GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

ADITYA SILVER OAK INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, AHMEDABAD

An UDP
Project report
On
“Smart Blind Stick”
Team Id – 58555

B.E. Semester – VII

(Electrical Engineering)

Submitted by:-

1. Ankur Hihoriya (161200109008)

2. Akash Prajapati (161200109043)
3. Pritesh Patel (161200109039)
4. Kamesh Koshti (161200109013)
5. Kush Patel (161200109035)

Guided by Head of the Department

Prof. Sandip Takwani Prof. Narendra Mahavadia
ADITYA SILVER OAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
i
 Department of Electrical Engineering
2019-2020

CERTIFICATE

Date:

This is certify that the project report entitled “Smart Blind Stick” has been carried
out by Ankur Hihoriya (161200109008), Akash Prajapati (161200109043),
Pritesh Patel (161200109039), Kamesh Koshti (161200109013), Kush Patel
(161200109035) under by guidance in fulfillment of the B.E. in Electrical
Engineering (7th Semester) of the Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad
during the academic year 2019-2020.

Guided by: Head of the Department:

Prof. Sandip Takwani Prof. Narendra
Mahavadia

ii
 SELF – DECLARATION

1. I Ankur Hihoriya, the student of E.E Branch, having enrolment number

161200109008 enrolled at Aditya Silver Oak Institute of Technology
hereby certify and declare the following:

2. I have defined my project based on input at Aditya Silver Oak Institute of

Technology and I will make significant to make attempt to solve the
challenges. I will attempt the project work at my college or at any location
under the direct and consistent monitoring Prof. Sandip Takwani. I will
adopt all ethical practices to share credit amongst all the contributors based
on their contributions during the project work.
3. I have not purchased the solution developed by 3rd party directly and the
efforts are made by me under the guidance of guide.
4. The project work is not copied from any previously done projects directly.
(Same project can be done in different ways but if it has been done in same
manner before then it may not be accepted.)
5. Ankur Hihoriya to the best of my knowledge is a genuine industry engaged
in the professional service/social organizations.
6. I understand and accept that the above declaration if found to be untrue, it
can result in punishment/cancellation of project definition to me including
failure in the subject of project work.

Name: Ankur Hihoriya

Contact: 9998050366

Date: Sign:

Place: Ahmedabad

iii
 SELF – DECLARATION

1. I Akash Prajapati, the student of E.E Branch, having enrolment number

161200109043 enrolled at Aditya Silver Oak Institute of Technology
hereby certify and declare the following:

2. I have defined my project based on input at Aditya Silver Oak Institute of

Technology and I will make significant to make attempt to solve the
challenges. I will attempt the project work at my college or at any location
under the direct and consistent monitoring Prof. Sandip Takwani. I will
adopt all ethical practices to share credit amongst all the contributors based
on their contributions during the project work.
3. I have not purchased the solution developed by 3rd party directly and the
efforts are made by me under the guidance of guide.
4. The project work is not copied from any previously done projects directly.
(Same project can be done in different ways but if it has been done in same
manner before then it may not be accepted.)
5. Akash Prajapati to the best of my knowledge is a genuine industry engaged
in the professional service/social organizations.
6. I understand and accept that the above declaration if found to be untrue, it
can result in punishment/cancellation of project definition to me including
failure in the subject of project work.

Name: Akash Prajapati

Contact: 7383925916

Date: Sign:

Place: Ahmedabad

iv
 SELF – DECLARATION

1. I Pritesh Patel, the student of E.E Branch, having enrolment number

161200109039 enrolled at Aditya Silver Oak Institute of Technology
hereby certify and declare the following:

2. I have defined my project based on input at Aditya Silver Oak Institute of

Technology and I will make significant to make attempt to solve the
challenges. I will attempt the project work at my college or at any location
under the direct and consistent monitoring Prof. Sandip Takwani. I will
adopt all ethical practices to share credit amongst all the contributors based
on their contributions during the project work.
3. I have not purchased the solution developed by 3rd party directly and the
efforts are made by me under the guidance of guide.
4. The project work is not copied from any previously done projects directly.
(Same project can be done in different ways but if it has been done in same
manner before then it may not be accepted.)
5. Pritesh Patel to the best of my knowledge is a genuine industry engaged in
the professional service/social organizations.
6. I understand and accept that the above declaration if found to be untrue, it
can result in punishment/cancellation of project definition to me including
failure in the subject of project work.

Name: Pritesh Patel

Contact: 8140250232

Date: Sign:

Place: Ahmedabad

v
 SELF – DECLARATION

1. I Kamesh Koshti, the student of E.E Branch, having enrolment number

161200109013 enrolled at Aditya Silver Oak Institute of Technology
hereby certify and declare the following:

2. I have defined my project based on input at Aditya Silver Oak Institute of

Technology and I will make significant to make attempt to solve the
challenges. I will attempt the project work at my college or at any location
under the direct and consistent monitoring Prof. Sandip Takwani. I will
adopt all ethical practices to share credit amongst all the contributors based
on their contributions during the project work.
3. I have not purchased the solution developed by 3rd party directly and the
efforts are made by me under the guidance of guide.
4. The project work is not copied from any previously done projects directly.
(Same project can be done in different ways but if it has been done in same
manner before then it may not be accepted.)
5. Kamesh Koshti to the best of my knowledge is a genuine industry engaged
in the professional service/social organizations.
6. I understand and accept that the above declaration if found to be untrue, it
can result in punishment/cancellation of project definition to me including
failure in the subject of project work.

Name: Kamesh Koshti

Contact: 7048106208

Date: Sign:

Place: Ahmedabad

vi
 SELF – DECLARATION

7. I Kush Patel, the student of E.E Branch, having enrolment number

161200109035 enrolled at Aditya Silver Oak Institute of Technology
hereby certify and declare the following:

8. I have defined my project based on input at Aditya Silver Oak Institute of

Technology and I will make significant to make attempt to solve the
challenges. I will attempt the project work at my college or at any location
under the direct and consistent monitoring Prof. Sandip Takwani. I will
adopt all ethical practices to share credit amongst all the contributors based
on their contributions during the project work.
9. I have not purchased the solution developed by 3rd party directly and the
efforts are made by me under the guidance of guide.
10.The project work is not copied from any previously done projects directly.
(same project can be done in different ways but if it has been done in same
manner before then it may not be accepted.)
11.Kush Patel to the best of my knowledge is a genuine industry engaged in the
professional service/social organizations.
12.I understand and accept that the above declaration if found to be untrue, it
can result in punishment/cancellation of project definition to me including
failure in the subject of project work.

