EXPERIMENT 1

TELEPHONE RINGING

Name: John Daniel Co Student No.: 20151168295

Instructor: Engr. Edelito Handig Date: September 15, 2020

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to demonstrate how a central office
makes a telephone set ring. You will also be familiar with the operation of a telephone
electronic ringer circuit.

Telephone Ringing

A telephone set rings, and a distinct tone or bell sound is heard. The ringing alerts the called
party that a call is waiting. The ringing is a result of the central office of the local telephone
company applying an AC ringing voltage to the called party's telephone set as shown in Figure
1-5.

The call is placed when the calling party makes a connection request to the central office of the
local telephone company by dialing a telephone number. If the called telephone set is not
busy, the central office applies an AC ringing voltage to this telephone set by connecting the
output of a ring generator (AC source consisting of an AC generator or an inverter) to the
corresponding telephone line via the line interface associated with that telephone line. The AC
ringing voltage activates a ringer circuit in the called party's telephone set which starts to ring.
Ringing continues until the telephone call is answered or the calling party hangs up.

The AC ringing voltage is switched on and off at regular time intervals to produce a ringing
cadence, as shown in Figure 1-6. In North America and many other countries, the ringing
voltage is applied (on) for 2 seconds followed by a 4-second pause. In the United Kingdom, the
ringing voltage is applied for 0.4 second, then off for 0.2 second, and then back on for 0.4
second, and repeated after a 2-second pause.

The frequency and RMS voltage values of the AC ringing voltage varies from one country to
another. Typical values in North America are 20 Hz and 86 V. In Europe, values for the AC
ringing voltage cover a large range of frequencies (16 to 50 Hz) and voltages (40 to 130 V).

Telephone Ringer Circuit

The ringer circuit in today's electronic telephone sets uses smaller-sized components than in
older telephone sets. The large bell in old telephone sets has been replaced with an electronic
circuit driving a sound transducer. Figure 1-7 is a block diagram of an electronic telephone
ringer circuit.

The AC ringing voltage from the telephone company is applied to the ringer circuit via the tip
and ring connections of the telephone set and a coupling capacitor. The ringing voltage is first
rectified by a full-wave rectifier. The rectified ringing voltage is applied to a voltage regulator
which provides DC power to the electronic ringer circuitry. The rectified ringing voltage is also
attenuated and passed through a lowpass filter to obtain a DC voltage proportional to the
amplitude of the AC ringing voltage. When the filtered ringing voltage exceeds a certain
threshold voltage provided by a fixed-voltage source, the voltage comparator output changes
state. This enables a multi-tone generator that drives a sound transducer, and the telephone
set rings.

Comparing the rectified and filtered ringing voltage with a fixed voltage prevents voltage spikes
on the telephone line from causing undesired telephone ringing, without affecting normal
telephone ringing triggered by the AC ringing voltage. Voltage spikes on the telephone line can
occur during pulse dialing or can be induced by external phenomenon such as lightning. The
value of the ringing threshold voltage varies from one telephone set to another and is a
compromise between AC ringing voltage detection and voltage spike rejection. Increasing the
threshold voltage provides a better protection against undesired telephone ringing but
increases the AC ringing voltage required to make the telephone set ring. Note that the low-
pass filter, fixed-voltage source, and voltage comparator form what is usually called an "anti-
tinkle" circuit, because of the "tinkle" sound made when dialing a rotary dial phone.

Procedure Summary
In the first part of the exercise, you will set up a central office with the Telephony Training
System (TTS).

In the second part of the exercise, you will observe the waveform of the AC ringing voltage
produced in the central office. You will also observe how the central office makes a telephone
set ring.

In the last part of the exercise, you will evaluate the threshold voltage at which the analog
telephone sets in the Telephony Training System ring.

The following equipment is required to perform the experiment.

QTY DESCRIPTION MODEL

1 Power Supply 9408
1 Reconfigurable Training Module 9431
1 Dual Analog Line Interface 9475
1 Software and Accessories 9482
2 Analog Telephone Set 9485

Completion of the experiment also requires a personal computer or laptop computer running
under the Microsoft Windows operating system.

PROCEDURES

Setting Up the Central Office

1. Make sure that the Reconfigurable Training Module, Model 9431, is connected to the TTS
Power Supply, Model 9408.

Make sure that there is a network connection between the Reconfigurable Training Module
and the host computer.

