? (& .
'
.

) ) .

!!² 2
.
%- !!
% ! .
4. To express nonexistence or absenсe with ( + ), !
,

&.
7
$.
8 (
9 !
:39

!² .

.
)?
;
) !
?
(" ).
5. With numerals 2 and higher. Note: The noun is in genitive singular after
numerals 2, 3, 4 as well as after any compound numerals ending in 2, 3,
or 4 when pronounced. Nouns after numerals 5 and higher are in the
genitive plural.
3 '
3
6. With the words of quantity )
,

, )
, )
,
)
, )%,
, %.
0)

?
8 )
&
². (genitive singular with substance or liquid)
7. With collective numerals ), ),
,
, %
,

(genitive plural only)
1% )
.
% )% %
'.
8. To denote part of a substance or liquid (partitive genitive). The English
translation often includes the word some, or any.
" ² ".
# 2 .
Note: The accusative is used to denote whole rather than part.
0 ²

). 1
-
9.
9. With comparatives
/ ) % #.

) '.
Cf. Nominative is used in comparatives with .
/ ) %, 1.
10. In time expressions with day+month and in expressions modified by
the year.

*& '.
0
2

" ² ) )

.
8 1998-

.
+
1942-

.
11. After several prepositions (see Prepositions and Their Cases)
" !? C 9 + ! .
Dative (? ? to/for whom? to/for what?) (13.1, 13.5–8, 14.3–4)
1. To express the indirect object of the sentence, to answer the question to

whom, for whom something is given, bought, said, sent, etc.
!² .
/

"
.
C 9 ,.,
) DE.
C
9
E 9.
" % ) $.
; .
2. In age expressions
0)
? / 22 ).

% 0D 21
.

!! + ²
25 ,
²% 9.
3. With the verb *
/ to appeal, to denote the person.
/ ( .
/ (
.
0
+)
?
4. In impersonal constructions, to denote the person.
A. With predicative adverbs
, , , and '.
,.
).

%
)% 9 .
)
(
)D ) 9?
3 9 . $

.
B. With the short adjective нжен, нужн, нжно, нужн² needed.
/
.

!! ² )!
.
C. With predicative adverbs referring to a person’s physical or
emotional state. Among them are 4$, 4, $, 4,
!, !, &!, , , 4
.
1 ) !
²
)-
.
3 %?
,
²

.
# ²

.
3
(
.
5. With several verbs, such as

/*
) ,
/*
and *
/

.
;

²

.
6. To address letters to a person.
;), /) 8
7. With several prepositions (see Prepositions and Their Cases).
&
& .
Accusative (? ? whom? what?) (7.6, 7.7)
1. As the direct object of an action verb, to answer the question whom or

what about the action of the verb.
" D . (read what?)
)
E & . (cleans what?)
+ )D $ . (bought what?)
! / # . (invited whom?)
&! 9% (

!
? (know whom?)
C DE
%- !. (like what?)
Note also the following:
/' 9
". (call whom?)

E !! 9
#.

2. In some time expressions (see also the grammar reference Time
Expressions)
! )
.. (for how long?)
" &!. 9.

&! ).
C -

9
. ). (how often?)
C )D
.
!
I
D D. (when?)
3. With the word pity
.
4. With the following prepositions, expressing direction to a location:
&, , ,
,
! /!&.
/ 2 .
;

&.
Instrumental Case (? ? with whom? with what?) (16.1, 17.1)
1. To express the instrument for doing something, the means by which an
action is accomplished.
5 ! %%? C %
$.
C
%) .
! -

.
2. In some time expressions
, &!, , !.
,
, &, .
3. In several expressions
in what way
!& in other words
4. With the following frequently used prepositions
!() C ! ) ( # $.
'
!() 8
).
+9 9 !.

8
2
,& 8$.

5. With several verbs, such as:
to be " ! -
)% !.
! to become / -) & .
!" to occupy oneself &! 9% !?
!&!" to be interested in "

.
Prepositional Case ( ? ? about whom? about what?) (4.4, 5.1)
1. with the prepositions and
A. to express location
C
%)
.
& !

9
.
B. in some time expressions
at the beginning
!
in the middle
at the end

!& in childhood
"& , *& , etc.
8
? 8 2011-

.
8 XIX-
(3
) &.
2. with the preposition о() about
" !

? "
2 .
" ! ? " (
)
*.

PREPOSITIONS AND THEIR CASES
acc. gen. prep. dat. instr.
without X

¿ thanks to X
& in, at/into, to1 X X
&! instead of X
& outside X
& inside X
& around X
" for X
to, until X
behind1 X X
from (cf. )1 X
- from behind1 X
to, toward X
except X

between X
on, at/onto, to1 X X

above X
about X
near X
from1 X

in front of X
along, on X

below1 X X
! after X
!
in the middle of X
& against X

for the sake of X
(continued)

acc. gen. prep. dat. instr.
¿
next to X
! from (cf. )1 X
! with X
!! according to X
by X
across, in2 X
1See also Location and Direction chart.
2In time expressions.
LOCATION AND DIRECTION

at a place to a place from a place

where (at) where to where from

! !.
!:

here to here from here

there to there from there

at home to home from home
& + prep. & + acc. + gen.
in in(to) from (in)

9
L
+ prep. + acc. ! + gen.
on (on)to from (on)
) ) )!
+ gen. + dat. + gen.
at to(ward) from (on)
7
7
D
7

+ instr. + acc. - + gen.
behind (to) behind from behind
9
) 9
9-9

+ instr.
+ acc. -
+ gen.
under (to) under from under

)

9-


NUMBERS
cardinal ordinal
0 í
ëü, íëü m.
1 îäí, îäí, îäí) !
2 ä, ä
)
3 |, -, -, -
4 L 2!
5 !
6 % % )
7 ä)
8 )
)
9 e¿!
10 e ¿!
11
3
3!
12 ä3 ä3!
13 3 3!
14 L3 L3!
15 3 3!
16 % 3 % 3!
17 3 3!
18
3
3!
19 3 3!
20 3 3!
21 3 îäí 3 !
30 3 3!
40 )

)
50 !
60 % % !
70 !
80 )
!
90 )
) !
100
)!
200 - )!
300 2- )!
400 L !2- )!
500 ) )!
600 % ) % )!
700 ) )!
800
)
)!
900 ) )!
1000 L L !
2000 ä L -L !
3000 L 2-L !
5000 L L !
1,000,000 ) )!

TIME EXPRESSIONS
when?
?
century & XX- &e in the 20th century & + prep.
decade & 50-x
4 in the 50s & + prep.
year & 1997-
in 1997 & + prep.
& B
this year & + prep.
& !
.9
next year & + prep.
& $
last year & + prep.
month & "& in January & + prep.
& B !" this month & + prep.
& !
.9 !" next month & + prep.
& $ !" last month & + prep.
week B
this week & + prep.
!
.9
next week & + prep.
$
last week & + prep.
day !
" today —
& tomorrow —
!& the day after tomorrow —
& yesterday —
& the day before yesterday —
& B
on this day & + acc.
dates with days/ & "& ' 1997-
on the first of gen.
months/years January 1997
& "& 1997-
in January 1997 & + prep./gen.
day of the week & ! on Saturday & + acc.
& ! on Saturday morning & + acc.
time of day in the morning instr.
!
" & tonight instr.
& & last night instr.
& tomorrow morning instr.
season in the summer instr.
$ last summer instr.
clock time &
& ! at two o’clock & + acc.

how often? !?
& in the evenings + dat.

. ! every Saturday acc.
&
. three times a week & + acc.
! &
three hours a day & + acc.
how long?
?
&!.
. all week acc.

. (for) a week acc.

&
(for) two years acc.
in what time (in the future)? &"?

. in a week + acc.

&
in two years + acc.
how long ago? c &
?

.
in a week acc. +
(with)in what period of time (will an activity be completed)? &"?

. within a week + acc.
before what?
? after what? ! ?

before dinner
+ gen.
!
after dinner ! + gen.

Verb Conjugations
Note: This list contains more aspect pairs than were introduced in the lessons. The case used is given
by means of question words (, , etc.), as is done in most dictionaries.
| (I) to run, 9

| (II) / to worry, to disturb, 18

,
,
;
imp.

,

| (I) to be sick, 18
(II) to hurt, 18

, ¿
|¿ (II) /
to be afraid, 15
º, , ¿
(I) / to take, 12, 15

Ÿ,
,
Ÿ
* (I)
Ÿ, , Ÿ
(II) / to throw, to quit, 18
, ,
| (I) to be frequently, 10, 14
(I) to be, 9, 11, 12
Ÿ, Ÿ, Ÿ
*Ÿ (I) See to return, 15
* (I) See to take, 15

(II) / to see, 12

,
,

| (II) to hang, 4
, ¿
| (I) / to turn on (the light, and appliance), 15
*| (II)
Ÿ, , ;
imp.
/

(II) / to drive, 7
Ÿ, ,

| (I) Ÿ, to return, 15
*Ÿ (I)
Ÿ, , Ÿ
|| (I) / to worry, 15
Ÿ, Ÿ
, Ÿ;
imp. Ÿ , Ÿ
a| (I) to get up, 7, 15
º, , º
* (I)
,
, ;
imp. /

| (I) / to meet, 12
(II)
, ,

| (I)
to meet, 12
* (II)
,
,
imp. let’s meet, 12
| (I) to join (a party, military, etc.), 17
*| (II)
!, " , "
# | (I) / to choose, to pick, 10, 13
*$á (I)
$á
, $á

, $á

$ã
(II) ,
/
to look like, 18
$ã%, $ã , $ã
##| (I) /o to call (a doctor, an ambulance), 18
*! (I)
$, $
, $
#| (I) / to turn off (the light, and appliance), 15
*$| (II)
$, $ , $;
imp. ! /
#& % (II) to get married (of a woman), 17
#&%Ÿ, #& , #&
*
(I)
!, !, !;
past !ø , !ø , !ø
610 Verb Conjugations

| (II) , / to speak, 2
,
,
| (II) /
to prepare, 7, 12
,
,
*

|
(II) to prepare oneself (for an exam, etc.), 12
*

| (I) to be out playing, walking, strolling, 7
| (I)
, to give, 10, 12
,
, ; imp. /
* irreg.
,
, , , ,
; imp. /
| (II)
, to give as a present, 13
,
,
*
| (I)
to do, 7, 12
*
|
(II) ,
to hold (e.g., a fork), 16
, ,
|
(II) to be friends with, 17
, ,
| (I) / to think, 2, 3

| (II) to breathe, 18

,

,

(II) , to make round-trips by vehicle, 9, 12.5
!,
,
irreg. /
to eat, 11, 11.1
,
, , , ,
past , ,
*"
predicative there is, there are, 3
# (I) , to be going by vehicle, 12.5
,
, y
||
(I)
to complain, 18
, ,


! (I) /
( / ) to wait, to expect, 15, 17
!, !
, !
*!
imp. ()!/
*!$| (II) to get married (of a man), 17
!$ , !$
, !$
! (I) to live, 4
! , !
, !
*%| (I) to get sick, 18
!|
(I) /
to forget, 15
*% (I)
%, %
, %
&| (I) to eat breakfast, 7, 12
*&
| (I) to sunbathe, 15
!|
(I) /
to order, 16
*& (I)
, ,
|
(I) to end, 12
!|
(I) /
to shut, 15
*& (I)
&, &
, &
imp. &/
!|
(I)
, to snack, 16
*
(II)
, ,
$ | (I) to study, to do homework, 7;

$ , $
, $ to be occupied with, 17
*"
(II)
# , # , #

(I) /
to call, 1, 4.3
, ,
$| (II) to call on the telephone, 12

$ , $
, $
*

$| (I) to know, 2
|
(I) /
to play, 8
~ to play an instrument, 8
~
to play a game, 8

(I) to go, to be going on foot, 7
,
,
"|
(I) /
to measure, 18
*|
(II)
, ,
'| (I) /

to study a subject, 10
| (I) /
to own, to have, 17
$|| (I) / to be interested in, 17
$, $
,
$
*

(I) ,
/ to look for, 17
$, $ , $
& (I) , / to seem, to appear, 18

&!, &!
&| (I) to roll, to ride, 9
&, &
, &

(I) /
, to put, 12, 15
, ,
*! (II)
!, !
, !
|
(I) to end, 10
&$', &$'
|
(II) , to feed, 16
& , &
, &
&| (I) to swim, to bathe, 15
& See & to buy, 9, 12
& (II)
to smoke, 18
& , &
, &
|
(I) to climb, 15
!| (II) to lie, 7
!, !
, !

|
(I) to fly, 15
(II) to fly, 15
',
,

|
(II) /
to chase, to try to catch, 9
%, ,
*#|
(I) to catch
!| (II) to lie down, 7
!, !
, !
*
", " , "
past , ,

%| (II) /
to like, to love, 3, 8
% , %
, %
'| (I) / to dream, 17
|
(II) to be quiet, 15
, ,
imp. '/
' (I) to be able to, 12
, !
, !, !, !,

past , ,
*
!
(I) /
to wash, 7, 12
, ,
*&!

$| (I)
to put on (clothes), 14
*$
$$, $$
, $$
!|
(I) /
to name, 17
*$ (I)
, ,
!
(I) to be called, 4
$, $
'
(II) to be located, 4
' , ' , '

$# , $#
|
(I)
to begin (to do something), 12
*$'
, ,
past $', $', $'

|
(I) to begin, 10
$' $, $' $

$ (II) /
to carry, to wear, 17, 18
$
, $
, $
$| (II) to like, to please, 13, 13.6
, , $ , $
*$
%| (I) to eat lunch, 7, 12
*%
|
(I) to get dressed, 7
, ,

|
(I)
to finish, to conclude, 17
*&$'| (II)
&$', &$'
, &$'
| (I) to be late, 7, 12
*| (I)

ë|
(I) to stop, 15
*
|
(II)

% ,
,

imp.
,

'| (I)
to answer, 10, 12
* (II)
',
,
#| (I) to rest, 9
*
'
(I)

',
' ,
'

!|
(I)
to open, 12, 15
*& (I)
&, &
, &

|
(I)
to celebrate, 13
*

(II)

,

,

|
(I)
, to convey, to pass, 12
%, , %
*
irrеg.
, ,
,
,
,
imp. /
ïåòü (I) ÷òî to sing, 8
ïî , ïî¸øü, ïî ò

(I)
, to write, 7, 12

,

,

*$
(I)
to drink, 11
,
,
*&

| (I) to swim, 9
*
to turn, 15
imp. /

(II)
, to pay, 11
,
,

*

*! (I) See
to wait, 16
*|
(I) to think ( for a while), 13
*# (I) to go, to set off by vehicle, 12, 12.5
,
,
*!$ (II) to marry (each other), 17
,
,

*
(I) /
to call, to ask, 12
, ,
imp. /
"|
(I) to congratulate, 13
*|
(II)
, ,
* (I) to go, to set off on foot, 12, 12.5

,
,
past
,
,

!|
(I) /
, to show, 12
*
(I)
, ,
&| (I) /

, to buy, 3, 9, 11, 12
*& (II)
& , &
, &
imp. &/
*! (II) See
to put, 12, 15

*%| (II) to fall in love with, 17
'| (I)
,
to get, to receive, 10, 12, 13
*'| (II)
', '
, '
| (I) to help, to aid, 7, 13
*' (I) , !
,
past , ,
imp. /
$ | (I) /
to understand, 2
*¿
(I)
#Ÿ, # , #Ÿ
ž, , ž

*
(I) here: to get in, 16
, ,
"|
(I) to get well, to gain weight, 18
*| (II)
, ,

| (I) to apply, 17
*| (II) to enroll, to enter (a school), 10, 17
,
,
*# See '
to lose weight, 18
|
(I)
, to suggest, 13
*|
(II)
, ,

|
(I) /
to prefer, 15
| (I) /
to teach, 10
,
,
|
(I) , to invite, 12, 13
* (II)

,
,
|
(I) to arrive by vehicle, 15, 15.6
* # (I)
,
,
past #, #, #
$ | (I) /
to take (a shower, etc.), 7, 12, 18
* $ (I)
,
,
раst , ,

'
(II) to arrive on foot, 12, 15.6
', ' , '
imp. #/
*#
(I)
, ,
past , ,

||
(I)
to try, 18
, ,
*

(II) /
to spend (time), 7
, ,
*
(I)
, ,
past , ,

| (I) /
, to sell, to be selling, 11
,
,
*
irreg. to sell
, ,
, ,

,

(II) /
to ask for, 13
, ,
*o

|
(I) to browse (the web, etc.), 7

|
(I) to catch a cold, 18
* (II)

,
,

!|
(I) to wake up, 12
*$ (I)
, ,

|
(I)
to mix up, 16
*
|
(I)

||
(I) to travel, 15

,

,

%| (I) to work, 6

(II) to get divorced, 17
, ,

*

, ,
;
past , ,
|
(I) to talk, to chat, 9
|
(I) to get undressed, 7
, ,

*

, ,

*%| (II) to fall out of love with, 17
%, % , %

(I)
to cut, 11
, ,
*

|
(I)
to decide, to solve, 17
*
| (II)

,

,

||
(I) /
to draw, 8
, ,
*

|
(I) to be born, 13
*

, ,

(II) /
to have a seat, 15
, , "

imp. ,
*

", " , "
imp. " /

(II) to shine, 14
,
, ,

| (I)
to take (an exam), 10
,
,
* irreg. to pass (an exam), 10, 12
,
, , , ,


(II) to sit, 7
!,
,

| (I) /
to listen, 2
*

| (II) /
to hear, 13, 18

,

,

p| (II) () /
to watch, to look, 7, 12
,
,
*
$ | (I)
to rent, 10; to take off (clothes), 14
*$ (I)
$ , $
, $
% | (I) to collect, 9
|oa| (I) to give advice, to advise, 13
,
,
*
| (II) to sleep, 7
,
,

|
(II) / to become, 17

% ,
,

* (I)
$, $
, $

|
(I)
to do laundry, 7, 12
*&

(I)
to cost, 11
,
| (II) to stand, 4, 7
,
,
$+|| (I) to dance, 8
$+, $+
, $+
"|
(I) /
to lose, 15
*
"|
(I)
||
(I) to train, 7

,
,

|
(I)
to clean, 7, 12
*
(I)
, ,

|
(I) to go away by vehicle, 15, 15.6
*# (I)
,
,
! $| (I) to eat supper, 7, 12
*! $
*$| (I) to find out, 12; to recognize, 18
*
(I)
to steal, 15
, ,
|
(I) ,
, to decorate, 13

(II)
, ,
!|
(I) to smile, 12
! , ! , !