Name: Kush Patel

Contact: 9157710063

Date: Sign:

Place: Ahmedabad

Sr. No Index Page

vii
 I Acknowledgement ix
II Abstract X
III List of Figures xi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Problem Summary & Solution 1
1.2 Aim & Objectives of Project 1
1.3 Brief Literature Review 2
1.4 Materials / Tools required 4
Chapter 2 Main Design Components 5
2.1  Arduino nano 5
2.2 Ultrasonic HC-SR 04 Sensor 7
2.3 IR (Infrared) Sensor 9
2.4 Flame Sensor 10
2.5 Moisture Sensor 11
2.6 Buzzer & Vibration motor 13
Chapter 3 Design & Implementation 14
3.1 Block Diagram 14
3.2 Circuit Diagram 15
3.3 Construction & working 16
Chapter 4 Simulation, Result and Advantages 18
Chapter 5 Conclusion & Future Scope 19
Chapter 6 References 20
Chapter 7 Appendix 21
7.1 AEIOU Summary 21
7.2 Empathy Summary 23
7.3 Ideation Canvas 26
7.4 Product Development Canvas 28
7.5 Certificate Obtained from Plagiarism Checking. 30

I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

viii
 We are the members of project are highly thankful for introducing such an
existing way of developing our knowledge regarding the project development. We
take pleasure in presenting the report of our project work entitled developing of
Smart Blind Stick.
We would like to give our sincere regards to people who have helped us in
this project so far. We would sincerely like to thank our project guide Prof.
Sandip Takwani, who had untiring and active participation along the course of
our project on selection of concepts and further development of the project with
timely intervention.
We would like to thank Prof. Narendra Mahavadiya, HOD of Electrical
Department and Dr. Pina Bhatt, PRINCIPLE of ASOIT for her encouragement
and support.

Ankur Hihoriya 161200109008

Akash Prajapati 161200109043

Pritesh Patel 161200109039

Kamesh Koshti 161200109013

Kush Patel 161200109035

II. Abstract
Today technology is growing to a greater extent, however there is no cost
effective device for visually impaired people or blind people. For a visually
impaired person it becomes impossible to do his/her day to day activities,

ix
therefore Smart blind Stick can help the visually impaired People in moving
and allowing them to perform their work the easily. The Smart Stick will
have sensors, thereby it senses the detect objects when any objects or
obstacles come in range of an ultrasonic sensor then the person alerted with
a quick response time using a vibrator. We are also used more ultrasonic
sensors to guide the left & right direction to blind person. This system has a
water sensor at the bottom of the stick and infrared sensor for effective pit
detection. This system also has a Flame sensor at the middle of stick, which
detects fire and alert to blind person through Buzzer. Designing a cost
effective and efficient blind stick is the main aim of the project.

III. List of Figure

x
Sr. No. Name of Figure Page No.

xi
Fig.1 Arduino nano 5
Fig.2 Ultrasonic sensor 7
Fig.3 Infrared sensor 9
Fig.4 Flame/Fire sensor 10
Fig.5 Soil moisture sensor 11
Fig.6 Buzzer 13
Fig.7 Vibration motor 13
Fig.8 Basic block diagram 14
Fig.9 Circuit diagram 15
Fig.10 Smart stick simulation 18
Fig.11 AEIOU Canvas 21
Fig.12 Empathy Canvas 23
Fig.13 Ideation Canvas 26
Fig.14 Product Development Canvas 28

xii
 CHAPTER 1:- INTRODUCTION

1.1 Problem Summery

Vision is the most important part of human physiology. The 2018 statistics
by the world health organization (WHO) estimates that there are
approximately 1.3 billion people live with some of vision impairment, 36
million people are blind. [1]
Presently, blind people use a white stick as a tool for directing them when
they walk.
Here, we develop a tool which can server as a blind stick being more
efficient and helpful then the white stick.
This will directing the blind persons during the walk and provides an alarm
if any obstacles is detected within the set range.

1.2 Aim & Objectives

 Main Aim of this project is to help the visually challenged people to

navigation.
 To design a walking stick that detects obstacles: Front, Left & Right
of user by using the ultrasonic sensor and alert to user through
vibrator.
 To detect the fire using flame sensor and alert to blind person through
buzzer.
 To detect the water using moisture sensor and alert to blind person
through vibrator.

1
 1.3 Brief Literature Review
In this section our literature survey correspond to following research paper as
stated below.

1. Ultrasonic Blind Walking Stick

Author: - Abhishek Bhokare, Amruta Amberkar, Anvesh Gawde, Pratham Kale.
Publication: - International journal on recent and innovation trends in computing
and communication.
Description: - God gifted sense of vision to the human being is an important
aspect of our life. But there are some unfortunate people who lack the ability of
visualizing things. The visually impaired have to face many challenges in their
daily life. The problem gets worse when there is an obstacle in front of them. Blind
stick is an innovative stick designed for visually disabled people for improved
navigation. The paper presents a theoretical system concept to provide a smart
ultrasonic aid for blind people. The system is intended to provide overall measures
– Artificial vision and object detection. The aim of the overall system is to provide
a low cost and efficient navigation aid for a visually impaired person who gets a
sense of artificial vision by providing information about the environmental
scenario of static and dynamic objects around them. Ultrasonic sensors are used to
calculate distance of the obstacles around the blind person to guide the user
towards the available path. Output is in the form of sequence of beep sound which
the blind person can hear. [2]

2
2. Smart Blind Stick

Author: - Pratik N K, Poornesh V, Shashikant, Shreedhar Kudva.

Publication: - International journal of latest trends in Engineering and
Technology.
Description: - Today technology is growing to a greater extent, however
there is no cost effective device for visually impaired people. For a visually
impaired person it becomes impossible to do his/her day to day activities,
therefore Smart Blind stick can help visually impaired people in moving and
allowing them to perform their work easily. The smart stick will have
sensors embedded with it, thereby it senses the objects/intruder, when any
objects or obstacles come in range of an ultrasonic sensor then the person is
alerted with a quick response time using a vibrator. The overall system also
has a GPS module, so that the person with disability can know the current
location with the help of a microphone and a speaker. This system also has a
feature where in which the person with disability can contact to a specific
person whose number is stored in a microcontroller in case of any
emergency. This System also has a water sensor at the bottom of the stick
and Infrared sensor for effective obstacle detection. Designing a cost
effective and efficient blind stick is the main aim of the project. Keywords –
Smart Belt, Raspberry PI, Ultrasonic Sensor. [3]

3
 1.4 Materials / Tools required

 Ultrasonic sensor
 IR (Infrared) sensor
 Moisture sensor
 Flame sensor
 Arduino Nano
 Buzzer & Vibrator
 Battery
 Switch
 Connecting Wire
 Soldering Kit
 Software:-Proteus, Arduino IDE

4
 Chapter 2: Main Design Components

2.1 Arduino Nano

Arduino Nano is one type of microcontroller board. It can be built with a
microcontroller like Atmega328. Arduino is a small size board and also flexible
with a wide variety of applications.
It does not have any DC jack so that the power supply can be given using a small
USB port otherwise straightly connected to the pins like VCC & GND. This board
can be supplied with 6 to 20volts using a mini USB port on the board.[4][5]

Fig.1: Arduino nano

5
Pin No Name Type Description
1-2, 5-16 D0-D13 I/O Digital input/output Port 0 to 13
3, 28 RESET Input Reset (active low)
4, 29 GND PWR Supply Ground
17 3V3 Output +3.3V Output
18 AREF Input ADC reference
19-26 A0-A7 Input Analog input channel 0 to 7
27 +5V Output/ Input +5V Output or +5V Input
30 Vin PWR Supply Voltage
Pin Configurations:

Arduino Nano Specification & Features:

 ATmega328P Microcontroller is from 8-bit AVR family
 Operating voltage is 5V
 Input voltage (Vin) is 7V to 12V
 Input/output Pins are 22
 Analog i/p pins are 6 from A0 to A5
 Digital pins are 14
 Power consumption is 19 Ma
 I/O pins DC Current is 40 Ma
 Flash memory is 32 KB
 SRAM is 2 KB
 EEPROM is 1 KB
 CLK speed is 16 MHz
 Weight-7g
 Size of the printed circuit board is 18 X 45mm

6
 2.2 Ultrasonic HC-SR 04 Sensor

The ultrasonic sensor works on the principle of SONAR & RADAR system which
is used to determine the distance to an object.
HC-SR-04 has an ultrasonic transmitter, receiver and control circuit.

