Simulation Of Three Dimensional Jets Mixing Through

Confined And Free Space

A Minor Project Report

submitted by

Pawan Sharma – 8816106008

Kuldeep Ramavat – 8816105007
Ravi Kumar – 8816105005

in partial fulfilment of the award of

the Degree of Bachelor of Technology

under the guidance

of
Prof. Ghanshyam Singh
Head of Department

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

JAYPEE UNIVERSITY, ANOOPSHAHR
December-2018

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 CANDIDATES’ DECLARATION

We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in this report,
“Simulation of three dimensional jets mixing through confined and
confined and free space” in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of B.Tech. degree, submitted to the department of Mechanical
Engineering Jaypee University, Anoopshahr, is an authentic record of our
own work carried out from July 2018 to December 2018 under the guidance
of Prof. Ghanshyam Singh, Head of Department, in the Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Jaypee University, Anoopshahr.

We have not submitted the matter embodied in this report for the award of any

other degree.

Date: ……….

PAWAN SHARMA

KULDEEP RAMAVAT

RAVI KUMAR
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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work entitled, “Simulation Of Three Dimensional

Jets Mixing Through Confined And Free Space” submitted by Pawan
Sharma, Kuldeep Ramavat and Ravi Kumar in partial fulfilment for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering at
Jaypee University, Anoopshahr has been carried out under my supervision.
The work has not been submitted partially or wholly to any other University
or Institute for the award of this or any other degree or diploma.

Certified that the above mentioned project work has been carried out by the
said group of students.

Date …………..

Prof. Ghanshyam Singh

Head Of Department

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are pleased to acknowledge Prof. Ghanshyam Singh, HOD, Dept. Of M.E for
their invaluable guidance during the course of this project work.
We extend our sincere thanks to Mr. Ram Kumar who continuously helped us
throughout the project and without his guidance, this project would have been an
uphill task.
We are also grateful to Mr. Tasnim Arif and Mr. Arnav Prakash who co-operated
with us regarding some issues.
We also wish to express our indebtedness to our parents as well as our family
member whose blessings and support always helped us to face the challenges ahead.
At the end We would like to express our sincere thanks to all our friends and others
who helped us directly or indirectly during this project work.

Pawan Sharma
Kuldeep Ramavat
Ravi Kumar

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. CANDIDATES’ DECLERATION 2
2. CERTIFICATE 3
3. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 4
4. INTRODUCTION 6
5. AIM 7
6. GOVERNING PARAMETERS 8
7. DIMENSIONS 11
8. CAD MODELS 12
9. MESH GENERATION 15
10. SIMULATION OF CIRCULAR JET IN OPENFOAM 21
11. RESULT 23

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 INTRODUCTION

A type of fluid flow in which a liquid or gas passes through a fluid with properties,
such as velocity, temperature, or density, different from those of the jet. Jet flow is
an extremely common phenomenon that exits in many forms, from the stream
ejected through the exhaust nozzle of a rocket engine to the jet stream in the earth’s
atmosphere. It is studied by examining changes in the velocity, density, temperature,
and concentration of the component fluids both in the jet and in the ambient fluid.
Jet flows are classified according to the chief characteristics of interest for
simplifying various problems. An important category of jet flow comprises jets
issuing from a nozzle or orifice in the wall of a container. Such jets are classified as
round, rectangular, plane, and so forth, depending on the cross-sectional shape of the
orifice or nozzle. If the streamlines of a jet are parallel at the nozzle exit, the jet is
said to exhibit axial flow.
Depending on the direction of the streamlines of the ambient fluid, a jet is said to
issue into a coflowing stream(one flowing in the same direction), a counterflowing
stream, or an obliquely flowing stream. Jet flows can also be classified as miscible
or immiscible, depending on the physical properties of the substances composing the
jet and the ambient fluid.

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 AIM

The aim of this project is to analyse the fluid mixing and to find the optimum
mixing using three dimensional jets.

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 GOVERNING PARAMETERS

REYNOLDS NUMBER:
Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces within a fluid which
is subjected to relative internal movement due to different fluid velocities, which is
known as a boundary layer in the case of a bounding surface such as the interior of
a pipe. A similar effect is created by the introduction of a stream of higher velocity
fluid, such as the hot gases from a flame in air. This relative movement generates
fluid friction, which is a factor in developing turbulent flow. Counteracting this
effect is the viscosity of the fluid, which as it increases, progressively inhibits
turbulence, as more kinetic energy is absorbed by a more viscous fluid. The
Reynolds number quantifies the relative importance of these two types of forces for
given flow conditions, and is a guide to when turbulent flow will occur in a particular
situation.
The Reynolds number (Re) is an important dimensionless quantity in fluid
mechanics used to help predict flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. At
low Reynolds numbers, flows tend to be dominated by laminar (sheet-like) flow,
while at high Reynolds numbers turbulence results from differences in the fluid's
speed and direction.

