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Lecture 1. INTRODUCTION TO BASIC PROTECTION AND RELAYING SCHEMES PDF
Lecture 1. INTRODUCTION TO BASIC PROTECTION AND RELAYING SCHEMES PDF
The “Sentinels”
Blackouts
Characteristics Main Causes
Loss of service in Overreaction of
a large area or the protection
population region system
Hazard to human Bad design of the
life protection system
May result in
enormous
economic losses
Short Circuits Produce High
Currents
Three-Phase Line
a
b
c
I
Substation Fault
Thousands of Amps I
Wire
FAULTS ON POWER SYSTEMS RISK :
Fuse
Transformer
Essential qualities of
protection:
Reliability
Selectivity-
Absolute or relative
Fastness
Discrimination
Protection System Elements
Protective relays
Circuit breakers
Current and voltage transducers
Communications channels
DC supply system
Control cables
Protective relays:
A device which detect intolerable or
unwanted conditions within the
assigned area.
* A watchman or watchdog for the
equipment/area
* Silent sentinels to power system.
How relays are differentiated?
Can be differentiated based on:
* Functional categories
* Input quantities
*Operating Principles
* Performance Characteristics.
What are various design
criteria?
* Dependability/Reliability
* Security
* Selectivity
*Speed
* Simplicity/flexibility
*Stability
*Performance Vs. Economy
What are various technique
used?
* Electromechanical
*Solid state/Static
* Microprocessor/Numerical
Non-Unit, or Unrestricted
Protection :
No specific point downstream up to which
protection will protect
CTs CB
Protected
Control Equipment
Relay
VTs
DC Tripping Circuit
+
Relay
SI
Red
DC Station Lamp
Battery Relay
SI Contact
52a Circuit
Breaker
52
TC
–
Circuit Breakers
Current Transformers
Medium Voltage
Microprocessor-
Based Relay
Old Electromechanical
How Do Relays Detect Faults?
When a fault takes place, the current, voltage,
frequency, and other electrical variables behave in a
peculiar way. For example:
Current suddenly increases
Voltage suddenly decreases
Relays can measure the currents and the voltages
and detect that there is an overcurrent, or an under
voltage, or a combination of both
Many other detection principles determine the design
of protective relays
Primary Protection
Primary Protection Zone
Overlapping
Protection
Zone A
52 Protection
Zone B
To Zone A
Relays
To Zone B
Relays
Protection
Zone A
52 Protection
Zone B
To Zone A
Relays To Zone B
Relays
Backup Protection
Breaker 5
Fails
C D
A E
1 2 5 6 11 12
T
B F
3 4 7 8 9 10
Typical Short-Circuit Type
Distribution
Single-Phase-Ground: 70–80%
Phase-Phase-Ground: 17–10%
Phase-Phase: 10–8%
Three-Phase: 3–2%
Balanced vs.
Unbalanced Conditions
Ia
Ic
Ic
Ia
Ib
Ib
Balanced System Unbalanced System
Decomposition of an Unbalanced
System
Ia
Ic
Ib
I a1
I c1
Ib 2
Ia0
Ib0 Ia2
Ic0 I b1 Ic2
I
Radial Line
Fault Load
Inverse-Time Relay
Coordination
Distance
t
T T T
Distance
50/51 Relay Coordination
Distance
t
T T T
Distance
Directional Overcurrent Protection
Basic Applications
L
Distance Relay Principle
L
d
I a , Ib , I c
Radial
21 Three-Phase
Va ,Vb ,Vc Line
Solid Fault
Z Z r1 Radius Zr1
Zr1
R
Need for Directionality
F2 F1
1 2 3 4 5 6
RELAY 3 X
Operation Zone
F1
F2 R
Nonselective
Relay Operation
Three-Zone
Time Distance Protection
Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
Time
Zone 1 Is Instantaneous
Circular Distance Relay Characteristics
X X
PLAIN OFFSET
IMPEDANCE MHO (2)
R
X
X
LENS
MHO (RESTRICTED MHO 1)
R R
X X
OFFSET TOMATO
MHO (1) (RESTRICTED MHO 2)
R R
Differential Protection Principle
Balanced CT Ratio
CT CT
Protected
Equipment External
Fault
50 IDIF = 0
Relay Operates
Problem of Unequal CT
Performance
CT Protected CT External
Equipment Fault
50 IDIF 0
ĪS ĪR
Relay
(87)
Compares: IOP I S I R
| IS | | IR |
k I RT k
2
Differential Protection
Applications
Bus protection
Transformer protection
Generator protection
Line protection
Large motor protection
Reactor protection
Capacitor bank protection
Compound equipment protection
Differential Protection
Summary
Highly sensitive,
Highly reliable
secure, and Adaptive
(self-supervision)
selective
Reduced burden
Programmable
on Low Cost
Versatile
CTs and VTs
Why study this protection
scheme??
Protection scheme plays a vital & important
role for the normal operation or the steady
state operation of different components of
power system network, which must be reliable,
fast and efficient.
In order to achieve all these features, it is
essential that these should be proper care in
designing and choosing an appropriate and
efficient protection scheme.
The protective relays functions as the
brain behind the whole schemes…
THANK YOU