Fig.2: Ultrasonic sensor

Pin Configuration:
Vcc - +5V supply
TRIG – Trigger input of sensor. Microcontroller applies 10 us trigger pulse to the
ultrasonic module.
ECHO – Echo output of sensor. Microcontroller reads this pin to detect the
obstacles or to find the distance.
GND – Ground.

7
 Working Principle:
 In Ultrasonic sensor we have to give trigger pulse, so that it will generate
ultrasound of frequency 40KHz. After generating ultrasound i.e. 8 pulses of
40KHz it makes Echo pin high. Echo pin remains high until it does not get
the Echo sound back. So the width of Echo pin will be the time for sound to
travel to the object and return back. Once we get the time we can calculate
distance as we know that speed of sound.
1. We need to transmit trigger pulse of at least 10 us to the sensor trigger pin.
2. Then the sensor automatically sends Eight 40 KHZ sound wave and wait for
rising edge output at Echo pin.
3. When the rising edge capture occurs at echo pin, start the timer and wait for
a falling edge on Echo pin.
4. As soon as the falling edge is captured at the Echo pin, Read the count of the
timer. This time count is the time required by the sensor to detect an object
and return back from an object.
Now calculate distance
Distance= Speed * Time
The Speed of sound waves is 343 m/s.
So,
Total distance= 343*Time of high (Echo) pulse/2
Total distance is divide by 2 because signal travels from sensor to object and
returns to the ultrasonic sensor HC-SR-04. [6]
Specifications:
 Working Voltage: DC 5V.
 Working Current: 15Ma.
 Working Frequency: 40Hz.
 Max Range: 4m.
 Min Range: 2cm.
 Trigger Input Signal: 10 us Pulse.
 Dimension 45*20*15 mm.

8
 2.3 Infrared (IR) Sensor:

The Principle of an IR sensor Working as an Object Detection sensor can be

explain using the Following figure:

Fig.3: IR (Infrared) Sensor

An Ir sensor consists of an IR LED and IR photo diode; together they are called as
photo-coupler or Opto-coupler.
Working Principle:
 IR sensor has a transmitter, Receiver sensor and control circuit.When IR
sensor emits radiation, it reaches the object and sum of the radiation reflect
back to the IR receiver based on the intensity of the reception by the IR
receiver, the output of the sensor is defined. [7]
Specifications:
 Digital output Signal.
 Detection distance:2 to 30 cm.
 Comparator Chip: LM393.
 Working Voltage: 3-5V DC.
 Output type: digital switch output (0 and 1).
 Board size: 3.2*1.4 cm.
 Adjustable detection distance range.
9
 2.4 Flame/Fire Sensor:
A flame sensor is a sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a
flame or fire.

Fig.4: Fire/Flame sensor

Pin configuration:
Pin Description
Vcc 3.3 – 5 V power supply
GND Ground
D0 Digital output
A0 Analog output

Working Principle:
 Flame or fire detection sensor is one type of IR based sensor, when fire
burns it emits a small amount of infra-red light this light will be received by
the photodiode (IR receiver) on the sensor module. Then we use an Op-Amp
to check for change in voltage across the IR Receiver, so that if a fire is
detected the output pin (D0) will give 0V (Low) and if the is no fire the
output pin will be 5V (High). [8]
Specifications:
 Detection Range: 760 nm to 1100 nm.
 Operating Voltage: 3.3 V to 5 V.
 Max. Output Current: 15 Ma.

10
  Digital and Analog output.
 Adjustable sensitivity.
2.5 Water/Moisture Sensor

Water/ soil moisture sensor FC-28, this sensor measures the volumetric content of
water inside the soil or water and give us the moisture or presence of water level as
output. The sensor is equipped with both digital and analog output, so it can be
used in both analog and digital mode.

Fig.5: Soil Moisture sensor

Pin configuration:
Vcc: - power supply
A0:- Analog output
D0:- Digital output
GND:- Ground

11
Working Principle:
 The soil moisture sensor consists of two probes which are used to measure
the volumetric content of water. The two probes allow the current to pass
through the soil and then it gets the resistance value to measure the moisture
value. When there is more water, the soil will conduct more electricity
which means that there will be less resistance. Therefore, the moisture level
will be higher. Dry soil conducts electricity poorly, so when there will be
less electricity which means that there will be more resistance. Therefore,
the moisture level will be lower. [9]

Specifications:
 Input voltage: 3.3 – 5V.
 Output voltage: 0 – 4.2V.
 Input current: 35 Ma.
 Output signal: Both Anlog and Digital

12
 2.6 Buzzer & Vibration motor

Buzzer:

Fig.6: Buzzer

Vibration Motor:

13
 Fig.7: Vibration motor

Chapter 3: Design & Implementation

3.1 Block Diagram

Fig.8: Basic block diagram

Block Diagram of smart stick is shown above, there are sensing unit is green color
box. Its different types of sensor like fire sensor, ultrasonic sensor, infrared sensor
and water sensor. Middle part of block diagram is an Arduino board with supply
and the output unit components is buzzer and vibration motor. It’s all components
14
are the connection with Arduino nano. Arduino nano is act as brain of the system is
control all device as per programing code.

3.2 Circuit Diagram

15
 Fig.9: Circuit diagram

3.3 Construction & Working

This circuit is made up with proteus professional. In this circuit diagram the main
components are Arduino nano, ultrasonic sensor, infrared sensor, flame sensor and
moisture sensor. All four sensor is sensing unit and is echo pin or digital pin is
input of the Arduino nano. Output device/components is buzzer and three vibration
motors.

Construction:
There are three ultrasonic sensor are connected with Arduino. All three sensor
having same 4 pin each sensor has giving same supply and ground pin. Supply pin
is 5V and ground pin is connected with GND pin. Now for sensor 1 trig pin is
connected with D0 and Echo pin is connected with D1, for sensor 2 trig pin is
connected with D3 and Echo pin is connected with D2 and for sensor 3 trig pin is
connected withD5 and Echo pin is connected with D4.
IR (Infrared) sensor is has three pin also some infrared sensor has four pin accept
A0 but we use only three pin Infrared sensor. It pins is GND, OUT and VCC, VCC
pin is connected with 5V supply, GND pin is connected with GND pin and the out
pin is connected is D13.
Flame/fire sensor has also three pin as IR sensor it GND and VCC pin is connected
with GND and 5V pin and out pin is connected with D6 pin.
For Soil Moisture sensor, it has four pin VCC, GND, A0 and D0. It’s VCC and
GND pin is connected with 5V and GND and D0 pin is connected with Arduino

16
pin D12 and the A0 pin is not connected anywhere because we use digital output
and A0 pin is analog output of sensor.
Arduino is connected with USB or 5V supply.

