ORGANIZATION

BEHAVIOUR- MISCELLANEOUS

GROUP DYNAMICS-

It was shown in Hawthorne studies that people behave as members of a group and
their membership helps shape their work behavior and attitude towards the
organization.
The process by which people interact face to face in small groups is called group
dynamics. Groups are formed within organizations for a particular well defined
purpose.

Types of Groups:
1. Formal Groups- such groups are a part of organization structure. They are
created deliberately by the management to perform assigned duties.
a. Command groups- superior subordinate relationship defined within a
command group
b. Task group- a group created to perform a particular task and
containing members who are assigned a common task.
2. Informal Groups- these groups arise spontaneously due to interaction
between members in an organization. They are not created by the
management.


Sayles’ classification of Group-
On the basis of pressure tactics adopted by small groups, Sayles identified 4 kinds of
groups in organizations which are-

a) Apathetic groups- consists of low skilled assembly line workers who lack unity
and power and hardly use any pressure tactics.
b) Erratic groups- consists of semi skilled workers. In their pressure tactics with
management, they are erratic or lack consistency. They are cooperative on
some occasions and antagonistic on others.

© Anuj Jindal successrbi@anujjindal.in 1



c) Strategic groups- members of these groups have a clear strategy to deal with
management. The members are normally engaged in specialized activities
requiring special skills and knowledge.
d) Conservative groups- consists of professionals and highly skilled employees in
the plant. They are normally found at higher levels of the organization and
display considerable self confidence. Groups created by such employees are
most stable and powerful.


Clique:
A clique is a group containing people who have frequent interactions and observe
certain norms and standards. The purpose of a clique is to gain control and power.
There are only 5-6 members in a clique. Cliques were identified by Dalton.
The types are cliques are-
a) Vertical clique- people are drawn from different levels of hierarchy in a
vertical clique. It consists of superiors and subordinates. Same department.
b) Horizontal clique- consists of people of more or less the same rank and
working in the same unit.
c) Mixed clique- drawing members from different departments, ranks and
physical locations for a common purpose.


Interaction theory of group formation by Homan-
According to interaction theory, the more activities people share, the more
numerous are their interactions and stronger is their shared activities and
sentiments.

© Anuj Jindal successrbi@anujjindal.in 2



Group Norms-
a) Not to be a “rate buster”- a group norm which says that members should not
produce too high a rate of output or to exceed the production restriction of
the group.
b) Not to be a “chiseller”- not to shrink production or to produce at too low a
rate of output compared with other members.
c) Not to be a “squealer”- not to say anything to the supervisor or management
which might harm other members of the group
d) Not to be “officious”- people with authority over members should not take
advantage of their position in the group.
e) Not to indulge in “social loafing”- social loafing is the tendency of group
members to do less than they are capable of as individuals. If there is no
loafing, the combined productivity of the group will be higher than sum of
productivity of individual members.



Quality Circle:

A quality circle is a small group of employees doing similar or related work who meet
regularly to identify, analyse and solve product quality problems and improve
general operations.

Benefits of quality circles-
• Held in bringing out innovations and changes
• QCs help in increasing productivity, improving quality and increasing worker’s
job satisfaction
• Provide a participative environment.

© Anuj Jindal successrbi@anujjindal.in 3