Uncontrolled copy—

TABLE OF CONTENTS for individual use only

MPIF Standard 35

Materials Standards for

Metal Injection Molded Parts
Issued 1993
Revised 2000 and 2007

Scope
MPIF Standard 35 is issued to provide the design and materials engineer with the information necessary for specifying powder
metal (PM) materials that have been developed by the PM parts manufacturing industry. This section of Standard 35 deals with prod-
ucts manufactured by Metal Injection Molding (MIM). It does not apply to conventional PM structural materials, PM self-lubricating
bearings or powder forged (PF) materials which are covered in separate editions of MPIF Standard 35. Each section of this standard
is divided into subsections based on the various types of MIM materials in common commercial use within that section. Notes at the
beginning of each subsection discuss the characteristics of that material. The same materials may appear in more than one section
of the standard depending upon their common use, e.g., some low-alloy or stainless steel materials may also be used in soft-mag-
netic applications.
The use of any MPIF Standard is entirely voluntary. MPIF Standards are issued and adopted in the public interest. They are
designed to eliminate misunderstandings between the manufacturer and the purchaser and to assist the purchaser in selecting and
obtaining the proper material for a particular product. Existence of MPIF Standards does not in any respect preclude any member or
non-member of MPIF from manufacturing or selling products that use materials or testing procedures not included in MPIF Standards.
Other such materials may be commercially available.
By publication of these Standards, no position is taken with respect to the validity of any patent rights nor does the MPIF under-
take to ensure anyone utilizing the Standards against liability for infringement of any Letters Patent or accept any such liability.
Neither MPIF nor any of its members assumes or accepts any liability resulting from use or non-use of any MPIF Standard. In addi-
tion, MPIF does not accept any liability or responsibility for the compliance of any product with any standard, the achievement of any
minimum or typical values by any supplier, or for the results of any testing or other procedure undertaken in accordance with any
Standard.
MPIF Standards are subject to periodic review and may be revised. Users are cautioned to refer to the latest edition. New,
approved materials and property data may be posted periodically on the MPIF Web site. Between published editions, go to
www.mpif.org to access data that will appear in the next printed edition of this standard.

Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on
the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component: material selection, chemical composition, minimum
property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application.

No part of this publication may be Published by

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or Metal Powder Industries Federation
transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
105 College Road East
recording or otherwise, without the prior Princeton, New Jersey 08540-6692 U.S.A.
permission of the publisher. Tel: (609) 452-7700
© Copyright 2007 Fax: (609) 987-8523
ISBN-13: 978-0-9762057-9-1 E-mail: info@mpif.org Web site: www.mpif.org
ISBN-10: 0-9762057-9-3

1
 Uncontrolled copy—
for individual use only
MPIF Standard 35

Table of Contents—2007 Edition

Materials
EXPLANATORY NOTES AND DEFINITIONS
Standards Minimum Value Concept 3
Minimum Mechanical Property Values 3
for Minimum Magnetic Property Values
Minimum Controlled-Expansion Property Values
3
3
Metal Practical Methods of Demonstrating
Part Performance 3
Injection Typical Values
Chemical Composition
4
4
Mechanical Properties 4
Molded Heat Treatment 4
Surface Finish 4
Parts* Microstructure
MIM Material Designation
4
4
Material Selection 4
Grade Selection 5
Density 5
April 2012 Addendum Ultimate Tensile Strength 5
Yield Strength 5
March 2009 Addendum Elongation 6
Elastic Constants 6
Young’s Modulus (E) 6
Shear Modulus (G) 6
Poisson’s Ratio (ν) 6
Impact Energy 6
Macrohardness (Apparent) 6
Microindentation Hardness 6
Corrosion Resistance 6
Sulfuric Acid Testing 6
Copper Sulfate Testing 7
Boiling Water Testing 7
Soft Magnetic Properties 7
Magnetizing Field (H) 7
Induction (B) 7
Maximum Induction (Bm) 7
Maximum Permeability (µ max) 7
Coercive Field (Hc) 7
Residual Induction (Br) 7
Controlled-Expansion Alloys/Coefficient of
Thermal Expansion (CTE) 7
SI Units 7
*For structural parts made by Comparable Standard 7
the powder metallurgy (PM) DATA TABLES – INCH-POUND UNITS
process, see MPIF Standard Low-Alloy Steels 8-9
35, “Materials Standards for Stainless Steels 10-11
PM Structural Parts.” Soft-Magnetic Alloys 12-13
Controlled-Expansion Alloys 14-15
*For bearings and bushings DATA TABLES – SI UNITS
made by the PM process, see Low-Alloy Steels 16-17
MPIF Standard 35, “Materials Stainless Steels 18-19
Standards for PM Self- Soft-Magnetic Alloys 20-21
Lubricating Bearings.” Controlled-Expansion Alloys 22-23
SI Units Conversion Table
*For steel components made Quantities/Terms Used in MPIF Standards 24
by the powder forging (PF) Index
process, see MPIF Standard Alphabetical Listing & Guide to Material Systems
35, “Materials Standards for & Designation Codes Used in MPIF Standard 35 25
P/F Steel Parts.” Standards Availability/MPIF Standing Order Form 29

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35—2007
Materials Standards for
Metal Injection Molded Parts
Explanatory Notes and Definitions
Minimum Value Concept
The Metal Powder Industries Federation has adopted
the concept of minimum property values for metal injection
molded (MIM) materials. These values may be used to
determine the material best suited to the particular appli-
cation as it is manufactured by the metal injection molding
(MIM) process.
As an aid to the user in selecting materials, in addition
to minimum property values, typical values for other prop-
erties are listed. This makes it possible for the user to se-
lect and specify the exact MIM material and properties
most suitable for a specific application. The data provided
define minimum values for listed materials and display typ-
ical properties achieved under commercial manufacturing
procedures. Enhanced mechanical properties and other
improvements in performance characteristics may be at-
tained through more complex processing. To select a ma-
terial optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it
is essential that the part application be discussed with the
MIM parts manufacturer.
Minimum Mechanical Property Values
The minimum mechanical property values for MIM ma-
terials are expressed in terms of yield strength (0.2% off-
set method), ultimate tensile strength and percent elonga-
tion for all materials in the as-sintered and/or heat treated
conditions. MIM materials exhibit properties similar to
wrought materials because they are processed to near full
density.
The tensile properties utilized for establishing this Stan-
dard were obtained from tensile specimens prepared spe-
cifically for evaluating MIM materials. (See MPIF Standard
50 for additional details on MIM tensile test specimens.)
Tensile properties of test specimens machined from com-
mercial parts or from non-standard MIM test specimens,
may vary from those obtained from specimens prepared
according to MPIF Standard 50.
Minimum Magnetic Property Values
The minimum magnetic property values for MIM materi-
als are expressed in terms of part density, maximum per-
meability, maximum coercive force and magnetic satura-
tion. The specified minimum magnetic saturation is mea-
sured with an applied field of 25 oersteds. All magnetic
3
Uncontrolled copy—
for individual use only
test data reported are for DC testing only.
The magnetic properties utilized for establishing this
Standard were obtained from specimens prepared and
tested in accordance with ASTM A 773.
Minimum Controlled-Expansion Property Values
A minimum density level is expressed for the MIM con-
trolled-expansion alloys due to their use in electronics
applications to provide hermetic seals with materials such
as glasses and ceramics.
Practical Methods of Demonstrating Part Performance
For structural parts, the practical method of demonstrat-
ing minimum values is through the use of a static or
dynamic proof test by the manufacturer and the purchas-
er using the first production lot of parts and a mutually
agreed upon method of stressing the part. For example,
from the design of a given part, it is agreed that the break-
ing load should be greater than a given force. If that force
is exceeded in proof tests, the minimum strength is
demonstrated. The first lot of parts can also be tested in
service and demonstrated to be acceptable. The static or
dynamic load to fracture is determined separately and
these data are statistically analyzed to determine a mini-
mum breaking force for future production lots. Exceeding
that minimum force on future lots is proof that the specified
strength has been met.
For parts that require minimum magnetic characteristics,
the practical method of demonstrating acceptable mag-
netic properties is through the use of a magnetic proof
test. For example, from the design of a given part, it is
agreed that the magnetic force generated by the part
when a specified magnetic field is applied should be
greater than a mutually agreed upon value between the
parties concerned. If that force is exceeded in proof tests,
the minimum magnetic performance is demonstrated.
Exceeding this minimum value on future lots is proof that
the specific magnetic properties have been met.
Utilization of MPIF Standard 35 to specify a MIM mater-
ial means that unless the purchaser and manufacturer
have agreed otherwise, the material will have the mini-
mum value specified in the Standard. (See Material
Properties beginning on page 8.)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35, Metal Injection Molded Parts—2007 Edition
Typical Values
For each MIM material listed, a set of typical values is
shown for properties, e.g., density, hardness, elongation,
etc., some or all of which may be important for a specific
application. Typical values are shown for properties, e.g.,
elongation, hardness, coercive field, etc., some or all of
which may be important for a specific application. The
property data were compiled from test specimens
processed by individual MIM producers.
The typical values are listed for general guidance only.
They should not be considered minimum values. While
achievable through normal manufacturing processing,
they may vary somewhat depending upon the area of the
component chosen for evaluation, or the specific manu-
facturing process utilized. Those properties listed under
the “typical value section” for each material which are re-
quired by the purchaser should be thoroughly discussed
with the MIM parts manufacturer before establishing the
specification. Required property values, other than those
expressed as minimum should be separately specified for
each MIM part, based on its intended use.
Chemical Composition
The chemical composition of each material lists its prin-
cipal elements and allowable ranges.
Mechanical Properties
Mechanical property data indicate the minimum and typi-
cal properties that may be expected from test specimens
conforming to the density and chemical composition crite-
ria listed. It should be understood that mechanical proper-
ties used in this standard were derived from individual test
specimens prepared specifically for material evaluation
and sintered under commercial production conditions.
Hardness values of heat treated specimens are given
first as apparent hardness and second, when available, as
equivalent particle or matrix hardness values. Residual
porosity found in MIM components will slightly affect the
apparent hardness readings. Microhardness values
shown as Rockwell C were converted from 100 g load
(0.981 N) Knoop microhardness measurements.
Heat Treatment
MIM materials may be heat treated to increase strength,
hardness and wear resistance. The percentages of car-
bon, alloying elements and residual porosity determine the
degree of hardening possible. Tempering or stress relief is
required after quenching for optimum strength and dura-
bility. Ferrous MIM parts processed with little or no final
carbon may be surface carburized for increased surface
hardness while retaining core toughness. Martensitic and
precipitation hardening stainless steels may also be heat
treated for increased hardness and strength.
4
Uncontrolled copy—
for individual use only
Most MIM materials respond well to normal wrought
heat treating practices and procedures. It is recommended
that the heat-treatment procedures for any MIM material
be established in cooperation with the MIM part manufac-
turer to achieve the desired balance of final properties in
the finished part.
Surface Finish
The overall finish and surface reflectivity of MIM materi-
als depends on density, tool condition, particle size and
secondary operations. Effective surface smoothness of
as-sintered MIM components is usually better than an
investment cast surface. Surface finish can be further im-
proved by secondary operations such as coining, honing,
burnishing or grinding. The surface finish requirements
and methods of determination must be established by
mutual agreement between purchaser and producer. (See
MPIF Standard 58 for additional details.)
Microstructure
MIM materials generally contain less than 5% porosity,
approaching the density of wrought materials. The exami-
nation of the microstructure of a MIM part can serve as a
diagnostic tool and reveal the degree of sintering and
other metallurgical information critical to the metal
injection molding process. There are several observations
common to most sintered MIM materials, as briefly
described below. Comments on specific materials will
be found in the subsections devoted to those particular
materials.
Sintered parts are normally examined first in the
unetched condition. With a proper sinter, there will be no
original particle boundaries seen at 200X. Small, uniform-
ly distributed, well rounded discrete pores lead to higher
strength, ductility and impact resistance.
MIM Material Designation
The Metal Injection Molding Association has chosen to
use the designation system similar to AISI-SAE where
applicable. These designations were chosen because
MIM parts are likely to be used as replacements for
wrought products already in service. When specifying a
material made by the MIM process, it should be so desig-
nated with a “MIM” prefix to the material grade. For exam-
ple, a part fabricated from Type 316L stainless steel by
MIM would be designated as "MIM–316L".
Material Selection
Before a particular material can be selected, a careful
analysis is required of the design of the part and its end
use. In addition, the final property requirements of the fin-
ished part should be agreed upon by the manufacturer
and the purchaser of the MIM part. Issues such as static
 Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS for individual use only

