SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF
THE SUBJECT
CE 527
BRIDGE ENGINEERING

BY:
GAETOS, KRISTAN RAE Y.
PRIMERO, JOSHUAC.
UGALDE, BERLEI MHAR N.

TO:
ENGR. ROMSAN D. LOPEZ, BSCE
 BRIDGE SITE

SITE LOCATION: LA TRINIDAD, BENGUET

 PROPOSE SLAB BRIDGE

Redesign of Balili Bridge in La Trinidad Benguet

We are proposing a slab bridge to replace the Balili Bridge in La Trinidad, Benguet. Slab bridge is
the most common form of concrete bridge. Slab bridge have the properties of simplicity,
economy, and fast construction. Moreover, slab bridges use simple formworks. Stirrups, and
web reinforcement is not needed in this type of bridge. Additionally, the cost for a typical 20-
meter slab bridge is about 20 million pesos. Moreover, this will benefit the residents, motorist,
including farmers, delivering their vegetables at the center of La Trinidad. On the other hand,
Balili Bridge will be up for further repairs this year according to the Department of Public Works
and Highways (DPWH). An additional P8.5 million will be earmarked for the repair of the more
than 50-year-old bridge where close to P10 million was allotted last year for the retrofitting of
the bridge connecting Km. 6 and Barangay Cruz of La Trinidad which is a major road used by
travelers going to other parts of Benguet and Mountain Province. (Alimondo, 2020).
Benguet 1st District on July 29, 2019 said the Balili Bridge has shown signs of weakening,
transverse cracks, and scouring has developed on the concrete deck due to wear and tear.
(Alimondo, 2019).
Therefore, this study is relevant because the Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH) is planning to repair the Balili Bridge this year. Hence, to redesign the bridge is helpful
most especially the design is a slab bridge. Moreover, a slab bridge is easy to construct, needs
less time, and low cost. Thus, the repair will not be a burden to the people. References:
METHODOLOGY

Some bridges were designed in a way that the piers (supports) are very far apart which
will entail the member to undergo deflection. This will be the basis of the design due to the
advantage stated that, the deflection of a member will be greatly reduced by pre-stressing the
concrete.
According to AASHTO 2012, concrete decks must be designed in accordance to Strength
I limit state and are typically designed as tension-controlled reinforced concrete elements.
Moreover, concrete decks are required to satisfy the requirements for Service I limit state in
order to manage excessive deformation and cracking. The deck overhang shall be designed for
Extreme Event II. Concrete decks supported by multi-girder systems are not required to be
analyze for the fatigue limit state.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Typical set up for bridge decks includes deck, overhang, wearing surface, railings.
According to 9.7.1.1 (AASHTO 2012) the minimum depth of a concrete deck can be determined
using Table 2.5.2.6.3-1 and should not be less than 175mm. Concrete cover can be determined
in accordance with Table 5.12.3-1.
Whereas the minimum edge thickness for concrete deck overhangs shall be taken as:

 200 mm – overhangs supporting deck-mounted post systems

 300 mm – side-mounted post system
 200 mm – overhangs supporting concrete parapets or barriers
The thickness of the wearing surface can be logically and technically assumed. Table 3.5.1-1
presents the different density values of desired material.
According to 13.7.3.2 & 13.7.2 (AASHTO 2012) the minimum height of a traffic parapet or
railing must be 810mm for a TL-4 (Test Level Four) criteria. TL-4 is taken to be generally
acceptable for the majority of applications on high speed highways, freeways, expressways, and
Interstate highways with a mixture of trucks and heavy vehicles. With these specifications, the
parapet and the island (lane divider) will have the following dimensions:

Figure 1 (Parapet)
 Figure 2 (Island)
DEAD LOAD:
The dead load will be computed into four (4) major parts:

I. Weight of deck
II. Weight of overhang
III. Weight of wearing surface
IV. Weight of non-structural components (parapet, island)
A 1m strip will be considered in computing for the dead load. The loads subjected by the deck
(𝑞𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘), Overhang (𝑞𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔), Wearing surface (𝑞𝐹𝑊𝑆) will be computed using the equation:

𝒒 = 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 (𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔)(𝟏𝒎)

Whereas the non-structural component (parapet and island) will be computed using the
equation:
𝑷𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒕 = 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 (𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂) (𝟏𝒎)
𝐾𝑁
Where: 𝑞 = load of each component, 𝑚

𝑃 = load of parapet and island, 𝐾𝑁

𝐾𝑁
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒= 23.6 (Table 3.5.1-1)
𝑚3

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎= Cross sectional area of parapet and island (Figure 1 & 2)

LIVE LOAD:
Unfactored live load moments including multiple factors and dynamic load allowance are
obtained using Table A4-1, wherein linear interpolation is valid. According to AASHTO 2012
(4.6.2.1.6). For negative flexure, the design sections are located at:

a) Face of the support for monolithic concrete construction

1
b) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ from the centerline of the support for steel girders
4
1
c) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ ≤ 15𝑖𝑛 from centerline of the support for precast I-girders of
3
open-box girders.