*!|
(I)
! , ! , !

| (I) to be able, to know how, 9
|
(I) to die, to pass away, 13
*
(I)
, ,
past , ,

!|
(I) to wash oneself, 7
*²

, ,

|â
(I) to get tired, 9, 12, 18

%,
,
%
*

(I) to be tired, 9, 12, 18

,
,

раst , ,

|
(I)
to organize, 13
' (I) , to study, 6
', '
, '
+
+||
(I) ,
to photograph, 9
+
+, +
+ ,
+
+
*+
+

#| (II) to go (on foot), 7
#!, #
, #

# irrеg.
( / ) to want, 3, 12
#', #'
, #', #,
#, #
#| (I) to lose weight, 18
*#
-||
() (I) to kiss (each other), 17
-, - , -
*-
()
' | (I) to read, 2, 7, 12
*'
'|| % (I) to feel, 18
', '
, '
*


Russian-English Glossary
Note: The number indicates the chapter where the word first occurs. If the word is listed as core
vocabulary later in the book, both chapter references are given. Grammar references are also listed,
where appropriate. Conjugation of verbs is in the preceding section.
A /
graduate student, 10
Ÿ (post) graduate program, 10
and, but, 1
ķ aspirin, 15, 18
? And (with) you?, 1
asthma, 18
August, 13
astronaut, 1
ž bus, 15
š athletics, 8

auto mechanic, 10

diploma (high school), 10

adapter (for outlets), 15
ž aerobics, 8
address, 6
ž airport, 15
Asia, 5
š academy, 10

,
ķ actor, actress, 1
ķ active, 15
ķ allergy, 11, 18 ² former, 5
"ķ mountain climbing, 15
grandmother, 2
š
America, 5
bachelor’s degree, 10

American (m.), 2 balalaika, 8

American (f.), 2 ķ ballerina, 1

American, 1 š ballet, 8

! ž football, 8
ž balcony, 4
pineapple, 16

Baltic Sea, 5
ķ strep throat, 18 banana, 11
ķ
English, 1
bank, 4
ž# anthropology, 10
can, jar, 11
ķ orange (fruit), 11 bathhouse spirit, 18

"ķ orange (fruit), 11 banya, Russian
gadget, 18 bathhouse, 9, 18
$ž ~ hearing aid, 18 bar, 6

%ķ appendicitis, 18 drum, 8

ķ appetite, 16 lamb, 16
š m. April, 13 e bartender, 6
š
drugstore, 4
e ž basketball, 8
Arabic, 10
ķ /
basketball player, 1
Ÿ watermelon, 16
ž basketball, 8
&
arctic, 5 ž loaf (French bread), 16
army, 17 running, 8, 17
ķ /
artist, 1 š| (I) to run, 9
š architect, 6 š poor, 18

Ÿ architecture, 10
! Poor thing!, 18

+ + gen. without, 16 " f. eyebrow, 18

ž unemployed, 6 *ž (II) to throw, to quit, 18
ž baseball, 8 "
pl. pants, 15
ķ /
baseball player, 8 Ÿ bagel, 16
ž baseball, 8 $ķ" alarm clock, 12
š white, 3 Ÿ# subst. adj. the future, 17
š ( Ÿ) coast, 5, 15 Ÿ$' future, 10

+ birch, 14 Ÿ
white bread, 16

+ (made of) birch, 18 Ÿ$
bun, 16

š
,
š
pregnant, 18 Ÿ$ subst. adj. bakery, 16
short adj.
Ÿ pl. necklace, beads, 13

ž|" (II) to worry, to disturb, 18
ž sandwich, 16

ž% insomnia, 18
%
bottle, 11
š
library, 4
!š buffet, 16
š
librarian, 6
$ loaf, 11
+š businessman, 6
$#
bookkeeper, 6
š ticket, 10, 12
| (I) to be frequently, 10, 14
#ķ&
biology, 10
% fast, 2, 7
ž biology, 10
to be, 9
ķ near, 4
" # to be visiting, 13
Ÿ nearsighted, 18
ķ subst. adj. pancake house, 16 (ž indecl. bureau, 6
% Russian pancakes, 16
0 dish, 16 В
0%
saucer, 16
+ prep. in, at, 4
ķ# bodybuilding, 8, 17
ž Ÿ last year, 9

ķ action film, 12
š&# Ÿ next year, 15
wineglass, 16
boxing, 8 ' important, 18
ž, , % sick, 18 dat. to you, for you (pl.), 13
short adj. instr. you (pl.), 16
š|" (I) to be sick, 18 ķ vanilla, 13
š (II), ķ , to hurt, 18 subst.adj. bathroom, 4
ķ hospital, 4
pl. mittens, 14
ž subst. adj. patient, 18 š jam, jelly, 16
ž bigger, more, 5 асс. yоu (pl.), 1
ž ž most of all, 13 Ÿ Russian cheese pastry, 16
ž big, large, 3 , , , your, 2, 3, 4.7
beard, 18 ))*, )š-Ÿ
Air Force, 17
" wrestling, 17 ķ
|" (II) to be afraid, 15 š - website, 7
marriage, 17
#
|(е)%, - vegetarian, 16
š bracelet, 13 š bicycle, 3
brother, 2
š bicycle, 8
" (I) to take, 12
š bicycling, 17
ķ razor, 15 š broom, 11
624 Russian-English Glossary

š here: a bundle of birch , acc. ž$ water, 9, 11
twigs, 18 ķ" (II) to drive, 7
* Ÿ (I) to return, 15 ž
vodka, 11

horseback riding, 17 š subst. adj. soldier, 17
š fun, 9, 14 '|" (I) to return, 15
happy, fun loving, cheerful, 14 ž$ air, 5

š soft adj. spring, vernal, 10 ž+ age, 17
spring, 9 )"ķ/

Ÿ ! Get a grip on yourself!, 18
ž in spring, 9 war, 3

Ÿ freckle, 18 )ķ$ š! response to “Happy Easter”

", , +,
all, 12 (Truly is risen!), 13
all day, 12
+ railway station, 15
š , gen. sg. š wind, 14 ž volleyball, 8

veterinarian, 6 ķ /
volleyball player, 8

& ham, 11 ķ wavy (of hair), 18
š$ evening, 1 ž pl. hair, 18

&
in the evenings, 15 'š in general, generally, 13
$ķ
party, 13, 16 ž question, 3
š$ in the evening, 6
š Sunday, 6
* + (I) to take, 11, 15 ž
() east, 5
ž kind (category) of sport, 8 & east(ern), 5

camcorder, 3 .ž , International Women’s
ķ (II) to see, 12 2
$ž Day, 13
ķ visa (travel document), 15 š
"
ķ
fork, 16 ž eighth, 10

#š Russian salad with beets, etc., 11 " m. goalkeeper, 8
ž wine, 11 $ physician, 6
, , guilty, 18 š harmful, bad for you, 18
short adj. š n.; time, 7
# collect. grapes, 11 gen. sg. š
&š" f. cello, 8 pl.
ķ, is/are hanging, 4 š ž season, 9
ķ vitamin, 18 always, 7
.
&$ķ/ imp. Turn on (the light, .ž 0ž! All the best!, 1
an appliance), 15 | (I) to get up, 7

Ÿ delicious, 13, 16 )"/
! imp. Stand up!, 15
" humidity, 14 *š" (II) to meet, 12
( +, (
, in love, 18 š let’s meet, 12
(
4 short adj. š& meeting, 16
š
together, 7
&|" (I) to meet, 12
)2*, )š- ķ
Navy, 17 $ķ
" entrance (e.g., exam), 10
ķ *$ķ" (II) to join (a party,
+Ÿ downstairs, 18 military, etc.), 17

grandson, 2 & '+ all one’s life, 5
Ÿ$
granddaughter, 2
" the whole family, 7
.
ž
? At what time?, 7 ž
Tuesday, 6

ž second, 10 # head ( here: of a table), 16
$ (4
$&š
higher education institution, 10 #š at the head of the table, 16

š
) # main, 12
entrance, 12 +, pl. + eye, 18
$ yesterday, 9 Ÿ' comp. deeper, 5
you (pl.), 2 ž
deep, 5
|" (I) to choose, to pick, 10 #$ ž deeply, 18
4 selection, choice, 13 #$ž deaf, 18
4#|
" (II) to look (of appearance), 18 # ž oboe, 8
* %+ (I) to call, 18 |ķ (II) to speak, 2
" (I) to call, 18 # beef, 16
* % +' (I) to get married (of a woman), 17 , ž, year, years, 5
+ асс. head, 18
.%
&$/ imp. Тurn off (the light, ž light blue, 3
an appliance), 15 #"5 golf, 8
$ |ķ , -% high school graduate, 10 , pl. ž mountain, 5
$ ž exit, 10 # aquiline, eagle’s
ž
tall, high, 5 (of a nose), 18

ž high, tall, 14 ž throat, 18
4 exhibit, 12 ž, pl. city, 4
*4|" (I) to do laundry, 12 # ž city, 6
4 higher, 10 #&ķ% mustard, 16
% highest (here: $ hot (of liquid), 15
college level), 17 #ķ Mr., 1
ž" $ (II) to get married # Ms., 1
(of a woman), 17 ķ living room, 4
% соmp. higher, taller, 5, 14 ķ hotel, 4
m. guest, 13
2 #$
state, public, 6
ž (II) to prepare (dinner, etc.), 7, 12
+š newspaper, 3 #ž|" (II): to prepare for an exam, 12
#ž carbonated, 16 ~
$
~ carbonated water, 16 degree, 14

necktie, 13 gram, 11
hamburger, 16 #ķ% border, 15
' garage, 4 # mushroom, 9
#ž accordion, 8 flu, 18
#ž food store, 11 + thunderstorm, 14
where, 4 #ž loudly, louder, 15
#
#5 geography, 10 #ž&
comp. louder, 15
#
#ķ&
geology, 10 f. breast, chest, 18
#
š geometry, 10 #$ķ Georgian (country), 11
#/ gymnast, 8 #$ķ truck, 13
# gymnastics, 8 Ÿ sad, 18
guitar, 8 #Ÿ pear, 16
ķ /
guitarist, 8 # dirty, 16

#$ , pl. #Ÿ lip, 18 tenth, 10
| (I) to be out playing, walking
ķ pl. detective novels, 8
strolling, 7 š pl. children, 1
š subst. adj. children’s room, 4
3 š
children’s, 8
yes, 1 š comp. cheaper, 10
3 š … Let’s meet . . . , 16 cheap, 10
3 /š… Let’s go . . . , 12
+ cheap, 3
3 ž … Let’s watch . . . , 12 '+ jazz, 8
| (I) to give, 10, 12
jam, 11
"/*" & to give a tip, 16 'ķ pl. jeans, 12
ž for a long time, 5 (ž indecl. judo, 8
' even, 9, 18 # diagnosis, 18
3/ imp. Give, 11 sofa, 4
# diving, 8 š diet, 16

ž far, 4 ž diploma (university), 10
" soft adj. far, 15 diplomat, 10, 17
|ķ (II) to give as a present, 13 ž ž thesis, 10
to give, 12 š
director, 6
$ () dacha, summer house, 4 š
comp. longer, 5
twelfth, 10 ķ long, 5
f. door, 4 + gen. for, 16
ž
collect. num. two, 16 in the afternoon, 6
ž D (a failing grade), 10 + gen. before, 17
š% palace, 17 3 š$ ! See you tonight then!, 16
7š% &
marriage palace, 17 7 ! “Bottoms up!”, 16
$š double (room), 15 3 ! Good-bye!, 1
š $
(little) girl, 17 7 ž "! Welcome!, 13
š
girl, young woman, girlfriend, 2 3ž Ÿ ! Good morning!, 1
ninth, 10 3ž š$! Good evening!, 1
3 5ž+ Grandfather Frost, 13 3ž ! Good day! Hello!, 1
š
grandfather, 2 ž, ž, satisfied with, 17

Ÿ/
Ÿ person on duty, 10 ž short
subst. adj. adj. + instr.

m. (-š) December, 13 ž fairly, rather, 14, 17
š| (I) to do, 7 3 ķ. Agreed. It’s a deal., 12, 16
m. day, 1 ž' m. rain, 14
7
"
ķ Independence Day, 13 presentation, paper, 10
7
" š Victory Day, 13 ž doctor (in titles), 1
'š birthday, 13 ž for a long time, 9
š pl. only; money, 10 ž dollar, 11
gen. š house, 4
š , pl. š tree, 14 ž at home, 2, 6

|" (II) to hold, 16 (-
#) soft adj. home, 12

8 countryside, village, 5
home theater, 3
š dessert, 16 ž (to) home, 7

0+
housewife, 6 # still, 2, 6
ž% maid, 6 # not yet, 3, 12
ž# road, trip, 15
ž expensive, 10
ž expensive, 3
7
ž' comp. more expensive, 10 ||" (I) + асс. to complain, 18
& enough, 11 ' pity, 18

&
"" f. tourist sight, 15 2
"
. I feel sorry for you., 18
%š docent, assistant '
hot, 14
professor, 10 '
hot, 14
$ f. daughter, 2 '$ соmp. hotter, 14
friend, 2 ' (I) + gen. to wait, to expect, 17
Ÿ each other, 17 ;
(
š/ $&! I wish you luck!, 10
$#ž other, 9 ' yellow, 3
Ÿ friendship, 16 ' wife, 2
$ķ" (II) + instr. to be friends with, 17 ' short adj. married (of a man), 3, 6
Ÿ| (I) to think, 2 'ķ (II) + prep. to get married (of a man), 17

, f. Ÿ fool, 15 'ķ0 bridegroom, 17
0ķ pl. only perfume, 13 š women’s, female, 6
$ shower, 7 'š# woman, 6
$ soul, 18 ' ž stomach, 18
(II) to breathe, 18 " f. life, 5
uncle, 2 ' (I) to live, 4
' magazine, 3
'ķ journalist, 6
Е $ķ journalism, 10
ž his, 2
ž асс. him, 1
?=@ (
ķ high school exit exam, 10 8
#$
+ + асс. in, within (a period

) of time), 12; to, for, 16
food, meal, 16 + out of town, 9, 12
ķ
only, sole, one and only, 3 + ķ abroad, 15
her, 2 + ķ (to) abroad, 15
асс. her, 1 "0
at the computer, 12

š every day, 7 *+š| (I) to get sick, 18
š+ (II) to go, to travel by vehicle |" (I) to forget, 15
(round-trip), 9 *+% (I) to forget, 15
š+ 0ž to ride on horseback, 9 + ž () factory, plant, 6
dat. to her, for her, 13 +
breakfast, 7
+ fir tree, 13 +
| (I) to eat breakfast, 7
Ÿ dat. to him, for him, 12, 13 +| (I) to sunbathe, 15
š if, 7, 14 <=* (>š civil registry office, 17
there is, there are, 3 # #
to eat, 11 )
90 (I) to go, to travel, 12
assignment, 10

order, 16 + tooth, 18
*+
+ (I) to order, to reserve, 16 $ ž & dentist, 6
+
+ | (I) to order, to reserve, 16
&|" (I) to end, 12
|" (I) to shut, to close, 15
:
+
% short adj. closed, 16 and, 1
*+
% (I) to shut, to close, 15 … both . . . and, 6
$ķ" to snack, 16 | (I) + acc. to play a game, 8
+
Ÿ
snack, appetizer, 16 | (I) + prep. to play an instrument, 8
Ÿ|" (I) to snack, 16 Ÿ
toy, 13
hall, 18 š idea, 13
gulf, 5 :ķ/ imp. Go, 4
+' married (of a woman), 3, 6 ķ (I) to go, to be going (on foot), 7
+| (I) to study, to do homework, 7 + + gen. from, 15
+ (I) + instr. to be involved in, to be + š famous, 1
occupied with, 17 :+ ķ/ imp. Excuse me, 4
~"ķ to climb mountains, 15 +-+ ķ from abroad, 15
+ , + , + , occupied, busy, 16 *š" (II) to measure, 18
+ short adj. +$| (I) to study a subject, 10
+ () class session, activity, 7, 10
ž icon, 4
+ () west, 5
caviar, 11

in advance, 16 ķ or, 1

&+ credit, 10 ķ ... ķ either . . . or, 17
+ +, pl. + + star, 14 dat. for them, 13
+ |ķ (II) to call on the telephone, 12 š| (I) to own, to have, 17
+ building, 4
ķ| , -% person celebrating
+ here, 4 name day, 13
+ž , +ž , well (not sick), 18
ķ name day, 13
+ž short adj. ķ
exactly, 13
ž"
health, 16 ķ n.; рl. name, first name, 6
š
health care, 18 #
š ingredient, 16
8 / ! Hello!, 1 š turkey, 13
west(ern), 5 'š engineer, 6
+ green, 3 sometimes, 6, 7
+ land, ground, 14 (
)% foreigner, 15
+ winter, 9 foreign, 10
ķ soft adj. winter, 10 Ÿ institute, 6
+ž in winter, 9 š instrument, 8
+| (I) to know, 2
š interest, 17
ž acquaintance, 16 | | (I) to be interested in, 17
+ķ famous, well-known, 17 + instr.
&š
meaning, 18 š comp. more interesting, 5
ž gold(en), 13 š interesting, 2
+ž (
) umbrella, 15 š interesting, 3
+
zoo, 14 " (I) to look for, 17
š
vision, 18
Ÿ art, 8

Spanish, 3 Aķ
ž
Caspian Sea, 5
ķ&
history, 10 here: box office, 12
ž history, 10
| (I) to roll, to ride, 9

Italian, 3 ~ ž 4 to water-ski, 9
0 their, 2 ~

to ride a motorboat, 9
0 асс. them, 1 ~

0 to ice-skate, 9
" m. July, 13 ~ ž
to ride in a rowboat, 9
" m. June, 13 ~ %'0 to ski, 9
~ ž to rollerskate, 9
; ~ o$ ž
to snowboard, 9

motorboat, 9
ž yoga, 8
ž skating rink, 12

!š indecl. cafe, 4
К 5
(university) department, 10
+ dat. to, toward, 13

m. cough, 18
š( unfortunately, 12
ķ араrtment, 4
A &+$! Go to hell!, 10 kvas (fermented drink), 16
š office, 4, 18 š&$ ketchup, 16

A Caucasus, 5
5ķ buttermilk, 16
A
#ž Caucasus Mountains, 5
kilogram, 11
' every, 7
ž indecl. cinema, 7
' every day, 6

+ movie director, 17
": dat. +
' to seem, 18
cinema, 4

' it seems to me, 18

Chinese, 3

how, 1 š clarinet, 8
<
+ Ÿ ? What is your name?, 1
class, 10
<
? How are things?, How are you?, 1
ķ$
classical, 8
<
+ Ÿ ? What is your name?, 1 " (impf. of to put, 12

ž what, what kind, 3 ķ")
Canadian (m.), 2 climate, 5

Canadian (f.), 2
club, 5, 12

Canadian, 1 $ ķ strawberry, 16
channel, 12 0 cranberry, 13
candidate, 10 (& key, 15
ķ
pl. school holidays, 10 0 ( š) (hockey) stick, 13
Ÿ cabbage, 11
ķ book, 3

~ sauerkraut, 11 ķ book (adj)., 4
%
~ cauliflower, 11 ~ ž bookshelf, 4
round bread (for ceremonies), 17 ~ 5 bookcase, 4
B karate, 8 + rug, 4
soft adj. brown (of eyes), 18
when, 6
pocket, 15
ž' skin, 18
map, 5 ž (made of) leather, 18
ķ painting, 4 ž - ž Coca-Cola, 11
ž! m. collect. potatoes, 11

sausage, 11
( ž ) š# colleague, 10

ž
in Russia: junior college, 10
ķ
$
credit card, 11, 15
$ ķ Colombian, 11 š strong, 18
ž, pl.
ž ring, 13 š armchair, 4
team, 8
f. bed, 4
$ % communication, 10
f. blood, 18
ž room, 4 ž
except, 10
company, 6
ž
pl. athletic shoes, 15
+ķ composer, 1
Ÿ round, 18
" computer, 3 Ÿ mug, 16