MPIF Standard 35, Metal Injection Molded Parts—2007 Edition

and dynamic loading, wear resistance, machinability and Note 3: Water density is determined as follows:
corrosion resistance may also be specified.
Effect of Temperature on Water Density
Grade Selection Temperature ρw Temperature ρw
For certain magnetic materials, the material designaion ˚C g/cm3 ˚F g/cm3*
will specify the material as either “Grade 1” or “Grade 2”.
15 0.9991 60 0.9990
The Grade 1 material, as compared with Grade 2, will 15.5 0.9990 61 0.9989
exhibit improved magnetic characteristics. The difference 16 0.9989 62 0.9988
between a Grade 1 and Grade 2 material can usually be 16.5 0.9988 63 0.9987
found in the material’s microstructure, with a high density, 17 0.9988 64 0.9986
17.5 0.9987 65 0.9985
large grain size and low amounts of interstitials (carbon, 18 0.9986 66 0.9984
oxygen, nitrogen, etc.) all contributing to improved mag- 18.5 0.9985 67 0.9983
netic properties. 19 0.9984 68 0.9982
A careful analysis of the design and function of the part 19.5 0.9983 69 0.9981
should determine what grade material is required for a 20 0.9982 70 0.9980
20.5 0.9981 71 0.9978
given application. It is recommended that a discussion of 21 0.9980 72 0.9977
the required magnetic performance take place between 21.5 0.9979 73 0.9975
the manufacturer and the purchaser before the final grade 22 0.9978 74 0.9974
selection. 22.5 0.9976 75 0.9973
23 0.9975 76 0.9972
23.5 0.9974 77 0.9970
Density 24 0.9973 78 0.9969
Density is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter 24.5 0.9972 79 0.9967
(g/cm3). MIM materials generally contain less than 5% po- 25 0.9970 80 0.9966
rosity, so impregnation is not applicable. (See MPIF 25.5 0.9969 81 0.9964
26 0.9968 82 0.9963
Standard 42 for additional details.) 26.5 0.9966 83 0.9961
A method commonly used is as follows: 27 0.9965 84 0.9959
27.5 0.9964 85 0.9958
A ρw 28 0.9962 86 0.9956
D = ————— 28.5 0.9961
A-C+E 29 0.9959 *Interpolated
29.5 0.9958 from ˚C data
Where: 30 0.9956

D = density, in grams per cubic centimeter
A = mass of the specimen in air, in grams
C = mass of the specimen in water, in grams
E = mass (tare) of the suspending wire or basket,
in water, in grams
ρw = density of water at test temperature, in grams
per cubic centimeter
Note 1: Masses A, C & E shall be determined to within 1
milligram.
Note 2: The effect of the surface tension of water in weigh-
ing the test sample should be minimized with the
addition of a wetting agent to the water in the
amount of 0.1%.
NOTE: The values of ρw shown are taken from, “Metrological
Handbook 145, Quality Assurance for Measurements,”
1990, NIST, pp 9,10, and represent the values in air at
one atmosphere pressure.
Another method of density determination may be by
gas pycnometer as agreed upon between purchaser and
producer. (See MPIF Standard 63 for additional details.)
Ultimate Tensile Strength
Ultimate tensile strength, expressed in 103 psi (MPa) is
the ability of a test specimen to resist fracture when a
pulling force is applied in a direction parallel to its longitu-
dinal axis. It is equal to the maximum load divided by the
original cross-sectional area. (See MPIF Standard 50 for
additional details.)

Yield Strength
Yield Strength, expressed in 103 psi, is the load at which
a material exhibits a 0.2% offset from proportionality on a
stress-strain tension curve divided by the original cross-