The computed loads will then be plotted/placed on their respective position along the span of
the slab.
For easier computation of the moments a uniform 1KN/m uniform load will be assumed in
computing the maximum negative and positive moment (±𝑞′). Due to the member having a
continuous span, the Three-Moment Equation will be the most suitable equation for the
situation.

𝑀𝐴𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝑀𝑐𝐿2 6𝐴1𝑎1 ℎ1 ℎ3

+ 2𝑀𝐵 [ + ] + + = 6𝐸𝐼 [ + ]
𝐼1 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼2 𝐿1𝐼1 𝐿1 𝐿2
Three-Moment Equation
Taking into consideration the computed moments of the assumed 1KN/m uniform load, the
total moment of each element will then be multiplied (𝑀𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘, 𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔, 𝑀𝐹𝑊𝑆)

±𝑴𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒌 = 𝑞𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘(±𝑞′)
±𝑴𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈 = 𝑞𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔(±𝑞′)

±𝑴𝑭𝑾𝑺 = 𝑞𝐹𝑊𝑆 (±𝑞′)

The concentrated load of a parapet will be plotted along the deck accordingly at a distance
from the edge of the overhang to the centroid of the parapet as shown (Figure 1).
Similarly, the moment due to the railing and island (𝑀𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑀𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑) will be computed using
Three-Moment Equation.

From those computations, the ultimate moment (𝑀𝑢) to be utilized in the design can be
computed using the equation and Table 3.4.1-1 &3.4.1-2:
𝑴𝒖 = [𝜸𝒑𝑫𝑪 + 𝜸𝒑𝑫𝑾 + 𝜸𝒑𝑳𝑳(𝑴𝒍𝒍+𝑰𝑴)]

n = 𝑛𝐷𝑛𝑅𝑛𝐼 ≥ .95
Where:

𝛾𝑃 = Load factor for Strength Limit I (Table 3.4.1-1 & Table 3.4.1-2)

𝐷𝐶 = Moment of non-structural and structural components (+𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔 + (𝑀𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 +

𝑀𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑) + 𝑀𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 )

𝐷𝑊 = Moment of wearing surface (𝑀𝐹𝑊𝑆)

𝐿𝐿(𝑀𝐿𝐿+𝐼𝑀) = unfactored live load moment (Table A4-1)

𝑛 = load modifier

𝑛𝐷 = factor relating to ductility

𝑛𝑅 = factor relating to redundancy

𝑛𝐼 = factor relating to importance

According to 1.3.3, 1.3.4, 1.3.5 (AASTO 2012):

𝒏𝑫 ≥ 1.05 for nonductile components and connections

= 1.00 for conventional designs and details complying with these Specifications
≥ .95 for components and connections for which additional ductility-enhancing measures have
been specified beyond those required by these Specifications

𝑛𝐷= 1.00 for all other limit states

𝒏𝑹 ≥ 1.05 for nonredundant members

= 1.00 for conventional levels of redundancy
≥ .95 for exceptional levels of redundancy
𝑛𝑅 = 1.00 for all other limit states

𝒏𝑰 ≥ 1.05 for important bridges

= 1.00 for typical bridges
≥ .95 for relatively less important bridges.
𝑛𝐼 = 1.00 for all other limit states

References:
AASHTO. 2012. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. Customary SI Units, 2012,
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
Chen, W. & Duan, L. (Ed.) 2014. Bridge engineering handbook: Superstructure design.
CRC Press.