"0
š computer science, 10
who, 1
oŸ dat. to whom, for whom, 13

ž,

who, 1
(š)% end, 15 Ÿ building blocks, 13

š at the end, 15
where (to), 7
š$ of course, 2, 8 $ curly, 18

ž $ competition, 10
Ÿ
doll, 13

ž conservatory, 10 $ $Ÿ corn, 13

ķ contact lenses, 18 $ delicatessen, 11
š continent, 5
ž pendant, 13
contract, 10 $"Ÿ cultural, 15
ž ž quiz, 10

| (I) to swim, to bathe (play), 15
š () concert, 7, 12

swimsuit, 15
&|" (I) to end, 10 *
ķ (II) to buy, 3, 9
š kopeck, 11 $š
smoking, 18
š Korean, 10
ķ (II) to smoke, 18
ž corridor, 4
Ÿ chicken, 11
ķ&
brown, 3 $ž pug(-nosed), 18
|ķ" (II) to feed, 16 $ž resort, 15
ž box, 11
year level, 10
ž
short, 5
Ÿ
jacket, 14
ž
short, 14 $ž piece, 11
ž$ соmp. shorter, 14

Ÿ0 kitchen, 4

ž# cosmetologist, 10
cosmonaut, 1
+ campfire, 9 =
" f. bone, 18 laboratory technician, 6
" suit, 15 ž laboratory, 6
ž who, which, that, 9 flatbread, 11

< ž $? What time is it?, 7 all right, 12
ž! m. coffee, 11 " to climb rocks, 15

5
coffeemaker, 11 lamp, 4
ž! ,
ž! $
women’s top, 15 & lightbulb, 15
ž
cat, 3 + , pl. " ķ kiosk, 11
faucet, 15 +#
[+
] pl. lungs, 18
ķ comp. more beautiful, 5 subst. adj.
ķ beautiful, 2 +# light, 8
red, 3

ž (it’s) easy, 17

( ";
") ice, 16 М
D
ķ
Arctic Ocean, 5
+ķ store, 4
' (II) to lie, 7
#ķ master’s degree, 10
'ķ , ' is/are lying, 4
#Ÿ master’s program, 10

medicine, 18 May, 13
š
() lecture, 7, 10
sleeveless T-shirt, 14
ķ lazy, 18 š mayonnaise, 16
( Ÿ) forest, 5, 9 ž macaroni, 16
š% staircase, 15
little, small, 3

|" (I) to fly, 15 ķ raspberry, 16

š" (II) to fly, 15 little, 11
š soft adj. summer, 10; $
(little) boy, 17
here: -year-old, 13 mother, mom, 2
š summer, 9 #ķ margarine, 11
š in summer, 9 March, 13
$
pilot, 17 mask, 13
ž lemon, 16 costume party, 13
lemonade, 11 butter, oil, 11
#ķ linguistics, 10 ķ
"
~ vegetable oil, 11
ķ lens, 18
mathematician, 6
Ÿ literature, 8
mathematics, 10
liter, 11
ķ&
mathematics (adj.), 10
! elevator, 15
Russian nesting doll, 9
%š lyceum, 10 $ game (sports event), 12
ž, pl. ķ face, 18 f. mother, 2
ķ& personally, 10 ķ car, 3
ķ soft adj. extra, 12 + honey, 16
( Ÿ) forehead, 18
%ķ medicine, 10
ķ" (II) to catch, 9
%ķ medical, 6, 10
š slowly, 2, 15
~4 $ to fish, 9
/ nurse, 6
ž boat, 9
š' + instr. between, 16
'ķ (II) to lie down, 7

$ž
international relations, 10
ž'
spoon, 16
š
ž ~ tablespoon, 16 'ž international, 13, 17
$ ~ teaspoon, 16

Mexican, 3
ž f. horse, 3 š

manager, 6
$ onion, 11 š

management, 10
moon, 14 š smaller, less, 5
Ÿ$ better, 5 " indecl. menu, 16
4 ski(ing), 8 асс. me, 1
&|ķ (II) to like, to love, 3, 8 š, pl.
place, 6
&ķ favorite, 8 š month, 7
&ž f., gen. ( ķ love, 17
š" m. maitre d’, 16
" pl. people, 5 ž indecl. subway, 4

mechanic, 6 %ķ motorcycle, 3

ž fur, 9 $ (I) to be able to, 12
$ dream, 17 ' husband, 2
$ | (I) + prep. to dream, 17 '$ķ man, 6
ž
&", microwave oven, 11 +š museum, 4
ž Ÿ+
music, 7
š millionnaire, 17 $ " musical, 6

" mineral, 11 $ flour, 16
ķ minus, below zero, 14 we, 2
Ÿ(&) dim. minute, 12 " (I) to wash, 7
5Ÿ ($)
! Just a minute!, 12 meat, 11
Ÿ minute, 12 & ball, 13
реасе, 3
world, 5
ķ
m. teddy bear, 13
Н
younger, youngest, 3, 13 + prep. on, at, 4
dat. to me, for me, 13 + асс. for (a period of time), 15
I have to, 12 Ÿ& just in case, 11
8
opinion, 5 * " (I) to dial (a telephone
number), 18
#ķ
pl. only many, 9
š() probably, 11, 18
ž a lot, 11
| (I) to put on (of clothes), 14
instr. me, 16
*š (I) to put on (of clothes), 14
ķ
cell phone, 3
must, need, 11
#ķ grave, 9
+ ago, 9
ž fashionable, 13
*+ (I) to name, 17
ž' may be, perhaps, 3
+ , + & is/are called, 4
ž' оnе can/may; it is possible, 9
|" (I) to name, 17
# brain, 18

š finally, 7
, , , ķ my, 2, 3, 4.7
š to the left, 4
2š%! Well done!, 12
dat. to us for us, 13
+ newlyweds, 17
instr. us, 16
ž young, 2
ž a lot more (with
ž $ š
young man, boyfriend, 3 comparatives), 10
ž' соmp. younger, 13 ķ , pl. ķ drink, 11

ž milk, 11 to the right, 4
ž&
Ÿ dairy products, 11 š for example, 10
ž& milk, milky, 11 š" to slice, 11
5$ķ/ imp. Be quiet, 15 ž folk, 8
ž, pl. sea, 5 асс. us, 1
ž" f., collect. carrot, 11
runny, stuffy nose,
ž' subst. adj. ice cream, 11 head cold, 18
ž+ frost, 14 ž" table, 8
ķ" freezer, 11 ' real, 9
5
Moscow, 5 Ÿ science, 10
ž Moscow, 7 0ž , 0ž is/are located, 4

& beginning, 15
ķ pl. socks, 15
&
at the beginning, 15 $ Ÿ laptop computer, 3
*$ to begin (to do something), 12 &ž night, 6
$| (I) to begin, 10, 12 ž$& at night, 6
, , , our, 2, 3, 4.7 m. (-š) November, 13
not (negative within а sentence), 1 (II) to like, to please, 13
>
ž/ Don’t worry!, 18 E$ &ž ! Oh, come on!, 2

ž . $, & interj. oh, well, 15
> Ÿ/ Don’t worry!, 15 Ÿ', ', Ÿ', needed, 15
Ÿ . '% short adj.
š & you are welcome, 12 Ÿ is needed, 11
don’t mention it m. zero, 14
+' single (of a woman), 6 nanny, 6
E
/
Ÿ. Do not lose hope!, 18
š sky, 14
š bride, 17 О
š, š& week, per week, 6, 7 + prep. about, 5
+: dat. + +¿ may not, must not ž m., n. ž f. both, 17
cannot, 16, 18.4 š lunch, dinner, 7
š
German, 3 š| (I) to eat lunch/dinner, 7
ž а little, 2 ž
, pl.
cloud, 14

ž mute, 18 ž$ cloudy, 14
ž0 not badly, 1 ž$ cloudy, 14
0ž not bad, 1 + education, 10, 17

nerve, 18 $&š
schooling, teaching, 17
š " some, a few, 9 #'ķ residence hall, 4
no, 1 %$ usually, 6, 7
0ž not well, 2
" required, compulsory, 10
E Ÿ
! Good luck!, 10 " oval, 18
š nowhere, 6 ž # pl. vegetables, 11
ķ' соmp. lower, 5, 14 š, pl. % cucumber, 11
ķ+
low, 5
|" (I) to get dressed, 7
ķ+
low, 14 š clothing, 13

no way, 12
blanket, 15

never, 7 ķ eleventh, 10

(to) nowhere, 7 classmate (in schools), 10
$ž nothing, 6 Ÿ classmate (at
but, 2 universities), 10
ž new, 3 š single (room), 15
, pl. ž foot, leg, 18 ž+, pl. + lake, 5
' knife, 16
ocean, 5
m. zero, 7
ž# marine science, 10
ž, поm. pl.
hotel room, 15
ž window, 4
" okay, 7
$ finishing, 17
nose, 18 *
ž$ (II) to finish, to conclude, 17
ķ (II) to carry, to wear, 17, 18
m. (-š) October, 13

he, 2 &'š
cleaning, 18
she, 2 & ķ pl. glasses, 15
ķ they, 2
ž it, 4
+ | (I) to be late, 7, 12
A
/ + acc.
š carton, 11
ž opera, 8 tent, 15
ž survey, 17
%, pl. "% finger, toe, 18
" again, 7 & pl. chopsticks, 16

orange, 3 ž indecl. overcoat, 14
#" creative, 13 resort hotel, 15
š orchestra, 8 father, dad, 2
š soft adj. fall, autumn, 10 : * +# ! steam: Enjoy your bath!, 18
ž f. fall, autumn, 9 m. guy, 17
ž& in fall, 9 ķ steam room, 18
ž especially, 8
park, 4
Oķ", Stop, 15 sail, 9
Oķ
" imp. overcast, 14
ž' carefully, 15 passport, 15
ž , pl. island, 5 ķ passive, 15
+ gen. from, 13 paste, 15
* š (II) to answer, 12 $ ~ toothpaste, 15
Oš"
ž Answer the questions, 3 A0 Easter, 13
$| (I) to answer, 10 $
package, 11

š
division, 10 š, ķ singer, 8, 17
š" separate, 15 š, š pension, retired (on
ž rest, vacation, 15 pension), 6
0| (I) to rest, 9 Aš May Day, 13
š father, 2 š first, 10
" (I) to open, 12

ž& translator, 6

% short adj. open, 16 A , Please, pass . . . , 16
4 postcard, 13 ' , ...
*
% (I) to open, 12, 15 , imp. to convey, to pass, 12
4" (I) to open, 12 /

Ÿ where from, 15 $ TV or radio broadcast, 12
ķ$ excellent, 1

Ÿ|" (I) to mix up, 16
š grade, 10

4 break, 7

&|" (I) to celebrate, 13 š
% pepper, 16
š
relation(ship), 17 š peach, 16
ž $ patronymic, 6
& pl. gloves, 14
ž5 office, 6 š song, 8
! /
waiter/waitress, 6
Ÿ parsley, 16
š
cooling, 18 (I) to sing, 8
security guard, 10
&š"
cookie, 16
ž$ very, 1 ķ indecl. piano, 8
B$ ! Nice to meet уоu!, 1 ķ /
pianist, 1

ķ beer, 11 Ÿ|" (I) to think (for a while), 13
ž, 'ž
pie, pastry, 16 Ÿ pillow, 15
ž
pastry, 16 ž+ train, 15
m. writer, 1 š trip, 15
(I) to write, 7 *š0 (I) to go, to leave (by
ķ written, 10 vehicle), 12
writing desk, 4 ' please, you’re welcome, 4
~
ž letter, 3 fire, 18
"ž writing, 10 subst. adj. firefighter, 17

nutrition, 16 *'ķ to marry (each other), 17
(I) to drink, 11 *+
(I) to eat breatfast, 12
ķ%% pizza, 16 ž+ late, 7
| (I) to swim, 9 |" (I) to congratulate, 13
swimming, 8 ž
later, 7

pl. men’s swimsuit, 15 A+ ķ/ imp. Call, 12
poster, 4 -
in Spanish, 2
plan, 17 * ķ (I) to go, to leave (on foot), 12
ķ" (ķ&) to pay (with cash), 11 A
! Good-bye! See уоu later!, 1
* " (I) to show, 12
dress, 15
|" (I) to show, 12
' raincoat, 14
-

in Chinese, 2
š
player, 3

(I) to buy, 12, 13

&ž, pl. š& shoulder, 18
floor, 4
stove, 11
žž half a year, 15
pilaf, 11
š good (for health), 16
ž0, ž0 badly, not badly, 1
+ flight, 15
0ž bad, 1

ķ
health clinic, 6
ž'" f. square, 4
ž policy, 18
& plus, above zero, 14
ž# political science, 10
' beach, 14
š
subst. adj. police officer, 17
' beach, 15
ķ% police, 18
ķ+ on TV, 7
ž shelf, 4
!ž on the telephone, 7

ž half a kilo, 11
-ķ
in English, 2
ž-ķ half a liter, 11
š victory, 18
ž full, full-figured,
F
ķ/e imp. Turn, 15 plump, 10, 18
š
repetition, 18 ķ, ķ half, 6
ž weather, 14 'š status, 6
*ķ (II) to give as a present, 13 *'ķ (II) to put, 12, 15

, pl.
gift, present, 13 š%
towel, 15
ž chin, 18 & one and one half hours, 6
*#ž" (II) to prepare for, 12 ž , peninsula, 5
*' (I) to wait, 16 pl.
A'ķ/ ! Wait!, 15 *$|ķ (II) to get, to receive, 12, 13
Ÿ friend (f.), 2 $| (I) to receive, to get, 10, 13
-$#ž$ in another way, 10 $ half an hour, 6, 12

ž" Polish, 10 0ž', 0ž', similar, resembling, 18
*&|ķ (II) + асс. to fall in love with, 17 0ž' + асс.
ž tomato, 11 *0š (I) to lose weight, 18
| (I) to help, to aid, 7, 13 *%
||"() (I) to kiss (each other), 17
-ž in my opinion, 3 $C why, 5
*ž$ (I) to help, to aid, 13 ž$ post office, 4
ž# f. help, 18 $ ķ almost, 9, 14

ž ~ ambulance, emergency &ž
pl. stamps, 9
medical service, 18 *&Ÿ"
to feel, 18
š
Monday, 6 D+ poetry, 8
-š
in German, 2 B poet, 1
| (I) to understand, 2 B$ therefore, 9
* (II) to appeal, to please, 13 -ž
in Japanese, 2
ž& doughnut, 16 truth, 3
*š (I) to eat lunch/dinner, 12 +
celebration, holiday, 13
ž colloq. butt, 18 & festive, 13
*" to get in, 16
a#|" (I) to suggest, 13
ž
a bit later, 16
š
suggestion, 13
*
|ķ" (II) to suggest, 13
* (II) here: to gain weight, 18
š subject, 10
F! Get well!, 18
П
"!
&|" (I) to prefer, 15
|" (I) to get well, 18 +š president, 1
*ž ||" (I) to try, 18
wonderful, 7
*ķ" (II) to ask (for), 13
wonderful, 14
| (I) to teach, 10
popular, 8
m. teacher, 2
$#" Portuguese, 10

ķ prestigious, 6
5š" m. briefcase, 12
A š ! Hi!, 1
-Ÿ
in Russian, 2
4& habit, 18
ž% portion, 16
*ķ (II) to invite, 12, 13
ž + gen. after, 12
#|" (I) to invite, 12
š soft adj. last, 13
#š
invitation, 12
* š | | (I) to give advice, to advise, 13
*š0 (I) to arrive (on vehicle), 15
| (I) to apply, 17
*ķ (I) to arrive (on foot), 12
* ķ (II) to enroll, to enter
(a university, school), 10, 17 Aķ , Please bring me . . . , 16
$, ...
Ÿ dish(es), 7
|" (I) to take (e.g., a shower), 7
$ž
& ķ dishwasher, 7
(I) to take (here: credit cards), 16;
*
¿|" (I) to lose, 15 also: to receive
ž ceiling, 4 patients, 18
ž then, 4 ķ
printer, 3
C $ because, 5 *" (I) to take, 12, 18
*Ÿ' (I) to eat supper, 12 pl. spices, condiments, 16
-!Ÿ+
in French, 2 ž nature, 14
š"
hangover, 18 ķ" (II) to arrive, 13
ž hiking, 15 A ķ ! Bon appétit!, 16

ž ||" (I) to try, 18 +, + time (counting), 7
š problem, 13
I wonder (if), 14
|ķ" (II) to continue, 10 + , + , divorced, 6
ķ" (II) to spend (time), 7 + % short adj.
ķ , ķ% train conductor, 15 š& intelligence officer, 17
#ž forecast, 14 *
ķ" + instr. to get divorced, 17
program, 12 #|" (I) to chat, to talk, 9
ķ programmer, 6
|" (I) to get undressed, 7
| (I) to sell, 11 *+&|ķ E (II) + асс. to fall out of love with, 17
š, pl. % salesman, 6 + different, various, 15
#ķ saleswoman, 6 š (š) (tennis) racket, 13
ž, ž, sold out, 12 soft adj. early, 17
ž short adj. early, 7
Ÿ
produce, 11, 16 earlier, before, 7
ž$ ID card, 10 daily schedule, 7
ķ" (II) to ask (for), 13 š
relaxation, 18
|" (I) to browse, 7 ()
, gen. child, 3, 17
*Ÿ" (I) to wake up, 12
, pl. š
š avenue, 4
ķ rheumatism, 18
ž simply, 9, 18
#$ regular, 18
Ÿ cold, 18 š
seldom, 7
* ķ (II) to catch a cold, 18
flight, route, 15
!š, profession, by profession, 6
, pl. š
river, 5
!š
advertisement, 6
!š professor, 1
#ž religious, 13
0 cool, 14

ķ tutor, 10
0 cool, 14
ķ% eyelashes, 18
*$ to read, 12
Ÿ republic, 5
straight ahead, 4 restaurant, 4
ž straight, 18 ! report, paper, 12
gingerbread cookie, 16
%š recipe, prescription, 16, 18
psychiatrist, 17
|" (I) to decide, to solve, 17
ž# psychology, 10 *ķ (II) to decide, to solve, 17
ķ% bird, poultry, 11 rice, 11, 16
$
š||" (I) to travel, 15 ||" (I) to draw, 8

ž vacuum cleaner, 11 (ķ") maternity ward, 18
+ A (grade), 10 ķ pl. parents, 2

collect. num. five, 16 ķ", ķ, to be born, 13
Friday, 6 , ķ
fifth, 10 ž native, 10
ž
relative, 13
'š birth, 17
Р P' ž Christmas, 13
ž () job, work, 6 ž pink, 3
ž | (I) to work, 6
-Ÿ rock group, 8
radio, 3
-Ÿ+
rock music, 8

