Самостоятельная работа по фонетика

Группа: RRGM-209
Студент:Садыгова Жемиле
Тема: Французские материалисты XVIII века

Bakı-2020
 Phonetics and phonology

Phonetics: In order to produce sound humans use various body parts including the
lips, tongue, teeth, pharynx and lungs. Phonetics is the term for the description and
classification of speech sounds, particularly how sounds are produced, transmitted and
received. A phoneme is the smallest unit in the sound system of a language; for
example, the t sound in the word top.

Various phonetic alphabets have been developed to represent the speech sounds in
writing through the use of symbols. Some of these symbols are identical to the Roman
letters used in many language alphabets; for example: p and b. Other symbols are based
on the Greek alphabet, such as θ to represent the th- sound in thin and thought. Still
others have been specially invented; e.g. ð for the th- sound in the and then. The most
widely used phonetic script is the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Phonology: Phonology is the term used for the study of the speech sounds used in a
particular language. The distinctive accents that many learners of English have are due
to differences between the phonological system of their language and that of English.
From birth, and possibly before, we learn to recognize and produce the distinctive
sounds of our own language. We do not need to give any thought to how to have the
lips, tongue, teeth, etc. working together to produce the desired sounds. The physical
structures of parts of the sound system are adapted to produce native-language sounds.

English has some speech sounds (phonemes) that do not exist in other languages. It is
no surprise, therefore, that native speakers of those languages have difficulties
producing or even perceiving such sounds. This is particularly true for speakers from
language families other than the Germanic one to which English belongs.

Note: It is assumed that most visitors to these pages will not know phonetic script.
Consequently, phonological difficulties will be made clear by reference to common
English words or syllables, and not by the use of phonetic symbols. For example, the
problems that Germans have with some English words are shown as follows:
 English Faulty German
word pronunciation
bad bet
leave leaf
while vile

The faulty pronunciations shown in this way are approximations. German pronunciation
of the English word bad may tend towards the way a native English speaker would
say bet. A native speaker however would normally say the word bet with a harder, more
strongly articulated final t sound (alveolar plosive) than a German mispronouncing the
word bad. Phonetics is the study of human sounds and phonology is the classification of
the sounds within the system of a particular language or languages.

•   Phonetics is divided into three types according to the production (articulatory),

transmission (acoustic) and perception (auditive) of sounds.

•   Three categories of sounds must be recognised at the outset: phones (human

sounds), phonemes (units which distinguish meaning in a language), allophones (non-
distinctive units).

•   Sounds can be divided into consonants and vowels. The former can be characterised
according to 1) place, 2) manner of articulation and 3) voice (voiceless or voiced). For
vowels one uses a coordinate system called a vowel quandrangle within which actual
vowel values are located.

•   Phonotactics deals with the combinations of sounds possible and where sounds can

occur in a syllable.

•   The major structure for the organisation of sounds is the syllable. It consists of

an onset (beginning), a rhyme (everything after the beginning) which can be sub-
divided into a nucleus (vowel or vowel-like centre) and a coda (right-edge).