Electrical Engineering Department – ITU

EE110L: Electronics Workbench Lab

Instructor: Junaid Ashraf Date: 09 Nov 2022

Session: Fall 2022 Semester: 1st

DC Power Supply, PCB Design & Soldering

Name Roll Number Obtained Marks

 Learning Outcomes
After completing this Lab, the student will be able to
 Design and simulate simple DC power supplies,
 Perform layouts of simple circuits for a PCB,
 Build a PCB from the design and assemble it with soldering.

Equipment
 PC with Multisim Software

Theory and Background

In this experiment, students will design a circuit of AC to DC power supply using software i.e.
Multisim. Producing a DC voltage from AC mains involves the use of a transformer and
rectifier. The transformer changes the mains voltage to something better suited to our
requirements; and the rectifier removes the negative part of the signal giving an output that
only has positive voltages.
There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC
mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other
devices.
A power supply can be broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a
particular function.

Transformer
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why the mains electricity is
AC. Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most
power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage
(230V) to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is
called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead, they
are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer.
The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very
little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as the voltage is
stepped down current is stepped up.
 Figure 1: Transformer Construction
Where:
VP – is the Primary Voltage
VS – Is the Secondary Voltage
NP – is the Number of Primary Windings
NS – is the Number of Secondary Windings
Φ (phi) – is the Flux Linkage
11.3.1.1 Turn Ratio (n)
The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the ratio of the
voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which
is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary
(output) coil to give a low output voltage.
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝 𝐼𝑝
= = =𝑛
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠 𝐼𝑠
Above mentioned formula is used to calculate the turn ratio (n) of a transformer.
Half Wave Rectifier
A rectifier circuit is used to convert AC voltage to DC voltage. Following are the types;
1. Half wave rectifier
2. Full-wave rectifier
Half wave rectifier is the simplest form used. When a standard AC waveform is passed through
a half-wave rectifier, only half of the AC waveform remains. Half-wave rectifiers only allow
one half-cycle (positive or negative half-cycle) of the AC voltage through and will block the
other half-cycle on the DC side, as seen below.
 Full Wave Rectifier
Full-wave rectifiers have some fundamental advantages over their half-wave
rectifier counterparts. The average (DC) output voltage is higher than for half-wave rectifier,
the output of the full-wave rectifier has much less ripple than that of the half-wave rectifier
producing a smoother output waveform.

Capacitor Filter
Filtering is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply
to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the
rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and the
smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC and
then discharges as it supplies current to the output.
 Lab Tasks
Follow the steps:
1. Open NI Multisim software.
2. Click on Place -> Component. The following window will appear

Figure 2: Components Box

3. Write AC_Power in the search bar and place the component.
Vpeak= 220V f=50HZ
4. Now place TRANSFORMER_CT_RATED and connect the power source with the
primary winding of the transformer. Change transformer primary to secondary ratio
to 10.
5. Simulate -> Instruments -> Oscilloscope and connect the output of the secondary
side to channel A.
6. Also, connect the ground to the negative terminal.

Figure 3: Transformer Schematic

7. Run the simulation and double-click on the oscilloscope.
8. Set oscilloscope time base to 2ms/div.
9. Set oscilloscope scale to 2V/div.
10. Now pause the simulation and observe the behavior of the waveform.
11. Draw the waveform shown on an oscilloscope using a proper scale. (One cycle)
12. Measured Value of Vpeak from oscilloscope is:
__________________________________
13. Measured Value of frequency from oscilloscope is:
______________________________
14. Place the Multimeter at output and set it to measure ACV. Measure the output AC
voltage of transformer that is:
_____________________________________________________
15. Stop the simulation.

Lab Task 2
1. Connect diode and 1KΩ resistor at the secondary of the transformer as shown in the
figure below.

Figure 4: Circuit Diagram for task 2

2. Connect Channel A of the oscilloscope across the resistor.
3. Run the simulation.
4. Draw the waveform shown on an oscilloscope using a proper scale. (one cycle)
5. Stop the simulation.
6. Explain the above graph

Lab Task 3
1. Connect the full-bridge rectifier at the secondary of the transformer.
 Figure 5: Circuit Diagram for Task 3
2. Run the simulation.
3. Draw the waveform shown on an oscilloscope using proper scaling. (One Cycle)

4. Stop the simulation.

5. Explain the above graph
 Lab Task 4
1. Connect capacitor of rating 470uF, 50V at the output as shown in the figure below.
2. Also, connect 1KΩ resistor. And connect it to channel A of the oscilloscope.

Figure 6: Circuit Diagram for Task 4

3. Run the simulation.
4. Draw the waveform shown on an oscilloscope using proper scaling. (One Cycle)
5. Stop the simulation.
6. Explain the above graph

Lab Task 5
1. Connect voltage regulator LM7805 at the output of the circuit as shown in the figure
below.