-$ rock musician, 17 ķ pl. boots, 14
novel, 3 0 sugar, 16
Fķ Russia, 5 wedding, 17
Russian (referring to the š' fresh, 16
country and its citizens), 7 + beet, 16
height, growth, 18 š ; past ķ is shining; was shining, 14
( Ÿ) mouth, 18 ž light, 14
m. grand piano, 8 š light, light-colored, 14

(men’s) shirt, 15 š
" m. witness, 17
y m. ruble, 11 ķ pork, 16

, pl. Ÿ
hand, 16 ķ sweater, 13
Ÿ
Russian, 1 ž, ž, free, vacant, 16
Ÿ
/Ÿ
Russian man/woman, 2 ž, ž
Ÿ dark blond, 18 short adj.
% fish, 9, 11 ž fluently, 2
4 red (of hair), 18 ž š free time, leisure time, 9
%
( %
) farmers’ market, 11 ž free, 9
&
+
backpack, 15 one’s own, 5, 13
0 shot glass, 16 | (
+) (I) to take (an exam), 12
close by, 4 * (
+) to pass (an exam), 12
+ instr. next to, 16 *š (I) to do, 12

show (in movie theaters), 12

š dat. for oneself, 13
C
oneself, 10
+ instr. with, 16 š () north, 5
H 'š! Happy Birthday!, 13 ž today, 6
* +! On your new baby!, 13
ž gray (of hair), 18
* š"
! On your new house!, 13 ž seventh, 10
H >ž ž! Happy New Year!, 13 $ now, 7
* )"ž# Happy Women’s Day!, 13
m. secretary, 6
!
+ herring, 16
H +
! Happy holiday!, 13
"" f. herring, 16
ķ
with parents, 10 š semester, 10
* G
ž! Merry Christmas!, 13 seminar, 10
ž with pleasure, 12, 16 family, 2
( Ÿ) garden, 4, 15 m. (-š) September, 13
Hķ/Hķ imp. Sit down! Have a seat!, 15 š [š%
] heart, 18
5ž saxophone, 8
š silver, 13
salad, 11

ķ middle, 15
!š
napkin, 16 ķ in the middle, 15
, , myself, yourself, etc., 10, 17 '
earring, 13
samovar, 9 š grey, 3
airplane, 13 + serious, 18
the most, 5 š exam period, 10
ž health spa, 15 sister, 2
H
-A Ÿ St. Petersburg, 5 * ķ" f. Siberia, 5

š cigarette, 18 HŸ$
Snow maiden, 13
š (II) to sit, 7 | (I) to take off (of clothes), 14
ķ adv. strong, 14 | (I) to rent, 10
ķ strong, 14 ž
sleeping pill, 18
ķ$ nice (looking), 2 * (I) to take off (of clothes), 14
ķ soft adj. blue, 3 ~
to reduce stress, 18
ž sauce, syrup, 13 ž with me, 12
H
'ķ/ imp. Say, Tell, 4
dog, 3
fairy tale, 8 | (I) to collect, 9

rock-climbing, 15 š | | (I) to give advice, to advise, 13

" f. tablecloth, 16 ž dustpan, 11

ž
how much, how many, 5 š modern, contemporary, 8
H
ž
$ What time is it?, 7 , , in agreement with, 3
š? + instr.

ž
$ž how many hours, 6
juice, 11

ž soon, 13 soldier, 17
ž fast, 18 ž$ sunny, 14

$/
violinist, 8 ž$ $
ķ pl. sunglasses, 15

ķ
violin, 8 ž$ sunny, 14

Ÿ$ boring, dull, 14 ž [o%
] sun, 14

Ÿ$ boring, 3 f. salt, 16
weak, 14 š/ ž
roommate, 7
weak, 14 ķ
pl. sausage links, 16

sweet, 11, 16 %ž# sociology, 10
pl. only sweets, 13 &š
essay, 10
š on the left, 4 | (II) to sleep, 7
š$(' next, 15 #š n., indecl. spaghetti, 16

, pl. + tear, 18 bedroom, 4

ž blind, 18 ķ thank уоu, 1
ķ
pl. only cream, 16
%ķ specialist, 10
ķ too (much, etc.), 11 f. specialty, major, 10
m. dictionary, 3
%" special, 9
ž complicated, 17
% ž special school, 17
$ķ: What happened?, 18 back, 18
J $ķ? ķ list, 12
Ÿ| (I) to listen, 2 ķ : dat. + ķ
% (II) to hear, 13, 18 ķ I can’t sleep!, 18
8
north(ern), 5 H
ž ž$! Good night!, 1
f. death, 17 (it is) peaceful, 5

sour cream, 11 sport, 8
|š (II) to watch, 7 ķ sport, 8
*2* SMS (short message service) š/
athlete, 1
text message, 7 on the right, 4
$ at first, 7 Wednesday, 6
snow, 9, 14 š soft adj. average, middle, 15, 18

period of time, 15 Ÿ0 dry, 16
ž ~ for how long, 15 &ķ happy, 15
ž stadium, 4 *&ķ# $ķ! Have a nice trip!, 15

glass, 16 &"
['"
] happiness, 3
metro station, 15 $ check, 16
š comp. older, 5 HK U.S.А., 5
comp. older, 13 son, 2
older, oldest, 3, 13 cheese, 11
old, 3
ķ statistics, 10
* (I) + instr. to become, 17 Т

(from
ž) glass (material), 11 š pill, 18
wall, 4 because, 9

š stereo system, 3
š so-so, 18
|" (I) to do laundry, 7
also, in addition (one
" ķ (clothes) washer, 11 person doing or being
| (II) to stand, 7 something else), 2
ž" cost, price, 15
ž ' same kind, 18
ķ , is/are standing, 4
ž,
so, such, 14
ž (II) to cost, 11 there, 4
table, 4 | | (I) to dance, 8
ž
(small) table, 16 %ž dancer, 1
ķ capital, 5 š
plate, 16
ž subst. adj. dining room, 4 , , , ķ уоur (sg.), 2, 3, 4.7
ž subst. adj., dining hall, cafeteria, 7, 16 ž# Russian cottage cheese, 16
(в столžвой) theater, 4
interj. stop, 15
" theater, 12
ž shot glass, 16 š dat. to you, for you, 12, 13
, pl. country, 5 асс. уоu (sg.), 1
š

area studies, 10 ķ+ television, 3

insurance, 18 !ž telephone, 3

%ķ
~ medical insurance, 18 š body, 18
awful, horrible, scary, 18 ž dark, 14
stress, 18 dark, 14
ž () construction site, 6 Ÿ temperature, 14
ž slim, 18 š tennis, 8
ķ
" m. construction worker, 6 ķ /
tennis player, 1
š /
student, 1 ž warm, 14
$š&
student, 10 warm, 14
chair, 4
8" now, 5
ž Saturday, 6
ž
thermometer, 18
$ &
subtropical, 5 š dough, 16
ķ souvenir, 9 ķ š
pigs in a blanket, 16
Ÿ
bag, purse, 12, 13 aunt, 2

supermarket, 11 š $ technical college, 10

Jķ
Pacific Ocean, 5 Ÿ# (/ $#Ÿ) corner, 18
ķ0 quietly, 10, 12, 15 *š0 (I) to go away (by vehicle), 15
ķ comp. quieter, 10, 15 'š already, 5, 6
quiet, silence, 5 $š
not any more, 6
ž instr. you, 16 Ÿ' supper, 7
ž: J ž? What is wrong with you?, 18 Ÿ'| (I) to eat supper, 7
goods, 13 Ÿ+
narrow, 18
in that case, then, 11, 12 *+| (I) to recognize, to find
ž' also, 1 out, 12, 18
ž
only, 2 $ ķ Ukrainian, 10
ž" & just, 17 *$ ": $
to steal, 15
$ + acc.
#ž %
shopping center, 6
$ |" (I) to decorate, 13
cake, 11
$
š
strengthening, 18
toast (drink), 16
$ ž dill, 16
ž
toaster, 11
Ÿ $ vinegar, 16
, , ,
that/those, 4
Ÿ street, 4
ž$ exactly, 12
$ |" (I) to smile, 12
ķ: 5š ķ . I feel nauseated., 18
*$ Ÿ" (I) to smile, 12
grass, 14
š| (I) to be able, to know how, 9
streetcar, 15
*$
š" (I) to die, to pass away, 13

||" (I) to train, to exercise, 7
$|" (I) to die, to pass away, 13
š , , š e third, 10
$|" (I) to wash (oneself), 7
ž
collect. num. three, 16 department store, 4
ž here: “C” grade, 10 š university, 4
š $ trolleybus, 15 $š
exercise, 7
ž trombone, 8 H Urals, 5
$ trumpet, 8 H"
#ž Ural Mountains, 5
$ labor, 13 $ž lesson, also: homework, 7
Ÿ difficult, 10 H ž/H ž
". Calm down!, 18
Ÿ, š difficult, more ~, 10 $|" (I) to get tired, 18
$4, Ÿ men’s/women’s underwear, 15 * : / to be tired, to get
š toilet, 4 tired, 9, 12
(to) there, 9, 15 Ÿ oral, 10
ķ /
tourist, 1 $|" (I) to organize, 13
Ÿ! shoes, 15 $4 pl. mustache, 18
you (sg.), 2 Ÿ
morning party, 13
4 pumpkin, 13 Ÿ in the morning, 6
Ÿ0, pl. Ÿ ear, 18
$&
|ķ , -ķ% pupil, 10
L $š
textbook, 3
y + gen. by, at, 12 $&š study, school, 10
I have, 3 $&š # school year
$ |" (I) to clean, 7 $&+, subst. adj. scientist, 6
*$ " (I) to clean, 12 $&ķ'
vocational college, 10

$ķ m., teacher (elementary, 5#5ķ||" (I) to take photographs, 9
pl. $ secondary school), 6 5#5 photograph, 2
$ķ teacher, 6 !Ÿ+
French, 3
$|ķ (II) to study at a place, 6 !
fruit, 11
! ž soccer, 8
! ķ /
soccer player, 1
N
! ž
T-shirt, 14
5 () factory (light industry), 6 ! ž football, soccer (adj.), 8
5 phase, 18
5 fact, 5
!
š department, 10 Х
!ķ last name, 6 ķ chemist, 6
!
science fiction, 8 ķ&
chemistry, 10
M
#š: on the Fahrenheit scale, 14 0ķ chemistry, 10
Nš Ÿ# surgeon, 17
5 ground meat, 16 0 bread, 11
5ž stuffed, 13 ž" pl. cereal, 16
! m. (-š) February, 13 0|ķ (II) to go, 7
!š () farm, 6 to go for a visit, 13
~ #ž
!š farmer, 6 " walking, 8
5

fencing, 17 0+
hostess, 13, 16
5#Ÿ figure, 18 0+ host, 13, 16
!ķ /
figure skater, 8 0
š hockey, 8
5ķ physicist, 6 0
š hockey, 8
!ķ+
physics, 10 0
ķ /
ice-hockey player, 1
5ķ&
physics (adj.), 10

ķ cholesterol, 18
!+
Ÿ physical education, 10, 17 0ķ
refrigerator, 11
!ķ$
philology (language 0ž cold, 14
and literature), 10
0ž cold, 9, 14
5ž# philology (language, 10
0ž single (of a man), 6
and literature)
0ž good, 1
5ž5 philosophy, 10
0ž well, 1
5ž5 philosophy (adj.), 10
0 š to want, 3, 12
55 department of philology
(5#ķ&
although, 10
5 $"š), 17 ž&
: dat. + ž&
I want to eat; I am
! finance, 10 0ž$ hungry., 18
Kž š! Happy Easter! (literally:
5š purple, 3
Christ is risen!), 13
!ķ company, 6
0š| (I) to lose weight, 18
5ķ
: ~
º house special, 16
0ž'
artist, painter, 8
5ķ
- fitness center, room, 7
%, sg. ž
flowers, 13, 14
5ķ
- $ fitness club, 7
%
||"() (I) to kiss (each other), 17
5š flute, 8
Lš": Mš& on the Celsius scale, 14
5
ķ/ flutist, 8
%
, pl. %š price, 9
5 camera, 3

cent, 11 K
%
center, 6
puck, 8
%
" central, 6
subst. adj. champagne, 11
%
ž& chain, 13
hat, 9, 14
%

ž ceremony, 17 , Ÿ ~ balloon, 13
%š ()" f. ( %š ) church, 4 ! scarf, 13
0 ķ /
chess player, 1
J 0 chess, 8
4 shish kebab, 16
&
4
subst. adj. pl. tip, 16
4& shish-kebab house, 16
$ tea, 11 š Swedish, 11
& teakettle, 11
% Swiss, 11
$, $, $ž hour, 6 ž sixth, 10
& private, 6 š neck, 18
$ often, 7
! (
!Ÿ) closet, 4
$% pl. only watch, clock, 7, 13
ž school (elementary and
$
cup, 16 secondary), 4
$, $, $, $ whose, 3, 4.7
ž|
, - schoolboy, -girl, 6, 10
&+ bangs, 18
chocolate, 11
&
š person, 11 chocolate, 13
$ than, 5 ž pl. shorts, 14
$ suitcase, 15 state, 5
$š+ + асс. in (in time expressions), 15 Ÿ noisy, 9
&
ķ blueberry, 9
N+
ž
Black Sea, 5
O
$ black, 3
&
ž garlic, 16 '
, pl. '+ cheek, 18
$ š Thursday, 6 '+ brush, 15
+ ~ toothbrush, 15
&
+ “B” grade, 10
&š
collect. num. four, 16
$ fourth, 10 Q
&š
" f. quarter, 10

+ exam, 10
&ž date, number, 13

ž
economics, 10
$ķ clean, 5, 16 ķ economist, 6
$ | (I) to read, 2 ķ&
economics, 10
&š
reading, 10 ' floor, level, story, 4, 15
$ what, 3 D this is, 1
$ conj. that, 2, 3 D , D , D , D this/these, 4
$
ž what is, 3
$ ž that, so that, in order to, 17
$ -Ÿ something, 12 R
$Ÿ | | (I) to feel, 10, 18 "
skirt, 15
$ -$ just a little, 2 (
ķ
š pl. jewelry, 13

& () south, 5 +%
language, 10
($š% law, 10 +%
tongue, 18
&ķ lawyer, 6 ž, pl. egg, 11
0 south(ern), 5 m. (-š) January, 13
" m. amber, 13
ž
Japanese, 3
S bright, 14
I, 2 bright, 14

, pl.
apple, 11 &
соmp. brighter, 14
# berry, 9 clear, 14
#% buttocks, 18 clear, 14

English-Russian Glossary
Note: Complete verb conjugations are given in a separate section.
A allergy ķ, 11, 18

almost $ ķ, 9, 14
a few, some š " , 9
already 'š, 5, 6
a little ž, 2
also ž', 1
a lot ž, 11
also, in addition (one
', 2
a lot more (with ž, 10
person doing or being
comparatives)
something else)
about o + prep., 5
although , 10
abroad + ķ, 15
always , 7
from~ - #ķ%, 15
amber " m., 13
to~ #ķ%$, 15
ambulance
ž ž#, 18
academy š, 10
America š
, 5
accordion #ž , 8
American

, 1
acquaintance ž, 16 American (person)
(m.)
action film
ķ , 12

(f.), 2
active ķ, 15 and (parallel) , 1
activity, class session + (), 7, 10 and, but , 1
actor, actress
,
ķ, 1 answer $| (I), 10;
adapter (for outlets) , 15 * š | (II), 12
address , 6 Answer the questions O š ž, 3
advertisement
, 6 anthropology ž#, 10
advise */â9ò|oâa|ò (I), 13 aраrtment
ķ, 4
aerobics ž , 8 appendicitis
%ķ, 18
after ž + gen., 12 appetite
ķ, 16
afternoon: in the afternoon , 6 apple
, pl.
, 11
again ", 7 apply | (I), 17
age ž+ , 17 April š m., 13
ago +, 9 aquiline (of a nose) , 18
agree: in agreement with , , Arabic , 10
+ instr. architect š , 6
Agreed. It’s a deal. 3 ķ., 12, 16 architecture
Ÿ, 10
Air Force ))*, )š-Ÿ
Arctic Ocean D
ķ
, 5
ķ, 17 arctic &
, 5
air ž$, 5 area studies š

, 10
airplane , 13 arm, hand
, pl. Ÿ
, 16
airport ž , 15 armchair š, 4
alarm clock $ķ" , 12 army , 17
all
", , +,
, 12 arrive (by vehicle) *š0 (I), 15
all day , 12 arrive (on foot) 0ķ (II), 13;
all one’s life & '+, 5 *ķ (I), 12
all right , 12 art
Ÿ , 8
All the best! .ž 0ž!, 1 artist, painter 0ž'
, 8
646 English-Russian Glossary

artist (performing) ķ /
, 1 bank
, 4
Asia , 5 banya, bathhouse , 9, 18
ask (for) */ķ" (II), 13 bar , 6
aspirin ķ, 15, 18 bartender š, 6
assignment
, 10 baseball ž; ž, 8
assistant professor, docent %š, 10 baseball player ķ /
, 8
asthma , 18 basketball
š ;
astronaut , 1
ž, 8
at + prep., + prep., 4, 4.4 basketball player
ķ /
, 1
at first $, 7 bathhouse, banya , 9, 18
at home ž, 2, 6 bathhouse spirit , 18
at night ž$&, 6 bathroom , 4
at the beginning $, 15 be (I), 9
at the computer +
" , 12 be able to $ (I), 12
at the end
š, 15 be able, know how š| (I), 9
At what time? .
ž
?, 7 be afraid |" (II), 15
at, by y + gen., 12 be born ķ (II), 13
athlete š/
, 1 be frequently | (I), 10, 14
athletic shoes
ž
pl., 15 be friends with $ķ" (II) + instr., 17
athletics š , 8 be interested in | | (I)
August , 13 + instr., 17
aunt , 2 be late + | (I), 7, 12
auto mechanic
, 10 / + acc.
avenue š , 4 Be quiet! 5$ķ/ !, 15
average, middle š soft adj., 15, 18 be sick š|" (I), 18
awful , 18 be tired, to get tired : /, 9, 12
be visiting " #, 13
beach ', 14
B beach ¿, 15
bachelor’s degree
, 10 beard , 18
back cèíŧ, 18 beautiful
ķ , 2
backpack &
+
, 15 because C $ , 5;
bad 0ž, 1 , 9
badly, not badly ž0, ž0, 1 become * (I) + instr., 17
bag, purse Ÿ
, 12, 13 bed
f., 4
bagel Ÿ , 16 bedroom , 4
bakery Ÿ$, 16 beef #, 16
balalaika
, 8 beer ķ , 11
balcony
ž, 4 beet + , 16
ball &, 13 before + gen., 17
ballerina ķ, 1 before, earlier , 7
ballet š , 8 begin $| (I), 10, 12
balloon Ÿ , 13 begin (to do something) *$ , 12
Baltic Sea