5

TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35, Metal Injection Molded Parts—2007 Edition
sectional area. (See MPIF Standard 50 for additional
details.)
Elongation
Elongation (plastic), expressed as a percentage of the
original gage length (typically 1.0 in. [25.4mm]), is based
on measuring the increase in gage length after fracture,
providing the fracture takes place within the gage length.
Elongation can also be measured with a break-away
extensometer on the tensile specimen. The recorded
stress strain-curve displays total elongation (elastic and
plastic). The elastic strain at the 0.2% yield strength must
be subtracted from the total elongation to give the plastic
elongation. (See MPIF Standard 59 for additional details.)
Elastic Constants
Data for the elastic constants in this standard were gen-
erated from resonant frequency testing. An equation relat-
ing the three elastic constants is:
E
ν = ––– –1
2G
Young’s Modulus (E)
Young’s modulus, expressed in 106 psi (GPa), is the
ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or
compressive stresses below the proportional limit of the
material.
Shear Modulus (G)
Shear modulus, expressed in 106 psi (GPa), is the ratio
of shear stress to corresponding shear strain below the
proportional limit of the material.
Poisson’s Ratio (ν)
Poisson’s ratio is the absolute value of the ratio of trans-
verse strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting
from uniformly distributed axial stress below the propor-
tional limit of the material.
Impact Energy
Impact energy, measured in foot-pounds-force (Joules),
is a measure of the energy absorbed in fracturing a spec-
imen in a single blow. An unnotched 5 mm X 10 mm cross-
section Charpy specimen was used to establish the MIM
impact energy values. (See MPIF Standard 59 for addi-
tional details.)
Macrohardness (Apparent)
The hardness value of a MIM part when using a conven-
tional indentation hardness tester is referred to as "appar-
ent hardness" because it represents a combination of
matrix hardness plus effect of residual porosity. The effect
of residual porosity on hardness values is minor for MIM
6
Uncontrolled copy—
for individual use only
parts. Apparent hardness measures the resistance to in-
dentation. Following is a recommended procedure for
measuring the apparent hardness of a MIM material:
A. Specify a region for evaluation.
B. Remove any burrs that might affect the indentation
hardness reading by coming in contact with the inden-
tor or support surfaces.
C. Obtain a minimum of five hardness readings.
D. Average the readings.
E. Report the average results to the nearest whole number.
The manufacturer and the purchaser should agree on the
hardness, the measuring procedure, and the hardness
scale for each part tested. (See MPIF Standard 43 for
additional details.)
Microindentation Hardness
Microindentation hardness is determined by utilizing
Knoop (HK) or Vickers (HV) indentors with a microinden-
tation hardness tester. It measures the true hardness of
the structure by eliminating the effect of porosity, and thus
is a measure of resistance to abrasive and adhesive wear.
Microindentation hardness measurements are convertible
to equivalent Rockwell hardness values for comparison
with other materials.
Care should be taken in converting Knoop to HRC
because the conversion chart listed in ASTM E 140 is based
on a 500 gf load, while the recommended load for a MIM or
(PM) material is 100 gf. A description of the microstructure
must be reported. The specimen shall be polished to reveal
the porosity and lightly etched to view the phases in the
microstructure and to determine where to place the hard-
ness indenation. If the indentor strikes an undisclosed pore,
the diamond mark will exhibit curved edges and the reading
must be discarded. Since the data tend to be scattered com-
pared with pore-free material, it is recommended that a min-
imum of 5 indentations be made, anomalous readings dis-
carded, and an average taken of the remainder. (See MPIF
Standard 51 for additional details.)
Corrosion Resistance
Three media and test methods were used to rate the
resistance of the MIM stainless steel alloys to corrosion.
Sulfuric Acid Testing – Standard 5 mm X 10 mm X 55
mm test specimens were immersed in a 2% sulfuric acid
solution at room temperature (72 ˚F ± 4 ˚F [22 ˚C ± 2 ˚C])
for 1,000 hours. Two replicates were tested. The loss in
mass for each was determined and then converted into
a mass loss per surface area (in dm2) per day factor, in
units of
g
––––––––––
2
(dm ) (day)
 Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS for individual use only

MPIF Standard 35, Metal Injection Molded Parts—2007 Edition

Copper Sulfate Testing - The copper sulfate test consists

of mixing 22.5 ml of distilled water with 1 g cupric sulfate
crystals and 2.5 g sulfuric acid. Specimens are immersed
in this solution for 6 minutes at a temperature between 63
˚ and 67 ˚F (17 ˚ and 19 ˚C). Specimens that show no visu-
al signs of copper plating are classified as passing this test.
(See ASTM F 1089 for additional details.)

Boiling Water Testing - The boiling water test consists of

immersing the specimen in boiling, distilled water for 30
minutes. After 30 minutes, the heat source is shut off and
the specimen remains in the water for 3 hours. The speci-
men is then removed and left to dry for 2 hours.
Specimens that show no visual corrosion are classified as
passing this test. (See ASTM F 1089 for additional details.)

Soft-Magnetic Properties
The magnetic data presented in this standard were
developed in accordance with ASTM Standard A 773.
Magnetizing Field (H)
The magnetic field applied to a test specimen, mea-
sured in oersteds (Oe) or amperes/metre (A/m).
Induction (B)
The measured magnetic field generated in a test speci-
men due to an applied magnetic field, measured in kilo-
gauss (kG) or tesla (T).
Maximum Induction (Bm)
The maximum value of induction in a DC hysteresis
loop. This value depends on the magnetizing field applied.
Data are reported at magnetizing fields of 25 Oe and 500
Oe, (1,990 A/m and 39,800 A/m), in units of kilogauss (kG)
or tesla (T).
Maximum Permeability (µmax)
The slope of the line from the origin to the knee of the
initial B-H magnetization curve. This parameter is dimen-
sionless.
Idealized Magnetic Hysteresis Curve
Reference: Soft Magnetism, Fundamentals for Powder
Metallurgy and Metal Injection Molding, Chaman Lall, Metal
Powder Industries Federation, 1992, p.11.
Controlled-Expansion Alloys
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE)
See pages 15 and 23.
SI Units (See page 24)
Data were determined in inch-pound units and convert-
ed to SI units in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
Comparable Standard
Standards for metal injection molded parts have been
issued by ASTM. The ASTM standard was adapted from
MPIF Standard 35 and uses the MPIF MIM nomenclature
system.
ASTM B 883 Standard Specification for
Metal Injection Molding (MIM)
Ferrous Materials

Coercive Field (Hc)

The DC magnetizing field required to restore the mag-
netic induction to zero after the material has been sym-
metrically, cyclically magnetized, measured in Oe (A/m).
Residual Induction (Br)
The retained magnetism in the specimen after the
applied field has been reduced to zero Oe (A/m). This is
reported in kG or T.
Additional MIM materials and property data are under
development. When available, data will be published in
subsequent editions of this Standard.
New, approved materials and property data may be
posted periodically on the MPIF Web site. Between
published editions, go to www.mpif.org to access data
that will appear in the next printed edition of this
standard.

7
 Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS for individual use only

MIM Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Low-Alloy Steels
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured Application
from both prealloys and admixtures of iron powder and Low-alloy steels are generally used for structural appli-
other alloying elements such as nickel, molydenum, and cations, especially when carburized. They are specified
carbon. for applications where high strength and hardness are
The proportions of each element used and heat treat necessary.
conditions may be varied to achieve a range of properties.
Alloys may be hardened for very high strength with mod- Microstructure
erate ductility. Lower carbon alloys may be case hardened Residual pores should be small, discrete, well distrib-
for wear resistance while achieving a tough core. uted and rounded. The microstructure will vary with com-
position and heat treatment.
Material Characteristics
Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally takes
place during sintering. The homogeneous structure
imparts exceptional strength properties. The high density
attained through MIM processing also gives these materi-
als good ductility.

Material Chemical Composition, % — Low-Alloy Steels

Designation
Code Fe Ni Mo C Si (max)
MIM-2200(1) Bal. 1.5 – 2.5 0.5 max 0.1 max 1.0
MIM-2700 Bal. 6.5 – 8.5 0.5 max 0.1 max 1.0
MIM-4605(2) Bal. 1.5 – 2.5 0.2 – 0.5 0.4 – 0.6 1.0
Other Elements: Total may not exceed 1.0% combined.

(1) Formerly designated as MIM-4600

(2) Formerly designated MIM-4650 with the addition of a minimum 0.2% Mo.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component: materi-
al selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

8
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Low-Alloy Steels
MIM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES
Tensile Properties Tensile Properties Elastic Constants Hardness
Material Unnotched
Designation Yield Yield Charpy Micro-
Code Ultimate Strength Elongation Ultimate Strength Elongation Young’s Poisson’s Impact Macro indentation
Energy
(condition) Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Density Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio (A) (apparent) (converted)
103 psi 103 psi % g/cm3 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft•lbf Rockwell
MIM-2200 37 16 20.0 7.65 42 18 40.0 28.0 0.28 100 45 HRB N/D
(as-sintered)
MIM-2700 55 30 20.0 7.6 60 37 26.0 28.0 0.28 130 69HRB N/D
9

(as-sintered)
MIM-4605 55 25 11.0 7.5 64 30 15.0 29.0 0.28 50 62 HRB N/D
(as-sintered)
MIM-4605 215 190 <1.0 7.5 240 215 2.0 29.5 0.28 40 48HRC 55 HRC
(quenched & tempered)

NOTES:
(A) Impact energy values derived from an un-notched 5 mm x 10 mm

for individual use only

Uncontrolled copy—
cross-section Charpy specimen (see MPIF Standard 59).

N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.

2007 Edition
Approved: 1992 Revised: 2000, 2007
 Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS for individual use only

MIM Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Stainless Steels
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured from
prealloyed or elementally blended stainless steels. Included
are austenitic, ferritic and precipitation hardening grades.
Material Characteristics
High densities achieved by the MIM process enhance
the strength, ductility and corrosion resistance of these
materials.
Application
There are several grades of MIM stainless steels. Each
has specific properties which cover a wide variety of appli-
cations:
MIM-316L Austenitic Grade
This grade is used in applications which require extrem-
ly good corrosion resistance. Parts made from this mater-
ial have a good combination of strength and ductility.
MIM-420 Martensitic Grade
This martensitic stainless steel combines high strength,
hardness and wear resistance with moderate corrosion
resistance. A range of properties and hardness can be
achieved though modifications of the carbon content and
heat-treating condition.
MIM-430L Ferritic Grade
This ferritic stainless steel combines good magnetic
response with corrosion resistance. It is suitable for appli-
cations in a corrosive environment where protective
coatings are impractical. (See page 12 for additional infor-
mation for this material in the soft-magnetic alloys section.)
MIM-17-4 PH Precipitation Hardening Grade
The precipitation hardening grade of stainless is used
where a high level of strength and hardness is necessary.
It generally has better corrosion resistance than the 400
series stainless steels because of low carbon content. A
range of properties and hardness can be achieved
through modifications of the aging temperature during
heat treatment.
Microstructure
All materials should exhibit wrought-like microstructures
except that MIM materials have evenly dispersed, well
rounded pores. There should be no evidence of original
particle boundaries. Internal oxides, nitrides and chromi-
um carbides are detrimental to properties.