Install the Dual Analog Line Interface, Model 9475, into one of the analog/digital (A/D) slots of
the Reconfigurable Training Module.

Connect two analog telephone sets to the Dual Analog Line Interface. Make sure that the tone
dialing mode is selected on the analog telephone sets.

CAUTION!
High voltages are present on the standard telephone connectors of the Dual Analog Line
Interface. Do not connect or disconnect the analog telephone sets when the Reconfigurable
Training Module is turned on.

Connect the AC/DC power converter supplied with each analog telephone set to one of the AC
power outlets on the TTS Power Supply. Connect the DC power output jack of each AC/DC
power converter to the DC power input connector on either one of the analog telephone sets.

Note: The analog telephone set requires an auxiliary DC power source for the digital display to
be operative.

2. Turn on the host computer.

Turn on the TTS Power Supply then the Reconfigurable Training Module.

3. On the host computer, start the Telephony Training System software, then download the CO
program to the Reconfigurable Training Module. The CO program configures the
Reconfigurable Training Module so that it operates as a central office.

AC Ringing Voltage and Telephone Ringing

4. On the host computer, zoom in on ANALOG LINE INTERFACE A, connect

Oscilloscope Probe 1 to TP2 (AC ringing voltage), and start the
Oscilloscope.

Note: Probe 1 is associated with channel 1 of the Oscilloscope.

5. Make the following settings on the Oscilloscope:

Channel 1
Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Normal
Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 V/div
Input Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . AC
Time Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 ms/div
Trigger Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ch 1
Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 V
Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Positive (+)
Display Refresh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manual

6. Refresh the Oscilloscope display. The AC ringing voltage waveform should

be displayed on the Oscilloscope screen.

What is the waveform of the AC ringing voltage?

Sine wave
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7. Record the RMS value and frequency of the AC ringing voltage that are
indicated on the Oscilloscope.
AC Ringing Voltage RMS Value: 86.8 V
AC Ringing Voltage Frequency: 20.2 Hz

8. On the host computer, connect Oscilloscope Probe 2 to TP1 (voltage

across the telephone line connected to ANALOG LINE INTERFACE A).

Note: Probe 2 is associated with channel 2 of the Oscilloscope.

9. Make the following settings on the Oscilloscope:

Channel 2
Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Normal
Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 V/div
Input Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . AC
Time Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 5 ms/div
Display Refresh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Continuous

Note: If the UK ringing cadence is selected and/or the AC ringing voltage frequency is set to
50 Hz, set the time base to 2 ms/div.
10. Lift off the handset of the telephone set connected to ANALOG LINE INTERFACE B and
dial the number of the telephone set connected to ANALOG LINE INTERFACE A.

This will make the telephone set connected to ANALOG LINE INTERFACE A ring. Let it ring a
few times while observing the signal at TP1 on the Oscilloscope screen and hang up.

Note: In the rest of this manual, the telephone sets connected to ANALOG LINE INTERFACEs
A and B will be referred to as telephone sets A and B, respectively.

Note: The rate at which the Oscilloscope display is refreshed depends on the speed of the
host computer running the Telephony Training System software. Closing other applications
that are running on the host computer releases system resources, and thereby, should
improve the Oscilloscope display refresh rate.

Describe what happens when a telephone set rings.

When ringing two sine waves appear
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11. Repeat the previous step, but this time answer the call while the telephone
set is ringing, then hang up both telephone sets.

Describe what happens when you answer a telephone call.

Once answered a DC waveform appeared
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Ringing Threshold Voltage of a Telephone Set

12. Make the following settings on the Oscilloscope:
Display Refresh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manual

13. On the host computer, set the output voltage of the RING GENERATOR (AC ringing
voltage) to 45 V.

Note: The RING GENERATOR is located on the Signaling Circuit of the central office.

14. Make the following settings on the Oscilloscope:

Channel-2 Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 V/div
Display Refresh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Continuous

Observe that the value of the AC ringing voltage has decreased.

Lift off the handset of telephone set B and dial the number of telephone set A. This will make
this telephone set ring. Do not answer the call.

