Sensores Remotos, SIG y GPS

Examen Parcial 2

April 14, 2015

Total points 30 Name ______________________

1 In a radar backscatter amplitude image, how would you expect a calm

lake to appear (i.e. with what brightness?) What about a bridge? A forest?
Explain why. (4 points)

2 Name one situation in which would you choose to use L-band radar
instead of C-band radar? Why? (2 points)
3 The following images show a mountainous area in Italy (left: from Landsat
5; right: from ERS-1 Radar satellite. What geometric distortion do you see
in the Radar image? What causes this type of distortion? (2 points)

4 Explain how topography can be measured using single-pass radar

interferometry; use diagrams to help with the explanation. (4 points)
5 GPS satellites use atomic clocks that are accurate to 1 nanonsecond,
allowing us to make very precise measurements of position. If timing is so
important for precise position measurements, why do GPS receivers not
need atomic clocks? How do you “fix” inaccuracies in GPS receiver time?
(2 points)

6 What is the “geoid”? Why is it difficult to define (why are there many
different geoid models?) (2 points)

7 What is a ¨pseudorandom noise code¨ and how is it used to determine

your distance from a GPS satellite? (3 points)
8 If GPS satellite calculations were not adjusted for the effect of the time
dilation we experience due to the gravitational field close to Earth,
positioning errors would accumulate at a rate of about 10 km per day.
Based on this, estimate the amount of clock drift that GPS satellites
experience relative to our clocks every day due to gravitational time
dilation. (2 points)

9 Define orthometric height, ellipsoid height, and geoid height. Which type of
height do GPS receivers usually use? (3 points)
10 You are planning a GPS campaign that requires very precise positioning
(you want errors in position of a cm or less). Assuming you already have
very high quality receivers and geodetic antennas, describe how you
would conduct your survey in order to minimize errors. (5 points)
Hint: consider the different kinds of errors that can arise in GPS
measurements, and how these can be reduced