Alimondo, L. (2019, August 14). DPWH: Balili Bridge 'repairable'. Retrieved from
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1818726

Alimondo, L. (2020, January 18). Further repairs up for Balili Bridge. Retrieved from
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1840540
BRIDGE DECK DIMENSIONS:
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
𝑓𝑐, = 28 MPa
𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 50𝑚𝑚 (Table 5.12.3-1)

𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 25𝑚𝑚 (Table 5.12.3-1)

𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑆 = 4𝑚 = 4000𝑚𝑚
𝑆+3000
Thickness of deck (𝒕𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒌)= ≥ 165𝑚𝑚 (Table 2.5.2.6.3-1)
30
4000+3000
= = 233𝑚𝑚 ≥ 165𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑂𝐾!
30

Thickness of overhang (𝒕𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈) = 200 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 (C13.7.31.2)

∴ For uniformity 𝒕𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒌 = 𝒕𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈 = 240 𝑚𝑚

Thickness of wearing surface (𝒕𝑭𝑾𝑺) = 80 𝑚𝑚 (𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑)

𝑘𝑔
Use bituminous material for wearing surface, 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 2250 𝑚3 (Table 3.5.1-1)
𝑘𝑁
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡= 23.6
𝑚3
𝑘𝑁
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐= 22.07
𝑚3
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
𝒒𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒌 = 23.6 3 (. 240𝑚)(1𝑚) = 5.664
𝑚 𝑚
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
𝒒𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈 = 23.6 3 (. 240𝑚)(1𝑚) = 5.664
𝑚 𝑚
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
𝒒 = 22.07 (. 80)(1𝑚) = 1.766
𝑭𝑾𝑺 𝑚3 𝑚

For Parapet:
1
𝐴𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑡 = .5(1𝑚) − (.2𝑚)(.7𝑚)
2
𝐴𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑡 = . 43𝑚2
𝑘𝑁
∴ 𝑃𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑡 = 23.6 (.43𝑚2)(1𝑚)
𝑚3
𝑷𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵
Centroid of Parapet: (Taken about the right end)
1 2
. 43𝑚2𝑥 = .5(. 3𝑚)(. 25𝑚) + .3𝑚(. 7𝑚)(. 35𝑚) + (. 2𝑚)(.7𝑚) ( 𝑚)
2 15
𝒙 =. 𝟐𝟖𝒎 ≈. 𝟑𝟎𝒎 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑

For Island:
. 6𝑚 + 1𝑚
𝐴𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 1(. 3𝑚) + (.7𝑚)
2
𝐴𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 = .86𝑚2
𝑘𝑁
∴ 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 23.6 (.86𝑚2)(1𝑚)
𝑚3
𝑷𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝑵
Centroid of Island:

Since it is symmetrical, the centroid is located at

the middle (𝒙 =. 𝟓𝒎 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠)

Maximum Positive Unfactored Live Load Moment (+𝑴𝑳𝑳+𝑰𝑴)

Spacing = 4000mm
𝑁−𝑚𝑚
+𝑀𝐿𝐿+𝐼𝑀 = 38970 (Table A4-1)
𝑚𝑚
𝒌𝑵−𝒎
+𝑴𝑳𝑳+𝑰𝑴 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟗𝟕𝟎
𝒎

Maximum Negative Unfactored Live Load

Moment (−𝑴𝑳𝑳+𝑰𝑴)

Use W36x720
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 136129𝑚𝑚2
𝑑 = 1046.32𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑤 = 54.99𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑓 = 451.49𝑚𝑚

𝑡𝑓 = 99.06𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝟏
𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝒃 (AASHTO 2012 (4.6.2.1.6))
𝟒 𝒇

1 1
∴ 𝑏𝑓 = (451.49𝑚𝑚) = 112.87𝑚𝑚
4 4

Use Table A4-1 to get (−𝑴𝑳𝑳+𝑰𝑴)

Spacing = 4000 mm (Use linear interpolation)
150 − 112.87 150 − 75
=
43950 − (−𝑀𝐿𝐿+𝐼𝑀) 43950 − 47870
𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
(−𝑀𝐿𝐿+𝐼𝑀) = 45890.66
𝑚𝑚
𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
(−𝑴𝑳𝑳+𝑰𝑴) = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟖𝟗𝟏
𝒎

𝒌𝑵
Considering 𝟏 𝒎 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈, 𝑴𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈, 𝑴𝑭𝑾𝑺

SPAN AB & BC
𝑀𝐿 + 2𝑀 (𝐿 + 𝐿 ) + 𝑀 𝐿 𝑤 𝐿1 3 𝑤𝐿23
+ + =
𝐴1 𝐵 1 2 𝐶 2 4 4
0
4𝑀 + 2𝑀 (4 + 4) + 4𝑀 1( 43) 1 (43)
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 + + =0
4 4

4𝑀𝐴 + 16𝑀𝐵 + 4𝑀𝐶 = −32

FOR 𝑴𝑨

∑M𝐴= 0 ↺ +
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐸 − 1(2)(1) = −2 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
4𝑀𝐴 + 16𝑀𝐵 + 4𝑀𝐶 = −32
4(−2) + 16𝑀𝐵 + 4𝑀𝐶 = -32
16𝑀𝐵 + 4𝑀𝐶 = -24 1
−24 − 4𝑀𝐶
𝑀𝐵 =
16