Material Chemical Composition, % — Stainless Steels

Designation
Code Fe Ni Cr Mo C Cu Nb + Ta Mn (max) Si (max)
MIM-316L Bal. 10 – 14 16 – 18 2 – 3 0.03 max –– –– 2.0 1.0
MIM-420 Bal. –– 12 – 14 –– 0.15 – 0.4 –– –– 1.0 1.0
MIM-430L Bal. –– 16 – 18 –– 0.05 max –– –– 1.0 1.0
MIM-17-4 PH Bal. 3 – 5 15.5 – 17.5 –– 0.07 max 3 – 5 0.15 – 0.45 1.0 1.0
Other Elements: Total may not exceed 1.0% combined.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component: materi-
al selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

10
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Stainless Steels
MIM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES
Tensile Properties Tensile Properties Elastic Constants Hardness Corrosion Resistance
Material Unnotched
Designation Yield Yield Charpy Micro-
Code Ultimate Strength Elongation Ultimate Strength Elongation Young’s Poisson’s Impact Macro indentation Boil
Energy
(condition) Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Density Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio (A) (apparent) (converted) H2SO4 Test
103 psi 103 psi % g/cm3 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft•lbf Rockwell g/dm2/day CuSO4 (H2O)
MIM-316L 65 20 40.0 7.6 75 25 50.0 28.0 0.28 140 67 HRB N/D <0.005 Pass Pass
(as-sintered)
MIM-420 180 (B) (C) 7.4 200 174 <1.0 28.0 0.30 30 44 HRC 50 HRC N/D N/D Pass
(heat-treated)**
MIM-430L 50 30 20.0 7.55 60 35 25.0 30.0 0.29 110 65 HRB N/D 0.125 Pass Pass
11

(as-sintered)
MIM-17-4 PH 115 94 4.0 7.5 130 106 6.0 28.0 0.29 100 27 HRC N/D <0.005 Pass Pass
(as-sintered)
MIM-17-4 PH 155 140 4.0 7.5 172 158 6.0 28.0 0.29 100 33 HRC 40 HRC <0.005 Pass Pass
(heat treated)*

*Heat-treated MIM-17-4 PH parts were aged at 900 °F (482 °C). NOTES:

**Heat-treated MIM-420 parts were austenitized and tempered at (A) Impact energy values derived from an un-notched 5 mm x 10 mm

for individual use only

400 ˚F (204 °C) for a minimum of 1 hour. cross-section Charpy specimen (see MPIF Standard 59).

Uncontrolled copy—
(B) Heat-treated MIM-420-SS may not show any yield point based on a
0.2% offset.
(C) There may be no measurable elongation for the MIM-420-SS
heat-treated material.

N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.

2007 Edition
Approved: 1992 Revised: 2000, 2007
 Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS for individual use only

MIM Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Soft-Magnetic Alloys
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured
from prealloyed powder or admixtures of iron and other
elements such as nickel, chromium, cobalt and silicon.
These alloys are classified as soft-ferromagnetic
materials, that allows them to be easily magnetized and
demagnetized.
Material Characteristics
Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally takes
place during sintering. A homogeneous microstructure,
low levels of interstitials and high sintered density will
enhance magnetic properties.
Grade Selection
Certain materials in this standard with the same nominal
composition have been assigned two grades. When
selecting a material, a comparison should be made
between the magnetic properties required and the
properties of each grade.
Application
There are several MIM soft-magnetic alloys. Each
has specific properties that covers a wide range of
applications.
MIM-2200
Used in applications requiring high magnetic output,
comparable to iron, but with improved strength.
MIM-Fe-3%Si
Exhibits low core losses and high electrical resistivity in
AC and DC applications (e.g., solenoids, armatures,
relays). Since this alloy readily work hardens, it is particu-
larly suited to net-shape forming via MIM.
MIM-Fe-50%Ni
High permeability and low coercive field are the hallmark
magnetic properties for this alloy. It is used in motors,
switches and relays, and for magnetic shielding
applications.
MIM-Fe-50%Co
The iron-cobalt alloys produce the highest magnetic sat-
uration, surpassing pure iron. This material is suitable for
small components required to carry high magnetic flux
densities.
MIM-430L
This ferritic stainless steel combines good magnetic
response with corrosion resistance. It is suitable for appli-
cations in a corrosive environment where protective coat-
ings are impractical.
Microstructure
The unetched structures exhibit small, uniformly distrib-
uted, well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In
the etched condition, the microstructure is well-homoge-
nized with little or no evidence of carbides or oxides.

Material Chemical Composition, % — Soft-Magnetic Alloys

Designation
Code Fe Ni Cr Co Si C (max) Mn V
MIM-2200 Bal. 1.5 – 2.5 –– –– 1.0 max 0.1 –– ––
MIM-Fe-3%Si Bal. –– –– –– 2.5 – 3.5 0.05 –– ––
MIM-Fe50%Ni Bal. 49 – 51 –– –– 1.0 max 0.05 –– ––
MIM-Fe50%Co Bal. –– –– 48 – 50 1.0 max 0.05 –– 2.5 max
MIM-430L Bal. –– 16 – 18 –– 1.0 max 0.05 1.0 max ––
Other Elements: Total may not exceed 1.0% combined.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component: materi-
al selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

12
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Soft-Magnetic Alloys
MIM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES
Magnetic Properties Tensile Properties
Material Maximum Maximum Yield Macro-
Designation Perme- Maximum Perme- Ultimate Strength Elongation hardness
Code Density ability Hc B25 ability Hc Br B25 B500 Density Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) (apparent)
as-sintered g/cm3 µ max Oe kG µ max Oe kG kG kG g/cm3 103 psi 103 psi % HRB
MIM-2200 7.60 2,000 2.0 14.0 2,300 1.5 8.0 14.5 20.0 7.65 42 18 40.0 45
MIM-Fe-50% Ni-Grade 1* 7.70 40,000 0.15 13.0 47,500 0.13 10.0 14.0 15.0 7.75 66 23 30.0 50
13

-Grade 2* 7.70 20,000 0.25 13.0 27,000 0.20 10.0 14.0 15.0 7.75 66 23 30.0 50
MIM-Fe-3% Si-Grade 1 7.60 8,000 0.75 14.0 8,500 0.7 12.0 14.5 19.5 7.62 77 57 24.0 80
-Grade 2 7.45 5,500 1.1 14.0 6,000 1.0 12.0 14.5 19.0 7.50 77 57 24.0 80
MIM-Fe-50% Co 7.70 4,800 2.0 19.0 5,200 1.5 14.0 20.0 22.0 7.75 30 20 <1.0 80
MIM-430L 7.50 1,000 2.3 11.0 1,500 1.8 5.5 11.5 15.8 7.55 60 35 25.0 65

*Interstitials (oxygen, nitrogen) content and

grain size affect magnetic response.

for individual use only

Uncontrolled copy—
2007 Edition
Approved: 2000 Revised: 2007
 Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS for individual use only

MIM Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Controlled-Expansion Alloys
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured
from pre-alloyed powder and/or admixtures of iron, nickel
and cobalt.
The proportions of the elements iron, nickel and cobalt
may be varied to meet the requirements of the coefficient
of thermal expansion.
Application
Controlled-expansion alloys are used in electronics appli-
cations to provide hermetic seals with materials such as
glasses and ceramics.
MIM-F-15
This low expansion alloy is used for glass-to metal seal-
ing applications. It provides hermetic seals for electronic
fiber optic and microwave packages, such as splitters,
dual in-line packages and micro-electronic mechanical
systems.
Material Characteristics
Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally takes
place during sintering. The homogeneous microstructure
and high sintered density provide for exceptional her-
meticity and controlled thermal expansion.
Microstructure
The un-etched structures exhibit small, uniformly distrib-
uted, well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In
the etched condition, the microstructure is well-homoge-
nized with little or no evidence of carbides or oxides.

Nominal Chemical Composition, % — Controlled-Expansion Alloys

Material
Designation Fe Ni Co Mn Si C Al Mg Zr Ti Cu Cr Mo
max max max max max max max max max max
MIM-F15 Bal. 29 17 0.50 0.20 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20
Other Elements: Aluminum, magnesium, zirconium and titanium may not exceed 0.20% combined.
Total may not exceed 1% combined.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component: materi-
al selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

14
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Controlled-Expansion Alloys
MIM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES
Tensile Properties Hardness
Material
Designation Yield Micro-
Code Ultimate Strength Elongation Young’s Macro indentation
(condition) Density Density Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus (apparent) (converted)
g/cm3 g/cm3 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi Rockwell
MIM-F-15 7.7 7.8 67 43 25 17 65 HRB N/D
(as-sintered)

NOTES:
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
The coefficient of thermal expansion was determined for the
15

MIM-F-15 alloy in accordance with ASTM E 228. A push-rod

dilatometer was used for these tests, using a 3.6 °F/minute
heating rate in a nitrogen atmosphere. The average
coefficient of thermal expansion was determined from room
temperature (68 °F) up to a series of temperatures.