Working:
As shown the circuit diagram, there are three ultrasonic sensor and it connected
with stick. Ultrasonic sensor is detect obstacles. One ultrasonic sensor is detect left
side of the users, second one is detect the front of user and third sensor is detect
right side of user. Now this sensor is give output as vibration to users if any
obstacles is detected. There are three vibration motor is used for the vibration each
motor for each ultrasonic sensor for left, right and front and it connected with
handle of stick.
Now IR sensor or infrared sensor is second most useful sensor. It is connected with
stick in below side. It is sensing the pit and big stones and its output as a blipping
buzzer for one time when the any pits or big stones are comes in blow stick.
For a Flame sensor, it is connected middle of stick and it is detect the fire in front
of users. Its detail working is shown above in components section, when the any
type of fire is comes in range of fire sensor it detected and give an alerts from
buzzer with two time blipping sound.
The last sensor which we use for water detection, it is soil moisture sensor. It is
connected last end of the stick. When any water or moisture soil is connect with
end of stick it detect it and give alerts sound. It alerts sound is three time blipping
of buzzer.
It’s all sensing and giving alerts is doing or decide the Arduino nano. It is brain of
the system and it control all sensor according the code. So the main and most part
of the system is Arduino.
17
Chapter 4: Simulation, Result and Advantages

Simulation:

Fig.10 Smart stick simulation

Result of Simulation:
Smart blind stick simulation is doing in proteus professional and the programming
code is write in the Arduino IDE Software. This project simulation is not working
because of incomplete and failure of programming code.
Advantages:
 Auto detection.
 Simple to use.
 Low power Consumption.
18
  Light Weight.
 Less accident will be accrued from the blind people.
 Having feature to give indicate right path.
 Auto alertness system.
 Easily walk to destination

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Scope

Conclusion:
The main purpose of this study is to produce a prototype that can detect objects or
obstacles in front, Left and Right of users and feeds warning back, in the forms of
Buzzer Sound and vibration to users. Combination of ultrasonic sensors, IR
(Infrared) Sensor, Flame/Fire Sensor, Water/Moisture sensor and a Arduino nano
(microcontroller) function for detection of obstacles, pits, Fire and water in front of
Users. This project is to people with disabilities that are blind to facilitate the
movement and increase safety.

Future Work:
 Correct the programming code.
 Implementation Hardware model.
 Add Rechargeable battery with solar cell.
 Voice navigation system.

Future Scope:
 Implement GPS/GSM system
 Add music system or radio for entertainment to users.

19
 The braille input device gives the blind person to provide the destination
address for navigation.

Chapter 6: References

1. World Health Organization, “Visual Impairment and Blindness” Key

facts, 11 October 2018

2. Abhishek Bhokare, Amruta Amberkar, Anvesh Gawde, Pratham Kale,

Abhijeet Pasi "Ultrasonic Blind Walking Stick" International Journal
on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 4 Issue: 1 ,Department of Information
Technology Engineering Shah & Anchor Kutchhi Polytechnic.

3. Pratik N K, Poornesh V, Shashikant, Shreedhar Kudva & Saritha A N

"SMART BLIND STICK" International Journal of Latest Trends in
Engineering and Technology Vol.(9)Issue(3), pp.273-275.

4. Data sheet of Arduino nano

5. https://www.elprocus.com/an-overview-of-arduino-nano-board/

6. https://www.electronicwings.com/sensors-modules/ultrasonic-
module- hc-sr04

7. https://www.electronicshub.org/ir-sensor/

8. https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/arduino-flame-
sensor-interfacing

9. http://www.circuitstoday.com/arduino-soil-moisture-sensor

20
 10. https://electronicsforu.com/electronics-projects/smart-stick-using-
arduino-ultrasonic

Chapter 7: Appendix

7.1 AEIOU Canvas

Fig.11 AEIOU Canvas

Environment:
 Eco – Friendly
21
  No pollution
 Winter
 Sunny

Interactions:
 Interact with blind people
 Dealer interact with costumers
 Designer interact with blind people
 Owner interact with advertiser

Objectives:
 To detect obstacles
 To detect water
 To detect fire
 To detect pit
 To alert blind people

Activities:
 Walking/crossing road
 Movement of vehicles
 Cycling
 Go for walk
 Traffic signals
 Playing games

22
Users:
 Blind people
 Designer
 Engineering

7.2 Empathy Canvas

23
 Fig.12 Empathy canvas

User:
 Blind people

24
Stakeholders:
 Manufactures
 Directors
 Sellers
 Producers

Activities:
 Waling/crossing the road
 Movement of vehicles
 Traffic signal
 Cycling
 Playing game

Story Boarding

25
Happy Story

1).  Ramjikaka was blind, whenever he walked on road or street one

person always stayed with him and always helped to ramjikaka in every
situation. So, Ramjikaka didn't suffer from problems and he was
comfortable and happy with life.

2). Ankit was a 16 years old and he was blind by born. He almost stayed
home and he had habits to recognize things by mindset. Almost he did
not required gone outside from home but whenever he gone outside from
home he got helped from his family and also he had stick. So, he was
comfortable and happy with it.

Sad story: 

1). Prakashbhai walked On the road with simple stick, when he was
crossed the road at that time car hated to prakashbhai, so he had fracture 
to his leg than he  realized and thinker that any devices  was available,
so it can very beneficial.

2). Nareshkaka walked in street, at that time one big pit came in front of
him so he fall down because of that pit and he was injured on shoulder
because he used simple stick and he can detect that pit and he was very
sad about that situation.

7.3 Ideation Canvas

26
 Fig.13 Ideation Canvas

People:
 Blind people
 Engineering
 Dealer
 Student
 seller

Activities:
 Walking/crossing road
27
  Movement of vehicles
 Traffic signal
 Go for walk
 Playing game
 Cycling

Situation/Context/Location:
 Rainy
 Winter
 Summer
 Home
 On road
 Hospitals

Pros/Possible Solution:
 Arduino Nano
 IR sensor
 Ultrasonic sensor
 Fire/Flame sensor
 Water/Soil moisture sensor
 Buzzer
 Vibrator

7.4 Product Development Canvas

28
 Fig.14 Product Development Canvas

Purpose:
 Help to blind people
 Alertness to blind people
 Mobility of blind people
 Safety of bind people

People:
 Blind people

29
  Engineering
 Students
 Designer

Product Functions:
 Right direction
 Left direction
 Front direction
 To detect fire
 To detect water
 To detect obstacles

Product Features:
 Ultrasonic sensor
 IR sensor
 Fire/flame sensor
 Water/soil moisture sensor

Components:
 Arduino nano
 Ultrasonic sensor
 IR sensor
 Water sensor
 Fire sensor
 Buzzer & Vibrator
 Battery

7.5 Certificate Obtained from Plagiarism Checking.

30
 Plagiarism Checker X Originality Report
Similarity Found: 20%

Date: Friday, October 18, 2019

Statistics: 1005 words Plagiarized / 4905 Total words
Remarks: Medium Plagiarism Detected - Your Document needs Selective Improvement.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ADITYA SILVER OAK INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, AHMEDABAD An UDP Project report On “Smart Blind Stick” Team Id –
58555 B.E. Semester – VII (Electrical Engineering) Submitted by:- Ankur Hihoriya
(161200109008) Akash Prajapati (161200109043) Pritesh Patel (161200109039) Kamesh
Koshti (161200109013) Kush Patel (161200109035) Guided by Head of the Department
Prof. Sandip Takwani Prof.