SPAN BC & CD
4𝑀𝐵 + 16𝑀𝐶 + 4𝑀𝐷 = -32
2

SPAN CD & DE
4𝑀𝐶 + 16𝑀𝐷 = -24
−24 − 4𝑀𝐶
𝑀𝐷 =
16 3

𝑴𝑩 & 𝑴𝑫 @ 2
−24−4𝑀𝐶
4(
−24−4𝑀 𝐶
) + 16𝑀 + 4( ) = -32
16 𝐶 16

−6 − 𝑀𝐶 + 16𝑀𝐶 − 6 − 𝑀𝐶 = −32
14𝑀𝐶 = −20
−20 −10
𝑀𝐶 = = 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
14 7
𝑴𝑪 @ 𝑴𝑩 & 𝑴𝑫
−10
−24−4( 7 ) −8
𝑀𝐵= 16
= 𝑘𝑁
7
−𝑚
−10
−24−4( 7 ) −8
𝑀𝐷= 16
= 𝑘𝑁
7
−𝑚
SUMMARY OF MOMENTS
𝑀𝐴 = −2𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
8
𝑀𝐵 = − 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
7
10
𝑀𝐶 = − 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
7
8
𝑀𝐷 = − 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
7
𝑀𝐸 = −2𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

SOLVING FOR REACTIONS

∑𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ + ∑𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ +
𝑅𝐴′𝐴 = (1)(2) = 2 𝑘𝑁 𝑅𝐴𝐵 − 1(4) = 𝑅𝐵𝐴 = 0
25
𝑅𝐵𝐴 = 𝑘𝑁
14
∑𝑀𝐵 = 0 ↺ +
8
1(4)(2) + 2 − − 𝑅𝐴𝐵(4) = 0
7
31
𝑅𝐴𝐵 = 𝑘𝑁 ∑𝑀𝐶 = 0 ↺ +
14 8 10
1(4)(2) − 𝑅𝐵𝐶(4) + − = 0
7 7
27
𝑅𝐵𝐶 = 𝑘𝑁
14
∑𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ + 27
𝑅𝐷𝐶 = 𝑘𝑁
14
𝑅𝐵𝐶 − 1(4) + 𝑅𝐶𝐵 = 0
27
− 1(4) + 𝑅𝐶𝐵 = 0 ∑𝑀 = 0 ↺ +
14 𝐸
29 8
𝑅𝐶𝐵 = 𝑘𝑁 1(4)(2) − 𝑅𝐷𝐸 (4) + − 2 = 0
14 7
∑𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ +
∑𝑀𝐷 = 0 ↺ + 𝑅𝐷𝐸 − 1(4) + 𝑅𝐸𝐷 = 0
10 8 25
1(4)(2) − 𝑅𝐶𝐷(4) + − =0 − 1(4) + 𝑅𝐸𝐷 = 0
7 7 14
29 31
𝑅𝐶𝐷 = 𝑘𝑁 𝑅𝐸𝐷 = 𝑘𝑁
14 14
∑𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ +
𝑅𝐶𝐷 − 1(4) + 𝑅𝐷𝐶 = 0 ∑𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ +
39 𝑅𝐸′𝐸 = (1)(2) = 2 𝑘𝑁
− 1(4) + 𝑅 =0
𝐷𝐶
14
25
𝑅𝐷𝐸 = 𝑘𝑁
14
SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
59
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑘𝑁
14
26
𝑅𝐵 = 𝑘𝑁
7
29
𝑅𝐶 = 𝑘𝑁
7
26
𝑅𝐷 = 𝑘𝑁
7
59
𝑅𝐸 = 𝑘𝑁
14
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM
For 𝑴𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒕 + 𝑴𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒅

@SPAN AB & BC

𝑀𝐿 + 2𝑀 (𝐿 + 𝐿 ) + 𝑀 𝐿 + 6𝐴1𝑎1 + 6𝐴2𝑏2 = 0
𝐴1 𝐵 1 2 𝐶2
𝐿1 𝐿2
4𝑀𝐴 + 2𝑀(4 + 4) + 4𝑀𝐶 = 0
4𝑀𝐴 + 16𝑀𝐵 + 4𝑀𝐶 = 0

FOR 𝑴𝑨

∑M𝐴 = 0 ↺ +
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐸 − 10.148(1.70) = −17.2516 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
4𝑀𝐴 + 16𝑀𝐵 + 4𝑀𝐶 = 0
4(−17.2516) + 16𝑀𝐵 + 4𝑀𝐶 = 0
16𝑀𝐵 + 4𝑀𝐶 = 69.0064 1
69.0064 − 4𝑀𝐶
𝑀𝐵 =
16