From 68 °F Average CTE

To: (X 10-6/ °F)
212 °F 3.7

for individual use only

Uncontrolled copy—
302 °F 3.4
392 °F 3.2
482 °F 3.1
572 °F 3.0

2007 Edition
Approved: 2007
 Uncontrolled copy—

S
IT for individual use only
N TABLE OF CONTENTS
U
SI

MIM Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Low-Alloy Steels
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured Application
from both prealloys and admixtures of iron powder and Low-alloy steels are generally used for structural appli-
other alloying elements such as nickel, molydenum, and cations, especially when carburized. They are specified
carbon. for applications where high strength and hardness are
The proportions of each element used and heat treat necessary.
conditions may be varied to achieve a range of properties.
Alloys may be hardened for very high strength with mod- Microstructure
erate ductility. Lower carbon alloys may be case hardened Residual pores should be small, discrete, well distrib-
for wear resistance while achieving a tough core. uted and rounded. The microstructure will vary with com-
position and heat treatment.
Material Characteristics
Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally takes
place during sintering. The homogeneous structure
imparts exceptional strength properties. The high density
attained through MIM processing also gives these materi-
als good ductility.

Material Chemical Composition, % — Low-Alloy Steels

Designation
Code Fe Ni Mo C Si (max)
MIM-2200(1) Bal. 1.5 – 2.5 0.5 max 0.1 max 1.0
MIM-2700 Bal. 6.5 – 8.5 0.5 max 0.1 max 1.0
MIM-4605(2) Bal. 1.5 – 2.5 0.2 – 0.5 0.4 – 0.6 1.0
Other Elements: Total may not exceed 1.0% combined.

(1) Formerly designated as MIM-4600

(2) Formerly designated MIM-4650 with the addition of a minimum 0.2% Mo.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component: materi-
al selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

16
 for individual use only
Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Low-Alloy Steels
MIM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES
Tensile Properties Tensile Properties Elastic Constants Hardness
Material Unnotched
Designation Yield Yield Charpy Micro-
Code Ultimate Strength Elongation Ultimate Strength Elongation Young’s Poisson’s Impact Macro indentation
Energy
(condition) Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Density Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio (A) (apparent) (converted)
MPa MPa % g/cm3 MPa MPa % GPa J Rockwell
MIM-2200 255 110 20.0 7.65 290 125 40.0 190 0.28 135 45 HRB N/D
(as-sintered)
17

MIM-2700 380 205 20.0 7.6 415 255 26.0 190 0.28 175 69 HRB N/D
(as-sintered)
MIM-4605 380 170 11.0 7.5 440 205 15.0 200 0.28 70 62 HRB N/D
(as-sintered)
MIM-4605 1,480 1,310 <1.0 7.5 1,655 1,480 2.0 205 0.28 55 48 HRC 55 HRC
(quenched & tempered)

NOTES:
(A) Impact energy values derived from an un-notched 5 mm x 10 mm
cross-section Charpy specimen (see MPIF Standard 59).

N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.

SI
U
2007 Edition

N
IT
Approved: 2000 Revised: 2000, 2007

S
 Uncontrolled copy—

S
IT for individual use only
N TABLE OF CONTENTS
U
SI

MIM Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Stainless Steels
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured from
prealloyed or elementally blended stainless steels. Included
are austenitic, ferritic and precipitation hardening grades.
Material Characteristics
High densities achieved by the MIM process enhance
the strength, ductility and corrosion resistance of these
materials.
Application
There are several grades of MIM stainless steels. Each
has specific properties which cover a wide variety of appli-
cations:
MIM-316L Austenitic Grade
This grade is used in applications which require extrem-
ly good corrosion resistance. Parts made from this mater-
ial have a good combination of strength and ductility.
MIM-420 Martensitic Grade
This martensitic stainless steel combines high strength,
hardness and wear resistance with moderate corrosion
resistance. A range of properties and hardness can be
achieved though modifications of the carbon content and
heat-treating condition.
MIM-430L Ferritic Grade
This ferritic stainless steel combines good magnetic
response with corrosion resistance. It is suitable for appli-
cations in a corrosive environment where protective
coatings are impractical. (See page 20 for additional infor-
mation for this material in the soft magnetic alloys section.)
MIM-17-4 PH Precipitation Hardening Grade
The precipitation hardening grade of stainless is used
where a high level of strength and hardness is necessary.
It generally has better corrosion resistance than the 400
series stainless steels because of low carbon content. A
range of properties and hardness can be achieved
through modifications of the aging temperature during
heat treatment.
Microstructure
All materials should exhibit wrought-like microstructures
except that MIM materials have evenly dispersed, well
rounded pores. There should be no evidence of original
particle boundaries. Internal oxides, nitrides and chromi-
um carbides are detrimental to properties.

Material Chemical Composition, % — Stainless Steels

Designation
Code Fe Ni Cr Mo C Cu Nb + Ta Mn (max) Si (max)
MIM-316L Bal. 10 – 14 16 – 18 2 – 3 0.03 max –– –– 2.0 1.0
MIM-420 Bal. –– 12 – 14 –– 0.15 – 0.4 –– –– 1.0 1.0
MIM-430L Bal. –– 16 – 18 –– 0.05 max –– –– 1.0 1.0
MIM-17-4 PH Bal. 3 – 5 15.5 – 17.5 –– 0.07 max 3 – 5 0.15 – 0.45 1.0 1.0
Other Elements: Total may not exceed 1.0% combined.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component: materi-
al selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

18
 for individual use only
Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Stainless Steels
MIM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES
Tensile Properties Tensile Properties Elastic Constants Hardness Corrosion Resistance
Material Unnotched
Designation Yield Yield Charpy Micro-
Code Ultimate Strength Elongation Ultimate Strength Elongation Young’s Poisson’s Impact Macro indentation Boil
Energy
(condition) Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Density Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio (A) (apparent) (converted) H2SO4 Test
MPa MPa % g/cm3 MPa MPa % GPa J Rockwell g/dm2/day CuSO4 (H2O)
MIM-316L 450 140 40.0 7.6 520 175 50.0 190 0.28 190 67 HRB N/D <0.005 Pass Pass
(as-sintered)
MIM-420 1240 (B) (C) 7.4 1,380 1,200 <1.0 190 0.30 40 44 HRC 50 HRC N/D N/D Pass
(heat-treated)**
MIM-430L 350 210 20.0 7.55 410 240 25.0 210 0.29 150 65 HRB N/D 0.125 Pass Pass
19

(as-sintered)
MIM-17-4 PH 790 650 4.0 7.5 900 730 6.0 190 0.29 140 27 HRC N/D <0.005 Pass Pass
(as-sintered)
MIM-17-4 PH 1,070 970 4.0 7.5 1,190 1,090 6.0 190 0.29 140 33 HRC 40 HRC <0.005 Pass Pass
(heat treated)*

*Heat-treated MIM-17-4 PH parts were aged at 482 ˚C (900 ˚F). NOTES:

**Heat-treated MIM-420 parts were austenitized and tempered at
204 ˚C (400 ˚F) for a minimum of 1 hour.
(A) Impact energy values derived from an un-notched 5 mm x 10 mm
cross-section Charpy specimen (see MPIF Standard 59).
(B) Heat-treated MIM-420-SS may not show any yield point based on a
0.2% offset.
(C) There may be no measurable elongation for the MIM-420-SS
heat-treated material.

N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.

SI
U
2007 Edition

N
IT
Approved: 2000 Revised: 2007

S
 Uncontrolled copy—

S
IT for individual use only
N TABLE OF CONTENTS
U
SI

MIM Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Soft-Magnetic Alloys
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured
from prealloyed powder or admixtures of iron and other
elements such as nickel, chromium, cobalt and silicon.
These alloys are classified as soft-ferromagnetic
materials, that allows them to be easily magnetized and
demagnetized.
Material Characteristics
Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally takes
place during sintering. A homogeneous microstructure,
low levels of interstitials and high sintered density will
enhance magnetic properties.
Grade Selection
Certain materials in this standard with the same nominal
composition have been assigned two grades. When
selecting a material, a comparison should be made
between the magnetic properties required and the
properties of each grade.
Application
There are several MIM soft-magnetic alloys. Each
has specific properties that covers a wide range of
applications.
MIM-2200
Used in applications requiring high magnetic output,
comparable to iron, but with improved strength.
MIM-Fe-3%Si
Exhibits low core losses and high electrical resistivity in
AC and DC applications (e.g., solenoids, armatures,
relays). Since this alloy readily work hardens, it is particu-
larly suited to net-shape forming via MIM.
MIM-Fe-50%Ni
High permeability and low coercive field are the hallmark
magnetic properties for this alloy. It is used in motors,
switches and relays, and for magnetic shielding
applications.
MIM-Fe-50%Co
The iron-cobalt alloys produce the highest magnetic sat-
uration, surpassing pure iron. This material is suitable for
small components required to carry high magnetic flux
densities.
MIM-430L
This ferritic stainless steel combines good magnetic
response with corrosion resistance. It is suitable for appli-
cations in a corrosive environment where protective coat-
ings are impractical.
Microstructure
The unetched structures exhibit small, uniformly distrib-
uted, well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In
the etched condition, the microstructure is well-homoge-
nized with little or no evidence of carbides or oxides.