On the host computer, increase the resistance of the telephone line connected to ANALOG
LINE INTERFACE A by steps until telephone set A stops ringing. While doing this, observe the
signal at TP1 (voltage across the telephone line connected to ANALOG LINE INTERFACE A).

Note that LINE MONITOR 1, which measures the voltage across the telephone line, is
connected to the telephone side of the telephone line as shown in Figure 1-8. Thus, the signal
observed at TP1 is the voltage across the Tip and Ring terminals of telephone set A.

Resistors are used in ANALOG LINE INTERFACE A to simulate a telephone line of a certain
length. The resistance of these resistors is variable to allow different line lengths to be
simulated.

Briefly explain why telephone set A stops ringing when the telephone line resistance is
increased to a certain value.
When the resistance increases the waveform is being distorted
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15. Measure the amplitude of the AC ringing voltage (signal at TP1) displayed on the
Oscilloscope. This value is approximately equal to the ringing threshold voltage of telephone
set A.
Ringing Threshold Voltage: 85.1 V

Replace the handset of telephone set B on the cradle.

On the host computer, set the Oscilloscope display refresh to Manual.

16. On the host computer, close the Telephony Training System software.

Turn off the TTS Power Supply as well as the host computer (if it is no
longer required).

Disconnect the AC/DC power converters from the TTS Power Supply and
the analog telephone sets.

Disconnect the analog telephone sets from the Dual Analog Line Interface.
Remove the Dual Analog Line Interface from the Reconfigurable Training
Module.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. How does a central office make an analog telephone set ring?
When the central office want to make your telephone ring it will send an AC ringing
voltage to the line which will ring the bell in your telephone. Most of the world uses
frequencies in 20..40 Hz range and voltage in 40..150 volts range .
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2. What are the frequency and RMS voltage values of the AC ringing voltage in
North America?
The AC voltage has a frequency of 20 Hz and 65V
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3. What is the ringing cadence in North America and many other countries?
In North America the standard audible ringing tone is a repeated cadence of a two-
second tone and four seconds of silence. The signal is composed of the frequencies 440
Hz and 480 Hz. Many European countries use tones which follow the recommendation of
the European Telecommunications Standards Institute. The pattern is 1 second of tone
followed by 3 to 5 seconds of silence.

4. Why do electronic ringer circuits measure the amplitude of the AC ringing

voltage and compare it to a fixed threshold voltage?
Ring detection is a common task in telephony-related digital design. The goal is to sense
an ac ringing voltage applied to the telephone line by a central office or PBX (private
branch exchange) and then pass an appropriate signal.
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5. What is the threshold voltage of the electronic ringer circuit in the analog
telephone sets of the Telephony Training System?
The value of the ringingthreshold voltage varies from one telephone set to another and
is a compromisebetween AC ringing voltage detection and voltage spike rejection.
Increasing thethreshold voltage provides a better protection against undesired telephone
ringing.
Experiment Discussion:
Tone dialing associates a specific frequency with each row and column of the telephone
keypad. When a key is depressed, a dual-tone audio signal consisting of the frequencies
associated with the corresponding row and column is output to the telephone line. A
particular combination of audio tones is therefore produced for each key. The call is
placed when the calling party makes a connection request to the central office of the
local telephone company by dialing a telephone number. The AC ringing voltage activates a
ringer circuit in the called party's telephone set which starts to ring. Ringing continues
until the telephone call is answered or the calling party hangs up.
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Experiment Conclusion:
In this exercise, I learned that the central office applies AC voltage to an analog
telephone set (via the line interface and telephone line) to make it ring. I
observed that the AC ringing voltage is switched on and off at regular intervals so as to
produce a ringing cadence. I saw that the frequency, RMS value, and on/off
intervals of the AC ringing voltage vary from one country to another. I learned that
modern analog telephone sets use an electronic ringer circuit. This circuit measures the
AC ringing voltage amplitude, and drives a sound transducer to produce a ringing sound
when the measured voltage amplitude exceeds a certain threshold voltage. I saw that
comparing the AC voltage amplitude to a threshold voltage prevents voltage spikes on
the telephone line from causing undesired telephone ringing.
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Experiment References:
https://www.epanorama.net/circuits/teleinterface.html#:~:text=When%20the%20central
%20office%20want,world%20uses%20frequencies%20in%2020..
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