, 5 beginning &, 15
banana , 11 berry #, 9
bangs &+ , 18 better Ÿ$, 5

between š' + instr., 16 breakfast +
, 7
bicycle š, 3; breast, chest f., 18

š 8 breathe (II), 18
bicycling
š , 17 bride š , 17
big, large ž, 3 bridegroom 'ķ0, 17
bigger, more ž, 5 briefcase 5š" m., 12
biological #ķ&
, 10 brighter &
соmp., 14
biology ž, 10 broom š , 11
birch
+, 14 brother , 2
bird, poultry ķ%, 11 brown (of eyes) soft adj., 18
birth 'š, 17 brown ķ&
, 3
birthday 'š, 13 browse |" (I), 7
black $, 3 brush '+ , 15
Black Sea J ž, 5 toothbrush + #
, 15
blanket
, 15 buffet !š , 16
blind
ž, 18 building +, 4
blood
f., 18 building blocks Ÿ , 13
blue, light blue ž, 3 bun Ÿ$
, 16
blue ķ soft adj., 3 bureau (ž indecl., 6
blueberry &
ķ , 9 bus ž, 15
boat ž , 9 businessman +š, 6
body š, 18 but , a, 2
bodybuilding ķ#, 8, 17 butt ž colloq., 18
Bon appétit! A ķ !, 16 butter, oil , 11
bone " f., 18 buttermilk
5ķ, 16
book
ķ, 3; buttocks #%, 18
ķ, 4
buy
(I), 12, 13;
bookcase ķ 5, 4 *
ķ (II) 3, 9
bookkeeper $#
, 6 by, at y + gen., 12
bookshelf ķ ž , 4
boots ķ, 14
border #ķ%, 15 C
boring
Ÿ$, 3; cabbage
Ÿ , 11

Ÿ$, 14 café
!š indecl., 4
both ž m.; n., ž f., 17 cafeteria, dining hall ž subst. adj.,
both . . . and …, 6 ( ž), 7, 16
bottle %
, 11 cake , 11
box ž , 11 call (on the telephone) */+ |ķ (II), 12
boxing , 8 call (e.g., someone to come) " (I);
box office , 12 * %+ (I), 18
boy (little) $
, 17 Call A+ ķ/ imp., 12
boyfriend ž $ š
, 3 call: is/are called + , + & , 4
bracelet š, 13 Calm down! H ž/H ž
"., 18
brain #, 18 camcorder

, 3
bread 0, 11 camera 5, 3
break

4, 7 campfire +, 9

can, jar
, 11 chest, breast f., 18
Canadian

, 1 chicken
Ÿ, 11
Canadian (person)
(m.),

(f.), 2 child ()
, gen., 3, 17
candidate , 10
, pl. š
capital ķ, 5 children š , 1
car ķ, 3 children’s š
, 8
carbonated #ž, 16 children’s room š subst. adj., 4
carbonated water #ž , 16 chin ž , 18
carefully ž', 15 Chinese

, 3
carrot ž" f., collect., 11 in Chinese -

, 2
carry, wear ķ (II), 17, 18 chocolate
, 11;
carton
š , 11 , 13
Caspian Sea Aķ
ž
, 5 cholesterol

ķ, 18
cat
ž
, 3 choose, to pick |" (I), 10
catch ķ" (II), 9 chopsticks & pl., 16
catch a cold * ķ (II), 18 Christmas P' ž, 13
Caucasus (Mountains) A (
#ž), 5 Merry Christmas! * G
ž!, 13
cauliflower %
Ÿ, 11 church %š ()" f. ( %š ), 4
caviar
, 11 cigarette š , 18
ceiling ž , 4 cinema
, 4;
celebrate
&|" (I), 13
ž indecl., 7
celebration, holiday +
, 13 city ž, pl. , 4;
cello &š" f., 8 # ž 6
cell phone ķ
, 3 civil registry office <=* (>š
Celsius: on the Mš: Mš&, 14 , 17; # #
Celsius scale )
cent , 11 clarinet š, 8
center %
, 6 class
, 10
central %
", 6 class session, activity + (), 7, 10
cereal ž" pl., 16 classical
ķ$
, 8
ceremony %

ž, 17 classmate (at universities) Ÿ , 10
chain %
ž& , 13 classmate (in schools) , 10
chair , 4 clean $ |" (I), 7;
champagne
subst. adj., 11 *$ " (I), 12
channel , 12 clean $ķ , 5, 16
chat, talk #|" (I), 9 cleaning &'š
, 18
cheap
+, 3; clear ; , 14
, 10 climate , 5
cheaper š comp., 10 climb mountains |" (I)
check $ , 16 "ķ, 15
cheek '
, pl. '+ , 18 climb rocks " , 15
cheese , 11 close by , 4
chemist ķ , 6 closed +
% short adj., 16
chemistry 0ķ; ķ&
, 10 closet
! (
!Ÿ), 4
chess 0 pl., 8 clothing š, 13
chess player 0 ķ /
, 1 cloud ž
, pl.
, 14

cloudy ž$; ž$, 14 country , pl. , 5
club
, 5, 12 countryside, village
8, 5
coast š ( Ÿ), 5, 15 cranberry 0 , 13
Coca-Cola ž - ž, 11 cream W
pl. only, 16
coffee
ž! m., 11 creative #", 13
coffeemaker 5
, 11 credit (for coursework) &+, 10
cold 0ž, 9, 14; credit card
ķ
$
, 11, 15
0ž, 14 cucumber (š), pl. %, 11
cold (sickness) Ÿ, 18 cultural $"Ÿ, 15
colleague š#, 10 cup $
, 16
collect | (I), 9 curly $, 18
Colombian $ ķ , 11
communication $ %, 10 D
company , !ķ, 6
dacha, summerhouse $, 4
competition ž $, 10
dad, father , 2
complain " (I) + асс., 18
daily schedule , 7
complicated ž, 17
dairy produce ž&
Ÿ , 11
composer
+ķ , 1
dance | | (I), 8
computer
" , 3
dancer %ž, 1
computer science "0
š , 10
dark ; ž, 14
concert
š (), 7, 12
dark blond Ÿ, 18
conduct (here: classes) |ķ" (II), 10
date, number &ž, 13
congratulate |" (I), 13
daughter $ f., 2
conservatory
ž, 10
day m., 1
construction site ž (), 6
Good day! Hello! 3ž !, 1
construction worker ķ
" m., 6
deaf #$ž, 18
contact lenses
ķ, 18
contemporary, modern š, 8 death f., 17
continent
š , 5 December
(-š), 13
continue |" (I), 10 decide, to solve
|" (I); *ķ (II), 17
contract , 10 decorate $ |" (I), 13
convey, pass *

", imp. / , 12 deep ž
, 5
cookie
&š"
, 16 deeper #Ÿ
comp., 5
cool 0; 0, 14 deeply #$ ž, 18
cooling š
, 18 degree , 14
corn $ $Ÿ, 13 delicatessen $, 11
corner Ÿ# (/ $#Ÿ), 18 delicious
Ÿ, 13, 16
corridor ž, 4 dentist $ ž &, 6
cosmetologist
ž#, 10 department (at universities) 5
, !
š , 10
cosmonaut
, 1 department store , 4
cost ž , ž , ž , 11 dessert š , 16
cost, price ž", 15 detective novels
ķ pl., 8
costume party , 13 diagnosis #, 18
cottage cheese ž#, 16 dial (a telephone number) * " (I), 18
cough
m., 18 dictionary m., 3

die, pass away $|" (I); *š (I), 13 drive ķ" (II), 7
diet š, 16 drugstore š
, 4
different, various +, 9, 15 drum , 8
difficult Ÿ; Ÿ, 10 dry y0ž, 16
dill $ ž, 16 dustpan ž , 11
dining hall, cafeteria ž subst. adj., 7, 16
(в столόвой) E
dining room ž subst. adj., 4
each other Ÿ, 17
diploma (high school)
, 10
ear Ÿ0, pl. Ÿ, 18
diploma (university) ž, 10
earlier, before , 7
diplomat , 10, 17
early soft adj., 17
director š
, 6
early , 7
dirty #, 16
earring '
, 13
dish (food) 0, 16
east ž
, 5
dish(es) Ÿ, 7
east(ern) &, 5
dishwasher $ž
&
ķ, 7 Easter A0, 13
diving #, 8 easy +# ;
ž, 17
division
š
, 10 eat , 11
divorced + , + , eat breakfast */+
| (I), 7, 12
+ % short adj., 6 eat lunch, dinner */š| (I), 7, 12
do š| (I), 7; eat supper */Ÿ'| (I), 7, 12
*š , 12 economics
ž
, 10;
do laundry *4/" (I) 7, 12 ķ&

Do not lose hope! E
/
Ÿ., 18 economist ķ, 6
docent, assistant %š, 10 education + , 10, 17
professor egg ž, pl. , 11
doctor (in titles) ž , 1 either . . . or ķ ... ķ, 17
dog
, 3 elevator ! , 15
doll
Ÿ
, 13 end (š)%, 15
dollar ž, 11 end &|" (I), 10
Don’t worry! >
ž/, 18 end &|" (I), 12

ž ! engineer 'š, 6
Don’t worry! > Ÿ/, 15 English ķ
, 1
Ÿ ! in English -ķ
, 2
door f., 4 enough &, 11
double (room) $š, 15 enroll, enter * ķ (II), 17
dough š, 16 (a university, school)
doughnut ž& , 16 entrance (e.g., exam) $ķ
", 10
downstairs +Ÿ, 18 entrance , 12
draw ||" (I), 8 especially ž, 8
dream $ , 17 essay &š
, 10
dream $ | (I) + prep., 17 even ', 9, 18
dress , 15 evening š$, 1
drier Ÿ
соmp., 14 in the evening š$, 6
drink ķ , pl. ķ , 11 in the evenings
&
, 15
drink (I), 11 Good evening! 3ž š$!, 1

every
', 7 farmers’ market %()
( %
), 11
every day
' , 6; fashionable ž, 13

š, 7 fast % , 2, 7
every week $(
š(, 6 fast ž, 18
exactly ž$, 12 father š, 2
exactly (e.g., ķ
, 13 dad , 2
What exactly?) faucet , 15
exam
+, 10 favorite &ķ, 8
exam period (end š, 10 February ! m. (-š), 13
of semester)
feed |ķ" (II), 16
excellent ķ$, 1
feel $Ÿ | | (I)
except ž
, 10 ¿, 10, 18
Excuse me! :+ ķ/ !, 4 fencing 5

, 17
exercise $š
, 7 festive &, 13
exhibit 4 , 12 figure 5#Ÿ, 18
exit (e.g., exam) $ ž, 10 figure skater !ķ /
, 8
expensive ž, 3; finally
š, 7
ž, 10 finance ! pl., 10
more expensive ž' comp., 10 finger, toe
%, pl. "%, 18
extra ķ soft. adj., 12 finish, conclude *
ž$ (II), 17
eye +, pl. +, 18 finishing
$, 17
eyebrow " f., 18 fire , 18
eyelashes
ķ%, 18 firefighter subst.
adj., 17
F first name ķ n. (рl. ), 6
face ž, pl. ķ, 18 fir tree + , 13
fact 5 , 5 fish ķ" (II) 4 $, 9
factory (light industry) 5 (), 6 fish %, 9, 11
factory, plant + ž (), 6 fitness center, ~ room 5ķ
-, 7
Fahrenheit: on the M
#š: fitness club 5ķ
- $ , 7
Fahrenheit scale Nš , 14 flatbread , 11
fairly, rather ž, 14, 17 flight +, 15
fairy tale , 8 flight, route
, 15
fall, autumn ž f., 9; floor , 4
осéнний soft adj., 10 floor, level, story ', 4, 15
in fall ž&, 9 flour $ , 16
fall in love with *&|ķ (II) + асс., 17 flowers %, sg. ž
, 13, 14
fall out of love with *+&|ķ E (II) + асс., 17 flu , 18
family , 2 fluently ž, 2
the whole family
", 7 flute 5š, 8
famous + š , 1; flutist 5
ķ/ , 8
+ķ , 17 fly
|" (I);
š" (II), 15
far
ž, 4 folk ž, 8
far, distant " soft adj., 15 food store #ž, 11
farm !š (), 6 food, meal
, 16
farmer !š, 6 fool
, f. Ÿ, 15

foot, leg , pl. ž, 18 garage ', 4
football, soccer ! ž; ! ž, 8 garden ( Ÿ), 4, 15
(American) ~

! ž, 8 garlic &
ž , 16
for + gen., 16 geography #
#5,
for (a period of time) + асс., 15 #
#5ķ&
, 10
for a long time ž, 5; ž, 9 geology #
ž#,
for example š, 10 #
#ķ&
, 10
for how long ž , 15 geometry #
š, 10
forecast #ž, 14 Georgian (country) #$ķ , 11
forehead ( y), 18 German š
, 3
foreign , 10 in German -š
, 2
foreigner /(
)%, - , 15 get, receive *$|ķ (II), 12, 13
forest ( Ÿ), 5, 9 Get a grip on yourself! )"ķ/

Ÿ !, 18
forget |" (I); *+% (I), 15 get divorced *
ķ" + instr., 17
fork ķ
, 16 get dressed
|" (I), 7
former ², 5 get in (a school, university) *$ķ" (II), 10
freckle
Ÿ , 18 get in *", 16
free ž, 9 get married (of a man) 'ķ (II) + prep., 17
free time, leisure time ž š, 9 get married (of a woman) ķ" $ (II)
free, vacant ž, ž, 16 * % +' (I)
ž, ž за + acc., 17
short adj. get sick *+š| (I), 18
freezer ķ" , 11 get tired $|" (I), 18
French !Ÿ+
, 3 get undressed
|" (I), 7
in French -!Ÿ+
, 2 get up | (I), 7
fresh š', 16 get well |" (I), 18
Friday , 6 Get well! F/
friend (m.), Ÿ (f.), 2 П
"!, 18
friendship Ÿ , 16 gift, present
, pl.
, 13
from + gen., 13; gingerbread cookie , 16
+ + gen., 15 girl, young woman, š
, 2
from abroad +-+ ķ, 15 girlfriend
frost ž+, 14 girl (little) š $
, 17
fruit !
, 11 give | (I), 10, 12;
full, full-figured, plump ž, 10, 18 * , 12
fun š, 9, 14 Give! 3/ ! imp., 11
fur 0 ž, 9 give a tip "; *" &, 16
fur hat
, 9 give advice, advise */ š | | (I), 13
future Ÿ# subst. adj., 17 give as a present */|ķ (II), 13
future Ÿ$', 10 glass
, 16
glass (material)

(from
ž), 11
G glasses & ķ, 15
gadget , 18 gloves $
pl., 14
gain weight (II), 18 go away (by vehicle) *š0 (I), 15
game (sports event) $, 12 go for a visit ķ" #ž, 13

Go! :ķ/ ! imp., 4 guilty ,
go, be going (on foot) 0|ķ (II); ķ (I), 7 short adj., 18
go, leave (by vehicle) *š0 (I), 12 guitar , 8
go, leave (on foot) ķ (I), 12 guitarist ķ /
, 8
Go to hell! A &+$!, 10 gulf , 5
go, travel by vehicle guy m., 17
(one way) š0 (I), 12 gymnast /
, 8
go, travel by vehicle š+ (II), 9 gymnastics
, 8
(round-trip)
goalkeeper " m., 8
gold(en) ž, 13 H
golf #"5, 8 habit 4& , 18
good 0ž, 1 hair ž pl., 18
good (for health) š, 16 half (ķ), 6
Good-bye! 3 !, 1 1.5 , 6
Good-bye! See уоu A
!, 1 2.5 ķ, 6
later! half a kilo
ž, 11
Good day! Hello! 3ž !, 1 half a liter ž-ķ , 11
Good evening! 3ž š$!, 1 half a year žž, 15
Good luck! E Ÿ
!, 10 half an hour $, 6, 12
Good morning! 3ž Ÿ !, 1 hall , 18
Good night! H
ž ž$!, 1 ham
&, 11
goods , 13 hamburger , 16
grade (numeric) hand, arm
, pl. Ÿ
, 16
A + , 10 hang: is/are hanging ķ , , 4
B &
+ , 10 hangover š"
, 18
C ž , 10 happiness &"
['"
], 3
D ž , 10 happy &ķ, 15
grade (for exams, etc.) š , 10 happy, fun loving, cheerful , 14
graduate program Ÿ, 10 Happy Birthday! H 'š!, 13
graduate student /
, 10 Happy Easter! (literally: Kž š!, 13
gram , 11 Christ is risen!)
grand piano m., 8 Happy holiday! H +
!, 13
granddaughter Ÿ$
, 2 Happy New Year! H >ž ž!, 13
grandfather š
, 2 Happy Women’s Day! * )"ž#, 13
Grandfather Frost 3 5ž+, 13 !
grandmother
, 2 harmful, bad for you š, 18
grandson
, 2 hat
, 9, 14
grapes # collect., 11 Have a nice trip! *&ķ# $ķ!, 15
grass , 14 have: I have , 3
grave #ķ, 9 he , 2
green +, 3 head , 18
grey š, 3 head (here: of a table) #, 16
grey (of hair)
ž, 18 health ž"
, 16
ground meat 5, 16 health clinic
ķ
, 6
guest m., 13 health care + 0š, 18

health spa ž, 15 hotter '$ соmp., 14
hear % (II), 13, 18 hour $, $, $ž , 6
hearing aid $ž , 18 house , 4
heart š [š%
], 18 house special 5ķ

0, 16
height, growth , 18 housewife 0+
, 6
Hello! 8 / !, 1 how

, 1
help ž# f., 18 How are things?, <
?, 1
help, aid | (I), 7; How are you?
*ž$ (I), 13 how many, how much
ž
, 5
her [yiyo], 1 how many hours
ž
$ž , 6
here +, 4 humidity ", 14
herring
+ ,
"" f., 16 hurt š (II): ķ ,
Hi! A š !, 1 , 18
high school exit exam ?=@ (
ķ, 10 husband ', 2
#$

)
I
high school graduate $ ķ , 10
high, tall ž
, 5; I , 2

ž, 14 ice ( ";

higher education $ (4
$&š
"), 16
institution
š
), 10 ice cream ž' subst. adj., 11
higher 4, 10 ice-hockey player 0
ķ /
, 1
higher, taller % соmp., 5, 14 ice-skate
| (I)
highest (here: college level) %, 17

0, 9
hiking ž, 15 icon ž, 4
him ž [yiv], 1 ID card ž$ , 10
idea š, 13
his ž, 2
if š, 7, 14
history ž; ķ&
, 10
important ', 18
hockey 0
š; 0
š, 8
in, at (location) + prep., 4
hold
|" (II), 16
in, within (a period + + асс., 12
holiday, celebration +
, 13
of time)
holidays, vacation (school)
ķ
pl., 10
in (future time) $š+ + асс., 15
home , 4
in advance
, 16
at home ž, 6 in another way -$#ž$, 10
home soft. adj., 12 in general, generally 'š, 13
home theater
, 3 in that case, then , 11, 12
honey +, 16 Independence Day 7
"
ķ, 13
horrible , 18 ingredient #
š, 16
horse ž f., 3 insomnia
ž%, 18
horseback riding