The Reynolds Number is defined as

𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Re =
𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

Where,

• 𝜌 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 (𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 )

• 𝑉 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 of 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 (𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐)
• 𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑚)
• 𝜇 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑((𝑃𝑎 · 𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑁 · 𝑠/𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 · 𝑠)

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DEAN NUMBER:
The Dean number (De) is a dimensionless group in fluid mechanics, which occurs
in the study of flow in curved pipes and channels.
If a fluid is moving along a straight pipe that after some point becomes curved, the
centripetal forces at the bend will cause the fluid particles to change their main
direction of motion. There will be an adverse pressure gradient generated from the
curvature with an increase in pressure, therefore a decrease in velocity close to the
convex wall, and the contrary will occur towards the outer side of the pipe. This
gives rise to a secondary motion superposed on the primary flow, with the fluid in
the centre of the pipe being swept towards the outer side of the bend and the fluid
near the pipe wall will return towards the inside of the bend. This secondary motion
is expected to appear as a pair of counter-rotating cells, which are called Dean
vortices.
The Dean number is typically denoted by De (or Dn). For a flow in a pipe or tube it
is defined as

Where
ρ is the density of the fluid
μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid
v is the axial velocity scale
D is the diameter
R c is the radius of curvature of the path of the channel
R e is the Reynolds number

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CRAYA-CURTET NUMBER:
Craya-curtet flow is formed when a jet with moderately large Reynolds number
discharges into a coaxial ducted flow of much larger radius. It is seen that the Craya-
Curtet number is defined as the square root of the ratio of the momentum flux of the
coflowing stream to that of the central jet, arises as the only governing parameter
when the boundary-layer approximation is used to describe the resulting steady
slender jet.
The numerical integration shows that the Craya-Curtet number above the critical
value, the resulting streamlines remain aligned with the axis, while for Craya-Curtet
number below that critical value the entertainment demands of the jet cannot be
specified by the coflow, and a toroidal recirculation region forms.

Craya-Curtet number (C) is defined as,

C= √𝐽𝑐 /𝐽𝑗
Where,
𝐽𝑐 = momentum flux of the coflowing stream
𝐽𝑗 = momentum flux of the jet stream

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 DIMENSIONS

 Common Data:
 Length of jet = 20mm
 Length of the circular tube = 200mm
 Diameter of the circular pipe = 31.95mm

 For Circular Jet:

 Diameter = 3mm

 For elliptical jet:

 Major Diameter =4.242mm
 Minor Diameter =2.121mm

 For square jet-

 Side of square = 2.65mm

 For rectangular jet-

 Breadth of rectangle = 1.879mm
 Length of rectangle = 3.759mm

 For equilateral triangular jet-

 Side =4.039mm

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 CAD MODELS
CAD models are the basis for the Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) so first thing
is to make CAD models. Here, we have made CAD models of different cross-
sections of the jet. Most importantly, the cross-sectional area of all jets is equal.
The jets of different cross-sections are as follows:
1. Circular
2. Elliptical
3. Square
4. Rectangle
5. Equilateral triangle
6. Isosceles triangle

Fig. Circular jet

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Fig. Elliptical Jet

Fig. Square Jet

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 Fig. Rectangular Jet

Fig. Equilateral Triangular Jet

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 MESH GENERATION

Mesh generation is the practice of generating a polygonal or polyhedral mesh that

approximates a geometric domain. The term ‘grid generation’ is often used
interchangeably.
Here, we have created mesh on previously made CAD models. Following are the
snapshots of the same.

1. CIRCULAR JET

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2. ELLIPTICAL JET

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3. SQUARE JET

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4.RECTANGULAR JET

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5.EQUILATERAL TRIANGULAR JET

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6.ISOSCELES TRIANGULAR JET

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 SIMULATION OF CIRCULAR JET IN OPENFOAM

Circular jet has been simulated in OpenFOAM using simpleFOAM solver. The
various boundary, velocity and pressure conditions are given according to
appropriate value of Reynolds number.

1. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:

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2.VELOCITY CONDITIONS:

3.PRESSURE CONDITIONS:

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 RESULT
The following result has been obtained after simulation in openFOAM using
simpleFoam solver.

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 REFERENCES

1. A numerical method for the solution of confined co-flowing jet diffusion

flames.
2. Laminar Craya-Curtet jets
Antonio Revuelta Departamento de Combustibles Fosiles, CIEMAT,
28040 Madrid, Spain
3. Taghi Karimipanah, 1996, TURBULENT JETS IN CONFINED
SPACES, Centre for Built Environment, Royal Institute of
Technology, Box 88, S-801 02 Gävle, Sweden.
4. Molecular mixing via jets in confined volumes
By R. E. BREIDENTHAL, V. R. BUONADONNA AND M. F.
WEISBACH Boeing Aerospace & Electronics, Seattle, WA 98124, USA

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