Narendra Mahavadia ADITYA SILVER OAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of

Electrical Engineering 2019-2020 CERTIFICATE Date: This is certify that the project report
entitled “Smart Blind Stick” has been carried out by Ankur Hihoriya (161200109008),
Akash Prajapati (161200109043), Pritesh Patel (161200109039), Kamesh Koshti
(161200109013), Kush Patel (161200109035) under by guidance in fulfillment of the B.E.

in Electrical Engineering (7th Semester) of the Gujarat Technological University,

Ahmedabad during the academic year 2019-2020. Guided by: Head of the Department:
Prof. Sandip Takwani Prof. Narendra Mahavadia SELF – DECLARATION I Ankur Hihoriya,
the student of E.E Branch, having enrolment number 161200109008 enrolled at Aditya
Silver Oak Institute of Technology hereby certify and declare the following: I have
defined my project based on input at Aditya Silver Oak Institute of Technology and I will
make significant to make attempt to solve the challenges.

I will attempt the project work at my college or at any location under the direct and
consistent monitoring Prof. Sandip Takwani. I will adopt all ethical practices to share
credit amongst all the contributors based on their contributions during the project work.

31
I have not purchased the solution developed by 3rd party directly and the efforts are
made by me under the guidance of guide.

The project work is not copied from any previously done projects directly. (Same project
can be done in different ways but if it has been done in same manner before then it may
not be accepted.) Ankur Hihoriya to the best of my knowledge is a genuine industry
engaged in the professional service/social organizations.

I understand and accept that the above declaration if found to be untrue, it can result in
punishment/cancellation of project definition to me including failure in the subject of
project work. Name: Ankur Hihoriya Contact: 9998050366 Date: Sign: Place: Ahmedabad
SELF – DECLARATION I Akash Prajapati, the student of E.E Branch, having enrolment
number 161200109043 enrolled at Aditya Silver Oak Institute of Technology hereby
certify and declare the following: I have defined my project based on input at Aditya
Silver Oak Institute of Technology and I will make significant to make attempt to solve
the challenges.

I will attempt the project work at my college or at any location under the direct and
consistent monitoring Prof. Sandip Takwani. I will adopt all ethical practices to share
credit amongst all the contributors based on their contributions during the project work.
I have not purchased the solution developed by 3rd party directly and the efforts are
made by me under the guidance of guide.

The project work is not copied from any previously done projects directly. (Same project
can be done in different ways but if it has been done in same manner before then it may
not be accepted.) Akash Prajapati to the best of my knowledge is a genuine industry
engaged in the professional service/social organizations.

I understand and accept that the above declaration if found to be untrue, it can result in
punishment/cancellation of project definition to me including failure in the subject of
project work. Name: Akash Prajapati Contact: 7383925916 Date: Sign: Place: Ahmedabad
SELF – DECLARATION I Pritesh Patel, the student of E.E Branch, having enrolment
number 161200109039 enrolled at Aditya Silver Oak Institute of Technology hereby
certify and declare the following: I have defined my project based on input at Aditya
Silver Oak Institute of Technology and I will make significant to make attempt to solve
the challenges.

I will attempt the project work at my college or at any location under the direct and
consistent monitoring Prof. Sandip Takwani. I will adopt all ethical practices to share
credit amongst all the contributors based on their contributions during the project work.

32
I have not purchased the solution developed by 3rd party directly and the efforts are
made by me under the guidance of guide.

The project work is not copied from any previously done projects directly. (Same project
can be done in different ways but if it has been done in same manner before then it may
not be accepted.) Pritesh Patel to the best of my knowledge is a genuine industry
engaged in the professional service/social organizations.

I understand and accept that the above declaration if found to be untrue, it can result in
punishment/cancellation of project definition to me including failure in the subject of
project work. Name: Pritesh Patel Contact: 8140250232 Date: Sign: Place: Ahmedabad
SELF – DECLARATION I Kamesh Koshti, the student of E.E Branch, having enrolment
number 161200109013 enrolled at Aditya Silver Oak Institute of Technology hereby
certify and declare the following: I have defined my project based on input at Aditya
Silver Oak Institute of Technology and I will make significant to make attempt to solve
the challenges.

I will attempt the project work at my college or at any location under the direct and
consistent monitoring Prof. Sandip Takwani. I will adopt all ethical practices to share
credit amongst all the contributors based on their contributions during the project work.
I have not purchased the solution developed by 3rd party directly and the efforts are
made by me under the guidance of guide.

The project work is not copied from any previously done projects directly. (Same project
can be done in different ways but if it has been done in same manner before then it may
not be accepted.) Kamesh Koshti to the best of my knowledge is a genuine industry
engaged in the professional service/social organizations.

I understand and accept that the above declaration if found to be untrue, it can result in
punishment/cancellation of project definition to me including failure in the subject of
project work. Name: Kamesh Koshti Contact: 7048106208 Date: Sign: Place: Ahmedabad
SELF – DECLARATION I Kush Patel, the student of E.E Branch, having enrolment number
161200109035 enrolled at Aditya Silver Oak Institute of Technology hereby certify and
declare the following: I have defined my project based on input at Aditya Silver Oak
Institute of Technology and I will make significant to make attempt to solve the
challenges.

I will attempt the project work at my college or at any location under the direct and
consistent monitoring Prof. Sandip Takwani. I will adopt all ethical practices to share
credit amongst all the contributors based on their contributions during the project work.

33
I have not purchased the solution developed by 3rd party directly and the efforts are
made by me under the guidance of guide.

The project work is not copied from any previously done projects directly. (same project
can be done in different ways but if it has been done in same manner before then it may
not be accepted.) Kush Patel to the best of my knowledge is a genuine industry
engaged in the professional service/social organizations.