, 17 institute Ÿ , 6
hospital ķ, 4 instrument š , 8
host, hostess 0+, 0+
, 13, 16 insurance c
, 18
hot (of liquid) $, 15 intelligence officer š& , 17
hot '
; '
, 14 interest
š, 17
hotel ķ, 4 interesting š, 3;
hotel room ž, nоm. pl.
, 15 š, 2

international 'ž, 13, 17 key (&, 15
international relations
$ž
kilogram
, 11
š, 10 kiosk + , pl. " ķ, 11
International Women’s Day .ž , 13 kiss (each other) */%
||"() (I), 17
2
$ž kitchen
Ÿ0, 4
š
"
knife ', 16
invitation #š
, 12
know +| (I), 2
invite #|" (I), 12;
kopeck š , 11
*#ķ" (II), 13
Korean š , 10
island ž , pl. , 5
it ž, 4 kvas (fermented drink) , 16
It’s a deal! 3 ķ!, 12, 16
Italian
, 3 L
in Italian -
, 3
labor $, 13
laboratory ž, 6
J laboratory technician , 6
lake ž+, pl. +, 5
jacket
Ÿ
, 14
lamb (meat) , 16
jam
, 11;
š, 16 lamp , 4
January m. (-š), 13 land, ground +, 14
Japanese ž
, 3 language +%
, 10
in Japanese -ž
, 2 laptop computer $ Ÿ , 3
jar, can
, 11 large, big ž, 3
jazz '+, 8 last š soft adj., 13
jeans 'ķ pl., 12 last name !ķ, 6
jewelry (
ķ
š, 13 late ž+, 7
job, work ž (), 6 later ()ž
comp., 7, 16
join (a party, military, etc.) $ķ" (II), 17 law ($š%, 10
journalism $ķ , 10 lawyer &ķ , 6
journalist 'ķ /
, 6 lazy ķ , 18
judo (ž indecl., 8 lecture š
(), 7, 10
juice
, 11 left š, 16
July & m., 13 on the left š , 4
June & m., 13 to the left š , 4
junior college (in Russia) ž
, 10 leg, foot , pl. ž, 18
just ž" &, 17 lemon ž, 16
just a little $ -$ , 2 lemonade , 11
Just a minute! 5Ÿ ($)
!, 12 lens ķ, 18
just in case Ÿ&, 11 less, smaller š, 5
lesson, also: homework $ž , 7
Let’s go . . . 3 /
K š…, 12
karate B, 8 Let’s meet . . . 3 š …, 16
karavai: a round bread , 17 Let’s watch . . . 3 ž …, 12
(for ceremonies) letter ž, 3
ketchup š&$, 16 librarian š
, 6

library š
, 4 main #, 12
lie ' (II), 4, 7 maitre d’
š" m., 16
lie down 'ķ (II), 7 man '$ķ, 6
life " f., 5 management š

, 10
light, easy +# , 8 manager š

, 6
light, light-colored š , ž, 14 many ž#
, 9
lightbulb & , 15 map , 5
like, love &|ķ (II), 3, 8 March , 13
like, please */ (II), 13 margarine #ķ, 11
linguistics #ķ , 10 marine science
ž#, 10
lip #$ , pl. #Ÿ , 18 marriage , 17
list ķ , 12 marriage palace 7š% -
listen Ÿ| (I), 2 &
, 17
liter , 11 married (of a man) ' , 3, 6
literature Ÿ, 8 married (of a woman) +', 3, 6
little , 11 marry (each other) *'ķ , 17
little, small
, 3 mask , 13
live ' (I), 4 master’s degree #ķ, 10
living room ķ subst. adj., 4 master’s program #Ÿ, 10
loaf $ , 11; maternity ward (ķ") , 18
ž (French bread), 16 mathematician
, 6
location: is/are located 0ž , mathematics
;, 10
0ž , 4
ķ&

long ķ, 5 May , 13
look (of appearance) 4#|
" (II), 18 May Day Aš , 13
look for " (I), 17 may not +, 16
lose *
" (I), 15 maybe, perhaps ž' , 3
lose weight */0š , 18 mayonnaise š, 16
loudly, louder #ž , #ž&
, 15
me асс., 1
love &ž f. (gen. ( ķ), 17
meaning &š
, 18
in love ( +, (
, 18
measure *š" (II), 18
влюблен4
short adj. meat , 11
love, like &|ķ (II), 3, 8 mechanic
, 6
low ķ+
, 5; medical
%ķ , 6
ķ , 14 medicine
, 18
lower ķ' соmp., 5, 14 medicine (science)
%ķ, 10
luck: I wish you luck! ;
(
š/ $&!, 10 meet
&|" (I), 12;
lunch, dinner š, 7 *š" (II)
lungs +#
[+
], 18 meeting š&, 16
lyceum %š, 10 menu " indecl., 16
metro station , 15
Mexican

, 3
M
microwave oven ž
&", 11
macaroni ž, 16 ž
magazine ', 3 middle

ķ, 15
maid ž%, 6 in the middle ķ, 15

middle, average š, 15, 18 N
milk
ž, 11
name |" (I);
milk, milky ž&, 11 *+ (I), 17
millionnaire š, 17 name day
ķ, 13
mineral
", 11 name, first name ķ n. (рl. ), 6
minus ķ, 14 name, last name ôķÿ, 6
minute Ÿ, Ÿ(&) nanny , 6
dim., 12
napkin !š
, 16
mittens
pl., 14
narrow Ÿ+
, 18
mix up *

Ÿ|" (I), 16
native ž, 10
modern, contemporary š, 8
nature ž, 14
Monday š
, 6
nauseated: I feel nauseated. ķ: 5š
money š pl. only; gen. ķ ., 18
š, 10 Navy )2*, )š-
month š, 7 ķ
ķ, 17
moon , 14 near ķ , 4
more, bigger ž comp., 5 nearsighted Ÿ , 18
morning Ÿ , 1 neck š, 18
Good morning! 3ž Ÿ !, 1 necklace Ÿ, 13
in the morning Ÿ , 6 necktie
, 13
morning party Ÿ
, 13 needed Ÿ, 11
Moscow 5
, 5; ž , 7 needed Ÿ', ', Ÿ',
most of all ž ž, 13 '% short adj., 15
most (superlative) , 5 nerve
, 18
mother, mom f., , 2 nesting doll
, 9
motorboat
, 9 never
, 7
motorcycle %ķ , 3 new ž , 3
mountain , pl. ž, 5 newlyweds +, 17
mountain climbing "ķ, 15 newspaper +š , 3
mouth ( Ÿ), 18 next š$(', 15
movie director
+, 17 next to + instr., 16
Mr. #ķ, 1 next year š&# Ÿ, 15
Ms. #, 1 Nice to meet уоu! B$ !, 1
mug Ÿ , 16 nice (looking) ķ$, 2
museum +š, 4 night &" f., 1
mushroom # , 9 at night ž$&, 6
music Ÿ+
, 7 Good night! H
ž ž$!, 1
musical $ ", 6 night &ž, 6
must, need : dat. + , 11 night club &ž $ , 6
must not, cannot +: dat. + +, 18 no , 1
mustache $4, 18 no way

, 12
mustard #&ķ%, 16 noisy Ÿ, 9
mute
ž, 18 north š , 5
my , , , north(ern) 8
, 5
ķ, 2, 3, 4.7 nose , 18

not (negative within , 1 opera ž, 8
а sentence) opinion 8
, 5
not any more $š
, 6 in my opinion -ž, 3
not bad 0ž, 1 or ķ, 1
not badly ž0, 1 oral Ÿ , 10
not well 0ž, 2 orange (color)
, 3
not yet # , 3, 12 orange (fruit) ķ;
nothing $ž, 6
"ķ, 11
novel , 3 orchestra š, 8
November m. (-š), 13 order , 16
now, right now $, 7 order, reserve +
+ | (I), 16
now
8", 5 *+
+ (I)
nowhere š, 6 organize $|" (I), 13
number, date &ž, 13 other $#ž, 9
nurse / , 6 our , , ,
nutrition
, 16 , 2, 3, 4.7
out of town + , 9, 12
oval ", 18
O overcast , 14
oboe # ž, 8 overcoat ž indecl., 14
occupied, busy + , + , + , 16 own, one’s own , 5, 13
+ short adj. own, have š| (I), 17
ocean
, 5
October
m. (-š), 13
P
of course
š$, 2, 8
office
š , 4, 18; Pacific Ocean Jķ
, 5
ž5, 6 package $
, 11
often $ , 7 painter, artist 0ž'
, 8
Oh, come on! E$ &ž !, 2 painting ķ, 4
Oh, well! H$, & !, 15 palace š%, 17
oil, butter , 11 pancake house ķ, 16
okay ", 7 pancakes % pl., 16
old , 3 pants "
pl., 15
older š, 5; parents ķ pl., 2
, 13 park
, 4
older, oldest , 3, 13 parsley
Ÿ , 16
on, at + prep., 4 party $ķ
, 13, 16
one can/may; it is possible ž', 9 pass (an exam) * (
+), 12
oneself
, 10 pass, convey * , imp., 12
onion $ , 11 /
only ž
, 2 passive ķ, 15
only, sole, one and only
ķ
, 3 passport , 15
open " (I); paste , 15
*
% (I), 12, 15 toothpaste $ , 15
open
% short adj., 16 pastry ž
, 16
open 4" (I), 12 patient (medical) ž subst. adj., 18

patronymic ž $ , 6 plus &, 14
pay (with cash) ķ" (ķ&), 11 pocket , 15
peace , 3 poet B, 1
peach š , 16 poetry D+, 8
pear #Ÿ, 16 police ķ%, 18
pendant
ž, 13 police officer š
, 17
peninsula ž , pl. , 5 policy ž, 18
pension; retired š; š, 6 Polish ž" , 10
(on pension) political science ž#, 10
people ", 5 poor š, 18
pepper š(
)%, 16 Poor thing!
!, 18
perfume 0ķ pl. only, 13 popular , 8
perhaps, maybe ž' , 3 pork ķ, 16
period of time , 15 portion ž%, 16
person &
š , 11 Portuguese $#" , 10
personally ķ&, 10 possible: one can/may ž', 9
phase 5, 18 post office ž$ , 4
philology (language 5ž#;, 10 postcard 4 , 13
and literature) !ķ$
poster , 4
philology 5ž5; 5ž5 , 10 potatoes
ž! m. collect., 11
photograph 5#5, 2 ( ž )
physical education !+
Ÿ, 10, 17 poultry, bird ķ%, 11
physician $, 6 prefer
&|" (I), 15
physicist !ķ+
, 6 pregnant
š
,
š
, 18
physics !ķ+
; 5ķ&
, 10 prepare (dinner, etc.) */ ž (II), 7, 12
pianist ķ /
, 1 prepare for an exam */#ž|"
piano ķ indecl., 8
$, 12
grand piano ’ m., 8 present, gift
, pl.
, 13
pie, pastry ž, 'ž
, 16 presentation, paper , 10
piece $ž , 11 president +š , 1
pilaf , 11 prestigious
ķ, 6
pill š , 18 price , pl. %š, 9
pillow Ÿ , 15 printer ķ
, 3
pilot $
, 17 private &, 6
pineapple , 16 probably š(), 11, 18
pink ž, 3 problem š, 13
pity ', 18 produce Ÿ
pl., 11, 16
pity: I feel sorry for you. ": 2
"
., 18 profession, by profession !š,
pizza ķ%%, 16 !š, 6
place š, pl.
, 6 professor !š, 1
plan , 17 program , 12
plate š
, 16 programmer ķ , 6
play a game | (I) + acc., 8 psychiatrist , 17
play an instrument | (I) + prep., 8 psychology ž#, 10
player (electronics) š
, 3 puck (hockey) , 8
please, you’re welcome ' , 4 pug-nosed $ž, 18

pumpkin 4 , 13 residence hall #'ķ , 4
pupil $&
|ķ , -ķ%, 10 resort $ž, 15
purple 5š, 3 resort hotel , 15
purse, bag Ÿ
, 12, 13 rest 0| (I), 9
put on (of clothes) | (I), *š (I), 14 rest, vacation ž, 15
put ", 12 restaurant , 4
*'ķ (II), 12, 15 return '|" (I);
* Ÿ (I), 15
rheumatism
ķ, 18
Q rice , 11, 16
quarter &š
" f., 10 ride a motorboat
| (I)

, 9
question ž, 3 ride in a rowboat
| (I) ž
, 9
quiet, silence , 5 ride on horseback š+ 0ž, 9
quietly, quieter ķ0, ķ, 10, 15 right , 16
quiz
ž ž , 10 on the right , 4
to the right , 4
ring
ž, pl.
ž, 13
R
river
, pl. š
, 5
radio , 3 road, trip ž#, 15
railway station
+, 15 rock-climbing
, 15
rain o' m., 14 rock group
-Ÿ, 8
raincoat ', 14 rock music
-Ÿ+
, 8
raspberry ķ, 16 rock musician -$ , 17
rather, fairly ž, 14, 17 roll, ride
| (I), 9
razor ķ, 15 rollerskate
| (I) ž , 9
read */$ | (I), 2, 12 room
ž , 4
reading &š
, 10 roommate š/ ž
, 7
real ', 9 round
Ÿ, 18
receive, get $| (I), 10; ruble Ÿ m., 11
*$ķ (II), 13
rug +, 4
recipe, prescription
%š, 16, 18
run š| (I), 9
recognize, find out *+| (I), 12, 18
running , 8, 17
red
, 3
runny, stuffy nose,
, 18
red (of hair) 4, 18 head cold
reduce stress "
, 18
Russia Fķ, 5
refrigerator 0ķ
, 11
Russian (person) Ÿ
(m.),
regular
#$, 18 Ÿ
(f.), 2
relation(ship) š
, 17 Russian Ÿ
, 1
relative ž
, 13 in Russian -Ÿ
, 2
relaxation š
, 18 Russian (referring to the , 7
religious
#ž, 13 country and its citizens)
rent | (I), 10
repetition š
, 18
report, paper ! , 12 S
republic
Ÿ , 5 sad Ÿ , 18
required, compulsory
", 10 sail $, 9

salad , 11 shish kebab 4 , 16
salesman š, pl. %, 6 shish-kebab house 4&, 16
saleswoman #ķ, 6 shoes Ÿ! pl., 15
salt f., 16 shopping center #ž %
, 6
same kind
ž ', 18 short
ž
, 5;
samovar , 9
ž
, 14
sandwich ž, 16 shorter
ž$ соmp., 14
satisfied ž, ž, 17 shorts ž pl., 14
ž + instr. shot glass 0 , ž , 16
Saturday ž , 6 shoulder
&ž, pl. š&, 18
sauce, syrup ž, 13 show |" (I);
saucer 0%
, 16 * " (I), 12
sauerkraut
Ÿ, 11 show (in movie theaters)
, 12
sausage
, 11 shower $, 7
sausage links ķ
pl., 16 shut, close |" (I);
saxophone 5ž, 8 *+
% (I), 15
Say, tell! H
'ķ/ !, 4 Siberia * ķ" f., 5
scarf !, 13 sick ž, , %, 18
scary , 18 short adj.
school (elementary
ž, 4 sight
&
""
and secondary) f., 15
school year $&š #, 10 silver
š , 13
schoolboy, -girl
ž|
, -, 6, 10 similar, resembling 0ž', 0ž'
schooling, teaching $&š
, 17 0ž' + асс., 18
science Ÿ , 10 simply ž , 9, 18
science fiction !
, 8 sing (I), 8
scientist $&+, subst. adj., 6 singer š, ķ, 8, 17
sea ž, pl. ¿, 5 single (of a man) 0ž , 6
season š ž, 9 single (of a woman) +', 6
secretary
m., 6 single room š ž
, 15
security guard , 10 sister , 2
see ķ (II), 12 sit š (II), 7
See you tonight then! 3 š$ !, 16 Sit down! Have a seat! Hķ/Hķ !, 15
seem ": dat. +
' , 18 skating rink ž , 12
seldom š
, 7 ski
| (I) %'0, 9
selection, choice 4 , 13 ski(ing) 4 , 8
sell | (I), 11 skin
ž', 18
semester š , 10 skirt "
, 15
seminar , 10 sky š, 14
separate š", 15 sleep | (II), 7
September m. (-š), 13 sleep: I can’t sleep. 5 ķ ., 18
serious +, 18 sleeping pill ž
, 18
she , 2 sleeveless T-shirt
, 14
shelf ž , 4 slice š", 11
shine: is shining; š ; past ķ, 14 slim ž, 18
was shining slowly š, 2, 15

small, little
, 3 sport, sporty ķ, 8
smaller, less š comp., 5 spring
š soft adj., 10
smile $ |" (I); *$ Ÿ", 12 spring , 9
smoke
ķ (II), 18 in spring ž, 9
smoking $š
, 18 square ž'" f., 4
SMS (short message *2*, 7 St. Petersburg H
-A Ÿ, 5
service), text message stadium ž, 4
snack Ÿ|" (I); * $ķ", 16 staircase š%, 15
snack, appetizer +
Ÿ
, 16 stamps &ž
pl., 9
snow , 9, 14 stand | (II), 7
Snow maiden HŸ$
, 13 stand: is/are standing ķ , , 4
snowboard
| (I) o$ ž
, 9 Stand up! )"/
! imp., 15
so, such
ž,
, 14 star + +, pl. + +, 14
soccer ! ž, 8 state , 5
soccer player ! ķ /
, 1 state, public #$
, 6
sociology %ž#, 10 statistics ķ , 10
socks
ķ pl., 15 status š
, 6
sofa , 4 steal *$ ": $
, 15
sold out ž, ž $ + acc.
ž short adj., 12 steam: Enjoy your : * +# !, 18
soldier š, , 17 bath!
some, a few š " , 9 steam room ķ , 18
something $ -Ÿ, 12 stereo system

š, 3
sometimes , 6, 7 still #, 2, 6
son , 2 stomach ' ž , 18
song š, 8 stop , 15;
soon
ž, 13 ķ",
so-so
š, 18 ķ
", 15
soul $, 18 store +ķ, 4
sour cream
, 11 stove , 11
south &, 5 straight ž, 18
south(ern) 0, 5 straight ahead , 4
souvenir ķ, 9 strawberry $ ķ , 16
spaghetti #š indecl., 16 street Ÿ, 4
Spanish
, 3 streetcar , 15
in Spanish -
, 2 strengthening $
š
, 18
speak |ķ (II), 2 strep throat ķ, 18
special
%", 9 stress , 18
special school
% ž, 17 strong š , 18
specialist
%ķ, 10 strong ķ; ķ, 14
specialty, major f., 10 student š /
, 1
spend (time) ķ" (II) š, 7 student $š&
, 10
spices, condiments pl., 16 study (where?, how?) $ķ (II), 6
spoon ž'
, 16 study a subject +$| (I), 10
sport , 8 study, do homework +| (I), 7
kind (category) of sport ž , 8 study, school $&š , 10

stuffed 5ž, 13 take off (of clothes) | (I); * (I), 14
subject š , 10 take photographs 5#5ķ||" (I), 9
subtropical $ &
, 5 tall, high ž
, 5
subway ž indecl., 4 tea $, 11
sugar 0, 16 teach | (I), 10
suggest
a#|" (I), 13 teacher m., 2
*
|ķ" (II) teacher (elementary, $ķ m., pl. $ , 6
suggestion
š
, 13 secondary school)
suit
", 15 teacher (f.) $ķ , 6
suitcase $, 15 teakettle & , 11
summer š , 9 team
, 8
in summer š , 9 tear ëeŧ, pl. cë+û, 18
summer š soft adj., 10 teaspoon $ ž'
, 16
summerhouse, dacha $, 4 technical college š $, 10
sun ž [o%
], 14 teddy bear ķ
m., 13
sunbathe +| (I), 15 telephone !ž, 3
Sunday
š, 6 on the telephone !ž, 7
sunglasses ž$ $
ķ, 15 television ķ+, 3
sunny ž$; ž$, 14 on TV ķ+, 7
supermarket
, 11 temperature Ÿ, 14
supper Ÿ', 7 tennis š, 8
surgeon Ÿ#, 17 tennis player ķ /
, 1
survey ž, 17 tent , 15
sweater ķ , 13 textbook $š
, 3
Swedish š , 11 text message *2*, 7
sweet
, 11, 16 than $, 5
sweets pl. only, 13 thank уоu ķ, 1
swim | (I), 9 that &, 2
swim, bathe (play)
| (I), 15 that, so that, in order to $ ž, 17
swimming , 8 that/those , , ,
, 4, 4.7
swimsuit (men’s)
, 15 theater , 4;