@SPAN BC & CD
4𝑀𝐵 + 16𝑀𝐶 + 4𝑀𝐷 = 0 2

@SPAN CD & DE

4𝑀𝐶 + 16𝑀𝐷 = 69.0064 3

69.0064 − 4𝑀𝐶
𝑀𝐷 =
16
𝑴𝑩 & 𝑴𝑫 @ 2
69.0064−4𝑀𝐶 69.0064−4𝑀𝐶
4( 16
) + 16𝑀 +
𝐶 4( 16
) =0

17.2516 − 𝑀𝐶 + 16𝑀𝐶 + 17.2516 − 𝑀𝐶 = 0

14𝑀𝐶 = −34.5032
−34.5032
𝑀𝐶 = = −2.4645 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
14

𝑴 𝑪 @ 𝑴 𝑩& 𝑴 𝑫
69.0064−4(−2.4645)
𝑀𝐵 = 16
= 4.2920𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
69.0064−4(−2.4645)
𝑀𝐷 = 16
= 4.9290 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

MOMENTS SUMMARY
𝑀𝐴 = −17.2516 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝐵 = 4.9290 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝐶 = −2.4645 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝐷 = 4.9290 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝐸 = −17.2516 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
SOLVING FOR REACTIONS

∑𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ + ∑F𝑉 = 0 ↑ +
𝑅𝐴′𝐴 − 10.148 = 0 𝑅𝐴𝐵 + 𝑅𝐵𝐴 = 0
𝑅𝐴′𝐴 = 10.148 𝑘𝑁 𝑅𝐵𝐴 = −5.5452 𝑘𝑁

∑M𝐵 = 0 ↺ + ∑M𝐶 = 0 ↺ +
17.2516 + 4.9290 − 𝑅𝐴(4) = 0 −4.9290 − 2.4645 − 𝑅𝐵(4) = 0
22.1806 −7.3935
𝑅𝐴𝐵 = 𝑅𝐵𝐶 =
4 4
𝑅𝐴𝐵 = 5.5452 𝑘𝑁 𝑅𝐵𝐶 = −1.8484 𝑘𝑁
∑𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ + −1.8484 + 𝑅𝐶𝐵 = 0
𝑅𝐵𝐶 + 𝑅𝐶𝐵 = 0 𝑅𝐶𝐵 = 1.8484 𝑘𝑁
 −22.1806
𝑅𝐷𝐸 = 𝑘𝑁
4
∑M𝐷 = 0 ↺ +
𝑅𝐷𝐸 = −5.5452 𝑘𝑁
4.9290 + 2.4645 − 𝑅𝐶(4) = 0
𝑅𝐶𝐷 = 1.8484 𝑘𝑁
∑𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ +
𝑅𝐷𝐸 + 𝑅𝐸𝐷 = 0
∑𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ +
−5.5452 + 𝑅𝐸𝐷 = 0
𝑅𝐶𝐷 + 𝑅𝐷𝐶 = 0
𝑅𝐸𝐷 = 5.5452 𝑘𝑁
1.8484 + 𝑅𝐷𝐶 = 0
𝑅𝐷𝐶 = −1.8484 𝑘𝑁
∑𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ +
𝑅𝐸′𝐸 − 10.148 = 0
∑M𝐸 = 0 ↺ +
𝑅𝐸′𝐸 = 10.148𝑘𝑁
−17.2516 − 4.9290 − 𝑅𝐷(4) = 0
REACTIONS SUMMARY
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝐴′𝐴 + 𝑅𝐴𝐵 = 10.148 + 5.5452 = 15.6932 𝑘𝑁
𝑅𝐵 = 𝑅𝐵𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵𝐶 = −5.5452 − 1.8484 = −7.3936 𝑘𝑁 (Wrong Assumed Direction)
𝑅𝐶 = 𝑅𝐶𝐵 + 20.296 + 𝑅𝐶𝐷 = 1.8484 + 20.296 + 1.8484 = 23.9928 𝑘𝑁
𝑅𝐷 = 𝑅𝐷𝐶 + 𝑅𝐷𝐸 = −1.8484 − 5.5452 = −7.3936 𝑘𝑁 (Wrong Assumed Direction)
𝑅𝐸 = 𝑅𝐸𝐷 + 𝑅𝐸′𝐸 = 5.5452 + 10.148 = 15.6932 𝑘𝑁

SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM

Positive Dead Load Moments
𝑘𝑁 281
Maximum positive moment considering 1 𝑚
uniform loading = 392
𝑘𝑁 281 2
𝑀 = 5.664 ( 𝑚 )
𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘
𝑚 392
𝑴𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒌 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑘𝑁 281 2
( 𝑚 )
𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔 = 5.664 392
𝑚
𝑴𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑘𝑁 281 2
𝑀 = 1.766 ( 𝑚 )
𝐹𝑊𝑆
𝑚 392
𝑴𝑭𝑾𝑺 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
(𝑴𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 + 𝑴𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒅) = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

Negative Dead Load Moments

𝑘𝑁
Maximum negative moment considering 1 𝑚
uniform loading = −2
𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘 = 5.664 (−2 𝑚2)
𝑚
𝑴𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒌 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔 = 5.664 (−2 𝑚2)
𝑚
𝑴𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝐹𝑊𝑆 = 1.766 (−2 𝑚2)
𝑚
𝑴𝑭𝑾𝑺 = −𝟑. 𝟓𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

(𝑴𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 + 𝑴𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒅) = −𝟏𝟕. 𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

Positive and Negative Factored Moments

𝑴𝒖 = 𝒏[𝜸𝒑𝑫𝑪 + 𝜸𝒑𝑫𝑾 + 𝜸𝒑𝑳𝑳(𝑴𝒍𝒍+𝑰𝑴)]

𝐧 = 𝒏𝑫𝒏𝑹𝒏𝑰 ≥. 𝟗𝟓
where:
𝛾𝑝 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝐶 = 1.25 (Table 3.4.1-1 & 3.4.1-2)

𝛾𝑝 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑊 = 1.50 (Table 3.4.1-1 & 3.4.1-2)

𝛾𝑝 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝐿 = 1.75 (Table 3.4.1-1 & 3.4.1-2)

𝑛𝐷, 𝑛𝑅, 𝑛𝐼 = 1 (Table 1.3.3, 1.3.4, 1.3.5)

∴ 𝑛𝐷𝑛𝑅𝑛𝐼 = 1 ≥ .95
𝑛=1

+𝑀𝑈 = 1[1.25(4.06 + 4.06 + 4.9290) + 1.5(1.27) + 1.75(38.87)]

+𝑴𝑼 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟒𝟏 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
−𝑀𝑈 = 1[1.25(11.38 + 11.38 + 17.2516) + 1.5(3.532) + 1.75(45.891)]
−𝑴𝑼 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓. 𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

DESIGN USING REINFORCED CONCRETE

Top cover = 50mm
Bottom cover = 25mm

Thickness = 240mm
𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑐′ = 28𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛽1 = .85
S = 4m – 2(50mm) = 3.9 m

Moment due to dead load:

𝐾𝑁
DL = [(0.24)(23.6) + 1.2](1𝑚) = 6.864
𝑚

𝑤𝑠2 (6.864)3.92
MDL = = = 10.440 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
10 10

3.9+2 10
MLL = 0.8[ ] = 10.62 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
32

MLL+I = 10.62 (1.3) = 13.806 KN.m

Mu = 1.3 MDL + 2.17 MLL
Mu = 1.3 (10.44) + 2.17 (13.806) = 43.531 KN.m
Slab depth = 240 mm
Sacrificial surface = 50 mm
Bottom cover = 25 mm
Bar dia. = 28 mm

d = 240 – 50 – 25 – 28 = 137 mm
(28)2(1000)
𝐴𝑠 = = 3078.762 sq. m
4(200)
3078.761 (415)
a= = 53.68 𝑚𝑚
0.85(28)(1000)
53.68
𝛷𝑀𝑛 = 0.9(3078.761)(415) (137 − ) = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝑲𝑵. 𝒎> Mu
2
Try D16mm @ 250 mm
d = 240 – 50 – 25 – 16 = 167 mm
(16)2(1000)
𝐴𝑠 = = 𝟖𝟎𝟒. 𝟐𝟓 𝒔𝒒 𝒎𝒎
4(250)

804.31(415)
𝑎= = 14.02 𝑚𝑚
0.85(28)(1000)
14.02 𝑲𝑵
𝛷𝑀𝑛 = .9 (804.31)(415) (167 − ) = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟎𝟔 > 45.531 OK!
2 𝒎

DISTRIBUTION OF STEEL IN BOTTOM SLAB

𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟐𝟎
D= = = 111.4 > 67 %
√𝑺 √𝟑.𝟗

Distribution steel = AS(.67)