I understand and accept that the above declaration if found to be untrue, it can result in
punishment/cancellation of project definition to me including failure in the subject of
project work. Name: Kush Patel Contact: 9157710063 Date: Sign: Place: Ahmedabad Sr.
No _Index _Page _ _I _Acknowledgement _ix _ _II _Abstract _X _ _III _List of Figures _xi _
_Chapter 1 _Introduction _1 _ _1.1 _Problem Summary & Solution _1 _ _1.2

_Aim & Objectives of Project _1 _ _1.3 _Brief Literature Review _2 _ _1.4 _Materials / Tools
required _4 _ _Chapter 2 _Main Design Components _5 _ _2.1 _Arduino nano _5 _ _2.2
_Ultrasonic HC-SR 04 Sensor _7 _ _2.3 _IR (Infrared) Sensor _9 _ _2.4 _Flame Sensor _10 _
_2.5 _Moisture Sensor _11 _ _2.6 _Buzzer & Vibration motor _13 _ _Chapter 3 _Design &
Implementation _14 _ _3.1 _Block Diagram _14 _ _3.2 _Circuit Diagram _15 _ _3.3

_Construction & working _16 _ _Chapter 4 _Simulation, Result and Advantages _18 _
_Chapter 5 _Conclusion & Future Scope _19 _ _Chapter 6 _References _20 _ _Chapter 7
_Appendix _21 _ _7.1 _AEIOU Summary _21 _ _7.2 _Empathy Summary _23 _ _7.3
_Ideation Canvas _26 _ _7.4 _Product Development Canvas _28 _ _7.5 _Certificate
Obtained from Plagiarism Checking.

_30 _ _ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are the members of project are highly thankful for
introducing such an existing way of developing our knowledge regarding the project
development. We take pleasure in presenting the report of our project work entitled
developing of Smart Blind Stick. We would like to give our sincere regards to people
who have helped us in this project so far. We would sincerely like to thank our project
guide Prof.

Sandip Takwani, who had untiring and active participation along the course of our
project on selection of concepts and further development of the project with timely
intervention. We would like to thank Prof. Narendra Mahavadiya, HOD of Electrical
Department and Dr. Pina Bhatt, PRINCIPLE of ASOIT for her encouragement and
support. Ankur Hihoriya _161200109008 _ _Akash Prajapati _161200109043 _ _Pritesh
Patel _161200109039 _ _Kamesh Koshti _161200109013 _ _Kush Patel _161200109035 _ _
Abstract Today technology is growing to a greater extent, however there is no cost

34
effective device for visually impaired people or blind people.

For a visually impaired person it becomes impossible to do his/her day to day activities,
therefore Smart blind Stick can help the visually impaired People in moving and
allowing them to perform their work the easily. The Smart Stick will have sensors,
thereby it senses the detect objects when any objects or obstacles come in range of an
ultrasonic sensor then the person alerted with a quick response time using a vibrator.
We are also used more ultrasonic sensors to guide the left & right direction to blind
person.

This system has a water sensor at the bottom of the stick and infrared sensor for
effective pit detection. This system also has a Flame sensor at the middle of stick, which
detects fire and alert to blind person through Buzzer. Designing a cost effective and
efficient blind stick is the main aim of the project. List of Figure Sr. No. _Name of Figure
_Page No. _ _Fig.1

_Arduino nano _5 _ _Fig.2 _Ultrasonic sensor _7 _ _Fig.3 _Infrared sensor _9 _ _Fig.4

_Flame/Fire sensor _10 _ _Fig.5 _Soil moisture sensor _11 _ _Fig.6 _Buzzer _13 _ _Fig.7
_Vibration motor _13 _ _Fig.8 _Basic block diagram _14 _ _Fig.9 _Circuit diagram _15 _
_Fig.10 _Smart stick simulation _18 _ _ Fig.11 _AEIOU Canvas _21 _ _Fig.12 _Empathy
Canvas _23 _ _Fig.13 _Ideation Canvas _26 _ _Fig.14 _Product Development Canvas _28 _
_

35
CHAPTER 1:- INTRODUCTION Problem Summery Vision is the most important part of
human physiology.

The 2018 statistics by the world health organization (WHO) estimates that there are
approximately 1.3 billion people live with some of vision impairment, 36 million people
are blind. [1] Presently, blind people use a white stick as a tool for directing them when
they walk.

Here, we develop a tool which can server as a blind stick being more efficient and
helpful then the white stick. This will directing the blind persons during the walk and
provides an alarm if any obstacles is detected within the set range. Aim & Objectives
Main Aim of this project is to help the visually challenged people to navigation.

To design a walking stick that detects obstacles: Front, Left & Right of user by using the
ultrasonic sensor and alert to user through vibrator. To detect the fire using flame
sensor and alert to blind person through buzzer. To detect the water using moisture
sensor and alert to blind person through vibrator. Brief Literature Review In this section
our literature survey correspond to following research paper as stated below.

Ultrasonic Blind Walking Stick Author: - Abhishek Bhokare, Amruta Amberkar, Anvesh
Gawde, Pratham Kale. Publication: - International journal on recent and innovation
trends in computing and communication. Description: - God gifted sense of vision to
the human being is an important aspect of our life.

But there are some unfortunate people who lack the ability of visualizing things. The
visually impaired have to face many challenges in their daily life. The problem gets
worse when there is an obstacle in front of them. Blind stick is an innovative stick
designed for visually disabled people for improved navigation. The paper presents a
theoretical system concept to provide a smart ultrasonic aid for blind people.

The system is intended to provide overall measures – Artificial vision and object
detection. The aim of the overall system is to provide a low cost and efficient navigation
aid for a visually impaired person who gets a sense of artificial vision by providing
information about the environmental scenario of static and dynamic objects around
them.

Ultrasonic sensors are used to calculate distance of the obstacles around the blind
person to guide the user towards the available path. Output is in the form of sequence
of beep sound which the blind person can hear. [2] Smart Blind Stick Author: - Pratik N
K, Poornesh V, Shashikant, Shreedhar Kudva. Publication: - International journal of latest

36
trends in Engineering and Technology.

Description: - Today technology is growing to a greater extent, however there is no cost

effective device for visually impaired people. For a visually impaired person it becomes
impossible to do his/her day to day activities, therefore Smart Blind stick can help
visually impaired people in moving and allowing them to perform their work easily.

The smart stick will have sensors embedded with it, thereby it senses the
objects/intruder, when any objects or obstacles come in range of an ultrasonic sensor
then the person is alerted with a quick response time using a vibrator. The overall
system also has a GPS module, so that the person with disability can know the current
location with the help of a microphone and a speaker.

This system also has a feature where in which the person with disability can contact to a
specific person whose number is stored in a microcontroller in case of any emergency.
This System also has a water sensor at the bottom of the stick and Infrared sensor for
effective obstacle detection. Designing a cost effective and efficient blind stick is the
main aim of the project. Keywords – Smart Belt, Raspberry PI, Ultrasonic Sensor.

[3] Materials / Tools required Ultrasonic sensor IR (Infrared) sensor Moisture sensor
Flame sensor Arduino Nano Buzzer & Vibrator Battery Switch Connecting Wire
Soldering Kit Software:-Proteus, Arduino IDE Chapter 2: Main Design Components 2.1
Arduino Nano Arduino Nano is one type of microcontroller board. It can be built with a
microcontroller like Atmega328. Arduino is a small size board and also flexible with a
wide variety of applications.