Material Chemical Composition, % — Soft-Magnetic Alloys

Designation
Code Fe Ni Cr Co Si C (max) Mn V
MIM-2200 Bal. 1.5 – 2.5 –– –– 1.0 max 0.1 –– ––
MIM-Fe-3%Si Bal. –– –– –– 2.5 – 3.5 0.05 –– ––
MIM-Fe50%Ni Bal. 49 – 51 –– –– 1.0 max 0.05 –– ––
MIM-Fe50%Co Bal. –– –– 48 – 50 1.0 max 0.05 –– 2.5 max
MIM-430L Bal. –– 16 – 18 –– 1.0 max 0.05 1.0 max ––
Other Elements: Total may not exceed 1.0% combined.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component: materi-
al selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

20
 for individual use only
Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Soft-Magnetic Alloys
MIM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES
Magnetic Properties Tensile Properties
Material Maximum Maximum Ultimate Yield Macro-
Designation Perme- Maximum Perme- Tensile Strength Elongation hardness
Code Density ability Hc B1,990 ability Hc Br B1,990 B39,800 Density Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) (apparent)
as-sintered g/cm 3
µ max A/m T µ max A/m T T T g/cm3 MPa MPa % HRB
MIM-2200 7.60 2,000 160 1.40 2,300 120 0.80 1.45 2.00 7.65 290 125 40.0 45
MIM-Fe-50% Ni-Grade 1* 7.70 40,000 10 1.30 47,500 10 1.00 1.40 1.50 7.75 455 160 30.0 50
-Grade 2* 7.70 20,000 20 1.30 27,000 16 1.00 1.40 1.50 7.75 455 160 30.0 50
21

MIM-Fe-3% Si-Grade 1 7.60 8,000 60 1.40 8,500 56 1.20 1.45 1.95 7.62 530 390 24.0 80
-Grade 2 7.45 5,500 90 1.40 6,000 80 1.20 1.45 1.90 7.50 530 390 24.0 80
MIM-Fe-50% Co 7.70 4,800 160 1.90 5,200 120 1.40 2.00 2.20 7.75 205 140 <1.0 80
MIM-430L 7.50 1,000 185 1.10 1,500 140 0.55 1.15 1.58 7.55 415 240 25.0 65

*Interstitials (oxygen, nitrogen) content and

grain size affect magnetic response.

SI
U
2007 Edition

N
IT
Approved: 2000 Revised: 2007

S
 Uncontrolled copy—

S
IT for individual use only
N TABLE OF CONTENTS
U
SI

MIM Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Controlled-Expansion Alloys
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured
from pre-alloyed powder and/or admixtures of iron, nickel
and cobalt.
The proportions of the elements iron, nickel and cobalt
may be varied to meet the requirements of the coefficient
of thermal expansion.
Application
Controlled-expansion alloys are used in electronics appli-
cations to provide hermetic seals with materials such as
glasses and ceramics.
MIM-F-15
This low expansion alloy is used for glass-to metal seal-
ing applications. It provides hermetic seals for electronic
fiber optic and microwave packages, such as splitters,
dual in-line packages and micro-electronic mechanical
systems.
Material Characteristics
Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally takes
place during sintering. The homogeneous microstructure
and high sintered density provide for exceptional her-
meticity and controlled thermal expansion.
Microstructure
The un-etched structures exhibit small, uniformly distrib-
uted, well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In
the etched condition, the microstructure is well-homoge-
nized with little or no evidence of carbides or oxides.

Nominal Chemical Composition, % — Controlled-Expansion Alloys

Material
Designation Fe Ni Co Mn Si C Al Mg Zr Ti Cu Cr Mo
max max max max max max max max max max
MIM-F15 Bal. 29 17 0.50 0.20 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20
Other Elements: Aluminum, magnesium, zirconium and titanium may not exceed 0.20% combined.
Total may not exceed 1% combined.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component: materi-
al selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

22
 for individual use only
Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Controlled-Expansion Alloys
MIM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES
Tensile Properties Hardness
Material
Designation Yield Micro-
Code Ultimate Strength Elongation Young’s Macro indentation
(condition) Density Density Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus (apparent) (converted)
g/cm3 g/cm3 MPa MPa % GPa Rockwell
MIM-F-15 7.7 7.8 460 300 25 120 65 HRB N/D
(as-sintered)

NOTES:
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
The coefficient of thermal expansion was determined for the
23

MIM-F-15 alloy in accordance with ASTM E 228. A push-rod

dilatometer was used for these tests, using a 2 °C/minute
heating rate in a nitrogen atmosphere. The average
coefficient of thermal expansion was determined from room
temperature (20 °C) up to a series of temperatures.

From 20 °C Average CTE

To: (X 10-6/ °C)
100 °C 6.6
150 °C 6.2
200 °C 5.8
250 °C 5.5
300 °C 5.4

SI
U
2007 Edition

N
IT
Approved: 2007

S
 Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS for individual use only

SI Units – Conversion Table

Quantities/Terms Used in MPIF Standards
Approx.
Conversion
Quantity Designation Inch-Pound Units Preferred Working Unit Symbol to SI Units*

Apparent Density ρa g/cm3 gram per cubic centimetre g/cm3 --

Applied Magnetic Field H oersteds (Oe) amperes-turns/metre A/m X 79.6
Atmosphere Flow -- ft3/min cubic centimetre per second cm3/s X 472.0
CFH cubic centimetre per second cm3/s X 7.867
Belt Speed -- ipm millimetre per minute mm/min X 25.40
Bulk Density -- lbm/ft 3 gram per cubic centimetre g/cm 3 X 0.016
lbm/gal gram per cubic centimetre g/cm3 X 0.120
Coercive Field Hc oersteds (Oe) ampere-turns/metre A/m X 79.6
Compacting Pressure -- tsi megapascals MPa X 13.79
Crush Strength K 103 psi megapascals MPa X 6.895
Flow Time -- s/50 g second per 50 grams s/50 g --
Green Density ρg g/cm 3 gram per cubic centimetre g/cm 3 --
Green Strength -- psi megapascals MPa X 0.0069
Heating Rate -- degree Fahrenheit per
second (˚F/sec) degree Celsius per second ˚C/s X 0.556
Impact Energy -- ft•lbf joule J X 1.356
Magnetic Induction B kilogauss (kG) tesla T X 0.1
Particle Size -- 10 in.-3 micrometre µm --
Powder Mass -- pound (lbm) kilogram kg X 0.454
ton megagram Mg X 0.907
ton metric ton t X 0.907
Sintered Density ρs g/cm 3 gram per cubic centimetre g/cm 3 --
Specific Surface -- m2/g square metre per gram m2/g --
Surface Finish -- microinches micrometre µm X 0.0254
Tap Density ρt g/cm3 gram per cubic centimetre g/cm3 --
Temperature -- degree Fahrenheit (˚F) degree Celsius ˚C 5/9 (˚F -32)
Tensile Strength -- 103 psi megapascals MPa X 6.895
Transverse Rupture Strength -- 10 psi3 megapascals MPa X 6.895
Yield Strength -- 103 psi megapascals MPa X 6.895
Young's Modulus -- 10 psi6 gigapascals GPa X 6.895

* Example: 1 psi = 0.0069 MPa

If 100,000 psi, then MPa = 0.0069 X 100,000 = 690 MPa

24
 Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS for individual use only

Index
Alphabetical Listing & Guide to Material Systems &
Designation Codes Used in MPIF Standard 35
The MPIF Standard 35 family of publications comprises composition and/or mechanical property data can be
four separate publications dealing with materials for: metal found. Information is also provided for the starting page
injection molded parts, conventional PM structural parts, numbers of the material system and is listed for the inch-
PM self-lubricating bearings and powder forged (PF) steel pound and SI units sections of this standard.
parts. The same materials may appear in more than one
publication or section of the standard depending upon INDEX 2 (35MIM2-2007) provides similar information on
their common use, e.g. some structural materials may also the other three MPIF Standard 35 publications. Since
be used in bearing applications and vice versa and stain- MPIF standards may be revised at any time by the specif-
less steel materials may be manufactured by more than ic industry group responsible for its development, page
one PM process, such as MIM or conventional PM, depen- numbers are not listed in this index.
dent upon part design and use.
The following indices provide the user with a reference MPIF Standard 35 Publication:
tool to more easily locate the information on the standard-
ized material needed for a specific application. KEY
MIM Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded
INDEX 1 (35MIM1-2007) provides information on materi- Parts
als contained in this edition of MPIF Standard 35, PF Materials Standards for P/F Steel Parts
Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts. The SLB Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating
standardized material designation codes are listed Bearings
alphabetically, followed by the name of the specific mate- SP Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts
rial system section of the standard where the chemical

INDEX 1. (35MIM1-2007) Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts

Page #
Material Section Inch-Pound Page #
Designation Code Material System Units SI Units Key