Figure 7: Circuit Diagram for Task 5

 2. Run the simulation.
3. Draw the waveform shown on an oscilloscope using proper scaling. (One Cycle)

4. Connect Multimeter at output of the circuit and measure DC voltage

________________.
5. Stop the simulation.
6. Explain the above graph

Observations
In lab task 4, if the capacitor is removed what will be the output? Justify your answer
with proper reasoning.
Convert 220V RMS into peak value, keeping the transformer’s turn ratio in mind. Turns
on primary side = 10; Turns on secondary side = 1.

If Ns > Np, which type of transformer will it be?

In Lab Task 4, what is the behavior of the output waveform by varying the value of the
capacitor?
 Task 2: Designing and Building a PCB
Objective: Design a simple PCB and build it using locally available tools. Assemble the PCB
and test it.
1. Make a copy of the Multisim design file from the previous task. Remove the transformer
and the voltage source. Place a connector at the input of the diode rectifier from Place
Connector → Terminal Blocks → 282834-2.
2. At the output side place a 282834-2 connector in its place. Place an LED and a 220 Ω resistor
in series and connect them in parallel with the output connector.
3. Assign the package CAPPR500 to the capacitor and make sure its pins are correctly mapped
between the symbol and the package.
4. Assign the package RES900 to the resistor.
5. Make sure that the correct packages are assigned to all the components in your design.
6. Confirm the package of IC LM7805 is TO220AB.
7. Transfer the design to Ultiboard and save the Ultibaord file.
8. In Ultibaord, set the units to mil and all five grid sized to 50 mil from Options → PCB
Properties → Grids and Units
9. Go to the Borad Outline Layer and set the size of the board to 2000 x 3000 mils.
10. Place all the components such that their connections are easy. Place the connectors
towards the edges of the board.
11. Route all the traces in the bottom copper layer. All traces should be at least 80 mils
wide.
12. Place your name and roll number in the bottom copper layer. The text should have a
height of 100 mil, font of Windows → Microsoft Sans Serif and it should be mirrored.
13. Verify that your board has no connectivity or DRC error, by performing the
connectivity from the Design tab at the top.
14. After the routing is complete, save your file as PDF by pressing the print button. Select
Microsoft Print to PDF as the printer, 100 % as the zoom ratio and select copper bottom and
board outline as the layers to print. Check the Outline box in front of both layers.
15. Print the PDF file and proceed to manufacturing the PCB.
Printing Ultiboard design on Butter paper
 Etching of PCB sheet and soldering of components

PCB Etching

Soldering
 Assessment rubric for Lab 11
Method: Lab report evaluation and instructor observation during lab sessions.
Outcomes assessed:
a. Ability to conduct experiments as well as to analyze and interpret data (C)
b. Ability to use techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice (P)
Performance Lab Exceeds expectation Meets expectation Does not meet expectation Marks
Tasks (4 – 5) (2 – 3) (0 – 1)
1. Realization of Conceptually understands the Needs guidance to understand Incapable of understanding
experiment (a) 1,2 topic under study and the purpose of the experiment the purpose of the experiment
develops the experimental and to develop the required and consequently fails to
setup accordingly setup develop the required setup
2. Teamwork (b) Actively engages and Cooperates with other group Distracts or discourages other
1,2 cooperates with other group members in a reasonable group members from
members in an effective manner conducting the experiments
manner
3. Conducting Did proper and neat Did acceptable assembling Did not complete an
experiment (a, assembling for experiment. for experiment. HW: acceptable experiment. HW:
b) HW: Neat and clear Assembling / connection of Attempted by Incomplete /
1,2 assembling / connection of hardware meeting minimum dysfunctional assembling.
hardware. Carefully Lab requirements. SW: A SW: Attempted by
examined equipment / working code with most of Incomplete or dysfunctional
datasheets / related document. the desired functionality code not meeting the
SW: A working, Neat and implemented. minimum functionality.
clear code.
4. Laboratory Observes lab safety rules; Observes safety rules and Disregards lab safety and
safety and handles the equipment and disciplinary guidelines with disciplinary rules
disciplinary 1,2 components with care and minor deviations
rules (b) adheres to the lab disciplinary
guidelines aptly
5. Data Interprets program output and Completes data collection Fails at observing output
collection (b) completes data collection as with minor errors and enters states of experimental setup
1,2 required in the lab task, data in lab report with slight and collecting data, unable to
ensures that the data is deviations from provided fill the lab report properly
entered in the lab report guidelines
according to the specified
instructions
6. Data analysis Analyzes the data obtained Analyzes data with minor Unable to establish a
(a) from experiment thoroughly error and correlates it with relationship between practical
and accurately verifies it with theoretical values reasonably. and theoretical results and
theoretical understanding, Attempts to account for any lacks in-depth understanding
1,2
accounts for any discrepancy discrepancy in data from to justify the results or to
in data from theory with theory explain any discrepancy in
sound explanation, where data
asked

7. Computer use Used software tool effectively Used software/tool to collect Does not know the required
(b) to collect data and analyze it. data and analyze it with just software/tool usage to deduce
1,2 Explored the full potential of enough expertise to deduce the desired results/outputs.
software toolchain. the results. Demonstrated
Demonstrated expertise of reasonable use of
software/tool. software/tool.

Total
(out of 35)

Lab engineer’s signature: _________________________