=804.25 (.67) = 538.85 sq.mm per meter
Therefore: use D16 spaced at 250 mm
DESIGN OF GIRDERS
L = 20m
Md = 208.8 KNm
Ml = 28 MPa
fci’ = 29 MPa
fc’ = 35 MPa
fpu = 1860 MPa
fpy = 1676 MPa
R = 0.85

APPROXIMATE DEPTH OF GIRDER (h)

H = 0.075 (L)
= 0.075 (20000mm)
= 1500mm

APPROXIMATE SELF WEIGHT OF GIRDER (Wg)

Wg = 0.007ℎ2
0.007(15002)
= = 15.75 KN/m
1000
𝑤𝑙2 15.75 (20)2 𝐾𝑁
Mg = = = 787.5
8 8 𝑚

ACI LIMITS
fci = 0.6(28) = -16.8 MPa
fti = 0.25 √28 = 1.3229 MPa
fcs = 0.6(35) = -21 MPa
fct = 0.62 √35 = 3.68 MPa
(1 − 0.85)(787.5 + 208.8 + 276.12)
𝑆1 = = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟐𝟓𝟕
0.85 𝑥 1.3229 + 21

(1 − 0.85)(787.5 + 208.8 + 276.12)

𝑆2 = = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟕𝟕
3.68 − 0.85 − 16.8

𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎√𝟑𝟓
be = = 𝟓𝟓𝟗. 𝟎𝟏𝟕 𝒎𝒎 ~ 𝟓𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎√𝟐𝟖
A = 250(500) + 2(.5)(160)(125)+520(250)
+2(.5)(220)(100)+350*400)
A = 437000 sq. mm. ~ 0.437 sq.m.

ACTUAL WEIGHT (Wg)

Wg = 0.437(2400)(9.81/1000)
= 10.29 KN/m
10.29(20)2 𝑲𝑵
Mg = 8
= 𝟓𝟏𝟒. 𝟓 𝒎

LOCATION OF CENTROID (y)

𝟓𝟎𝟎(𝟐𝟓𝟎)(𝟏𝟐𝟓) + 𝟗𝟎𝟎(𝟐𝟓𝟎)(𝟕𝟎𝟎) + 𝟑𝟓𝟎(𝟒𝟎𝟎)(𝟖𝟕𝟓)

𝒚=
𝟓𝟎𝟎(𝟐𝟓𝟎) + 𝟗𝟎𝟎(𝟐𝟓𝟎) + 𝟑𝟓𝟎(𝟒𝟎𝟎)
C1 = y = 1028.26 mm
C2 = 1500 – 1028.26 = 471.74 mm

MOMENT OF INERTIA
500(250)3
𝐼=[ + 500(250)(1028.26 − 125)2]
12
250(900)3
+[ + 900(250)(1028.26 − 700 − 450)2]
12
400(350)3 350
+[ + 400(350)(1028.26 − 700 − 450 − )2]
12 2
𝐼 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏𝒎𝒎𝟒
1.35𝑥1011𝑚𝑚4
𝑆1 = = 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟑
1028.26𝑚𝑚
1.35𝑥1011𝑚𝑚4
𝑆2 = = 𝟐𝟖𝟓. 𝟗𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟑
471.42𝑚𝑚
SELECTION OF TENDONS
𝐶1
𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑖 = 𝑓𝑡𝑖 − (𝑓𝑡𝑖 − 𝑓𝑐𝑖)
ℎ
1028.26
𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑖 = 1.3229 − (1.3229 + 16.8)
1500
𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑖 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂

INITIAL PRESTRESSING FORCE, Pi

𝑃𝑖 = 𝐴𝑐(𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑖)
437000(−11.10)
𝑃𝑖 =
1000
𝑃𝑖 = |−4850.9 𝐾𝑁|
𝑃𝑖 = 𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟎. 𝟗 𝑲𝑵

STRESS IN THE PRE-STRESSING AT FAILURE

= 0.74 (1860) = 1376.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎
= 0.82 (1676) = 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟒. 𝟑𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑓𝑝𝑠 = 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟒. 𝟑𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂

AREA OF PRE-STRESSING STEEL

𝑃𝑖
𝐴𝑝𝑠 = (1000)
𝑓𝑝𝑠
4850.9
𝐴𝑝𝑠 = (1000)
1374.32
𝐴𝑝𝑠 = 𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟗. 𝟔𝟕 𝒔𝒒. 𝒎𝒎
Try D13mm; A=98.7 sq.mm