MIM-17-4 PH Stainless Steels 10 18 MIM

MIM-2200 Low-Alloy Steels 8 16 MIM
MIM-2200 Soft-Magnetic Alloys 12 20 MIM
MIM-2700 Low-Alloy Steels 8 16 MIM
MIM-316L Stainless Steels 10 18 MIM
MIM-420 Stainless Steels 10 18 MIM
MIM-430L Stainless Steels 10 18 MIM
MIM-430L Soft-Magnetic Alloys 12 20 MIM
MIM-4605 Low-Alloy Steels 8 16 MIM
MIM-F-15 Controlled-Expansion Alloys 14 22 MIM
MIM-Fe-3% Si Soft-Magnetic Alloys 12 20 MIM
MIM-Fe-50% Co Soft-Magnetic Alloys 12 20 MIM
MIM-Fe-50% Ni Soft-Magnetic Alloys 12 20 MIM

25
 Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS for individual use only
MPIF Standard 35 Publication KEY
MIM Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts SLB Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating Bearings
PF Materials Standards for P/F Steel Parts SP Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts

INDEX 2. (35MIM2-20007)
Material Section Key
Designation Code Material System
C-0000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CFTG-3806-K Diluted Bronze Bearings SLB
CNZ-1818 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CNZP-1816 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CT-1000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CT-1000-K Bronze Bearings SLB
CTG-1001-K Bronze Bearings SLB
CTG-1004-K Bronze Bearings SLB
CZ-1000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CZ-2000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CZ-3000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CZP-1002 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CZP-2002 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CZP-3002 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
F-0000 Iron and Carbon Steel SP
F-0000-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB
F-0005 Iron and Carbon Steel SP
F-0005-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB
F-0008 Iron and Carbon Steel SP
F-0008-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-0200 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-0200-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB
FC-0205 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-0205-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-0208 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-0208-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-0505 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-0508 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-0508-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-0808 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-1000 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-1000-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB
FC-2000-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB
FC-2008-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FCTG-3604-K Diluted Bronze Bearings SLB
FD-0200 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FD-0205 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FD-0208 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FD-0400 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FD-0405 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP

26
 Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS for individual use only

INDEX 2. (35MIM2-20007)
Material Section Key
Designation Code Material System
FD-0408 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FF-0000 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP
FG-0303-K Iron-Graphite Bearings SLB
FG-0308-K Iron-Graphite Bearings SLB
FL-4005 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4205 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4400 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4405 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4605 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4805 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-48105 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4905 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-5208 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-5305 Prealloyed Steel SP
FLC-4608 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLC-4805 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLC-48108 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLC-4908 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLC2-4808 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLDN2-4908 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FLDN4C2-4905 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FLN-4205 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN-48108 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLN2-4400 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN2-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN2-4408 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLN2C-4005 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN4-4400 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN4-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN4-4408 Sinter Hardened Steel SP
FLN4C-4005 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN6-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN6-4408 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLNC-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLNC-4408 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FN-0200 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP
FN-0205 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP
FN-0208 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP
FN-0405 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP
FN-0408 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP
FN-5000 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP
FS-0300 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP
FX-1000 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP
FX-1005 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP

27
 Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS for individual use only

INDEX 2. (35MIM2-20007)
Material Section Key
Designation Code Material System
FX-1008 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP
FX-2000 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP
FX-2005 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP
FX-2008 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP
FY-4500 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP
FY-8000 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP
P/F-1020 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-1040 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-1060 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-10C40 Copper Steel PF
P/F-10C50 Copper Steel PF
P/F-10C60 Copper Steel PF
P/F-1140 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-1160 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-11C40 Copper Steel PF
P/F-11C50 Copper Steel PF
P/F-11C60 Copper Steel PF
P/F-4220 Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel PF
P/F-4240 Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel PF
P/F-4260 Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel PF
P/F-4620 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
P/F-4640 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
P/F-4660 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
P/F-4680 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
SS-303L Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-303N1 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-303N2 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-304H Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-304L Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-304N1 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-304N2 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-316H Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-316L Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-316N1 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-316N2 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-409L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-409LE Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-410 Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-410L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-430L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-430N2 Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-434L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-434LCb Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-434N2 Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP

28
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LATEST EDITION STANDARDS AVAILABLE FROM MPIF

Is Your Company in Compliance?
Do You Have the Latest Industry Standards?
MPIF Materials Standards: The latest editions of MPIF
Standard 35 materials standards are available for YES! Enter me in the Standing Order Plan for
purchase in a variety of formats, including printed hard ALL MPIF Standards
copy, on CDROM and in pdf electronic format. ___Hard Copy ___CDROM ___PDF
Quantity discounts are available. The following are
the materials standards that are immediately available:
Enter me in the MPIF Standing Order Plan for the
following standards only (check those that apply)
The MPIF Standard 35 Family of
Materials Standards MPIF Std.35, Metal Injection Molded Parts
___Hard Copy ___CDROM ___PDF
See INDEX in this standard to view material systems
covered in each of the following: MPIF Std. 35, PM Structural Materials
For components made by the metal injection molding ___Hard Copy ___CDROM ___PDF
(MIM) process, see MPIF Standard 35,
“Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts” MPIF Std. 35, PM Self-Lubricating Bearings
For structural parts made by the PM (powder metallurgy) ___Hard Copy ___CDROM ___PDF
process, see MPIF Standard 35,
“Materials Standards for P/M Structural Materials” MPIF Std. 35, PF Steel Parts
___Hard Copy ___CDROM ___PDF
For bearings and bushings made by the PM process, see
MPIF Standard 35,
MPIF Test Method Standards
TEAR OUT AND FOLD IN 1/3 AND MAIL

“Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating

Bearings” ___Hard Copy ___CDROM ___PDF
For steel components made by the powder forging (PF) Purchase Order # required: ____________________
process, see MPIF Standard 35,
“Materials Standards for P/F Steel Parts” __________________________________________

Name _____________________________________
Standard Test Methods for Metal
Company __________________________________
Powders and Powder Metallurgy
Address ___________________________________
Products
City________________________ State__________
Contains over 35 standards covering terminology and
recommended methods of test dealing with metal Country____________ Zip/Postal Code __________
powders, powder metal (PM) and metal injection molded Phone #_______________ Fax #_______________
(MIM) parts, metallic filters and powder metallurgy
E-mail: ____________________________________
equipment. The standards represent the latest reference
source for agreement between producer and end-use
To order or for more information on the latest powder
customer. Comparable standards are listed, along with
metallurgy standards or other PM publications,
sources for specialized equipment cited in the standards.
please contact the MPIF Publications Department at:
Available for purchase in a variety of formats, including
printed hard copy, on CDROM and in pdf electronic
format. Quantity discounts are available. Phone: (609) 945-0009

Fax: (609) 987-8523

Standing Order Plan
Web site: www.mpif.org
Be Assured of Being in Compliance with the
Latest Standards! E-mail: info@mpif.org
As soon as any new edition of MPIF standards is
published, the previous or any prior editions of that standard MPIF, 105 College Road East
become obsolete. Enter MPIF’s Standing Order Plan and Princeton, NJ 08540-6692, USA
be assured that your company has the latest edition of 35MIM-07
materials or test method standards. Standards will be
shipped and billed immediately upon publication. This form may be photocopied and mailed with purchase order.

Visit the Publications section of the MPIF Web site at www.mpif.org

or contact the Publications Department by calling 609-945-0009.
29
1.5M-3/2007
■ 105 College Road East, Princeton, NJ 08540-6692 U.S.A. Metal Powder Industries Federation
From
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
To: Publications Department
Metal Powder Industries Federation
105 College Road East
Princeton, NJ 08540-6692 U.S.A.
 Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS for individual use only
N E W
MATERIALS STANDARD from
April 2012 Release
The information contained in this free-access document includes a new, standardized
material designation code, information and property data. The information represents an
addendum to the existing standard, MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for Metal
Injection Molded Parts, 2007 Edition – the referenced document.

This information will be included as a new subsection in the next printed edition of the
referenced standard and will remain on the MPIF Web site until that time.

Between the publication of editions of the standard, check this site for updates on additional,
new standardized materials and property data that may be posted periodically.

CONTENTS of NEW STANDARD:

Copper
Introduction, Chemical Composition & Data Tables (Inch-Pound & SI Units)
for
New MIM-Cu as-sintered material

Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or
misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM part:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes
that may affect the part application.

MPIF Standard 35 is issued to provide the design and materials engineer with the information necessary for specifying powder metal (PM)
materials that have been developed by the PM parts manufacturing industry. The data posted herein deals with products manufactured by
the Metal Injection Molding (MIM) process by MIM parts manufacturers.

The use of any MPIF Standard is entirely voluntary. MPIF Standards are issued and adopted in the public interest. They are designed to
eliminate misunderstandings between the manufacturer and the purchaser and to assist the purchaser in selecting and obtaining the
proper material for a particular product. Existence of MPIF Standards does not in any respect preclude any member or non-member of
MPIF from manufacturing or selling products that use materials or testing procedures not included in MPIF Standards. Other such materials
may be commercially available.