It does not have any DC jack so that the power supply can be given using a small USB
port otherwise straightly connected to the pins like VCC & GND. This board can be
supplied with 6 to 20volts using a mini USB port on the board.[4][5] Fig.1: Arduino nano
Pin No _Name _Type _Description _ _1-2, 5-16 _D0-D13 _I/O _Digital input/output Port 0
to 13 _ _3, 28 _RESET _Input _Reset (active low) _ _4, 29 _GND _PWR _Supply Ground _
_17 _3V3 _Output _+3.3V Output _ _18 _AREF _Input _ADC reference _ _19-26 _A0-A7
_Input _Analog input channel 0 to 7 _ _27 _+5V _Output/ Input _+5V Output or +5V
Input _ _30 _Vin _PWR _Supply Voltage _ _Pin Configurations: Arduino Nano
Specification & Features: ATmega328P Microcontroller is from 8-bit AVR family
Operating voltage is 5V Input voltage (Vin) is 7V to 12V Input/output Pins are 22 Analog
i/p pins are 6 from A0 to A5 Digital pins are 14 Power consumption is 19 Ma I/O pins DC
Current is 40 Ma Flash memory is 32 KB SRAM is 2 KB EEPROM is 1 KB CLK speed is 16
MHz Weight-7g Size of the printed circuit board is 18 X 45mm 2.2

37
Ultrasonic HC-SR 04 Sensor The ultrasonic sensor works on the principle of SONAR &
RADAR system which is used to determine the distance to an object. HC-SR-04 has an
ultrasonic transmitter, receiver and control circuit. Fig.2: Ultrasonic sensor Pin
Configuration: Vcc - +5V supply TRIG – Trigger input of sensor. Microcontroller applies
10 us trigger pulse to the ultrasonic module. ECHO – Echo output of sensor.

Microcontroller reads this pin to detect the obstacles or to find the distance. GND –
Ground. Working Principle: In Ultrasonic sensor we have to give trigger pulse, so that it
will generate ultrasound of frequency 40KHz. After generating ultrasound i.e. 8 pulses of
40KHz it makes Echo pin high. Echo pin remains high until it does not get the Echo
sound back.

So the width of Echo pin will be the time for sound to travel to the object and return
back. Once we get the time we can calculate distance as we know that speed of sound.
We need to transmit trigger pulse of at least 10 us to the sensor trigger pin. Then the
sensor automatically sends Eight 40 KHZ sound wave and wait for rising edge output at
Echo pin.

When the rising edge capture occurs at echo pin, start the timer and wait for a falling
edge on Echo pin. As soon as the falling edge is captured at the Echo pin, Read the
count of the timer. This time count is the time required by the sensor to detect an object
and return back from an object.

Now calculate distance Distance= Speed * Time The Speed of sound waves is 343 m/s.
So, Total distance= 343*Time of high (Echo) pulse/2 Total distance is divide by 2
because signal travels from sensor to object and returns to the ultrasonic sensor HC-SR-
04. [6] Specifications: Working Voltage: DC 5V. Working Current: 15Ma. Working
Frequency: 40Hz. Max Range: 4m. Min Range: 2cm.

Trigger Input Signal: 10 us Pulse. Dimension 45*20*15 mm. 2.3 Infrared (IR) Sensor: The
Principle of an IR sensor Working as an Object Detection sensor can be explain using
the Following figure: Fig.3: IR (Infrared) Sensor An Ir sensor consists of an IR LED and IR
photo diode; together they are called as photo-coupler or Opto-coupler.

Working Principle: IR sensor has a transmitter, Receiver sensor and control circuit.When
IR sensor emits radiation, it reaches the object and sum of the radiation reflect back to
the IR receiver based on the intensity of the reception by the IR receiver, the output of
the sensor is defined. [7] Specifications: Digital output Signal. Detection distance:2 to 30
cm. Comparator Chip: LM393. Working Voltage: 3-5V DC.

38
Output type: digital switch output (0 and 1). Board size: 3.2*1.4 cm. Adjustable detection
distance range. 2.4 Flame/Fire Sensor: A flame sensor is a sensor designed to detect and
respond to the presence of a flame or fire. Fig.4: Fire/Flame sensor Pin configuration: Pin
_Description _ _Vcc _3.3

– 5 V power supply _ _GND _Ground _ _D0 _Digital output _ _A0 _Analog output _ _
Working Principle: Flame or fire detection sensor is one type of IR based sensor, when
fire burns it emits a small amount of infra-red light this light will be received by the
photodiode (IR receiver) on the sensor module. Then we use an Op-Amp to check for
change in voltage across the IR Receiver, so that if a fire is detected the output pin (D0)
will give 0V (Low) and if the is no fire the output pin will be 5V (High). [8] Specifications:
Detection Range: 760 nm to 1100 nm. Operating Voltage: 3.3 V to 5 V. Max. Output
Current: 15 Ma.

Digital and Analog output. Adjustable sensitivity. Water/Moisture Sensor Water/ soil
moisture sensor FC-28, this sensor measures the volumetric content of water inside the
soil or water and give us the moisture or presence of water level as output. The sensor is
equipped with both digital and analog output, so it can be used in both analog and
digital mode. Fig.5: Soil Moisture sensor Pin configuration: Vcc: - power supply A0:-
Analog output D0:- Digital output GND:- Ground Working Principle: The soil moisture
sensor consists of two probes which are used to measure the volumetric content of
water.

The two probes allow the current to pass through the soil and then it gets the resistance
value to measure the moisture value. When there is more water, the soil will conduct
more electricity which means that there will be less resistance. Therefore, the moisture
level will be higher. Dry soil conducts electricity poorly, so when there will be less
electricity which means that there will be more resistance.

Therefore, the moisture level will be lower. [9] Specifications: Input voltage: 3.3 – 5V.
Output voltage: 0 – 4.2V. Input current: 35 Ma. Output signal: Both Anlog and Digital
Buzzer & Vibration motor Buzzer: Fig.6: Buzzer Vibration Motor: Fig.7: Vibration motor
Chapter 3: Design & Implementation 3.1 Block Diagram Fig.8: Basic block diagram Block
Diagram of smart stick is shown above, there are sensing unit is green color box.

Its different types of sensor like fire sensor, ultrasonic sensor, infrared sensor and water
sensor. Middle part of block diagram is an Arduino board with supply and the output
unit components is buzzer and vibration motor. It’s all components are the connection
with Arduino nano. Arduino nano is act as brain of the system is control all device as per
programing code. 3.2

39
Circuit Diagram Fig.9: Circuit diagram 3.3 Construction & Working This circuit is made
up with proteus professional. In this circuit diagram the main components are Arduino
nano, ultrasonic sensor, infrared sensor, flame sensor and moisture sensor. All four
sensor is sensing unit and is echo pin or digital pin is input of the Arduino nano. Output
device/components is buzzer and three vibration motors.

Construction: There are three ultrasonic sensor are connected with Arduino. All three
sensor having same 4 pin each sensor has giving same supply and ground pin. Supply
pin is 5V and ground pin is connected with GND pin. Now for sensor 1 trig pin is
connected with D0 and Echo pin is connected with D1, for sensor 2 trig pin is connected
with D3 and Echo pin is connected with D2 and for sensor 3 trig pin is connected withD5
and Echo pin is connected with D4.