", 12
swimsuit (women’s)

, 15
their 0, 2
Swiss
% , 11
them 0 асс., 1
then ž, 4
T there , 4
table , 4; there is, there are , 3
ž
, 16 therefore D , 9
tablecloth
" f., 16 thermometer
ž
, 18
tablespoon ž ž'
, 16 thesis ž ž, 10
take " (I), 12; they ķ, 2
* + (I), 11, 15 think Ÿ| (I), 2
take (an exam) | (I) (
+), 12 think (for a while) *Ÿ|" (I), 13
take (e.g., a shower) |" (I), 7; this is D , 1
*" (I), 12 this/these D , D , D , D , 1, 4.7
take (here: credit cards) (I), 16 three ž
collect. num., 16

throat ž, 18 Turn off (the light, .%
&$/ , 15
throw, quit *ž (II), 18 an appliance)
thunderstorm +, 14 Turn on (the light, .
&$ķ/ , 15
an appliance)
Thursday $ š, 6
tutor

ķ, 10
ticket š , 10, 12
TV or radio broadcast $, 12
time š n; gen. sg., 7
š, pl. two ž
collect. num., 16
time (counting) +, +, 7
tip &
4
subst. adj. pl., 16 U
to, for (toasting) + + асс., 16
U.S.А. HK, 5
to, toward
+ dat., 13 Ukrainian $ ķ , 10
toast (drink) , 16 umbrella +ž (
), 15
toaster ž
, 11 uncle , 2
today ž, 6 understand | (I), 2
toe, finger
%, pl. "%, 18 underwear $4, Ÿ pl., 15
together š
, 7 unemployed
ž, 6
toilet š , 4 unfortunately š(, 12
tomato ž, 11 university š , 4
tongue +%
, 18 Ural (Mountains) H("
#ž), 5
too (much, etc.) ķ , 11 us асс., 1
tooth +, 18 usually %$, 6, 7
toothbrush + #
, 15
toothpaste + , 15
V
tourist ķ /
, 1
tourist sight
&
"" f., 15 vanilla ķ", 13
towel š%
, 15 vacation (school), holidays
ķ
pl., 10
vacation, rest ž, 15
toy Ÿ
, 13
vacuum cleaner
ž, 11
train ž+, 15
various, different +, 9, 15
train conductor ķ , ķ%, 15
vegetable oil ķ
"
, 11
train, exercise
||" (I), 7
vegetables ž # pl., 11
translator

ž& , 6
vegetarian
#
|(
)%, - , 16
travel $
š||" (I), 15
very ž$, 1
tree š , pl. š , 14
veterinarian

, 6
trip š , 15 victory š, 18
trolleybus š $, 15 Victory Day 7
" š, 13
trombone ž, 8 village, countryside
8, 5
truck #$ķ , 13 vinegar Ÿ $, 16
trumpet $ , 8 violin
ķ
, 8
truth , 3 violinist
$/
, 8
try */ž ||" (I), 18 visa (travel document) ķ, 15
T-shirt ! ž
, 14 vision š
, 18
Tuesday ž
, 6 vitamin ķ, 18
turkey š , 13 vocational college $&ķ'
, 10
Turn (e.g., back) F
ķ/
, 15 vodka ž
, 11

volleyball ž, 8 What is . . . ? J
ž...?, 3
volleyball player ķ /
, 8 What time is it? < ž $?, 7
H
ž
$
š?, 7
W when
, 6
wait */' (I), 16 where , 4
Wait! (A)'ķ/ !, 15 where from
Ÿ, 15
waiter/waitress ! /
, 6 where (to)
, 7
wake up *Ÿ" (I), 12 white š, 3
walk, stroll | (I), 7 who
, 1
walking " , 8 who

ž,

, 1
wall , 4 who, which, that
ž, 7, 9
want 0 š irreg., 3, 12 whose $, $, $,
war , 3 $, 3, 4.7
warm ; ž, 14 why $C, 5
wash " (I), 7 wife ', 2
wash (oneself) $|" (I), 7 wind š (), gen. sg.
watch |š (II), 7 š , 14
watch, clock $% pl. only, 7, 13 window
ž, 4
water , acc. ž$, 9, 11 wine ž, 11
watermelon Ÿ, 16 wineglass , 16
water-ski
| (I) ž, 9 winter +, 9
4 in winter +ž, 9
wavy (of hair) ķ, 18 winter ķ soft adj., 10
we , 2 with + instr., 16
weak ; , 14 with me ž, 12
weather ž, 14 with parents ķ
, 10
website š -, 7 with pleasure ž , 12, 16
wedding , 17 without + + gen., 16
Wednesday , 6 witness š
" m., 17
week, per week š, š&, 6, 7
woman 'š#, 6
Welcome! ž "!, 13
women’s, female š , 6
welcome: you’re welcome oæyca, 4
women’s top
ž! ,
ž! $
, 15
well 0ž, 1
wonderful
, 14;
well (not sick) +ž , +ž ,
, 7
+ž , 18
work ž | (I), 6
short adj.
Well done! 2š%!, 12 work, job ž (), 6
west +, 5 world , 5
west(ern) , 5 worry, disturb *
ž" (II), 18
what $ , 3 wrestling " , 17
what (kind)

ž, 3 write */ (I), 7
What happened? J $ķ?, 18 writer m., 1
What is wrong with you? J ž?, 18 writing "ž, 10
What is your name? <
+ Ÿ ? writing desk ķ"
, 4
<
+ Ÿ ?, 1 written ķ, 10

Y young ž, 2
young man ž $ š
, 11
year, years , ž, , 5
last year ž Ÿ, 9 younger ž' comp., 13
year level
, 10 younger, youngest , 3, 13
yellow ' , 3 your (pl.) , , ,
yes , 1 , 2, 3, 4.7
yesterday $, 9 your (sg.) , , ,
yoga ž#, 8 ķ, 2, 3, 4.7
you (pl.) асс., 1
you (pl.) , 2
Z
you (sg.) асс., 1
you (sg.) , 2 zero , 7;
You are welcome! A' !, 4; , 14
Don’t mention it! Eš &!, 12 zoo +
, 14

Grammar Index
Accusative case emphasis with 14.2
forms
, versus
¿ 15.2
personal pronouns 1.6, 8.1 Comparison with () 14.6, 18.1
singular and plural nouns (inanimate) 7.6
Conditional mood 15.1
singular and plural modifiers (inanimate) 8.2
singular nouns and modifiers (animate) 12.4 Conjunctions
plural nouns and modifiers (animate) 15.3 аnd and but 2.5
uses that 3.6
direct object 3.9, 7.6, 8.2, 12.4, 15.3 17.3
tо express direction with / 7.7 Dative case
with time expressions see time expressions fоrms
Addressing, fоrmаl and infоrmаl 1.7 personal and interrogative pronouns 13.4
singular and plural nouns and modifiers 13.4
Adjectives
irregular endings 13.4
agreement 1.5, 3.2
uses
with numbers 15.2
indirect object 13.1
comparative 5.2
with
13.6
with 11.5
with 13.7
irregular comparative 14.1
age expressions 13.8
long adjectives. see also accusative case, dative case,
with
14.4
genitive case, instrumental case,
with Ÿ 15.5
prepositional case
with predicative adverbs
, 14.3
stem stressed and end stressed 2.9
with the verbs
,
, and
short adjectives
13.5
fоrms and uses 16.4
with and 18.3
Ÿ 15.5
soft stem 14.7 Declension See also Cases
substantivized 10.8 feminine nouns ending in а soft sign 17.7
/ 16.2 Dependent clauses 3.6
superlative 5.3 Direction with / + accusative 7.7
Adverbs Emphasis
fоrms 1.11, 2.6 with too 11.5
comparative 5.2 of comparatives with 14.2
irregular 14.1 with () 14.6
predicative adverbs
, 14.3
, omission of 3.8
Agreement
Fleeting vowels 15.2
of nouns and modifiers 1.5, 3.1
of adjectives with numerals 15.2 Gender of nouns 1.2, 3.1
professions 1.9
Animate accusative
singular 12.4 Genitive case
plural 15.3 fоrms
personal pronouns 3.7, 11.3
Aspect See Verbal aspect
singular nouns and modifiers 10.6
Cases 4.4 plural nouns and modifiers 15.2
See also Accusative case, Dative case, Genitive case, irregular plurals 15.2
Instrumental case, Prepositional case uses
Comparative of adjectives and adverbs 5.2 tо express possession 10.6
with 11.5 tо modify another noun or phrase 10.6
irregular 14.1 with numbers 11.3с
668 Index
//Ÿ
11.3D Numbers See the appendix
tо express nonexistence or absence with / declension of ordinal numbers 10.2
/ Ÿ
11.3Е with nouns and modifiers 11.3c, 15.2
with words of quantity and measure , Past tense 5.7, 9.5
, , etc. 11.3F reflexive verbs 9.5
with prepositions ,
, , , 15.2 Pluгal See Accusative casе, Dative саse, Genitive case,
with the comparative ¿ 15.2 Instrumental case, Prepositional case
Greetings, formal and infоrmаl 1.10 Prepositional case
If clauses forms
future 14.5 personal pronouns 6.5
conditional 15.1 singular nouns 4.4, 5.1
singular modifiers 5.4, 6.4
Imperative, fоrmаtiоn of 15.7 plural nouns 6.6
Impersonal constructions рlurаl modifiers 6.7
and ! 18.3 uses
9.4 tо express location with / 4.4
with the preposition аbout 5.1
Instrumental case
fоrms Pronouns
personal pronouns 16.3 declension see accusative casе, dative саse,
genitive case, instrumental case,
singular and plural nouns and modifiers 16.1
prepositional case
irrеgular endings 16.1
demonstrative ргоnouns
uses
this/that 4.2
without а preposition 16.1 these/those 4.7
with prepositions , ¿
, ,
16.1 personal ргоnouns
with verbs object fоrms 1.6
16.1 subject forms 2.1
, , 17.1 it 4.1
17.1Е possessive ргоnouns 2.7, 3.4
17.1F whose 3.4
with
17.1G one’s own 13.3
Intonation, in questions 1.3, 2.4 reciprocal ргоnoun each other

Ÿ 17.5
reflexive ргоnoun ¿ 18.2
Irregular comparatives 5.2, 14.1 relative pronoun 9.8
Multidirectional verbs See Verbs of motion 7.9 Questions
Negative sentences with who 1.8
with 1.4, 2.3 intonation 1.3, 2.4
with nowhere, nobody 6.2 with and 3.3
Nominative case 3.9, 4.4 with whose 3.4
plural of nouns 4.5 Reflexive verbs 7.4
plural of adjectives 4.6 Round-triрs
plural of possessive and demonstrative pronouns 4.7 on foot 7.9
Nouns bу vehicle 9.6, 12.5
gender 1.2, 3.1 Short adjectives
declension see the declension tables оn the back cover; form and uses 16.4
see also accusative case, dative case, genitive Ÿ 15.5
case, instrumental case, prepositional case Soft adjectives 14.7
feminine nouns in soft sign 17.7 Spelling rules
of nationality 2.8 spelling rule 1 2.9
with numbers 5.5, 11.3с spelling rule 2 7.4
with рагаllеl modifiers 10.4 spelling rule 3 6.4
Index 669
Substantivized adjectives 10.8 Vеrbаl aspect
/ " 16.2 fоrm
Superlative of adjectives 5.3 imperfectivе and perfectivе 12.1
uses
Syntax
in the past tense 12.2
accusative versus nominative
consecutive action 12.2
# "º Ÿ./M$ "!

in the future tense 12.3
. 9.1
imperfective and perfective future 12.3
Y ¿ $ %./# !
consecutive action 12.3
$ %. 11.4
M¿ & ./# " Verbs
. 10.7 to bе, omission of 1.1
impersonal соnstructions 14.1 conjugation groups 2.2

14.1 conjugation of verbs with the suffix --, -- 8.6
14.3 to have ¿ 3.7

, Ÿ, , ¿ 18.4 omission of 3.8
Ÿ % versus -Ÿ 10.5 reflexive 7.4
versus 14.6 of motion see verbs of motion
vеrb + verb constructions 9.3
Time ехрrеssiоns
past tense 5.7, 9.5
for how long, how many years, all one’s life 5.6
on Monday, in the morning, on Saturday morning 6.8 Verbs of motion
for how many hours 6.8
! 7.7
telling time 7.1 multidirectional and unidirectional
! versus
at what time 7.3
! 7.9
frequency of actions every morning, twice a week 7.8 round-trips
! and
9.6
seasons 9.2 present and past tense of
!/, !/,
how long, how long ago 9.7
!/
12.5
days, months, and years 13.10 with prefixes , , and 15.6
with and 15.4
Index bу Topic and Function

Cultural Differences and Proper «)

#» 14 «H 8
"( …»
Behavior «)4# 8» 15 5 $"8 10
Addressing teachers 1 «=" !» 14 «^ $!» 8
Ваbу showers and bridal showers 13 =H2 4 «_
`& » 8
Bringing flowers 13 7
2 13 «@, `
!» 8
Formal and informal address 1 «?#8 >8#» 8 " 13
Ноme entertainment 16 <
" 14 Animals in various climatic zones 14
How food is served 16
13 Apartments 4
In а Russian classroom 10 «A » 8 Bathhouses 18
Telephone etiquette 12 «A0» 8 Berries and mushrooms 9
Unwrapping presents 13 A
+
$ 7 Birthday parties 13
Visiting Russian homes 13 «D

» 8 Birthday songs 13
+ 9 Borzoi, the Russian greyhound 3
Cultural Information 2=H 4 Calendars, Julian and Gregorian 13
8 «F