By publication of these Standards, no position is taken with respect to the validity of any patent rights nor does MPIF undertake to insure
anyone utilizing the Standards against liability for infringement of any Letters Patent or accept any such liability. Neither MPIF nor any of
its members assumes or accepts any liability resulting from use or non-use of any MPIF Standard. In addition, MPIF does not accept any
liability or responsibility for the compliance of any product with any standard, the achievement of any minimum or typical values by any
supplier, or for the results of any testing or other procedure undertaken in accordance with any Standard.
 Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS for individual use only
MIM Material Section MPIF Standard 35

Copper

This subsection covers MIM copper. MIM copper is can be treated like a wrought copper part in the
made using commercially pure copper powder. annealed condition and can be machined, plated,
brazed, crimped, and staked.
Material Characteristics
MIM copper has the typical color of copper and is Microstructure
commonly used for its excellent thermal and elec- Copper will sinter to a point where very few original
trical conductivity. particle boundaries are observable. The un-etched
microstructure will exhibit small, uniformly distrib-
Applications uted, well-rounded pores that are not intercon-
Pure copper parts are used in applications requir- nected. In the etched condition, the microstructure
ing excellent thermal or electrical conductivity. is homogenous with little to no evidence of oxides
Sintered copper parts or contaminants.

Material Nominal Chemical Composition, % - Copper

Designation Cu
MIM-Cu 99.8 Minimum
100.0 Maximum
Other Elements: 0.2% max, excluding silver

Approved: 2012
 Copper
MIM Material Properties—Inch-Pound Units
MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES
Tensile Properties
Material
Designation Thermal Thermal Yield
Code Conductivity Conductivity Ultimate Strength Elongation
(condition) Density (at 77 °F) Density (at 77 °F) Strength (0.2%) (in 1 inch)
g/cm3 Btu·ft/(h·ft2·°F) g/cm3 Btu·ft/(h·ft2·°F) 103 psi 103 psi %
MIM-Cu 8.50 190 8.75 208 30 10 30
(as-sintered)

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

The coefficient of thermal expansion was determined for
the MIM-Cu in accordance with ASTM E228. A push-rod
dilatometer was used for these tests, using a 1.8 °F/minute
heating rate in air atmosphere. The average coefficient of
TABLE OF CONTENTS

thermal expansion was determined from room temperature

(68 °F) up to a series of temperatures.

From 68 °F Average CTE

To: (X 10-6/ °F)
100 °F 8.7
150 °F 8.9
200 °F 9.1
250 °F 9.3
300 °F 9.4

Approved: 2012
Uncontrolled copy—
for individual use only
 Copper
MIM Material Properties—SI Units
MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES
Tensile Properties
Material
Designation Thermal Thermal Yield
Code Conductivity Conductivity Ultimate Strength Elongation
(condition) Density (at 25 °C) Density (at 25 °C) Strength (0.2%) (in 25 mm)
g/cm3 W/(m·K) g/cm3 W/(m·K) MPa MPa %
MIM-Cu 8.50 330 8.75 360 207 69 30
(as-sintered)

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

The coefficient of thermal expansion was determined for
the MIM-Cu in accordance with ASTM E228. A push-rod
dilatometer was used for these tests, using a 1 °C/minute
heating rate in air atmosphere. The average coefficient of
TABLE OF CONTENTS

thermal expansion was determined from room temperature

(20 °C) up to a series of temperatures.

From 20 °C Average CTE

To: (X 10-6/ °C)
38 °C 15.7
66 °C 16.0
93 °C 16.4
121 °C 16.7
149 °C 16.9

Approved: 2012
Uncontrolled copy—
for individual use only
 Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS for individual use only
N E W

MATERIALS STANDARD from

March 2009 Release
The information contained in this free-access document includes a new, standardized
material designation code, information and property data. The information represents an
addendum to the existing standard, MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for Metal
Injection Molded Parts, 2007 Edition – the referenced document.

This information will be included in the next printed edition of the referenced standard and
will remain on the MPIF Web site until that time.

Between the publication of editions of the standard, check this site for updates on
additional, new standardized materials and property data that may be posted periodically.

CONTENTS of NEW STANDARD:

Low-Alloy Steel
Chemical Composition & Data Tables (Inch-Pound & SI Units)
for
New MIM-4140 quenched and tempered material

Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or
misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM part:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes
that may affect the part application.

MPIF Standard 35 is issued to provide the design and materials engineer with the information necessary for specifying powder metal
(PM) materials that have been developed by the PM parts manufacturing industry. The data posted herein deals with products
manufactured by the Metal Injection Molding (MIM) process by MIM parts manufacturers.

The use of any MPIF Standard is entirely voluntary. MPIF Standards are issued and adopted in the public interest. They are designed
to eliminate misunderstandings between the manufacturer and the purchaser and to assist the purchaser in selecting and obtaining the
proper material for a particular product. Existence of MPIF Standards does not in any respect preclude any member or non-member of
MPIF from manufacturing or selling products that use materials or testing procedures not included in MPIF Standards. Other such
materials may be commercially available.

By publication of these Standards, no position is taken with respect to the validity of any patent rights nor does MPIF undertake to insure
anyone utilizing the Standards against liability for infringement of any Letters Patent or accept any such liability. Neither MPIF nor any
of its members assumes or accepts any liability resulting from use or non-use of any MPIF Standard. In addition, MPIF does not accept
any liability or responsibility for the compliance of any product with any standard, the achievement of any minimum or typical values by
any supplier, or for the results of any testing or other procedure undertaken in accordance with any Standard.
 Uncontrolled copy—
TABLE OF CONTENTS for individual use only
MIM Material Section MPIF Standard 35

Low-Alloy Steels
REFERENCE:
MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts
2007 Edition—Pages 8 & 16

Material Chemical Composition, % — Low-Alloy Steels

Designation
Code Fe Ni Mo C Cr Si (max) Mn (max)
MIM-4140 Bal. — 0.2 – 0.3 0.3 – 0.5 0.8 – 1.2 0.6 1.0

Other Elements: Total may not exceed 1.0% combined.

Approved: 2009
 Low-Alloy Steels
MIM Material Properties—Inch-Pound Units
REFERENCE:
MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts, 2007 Edition, Low-Alloy Steels Section—Page 9

MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES

Tensile Properties Tensile Properties Elastic Constants Hardness
Material Unnotched
Designation Yield Yield Charpy Micro-
Code Ultimate Strength Elongation Ultimate Strength Elongation Young’s Poisson’s Impact Macro indentation
Energy
(condition) Strength (0.2%) (in 1 inch) Density Strength (0.2%) (in 1 inch) Modulus Ratio (A) (apparent) (converted)
103 psi 103 psi % g/cm. 103 psi 103 psi % 103 psi ft•lbf Rockwell
MIM-4140 200 155 3 7.5 240 180 5 29.5 0.28 55 46 HRC N/D
TABLE OF CONTENTS

(quenched & tempered)

NOTES:
(A) Impact energy values derived from an un-notched 5 mm x 10 mm
cross-section Charpy specimen (see MPIF Standard 59).

N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.

Approved: 2009
Uncontrolled copy—
for individual use only
 Low-Alloy Steels
MIM Material Properties—SI Units
REFERENCE:
MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts, 2007 Edition, Low-Alloy Steels Section—Page 17

MINIMUM VALUES TYPICAL VALUES

Tensile Properties Tensile Properties Elastic Constants Hardness
Material Unnotched
Designation Yield Yield Charpy Micro-
Code Ultimate Strength Elongation Ultimate Strength Elongation Young’s Poisson’s Impact Macro indentation
Energy
(condition) Strength (0.2%) (in 25.0 mm) Density Strength (0.2%) (in 25.0 mm) Modulus Ratio (A) (apparent) (converted)
MPa MPa % g/cm3 MPa MPa % GPa J Rockwell
MIM-4140 1,380 1,070 3 7.5 1,650 1,240 5 205 0.28 75 46 HRC N/D
TABLE OF CONTENTS

(quenched & tempered)

NOTES:
(A) Impact energy values derived from an un-notched 5 mm x 10 mm
cross-section Charpy specimen (see MPIF Standard 59).

N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.

Approved: 2009
Uncontrolled copy—
for individual use only
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

MATERIALS STANDARDS AVAILABLE FROM MPIF

The latest editions of MPIF materials standards are available for purchase in a variety of
formats, including printed hard copy, on CD-ROM and in pdf electronic format. Quantity
discounts are available. Visit the Publications section of the MPIF Web site at www.mpif.org
or contact the Publications Department by calling 609-945-0009. The following are the
materials standards that are immediately available:

The MPIF Standard 35 Family of Materials Standards

For components made by the metal injection molding (MIM) process, see MPIF Standard 35,

“Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts”

For structural parts made by the PM (powder metallurgy) process, see MPIF Standard 35,

“Materials Standards for PM Structural Materials”

For bearings and bushings made by the PM process, see MPIF Standard 35,

“Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating Bearings”

For steel components made by the powder forging (PF) process, see MPIF Standard 35,

“Materials Standards for P/F Steel Parts”

MPIF Standard 35 is Published and Copyrighted by

Metal Powder Industries Federation

105 College Road East
Princeton, New Jersey 08540-6692 U.S.A.
Tel: 609-452-7700
Fax: 609-987-8523
E-mail: info@mpif.org Web site: www.mpif.org