IR (Infrared) sensor is has three pin also some infrared sensor has four pin accept A0 but
we use only three pin Infrared sensor. It pins is GND, OUT and VCC, VCC pin is
connected with 5V supply, GND pin is connected with GND pin and the out pin is
connected is D13. Flame/fire sensor has also three pin as IR sensor it GND and VCC pin
is connected with GND and 5V pin and out pin is connected with D6 pin.

For Soil Moisture sensor, it has four pin VCC, GND, A0 and D0. It’s VCC and GND pin is
connected with 5V and GND and D0 pin is connected with Arduino pin D12 and the A0
pin is not connected anywhere because we use digital output and A0 pin is analog
output of sensor. Arduino is connected with USB or 5V supply.

Working: As shown the circuit diagram, there are three ultrasonic sensor and it
connected with stick. Ultrasonic sensor is detect obstacles. One ultrasonic sensor is
detect left side of the users, second one is detect the front of user and third sensor is
detect right side of user. Now this sensor is give output as vibration to users if any
obstacles is detected.

There are three vibration motor is used for the vibration each motor for each ultrasonic
sensor for left, right and front and it connected with handle of stick. Now IR sensor or
infrared sensor is second most useful sensor. It is connected with stick in below side. It is
sensing the pit and big stones and its output as a blipping buzzer for one time when the
any pits or big stones are comes in blow stick.

For a Flame sensor, it is connected middle of stick and it is detect the fire in front of
users. Its detail working is shown above in components section, when the any type of
fire is comes in range of fire sensor it detected and give an alerts from buzzer with two

40
time blipping sound. The last sensor which we use for water detection, it is soil moisture
sensor. It is connected last end of the stick.

When any water or moisture soil is connect with end of stick it detect it and give alerts
sound. It alerts sound is three time blipping of buzzer. It’s all sensing and giving alerts is
doing or decide the Arduino nano. It is brain of the system and it control all sensor
according the code. So the main and most part of the system is Arduino. Chapter 4:
Simulation, Result and Advantages Simulation: Fig.10 Smart stick simulation Result of
Simulation: Smart blind stick simulation is doing in proteus professional and the
programming code is write in the Arduino IDE Software.

This project simulation is not working because of incomplete and failure of

programming code. Advantages: Auto detection. Simple to use. Low power
Consumption. Light Weight. Less accident will be accrued from the blind people. Having
feature to give indicate right path. Auto alertness system. Easily walk to destination
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Scope Conclusion: The main purpose of this study is
to produce a prototype that can detect objects or obstacles in front, Left and Right of
users and feeds warning back, in the forms of Buzzer Sound and vibration to users.

Combination of ultrasonic sensors, IR (Infrared) Sensor, Flame/Fire Sensor,

Water/Moisture sensor and a Arduino nano (microcontroller) function for detection of
obstacles, pits, Fire and water in front of Users. This project is to people with disabilities
that are blind to facilitate the movement and increase safety. Future Work: Correct the
programming code. Implementation Hardware model. Add Rechargeable battery with
solar cell. Voice navigation system.

Future Scope: Implement GPS/GSM system Add music system or radio for entertainment
to users. The braille input device gives the blind person to provide the destination
address for navigation. Chapter 6: References World Health Organization, “Visual
Impairment and Blindness” Key facts, 11 October 2018 Abhishek Bhokare, Amruta
Amberkar, Anvesh Gawde, Pratham Kale, Abhijeet Pasi "Ultrasonic Blind Walking Stick"
International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and
Communication ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 4 Issue: 1 ,Department of Information
Technology Engineering Shah & Anchor Kutchhi Polytechnic.

Pratik N K, Poornesh V, Shashikant, Shreedhar Kudva & Saritha A N "SMART BLIND

STICK" International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology Vol.
(9)Issue(3), pp.273-275. Data sheet of Arduino nano https://www.elprocus.com/an-
overview-of-arduino-nano-board/ https://www.electronicwings.com/sensors-
modules/ultrasonic-module- hc-sr04 https://www.electronicshub.org/ir-sensor/

41
https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/arduino-flame-sensor-interfacing
http://www.circuitstoday.com/arduino-soil-moisture-sensor
https://electronicsforu.com/electronics-projects/smart-stick-using-arduino-ultrasonic
Chapter 7: Appendix 7.1 AEIOU Canvas / Fig.11 AEIOU Canvas
Environment: Eco – Friendly No pollution Winter Sunny Interactions: Interact with blind
people Dealer interact with costumers Designer interact with blind people Owner
interact with advertiser Objectives: To detect obstacles To detect water To detect fire To
detect pit To alert blind people Activities: Walking/crossing road Movement of vehicles
Cycling Go for walk Traffic signals Playing games Users: Blind people Designer
Engineering 7.2 Empathy Canvas / Fig.12 Empathy canvas User: Blind people
Stakeholders: Manufactures Directors Sellers Producers Activities: Waling/crossing the
road Movement of vehicles Traffic signal Cycling Playing game Story Boarding Happy
Story 1). 

Ramjikaka was blind, whenever he walked on road or street one person always stayed
with him and always helped to ramjikaka in every situation. So, Ramjikaka didn't suffer
from problems and he was comfortable and happy with life. 2). Ankit was a 16 years old
and he was blind by born. He almost stayed home and he had habits to recognize
things by mindset.

Almost he did not required gone outside from home but whenever he gone outside
from home he got helped from his family and also he had stick. So, he was comfortable
and happy with it. Sad story:  1). Prakashbhai walked On the road with simple stick,
when he was crossed the road at that time car hated to prakashbhai, so he had fracture 
to his leg than he  realized and thinker that any devices  was available, so it can very
beneficial. 2).

Nareshkaka walked in street, at that time one big pit came in front of him so he fall
down because of that pit and he was injured on shoulder because he used simple stick
and he can detect that pit and he was very sad about that situation. 7.3 Ideation
Canvas / Fig.13 Ideation Canvas People: Blind people Engineering Dealer Student seller
Activities: Walking/crossing road Movement of vehicles Traffic signal Go for walk Playing
game Cycling Situation/Context/Location: Rainy Winter Summer Home On road
Hospitals Pros/Possible Solution: Arduino Nano IR sensor Ultrasonic sensor Fire/Flame
sensor Water/Soil moisture sensor Buzzer Vibrator 7.4 Product Development Canvas /
Fig.14 Product Development Canvas Purpose: Help to blind people Alertness to blind
people Mobility of blind people Safety of bind people People: Blind people Engineering
Students Designer Product Functions: Right direction Left direction Front direction To
detect fire To detect water To detect obstacles Product Features: Ultrasonic sensor IR
sensor Fire/flame sensor Water/soil moisture sensor Components: Arduino nano

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Ultrasonic sensor IR sensor Water sensor Fire sensor Buzzer & Vibrator Battery 7.5
Certificate Obtained from Plagiarism Checking.

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