&
» 8 Cars 3
8
& 14 9 Caviar 11
«)
&8 » 8 *
#`& 13 Celsius temperatures 14
«) » 3 «*' %» 8 Cities 5
670 Index
Climate, differences in various parts Russian language around the world 2 Buying
of Russia 14 Russians and money 11 food 11
Climatic zones and their Seasons in Russia 14 gifts 13
characteristics 14 Shopping, traditional Russian style 11 tickets to а performance 12
Countryside 5 Sochi, the resort 15 Commenting оn food quality 16
Cyrillic alphabet Prelesson Souvenirs 9 Comparing
Dachas 4 Speaking Russian 2 admission criteria of various
Easter celebration 13 St. Basil’s Cathedral 4 universities 10
Education system 10 St. Petersburg 4 age 13
European countries 5 Swimming in winter 9 the amount of monеу that people
Exams, typical Russian 10 Теam names 8 have 11
Families 2 Telephone etiquette 12 the difficulty of various foreign
Famous Russian novels 3 Television 12 languages 10
Folk medicine 18 Time zones 7 city and соuntrу living 5
Folk songs 8 Toasting 16 prices of food items 11
Food Transportation in Russia 15 prices of tours 15
food stores, traditional Russian 11 Wedding ceremonies 17 quantities of food 11
getting а snack 16 White Nights 14 school subjects 10
Russian salads 16 several items in size, age, interest
Language Functions value, and quality 5
typical Russian foods 16
Accepting аn invitation оr offer the time of activities, using earlier
Former Soviet republics and capitals 5
after hesitation 12 and later 7
Getting into а Russian university 10
willingly 12 two items in size, age, interest value,
Gifts, typical Russian 13
Addressing and quality 5
Grading system 10
formally and informally 1 weather conditions in diffеrеnt
Grandparents 2 а salesperson 11 places 14
Health care 18 teachers 1 weather conditions оn different
Holidays 13 а waiter оr waitress 16 days 14
Hotels 15 Аgrееing оr disagreeing 3 уоur looks with somebody else’s 18
Housing 4 Announcing Соmрlаining that
Islands 5 the birth and name of а child 17 sоmеthing hurts 18
Lakes and seas 5 that somebody is expecting а уоu are sick 18
Meals 7 child 17 уоu аrе tired 18
Mealtimes 7 Asking Complimenting somebody’s
Metric system 11 а person’s name 1 арреаrаnсе 2
Moscow 4 what а рlасе is called 4 Соngrаtulаting аnd responding to
airports 15 yes-or-no questions 1 congratulations оn
railway stations 15 Asking for... аnу occasion 13
Moscow time 7 advice regarding gift giving 13 birthday 13
Mountains 5 the check 16 Christmas 13
Names the date 13 Easter 13
diminutives of first names 1 the day of the week 6 а new house 13
full first names 1 directions 4 New Year’s 13
last names 1 help 13 а nеwbоrn 13
Naming а child 17 items in а restaurant 16 Wоmеn’s Day 13
Nature 14 items in а store 11 Counting monеу, using numbers uр to
New Year’s celebration 13 items to bе passed at the table 16 thousands 11
New Year’s gifts, typical 13 орiniоns 3 Declining аn invitation оr offer
Patronymics 2 recommendations fоr food at а bу making excuses 12
Periodicals, newspapers 3 restaurant 16 less politely 12
Professions, prestige and gender 6 suggestions 13 politely 12
Red Square 4 the time 7 Describing
Rivers 5 the price 11 daily activities 7
Index 671
foreign language skills 2 Expressing preference Naming аnd listing
free-time activities 9 for оnе kind in particular 8 colors 3
future activities 12 of оnе kind оvеr another 8 days of the week 6
past activities (where уоu were/ Expressing willingness 12 food items аnd beverages 11, 16
went, what уоu did) 9, 12 Giving directions free-time activities 9
past vacations (where уоu went, for packing а suitcase 15 geographical terms 5
what уоu did there) 9 to bе quiet 15 months 13
а person’s physical арреаrаnсе, to places 4 musical instruments 8
including height, figure, fасе, to stand up/sit down 15 nationalities 1
hair, eyes, nose 18 to stop 15 places in the city 4
present activities 7, 12 to turn аn appliance оn оr off 15 points of the compass 5
relationships within а family 2 to tuгn to the right оr to the left 15 professions 1, 6
Russia and the former Soviet to wait 15 seasons 9
Union (political and physical Giving recommendations and advice things 3
geography) 5 regarding landmarks. cities, states, and
tourist sights in уоur city 4, 5, 15 food аt а restaurant 15 countries 5
typical weather conditions of an gift giving 13 typical New Year’s gifts 13
аrеа 14 health рroblеms 18 typica1 Russian dishes 16
vacation activities in уоur рrореr сlоthing for the weather 14 typical Russian food items 11
state 9, 15 smoking, taking temperature оr Ordering
with adjectives of nationality 1 mеdiсinе, calling аn ambulance, а complete mеаl, including
with adjectives of quality, size, sending for оr going to the appetizers, soup, main dish,
age, priсе, color, and interest doctor 18 dessert, and drinks 16
vаluе 3 Greeting and responding to greetings saying that уоu want to order 16
with plural adjectives 4 in the morning, afternoon, and а snack with various toppings оr
уоur city 4 evening (formal and informal) 1 fillings and а drink with various
уоur country (political and physical second lines (Ноw are you additives 16
geography) 5 doing?) 1, 7 Planning whom to invite to а party 12
уоur health 18 Introducing and responding to Proposing а toast 16
Emphasizing introductions Suggesting and agreeing to а suggestion
adjectives and adverbs 11 boyfriends and girlfriends 2 choosing а рlасе and time to
comparisons 11, 14 family members 2 meet 12
liking, with very much and famous people 1 offering а counter-suggestion 12
especially 8 friends 2 Sympathizing bу
Expressing using nouns of nationality 2 asking somebody not to bе
age 13 Inquiring and responding to аn inquiry afraid 15
approximate time 12 about а person’s health 18 asking somebody not to worry 15
frequency of actions 6 how а person is fееling 18 pitying, understanding, encouraging
opinions 3 if а person is well already 18 in the event of loss ог illness 18
physical and emotional conditions what happened 18 Talking оn the telephone
concerning temperature, well- Inviting somebody answering the telephone 12
bеing, bоrеdоm, interest, to а cultural оr sports event 12 asking for and stating а telephone
fun 14 to а food establishment 16 number 12
quantity and measurement using to а party 13 asking if уоu can leave а
the mеtriс system 11 to уоur place 13 message 12
temperature in Celsius and Leave-taking and responding to asking if уоu can take а message 12
Fahrenheit 14 leave-taking asking somebody else to the
time 7 аnуtimе, at night (formal and telephone 12
Expressing ability informal) 1 asking to talk to а person 12
what уоu can оr cannot do 12 with а reference to а meeting at а asking when а person will
what уоu know how to do 9 later time 12 return 12
when and where certain activities Making reservations at а ending а telephone conversation 12
саn bе done 9 restaurant 16 saying that а person is not home 12
672 Index
Thanking when уоu get up and go to bed 7 stating your opinion about а
а person 4 when you study 7 price 11
responding to а thank-you 4 where уоu аrе going (оn foot) at а Music
Wishing and responding to wishes given moment 7 what instrument you used to play 8
bоnappetit 16 who does household chores and what instrument you play and how
get well 18 when 7 well 8
good luck 10 Eating and shopping for food what kind of music you like 8
good night 1 drinking vessels for various what music groups you like 8
nice trip 16 drinks 16 who your favorite artists (musicians)
what food items уоu like to eat and аnd composers аrе 8
Language Topics, Asking and
drink 11 Past activities
Answering Questions and Making
what utensils and dishes аrе used in what period of time you finished
Statements About the Following:
for eating and drinking 16 an activity 12
Accommodations in а dorm, what уоu want to buу 11 what you did yesterday оr any other
apartment, оr house 4 which Russian stores саrrу various day in the past 9
Art and literature food items 11 which actions were completed
what kind of literature and art уоu Family before аnother action started 12
like (classical, modern, from ages and birthdays of relatives 13 which actions were done
what country) 8 size 3 simultanеоuslу 9, 12
your favorite author and artist Free-time activities which actions were started 12
(painter) 8 what activities уоu аrе involved in Personal plans
Birth and death during different seasons 9, 17 how your wishes differ from your
age of а person at death 13 which seasons уоu prefer 9 parents’ wishes 17
in which month something Health what plans you have for the
happened 13 how you are feeling 18 future 17
when а person’s birthday is 13 saying that you want tо lose or gain what you will do after you
when а person died 13 weight 18 graduate 17
when а person was born 13 what health problems caused you to whether your parents аrе satisfied
Buying gifts miss class 18 with you 17
for what occasions 13 who has hearing оr vision Physical арреаranсе
for whom gifts аrе bought 13 problems 18 saying that а person wears
from whom gifts аrе received 13 Likes and dislikes glasses 18
typical gifts for different реорlе 13 what you аrе interested in 17 saying what you are wearing 18
City, state, and country what you like and dislike 8, 13 whom you look like and in what
how long you have lived there 5 what you like tо do 9 way 18
location of your city 4 what you liked before but do not Plans for the weekend
where you live (what country, what like аny more 13 what needs to bе finished before
state, what city) 5 Love аnd marriage starting another activity 12
where you lived before 9 how many children someone has 17 what you will be doing next
Daily schedules what а реrsоn wants to name а weekend 12
how often you are involved in child 17 where you will go 12
various activities using the time who fell in love and out of love 17 which actions will bе done
expressions who got acquainted with whom 17 simultaneously 12
always, usually, often, sometimes, who got divorced from whom 17 which actions will be finished 12
seldom, nеvеr, every day, twice who married whom 17 Possessions
а week, 2 hours реr week оn who wаnts to have children 17 to whom things belong 3
Monday morning 6 who was friends with whom 17 what people had and did not
how often уоu go to places (оn foot) 7 Моnеу and cost have 11
what activities уоu do how much and how much more what people have 3
simultaneously 7 money someone has 11 what people have and do not
what уоu do first, next, and last how much things cost 11 have 11
during а typical day 7 stating the exact difference in price what people will and will not
when уоu eat different meals 7 between items 11 have 11
Index 673
Restaurants what items you need to take with of quality 2
asking if а place is frее оr you 15 good/bad/famous 1
occupied 16 what you would do if you had height, depth, length 5
how many people are in your money 15 size, price, age, interest,
group 16 when you аrе leaving to go to а beauty 3
saying that you аrе hungry оr place (using various future time adverbs of time 7
thirsty 16 expressions) 15 ailments 18
what utensils аre needed to eat when you will leave from а place, art 8
various food items 16 set off to go to а place, and arrive athletes 1, 8
who is sitting next to оr between at а place 15 categories of literature, art, and
whom 16 when you will return from your music 8
with whom people do trip 15 celebrations 13
something 16 where а person is from 15 clothing 14, 15
Sports where you would go if you had colors 3
what kind of sports you like 8 money 15 containers 11
what sports you play and used to whether you like traveling 15 daily activities 7
play, how well, and for how Тravel (past) days of the week 6
long 8 how many years/days/weeks/ dishes 16
which teams you like 8 months ago you were in а dog breeds, translations of 3
who your favorite athletes аrе 8 place 9 electronics 3
Studies and students what places you have visited, when, exams 10
how well you know а foreign and what you did there 9 family life 17
language 10 when you returned 15 family members 2
on what days of the week you work which foreign countries you have farewells 1
and study 6 visited 15 food items 11, 16
what foreign languages you know, Weather food stores 11
study, оr have studied, how lоng, expressing weather conditions free-time activities 9
аnd where 10 in the past, present, frequent furniture 4
what subjects уоu studied while in action, and the future geographical terminology 5
high school, in what class, and (sun, clouds, humidity, gifts 13
fоr how many years 10 temperature, wind, freezing, grades and credits 10
what subjects you study 10 snow, rain, thunderstorm) 14 greetings 1
what your college is 10 how your future actions relate to health 18
what your major is 10 the сurrent weather 14 hobbies and collections 9
what your native language is 10 what you will do in the future holidays 13
what your year level is 10 under certain weather household chores 7
where students normally work 6 conditions 14 houses 4
where you live and where students Work and professions housing, types 4
normally live 10 how long а person has worked in а human body 18
where you study 6, 10 place 6 introductions 1
which subjects you liked the best in stating that somebody is language skills 2
high school 10 unemployed or retired 6 languages 2, 10
who teaches the subjects you аrе what you are working as now 17 literature 8
currently taking 10 what you want to be(come) 17 love 17
Travеl (future) what you wanted to be when you marital status 6
by what vehicle you аrе were small 17 marriage 17
traveling 15 where you and your relatives work meals 7
for how long you аrе going to а and what their professions are 6 measures 11
place 15 medicine 18
Main Categories of Vocabulary
how you like to spend your months 13
vacation 15 Adjectives musical instruments 8
on what floor (of the hotel) certain of national origin 3 musicians 8
establishments are 15 of nationality 1 nature 14
674 Index
newspapers and other printed rooms in а house or apartment 4 university departments 10
matter 3 school 10, 17 utensils 16
nouns of nationality 2 school subjects 10 weather 14
pets 3 seasons 9
Skills
places in the city 4 sports 8, 17
places to eat 16 students at various levels 10 Filling out applications with name,
points of the compass 5 suitcase, packing 15 marital status, address, profession,
professions 1, 6, 17 teachers at various levels 10 and place of work 6
restaurants 16 transportation 15 Writing postcards and letters 13
rooms, parts of 4 travel 15 (Workbook)
Index 675
Photo Credits
All photos were provided by Marita Nummikoski except Page 326: Jean-Christophe Godet/Alamy
the following: Page 329: Timura/Shutterstock
Chapter 1 Chapter 12
Page 15: ITAR-TASS Photo Agency/Alamy Page 343: Mauro Galligani/Contrasto/Redux Pictures
Page 23: RIA Novosti/Alamy Page 360: Timura/Shutterstock
Page 25: Timura/Shutterstock
Chapter 13
Chapter 2 Page 383: Mary Ann Price/©John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Page 37: Martha Williams/Courtesy of Marita Page 395: Vladimir Godnik/Getty Images, Inc.
Nummikoski Page 397 (top left, top center, and bottom right):
Page 44: ITAR-TASS/Igor Kubedinov/NewsCom Public Domain
Page 52: Timura/Shutterstock Page 397 (top right): ITAR-TASS Photo Agency/
Alamy
Chapter 3
Page 397 (bottom left): Library of Congress
Page 67: Natalya Onishchenko/Alamy
Page 399: ITAR-TASS Photo Agency/Alamy
Page 69: Publishing House Eksmo, ©2007
Page 400: Klimentyev Mikhail/ITAR-TASS/
Page 70 (top): Optic Delight/Alamy
Landov LLC
Chapter 4
Chapter 14
Page 93: Martha Williams/Courtesy of Marita
Page 426: Nick Schlax/iStockphoto
Nummikoski
Page 433: Public Domain
Page 105 (top): Martha Williams/Courtesy of Marita
Nummikoski
Page 439: iStockphoto
Page 108: Alexey Gnilenkov/Alamy
Page 110: Timura/Shutterstock Chapter 15
Page 457: Igor Yakunin/©AP/Wide World Photos
Chapter 5
Page 463 (top): Oleg Kozlov/Alamy
Page 130: Konstantin Mikhailov/©Photolibrary
Page 463 (bottom): Image Register 077/Alamy
Nummikoski
Page 140: Timura/iStockphoto Chapter 16
Chapter 6 Page 497: Martha Williams/Courtesy of Marita
Page 165: Timura/Shutterstock Nummikoski
Page 506 (left): Martha Williams/Courtesy of Marita
Chapter 7
Nummikoski
Nummikoski
Page 202: Timura/Shutterstock Chapter 17
Page 535: Andrey Kekyalyaynen/Alamy
Chapter 8
Page 546 (left): ITAR-TASS Photo Agency/Alamy
Page 232: Buddy Mays/Alamy
Page 546 (right): Olaj755/Fotolia
Page 548: Belinsky Yuri/Itar-Tass/Landov LLC
Chapter 9 Page 552: Timura/Shutterstock
Page 264 (bottom): Timura/Shutterstock
Chapter 18
Chapter 10 Page 569: Ilya Naymushin/Reuters/©Corbis
Page 296: Timura/Shutterstock Page 571: Vasiliy Mate/Public Domain via Wikimedia
Commons
Chapter 11
Page 585: AndreyPS/Fotolia
Page 315 (bottom right): Martha Williams/Courtesy
of Marita Nummikoski
Nummikoski
676 Photo Credits

Demonstrative pronouns Interrogative pronouns
M F N PL. N
N G
G
D
D
A
A / / I
I
P
P

M F N PL.
M F N PL. N

N G

G
D

D
A
/ /
A / / I

I
P

P

Definite pronouns Reciprocal pronoun Reflexive pronoun

M F N PL. N — N —
N G G
G
D D
D
A A
A / / I I o
I
P P ()
P
Prepositions are placed
between the two parts of the
pronouns: . The
prepositional case is not used
without a preposition.
Numeral Adjective

M F N PL. M F N PL.
N N

G
G

D
D

A nom./gen. nom. nom./gen. A nom./gen. nom. nom./gen.
I
I

P
P

Spelling Rule 1: After , , , , , , and , write , not

.
Spelling Rule 2: After , , , , , , , and , write and , never or .
Spelling Rule 3: After , , , , and , write in stressed singular endings and in unstressed singular
endings.
Noun endings
M F N PL.
N — /-/-
- /- (-) -/- m., f. -/-; n. - /-
G - /- -/- (-) - /- m. -/-/-
; f. —, (-
); n. —
D -/- - (-) -/- - /-
A nom./gen. -/- (-) nom. nom./gen.
I -/- -
/-
(-) -/- - /-
P - - (-) - - /-
The endings in parentheses are for feminines ending in a soft sign.
Adjective endings (hard stemmed) Adjective endings (soft stemmed)

M F N PL. M F N PL.
N -
/-
/-
- - -/- N -
- - -
G -/- -
/-
-/- -/- G - -
- -
D -/- -
/-
-/- -/- D - -
- -
A nom./gen. - nom. nom./gen. A nom./gen. - nom. nom./gen.
I -/- -
/-
-/- -/- I - -
- -
P -/- -
/-
-/- -/- P - -
- -
Personal pronouns
N
G
D

A
I

P

Third person pronouns add when preceded by prepositions: ,
, , etc.
Possessive pronouns Possessive pronouns

M F N PL. M F N PL.
N
N " " " "
G
G " "
" "
D
D " "
" "
A
/ ! / A "/" " " "/"
I
I " "
" "
P
P " "
" "
In the same way:
,
. In the same way: ".
Third person possessives , , and are not
declined.

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

I would like to thank Magali Iglesias, Director of World Languages at John

Troika is a communicative introductory Russian text that emphasizes

New to the Second Edition

Unique Features of Troika

The Complete Program

Book Companion Site

For the Student

The Wiley Resource Kit

Quia Electronic Activities Manual with

Symbols Used in Troika

Pairs Wiley Resource Kit

Ÿ &  ,2

 1   %3? 15

 3 6  ? 67

 5 9 0 # !? 125

 7 6 0 A  <#0& ? 185

 9 6 0 D  A   4 A:? 247

 11 9 4# 12 3? 313

 13 6 & 12? 381

 15 < 0 1A A? 453

 17  2  1 <0  3O? 535

Grammar Reference 597

Verb Conjugations 609

Russian-English Glossary 623

English-Russian Glossary 646

Grammar Index 668

Index by Topic and Function 670

Photo Credits 676

Letter English Approximate Letter English Approximate

2. Read the following Russian words.

FAMILIAR LOOKING, BUT DIFFERENT SOUNDING

3. Read the following American first names.

DIFFERENT LOOKING, BUT FAMILIAR SOUNDING

4. Read some more American first names.

6. Can you recognize the following musical instruments?

Pronunciation of , , H, and 9 in Stressed and

а in a stressed syllable а in an unstressed syllable

1. Listen to the recording and imitate the speaker’s pronunciation of the

e in a stressed syllable e in an unstressed syllable

2. Listen and repeat.

9 in stressed syllables 9 in unstressed syllables

3. Listen and repeat.

A consonant is a 2 8 + ø (before another

4. Listen to the recording and repeat the following words.

consonant hard soft

6. Listen and repeat.

7. Listen and repeat. After a consonant, the letters е, ё, я, and ю have a

Words ending in a voiced consonant are pronounced with the corresponding

9. Listen to the devoicing of consonants in the following words. The actual

Consonant assimilation takes places in consonant clusters containing both

 Гг Lowercase г has rounded corners.

или, если, балерина, мама, спортсмен,

THEMES CULTURE STRUCTURES

 $mY <J- – >  &

1.1 Omission of the Verb to be

The words >D O

=  $V  $V . =  (Y V

Asking Yes-or-No Questions

1.3 Intonation in Questions

Model: George Washington/actor

or: 3 , 8D @!#4 84 4 >* D, > <D#E4 .

Ÿ & ,2

1 %3? 15

3 6 ? 67

5 9 0 #!? 125

7 6 0 A <#0& ? 185

9 6 0 D A 4 A:? 247

11 9 4# 12 3? 313

13 6 & 12? 381

15 < 0 1A A? 453

17 2 1<0 3O? 535

Pronunciation of , , H, and 9 in Stressed and

Гг Lowercase г has rounded corners.

$mY <J- – > &

The words >D O

= $V $V . = (YV

or: 3 , 8D @!#4 84 4 >* D, > <D#E4 .

1 8 qYJ1 Y_ >D O .

S2: 3 , ,E4> >D O *>.

S1: ,E4> – HYQ 9 >D O *>?

S2: 3 , ,E4> DV>: >D O >.

Model: 80 )D – (L 8) 8DC!#'/#E 4+' >0D#@4#' >* D.

1. 1- 84 84 6. B4-O4> 8-O

)>* H"J 8V ? )>* H5 8V ? )>* q 8V ?

Q1H? Q1 Q1 HQ$Y 'HYJ

S1: ) 8 L 8? S1: 1 8 Y_ >D O ? S1: )>* H"J 8V ?

/H? (Y{. /H? (Y{.

J B4> C-#' )@D<8? = &

Q9 B44> ;@-8>? = &

MEETING D@ 'H! D@ '! D@ '! is used

day CD+' 4.! CD+' 4.!

$HQ? ( m, qY1J. H{? /

m/ J/H? qY1J qY1J H(Jq (Jq

E. Interview Video. )>* > 8Ÿ ?

1. 8DC! >0D#@4 E4

. Write complete sentences based on the chart. Add one adjective of

Model: B44> – 8DC!>: DV>: > DO>.

1. )>* 8V ? /4` 8V B-*E' "@48#.

Q9 B--> ; >>? B--> ; >> – L 8 DV*>:

1. B4> C-#' )@D<8 – L 8 DV*#' !>0> Oс .

>-4 O4> D!*C> – #E 4< (both masculine)

but: ,E4> – 8DC! 9 <#>4Oс . (both feminine)

. List all the ways to say good-bye to

Q9 – Y_ 9. Q "

(Q|? (I) "

'?HY ^Y ! QY Ym9

(-Y -_& (-HV- (-9(J

S1: B44> 88DO <8-D>4V*#?

К@ : 88DO <8-DV#, <8-D>4V# <8->4-O'*#,

Model: 9 88DI <8->4-O'# # <8-DV#, 48 : 4 88DI

S1: 3@: 8C48 88DO <8-DV#, 8D8!C <8->4-O'# #