# of strands (n)
𝐴𝑝𝑠 3529.67 𝑚𝑚2
𝑛= =
𝐴𝑠𝑡 98.7𝑚𝑚2
𝑛 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟕 ~ 𝟑𝟔 𝒑𝒄𝒔

∴ 𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑽𝑰𝑫𝑬 𝟔 𝑻𝑬𝑵𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑺 𝑶𝑭 𝟕 𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑨𝑵𝑫𝑺 𝑬𝑨𝑪𝑯

APPROXIMATE ECCENTRICITY OF TENDONS

𝑆1 𝑀𝑔
𝑒𝑚 = (𝑓𝑡𝑖 − 𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑖 ) ( ) + 𝑃𝑖
𝑃𝑖
131.21𝑥106 514.5𝑥106
𝑒𝑚 = (1.3229 − 11.1 ) ( ) +
4850.9𝑥103 4850.9𝑥103
𝑒𝑚 = 𝟑𝟑𝟔. 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝒎𝒎

AT TRANSFER STAGE
𝒇𝟏 = 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒐𝒑
−𝑷𝒊 𝑷𝒊(𝒆)(𝑪𝟏)
𝒇𝟏 = +
𝑨𝒄 𝑰
−4850.9𝑥103 4850.9𝑥103(336.128)(1028.26)
𝑓1 = +
437000 1.35𝑥1011
𝑓1 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟗 < 𝒇𝒕𝒊 𝑶𝑲‼
𝒇𝟐 = 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎
−𝑷𝒊 𝑷𝒊(𝒆)(𝑪𝟐)
𝒇𝟐 = −
𝑨𝒄 𝑰
−4850.9𝑥103 4850.9𝑥103(336.128)(471.74)
𝑓2 = −
437000 1.35𝑥1011

𝑓2 = −𝟏𝟔. 𝟕𝟗𝟖 < −𝟏𝟔. 𝟖 𝑶𝑲‼

AT SERVICE LOAD STAGE

𝐴𝑐 = 560(240) + 500(250) + 520(250) + 350(400)

𝐴𝑐 = 𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒒. 𝒎𝒎. ~ 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟒 𝒔𝒒. 𝒎.

ACTUAL SELF WEIGHT

9.81
𝑊𝑔 = 0.5294(2400) ( )
1000
𝑲𝑵
𝑾𝒈 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝟒
𝒎
𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝟒 (𝟐𝟎)𝟐
𝑴𝒈 =
𝟖
𝑴𝒈 = 𝟔𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟏 𝑲𝑵𝒎

LOCATION OF CENTROID (y)

560(240)(120) + 500(250)(365) + 520(250)(750) + 400(350)(1185)
𝑦=
560(240) + 500(250) + 520(250) + 350(400)
𝑦 = 𝐶1 = 𝟔𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝒎𝒎
𝐶2 = 1360 − 614.192 = 𝟕𝟒𝟓. 𝟖𝟎𝟖 𝒎𝒎
MOMENT OF INERTIA
560(240)3 500(250)3
𝐼=[ + 560(240)(494.195)2] +[ + 500(250)(249.192)2]
12 12
250(520)3
+[ + 250(520)(−135.808)2]
12
400(350)3
+[ + 400(350)(570.808)2]
12
𝑰 = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟒

CHECK FOR STRESSES

𝑃𝑒 = 𝑅𝑃𝑖
= 0.85(4850.9)
= 𝟒𝟏𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟔𝟓 𝑲𝑵
−𝑃𝑒 𝑃𝑖(𝑒)(𝐶1) 𝑀𝑔𝐶1 (𝑑 + 𝑙)𝐶1
𝑓1 = + − −
𝐴𝑐 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
−4123.265𝑥103 4123.265𝑥103(336.128)(614.192) −4123.265𝑥103(614.192)
𝑓1 = + −
529400 8.73𝑥1011 8.73𝑥1011
787.5𝑥106(614.192)
−
8.73𝑥1011
𝒇𝟏 = −𝟕. 𝟗𝟔 < −𝟐𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑶𝑲‼

f2 = STRESS AT BOTTOM

−𝑃𝑒 𝑃𝑖(𝑒)(𝐶2) 𝑀𝑔𝐶2 (𝑑 + 𝑙)𝐶2

𝑓2 = − + +
𝐴𝑐 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
−4123.265𝑥103 4123.265𝑥103(336.128)(745.808) 4123.265𝑥103(745.808)
𝑓1 = − +
529400 8.73𝑥1011 8.73𝑥1011
787.5𝑥106(745.808)
+
8.73𝑥1011
𝑓2 = −𝟕. 𝟓𝟖 < 𝟑. 𝟔𝟗𝟕𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑶𝑲‼

∴ 𝑨𝑫𝑶𝑷𝑻 𝑺𝑬𝑪𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵‼