Asymptotic properties to a second order fractional

differential equation under effects of a super damping

Ruy Coimbra Charão
Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
e-mail: ruy.charao@ufsc.br
Juan Carlos Torres Espinoza
Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
e-mail: juantorres1507@gmail.com
Ryo Ikehata
Hiroshima University, Japan
e-mail: ikehatar@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

Abstract. In this work we study asymptotic properties of global solutions for an initial
value problem of a second order fractional differential equation with strong damping.

1 Introduction
In this work we consider the Cauchy problem for a generalized second order evolution
equation given by 
δ θ α
 utt + (−∆) utt + (−∆) ut + (−∆) u = 0,


u(0, x) = u0 (x), (1)


 u (0, x) = u (x),
t 1

with u = u(t, x), (t, x) ∈ (0, ∞) × Rn and the exponents of the Laplace operators α, δ and θ
α+δ
satisfying α > 0 and 0 < δ ≤ α, ≤ θ < α + δ or α < θ if δ = 0.
2
The Cauchy problem we consider in (1) models several physical phenomena, especially
hydrodynamic problems such as propagation of waves in shallow waters. Problems of plate vibra-
tions, wave propagation in general are also modeled by this type of equation as it appears in (1),
depending on the choice of the fractional exponents of the Laplace operators. Several other appli-
cations can be studied by this model, for example in [17] (see also [1]) Maugin proposed a type of
Boussinesq model to treat dynamics of nonlinear networks in elastic crystals. In Sander-Hutter [23]
a brief account of the history of the evolution of these problems in hydrodynamics can be found,
especially the theory of solitary waves. The first attempt of mathematical modeling of waves in
shallow water was made by Joseph Valentin Boussinesq (1842-1929) in 1871, who took into account
the vertical accelerations of the fluid particles and admitted a solitary wave as a solution. How-

1
ever, he neglected a number of derivative product terms in his modeling, considering only nonlinear
first-order effects. These equations are called classical Boussinesq equations. In order to obtain
better model, some of these hydrodynamic phenomena and other equations were later developed,
originating from the classical equations, considering higher order terms that Boussinesq ignored.
These equations are called Boussinesq class. Among them these are the equations of Korteweg-de
Vries studied by Green-Naghdi [7], Peregrine [20] and Serre [24]. Other equations related to those
of Boussinesq, are the so-called IBq (improved Boussinesq) and IMBq (improved modified Boussi-
nesq). More details on Boussinesq equations and their characteristics can be found in the articles
due to Esfahani-Farah-Wang [4], Wang-Chen [30], Wang-Xue [33], Wang-Xu [31] and [32].
For the model we consider in this work, when δ = α = 2 we have a sixth order linear
Boussinesq equation and when, in addition, θ = 1, we have a Boussinesq equation under the effect
of a hydrodynamic dissipation. We note that when δ = 1, α = 2, θ = 0, we have in (1) a linear
equation for plate vibrations under rotational inertial effects (see [5]) and frictional dissipation.
Particular results on some problems associated with equations together with these properties can
be found in Charão-Luz-Ikehata [2], Luz-Charão [15], Sugitani-Kawashima [26] and the references
therein. Moreover, when α = 1, δ = θ = 0 we have a linear wave equation with frictional dissipation.
The results in this paper include regularity-loss type of estimates, which have their origin
in [9] and [22], and seem to be new for general equations considered here. For particular cases of
our problem we can cite several works [2], [3], [12], [13], [14], [15], [18], [25], [26], [27], [30], and
especially Horbach-Ikehata-Charão [8]. Some of our mathematical tools and ideas that were used
to develop part of this work follow ideas from those works.
We also mention that our work generalizes the works by Ikehata [11] and [10] which gave
us the idea to study the system with strong damping considered in this work. We note that in [11]
Ikehata studies only the case θ = 2, α = 1 and δ = 0. Important works that deserve to be mentioned
are special cases of the equation (1), and are reported in the references of the classic works due
to Matsumura [18] and Ponce [21]. Several results on the IMBq and the generalized Boussinesq
equations can be seen in Wang-Chen [29, 30] and in Wang-Xue [33], respectively.
In Section 2 we collect several facts and notation, which will be used in the next sections.
In Section 3 we study the linear case of (1) for the case δ = 0 and θ > α. In section 4 we consider
α+δ
the case 0 < δ ≤ α, and the condition to strong damping we consider is ≤ θ < α + δ. The
2
case 0 ≤ θ ≤ α+δ
2 was essentially studied in [8]. The case θ ≥ α + δ is still open.
To obtain the decay rates, we have employed the method of energy in the Fourier space
(see [28]) combined with the explicit solution of the associated problem in the Fourier space, and
an asymptotic profile obtained from the explicit solution. We obtain decay rates of the norms for
the energy, but our aim is mainly concentrated on proving the optimality of decay rates for the L2
norm of solutions, although we can also prove the optimality for decay rates of the L2 norm of the
derivatives of solutions by using the same method.

2
2 Notation and basic estimates
We consider the following spaces
 Z 
1,γ n 1 n γ
L (R ) = u ∈ L (R ) (1 + |x| )|u(x)| dx < ∞ ,
Rn

for γ > 0; n o
m,p n 0 n p n −m
Ẇ (R ) = u ∈ S (R ) : ∃v ∈ L (R ), tal que u = (−∆) v ,
2

for m, p ∈ R, with p ≥ 1 and its norm given by

Z 1
m p
p
kukẆ m,p = |(−∆) u(x)| dx
2 .
Rn

m
Note by definition that for u ∈ Ẇ m,p (Rn ) then v = (−∆) 2 u ∈ Lp (Rn ).
We also consider the usual Sobolev spaces H s (Rn ), s ∈ R, with norm given by
Z 1
2
2s 2
kukH s = (1 + |ξ| )|û| dξ , s ≥ 0;
Rn
Z
kuk2H −s = (1 + |ξ|2s )−1 |û|2 dξ, s < 0.
Rn

where Fu = û represents the usual Fourier transform of u .

The following lemma justifies the equivalence between the norms given above and the usual
norm in H s .

Lemma 2.1 For all ξ ∈ Rn and s ≥ 0 it holds that

1
i) (1 + |ξ|2s ) ≤ (1 + |ξ|2 )s ≤ 2s (1 + |ξ|2s );
2
ii) 2−s (1 + |ξ|2s )−1 ≤ (1 + |ξ|2 )−s ≤ 2(1 + |ξ|2s )−1 .

For u ∈ H α (Rn ) the operator (−∆)α is defined via the Fourier transform by

(−∆)α u(x) = F −1 [| · |2α û(·)](x), x ∈ Rn .

With this definition we can characterize the Fourier transform of (−∆)α u , u ∈ H α (Rn ),
as
F (−∆)α u(·) (ξ) = |ξ|2α û(ξ), ξ ∈ Rn .

The next two lemmas can be proved in a standard way ( see Horbach-Ikehata-Charão [8]).

Lemma 2.2 Let f a function in L1 (Rn ). Then it holds that fˆ(ξ) = Af (ξ) − iBf (ξ) + Pf , for all
√
ξ ∈ Rn , where i := −1,
Z
1
• Af (ξ) = (cos(x · ξ) − 1)f (x)dx,
(2π)n/2 Rn

3
 Z
1
• Bf (ξ) = sin(x · ξ)f (x)dx,
(2π)n/2 Rn
Z
1
• Pf = f (x)dx.
(2π)n/2 Rn

Lemma 2.3 i) If f ∈ L1 (Rn ) then for all ξ ∈ Rn it is true that

|Af (ξ)| ≤ Lkf kL1 and |Bf (ξ)| ≤ N kf kL1 .

ii) If 0 < κ ≤ 1 and f ∈ L1,κ (Rn ) then for all ξ ∈ Rn it is true that

|Af (ξ)| ≤ K|ξ|κ kf kL1,κ and |Bf (ξ)| ≤ M |ξ|κ kf kL1,κ

with L, N , K and M positive constants depending only on the dimension n and κ.

The next lemma is well known.

Lemma 2.4 Let k > −n, ϑ > 0 and C > 0. Then there exists a constant K > 0 depending on n
such that
Z
ϑ n+k
e−C|ξ| t |ξ|k dξ ≤ K(1 + t)− ϑ ,
|ξ|≤1

for all t > 0.

The proofs of next two lemmas appear in [8] for the case α = 1. The case α > 0 is quite
similar.
α
Lemma 2.5 Let n > 2α and θ > . Then there exists t0 > 0 such that
2
−|ξ|2θ t
| sin(|ξ|α t)|2
Z
n−2α
e 1+|ξ|2δ 2α
dξ ≥ Ct− 2θ ,
Rn |ξ|

for t ≥ t0 with C a positive constant depending only on n, θ and α.

α
Lemma 2.6 Let n ≥ 1 and θ > . Then there exists t0 > 0 such that
2
|ξ|2θ
Z
− t n
e 1+|ξ|2δ | cos(|ξ|α t)|2 dξ ≥ Ct− 2θ ,
Rn

for all t ≥ t0 where C is a positive constant depending only on n, θ and α.

Our goal in the next sections is to obtain decay rates, an asymptotic expansion (profile)
and to prove the optimality of the decay rates to the Cauchy problem (1) with the exponent θ of
the damping term to be large.

4
 Now we are going to study optimal decay rates for the L2 norm of the solution. Decay rates
for L2 norms of the derivatives are also obtained in this work, but we do not prove the optimality.
Indeed, by using the same method and similar estimates to the ones for L2 norm of the solution the
optimality can be proved. We begin with considering two cases on the exponents in (1) .

• Case δ = 0, 0 < α < θ.

α+δ
• Case 0 < δ ≤ α, ≤ θ < α + δ.
2
We note that in case δ > 0 the restriction θ < α + δ is considered to get the optimality of
the decay rates. The optimality for the case α + δ ≤ θ we leave it open, however, to get the decay
rates such additional restriction is not necessary.

3 Case δ = 0 and θ > α

In this section we prove L2 decay rates to the linear problem (1) when δ = 0, that is to a
Cauchy problem of type 
α θ
 utt + (−∆) u + (−∆) ut = 0


u(0, x) = u0 (x) (2)


 u (0, x) = u (x),
t 1

with (t, x) ∈ (0, ∞) × Rn and the assumption θ > α > 0.

The results of this section generalize the work by Ikehata-Iyota [11] that considered the
particular case α = 1 and θ = 2.
To get our estimates we work with the Cauchy problem in the Fourier space given by

2α 2θ
 ûtt + |ξ| û + |ξ| ût = 0


û(0, ξ) = û0 (ξ) (3)


 û (0, ξ) = û (ξ),
t 1

where û = û(t, ξ), (t, ξ) ∈ (0, ∞) × Rn and 0 < α < θ.

Remark 3.1 (Existence of solutions) On the existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem (2)
we note that we can write it in an abstract form as follows

υ
 utt + Au + 2 aA ut = 0


u(0, x) = u0 (x) ∈ D(Aα0 )

 u (0, x) = u (x) ∈ D(Aα1 ),

t 1

1 θ
where a = 2 > 0, υ = α > 1, A = (−∆)α and α0 ≥ 0, α1 ≥ 0.
From the definition of the operator A we may see that it is self-adjoint and non-negative.
In addition, for initial data in the energy space X = H α (Rn ) × L2 (Rn ) we have that α0 = 1/2,

5
 1 θ
α1 = 0. Then, considering τ = max 2, υ =υ= α > 1 due to θ > α , we see that

1 − τ < 0 < α0 − α1 = 1/2 < τ.

Thus, by Theorem 2.1 in [6] we have the existence of a unique solution u = u(t, x), and the solution
verifies

(a) (u, ut ) ∈ C [0, ∞), H α (Rn ) × L2 (Rn ) ;

(b) For m ≥ 1 integer, the m-th derivative in time Dtm u(t, x) satisfies
 
Dtm u ∈ C (0, ∞), D(A1+m(υ−1) ) .

This regularity says that ut ∈ C (0, ∞), D((−∆)θ ) . Note that the item (b) is the regularizing effect

of the strong damping.

3.1 Decay Estimates

We apply an improvement (cf. [8]) of the energy method to obtain the decay estimates.
Multiplying the equation in (3) by ubt , we have that

d
e0 (t, ξ) + |ξ|2θ |ût |2 = 0,
dt

where
1 1
e0 (t, ξ) = |ût |2 + |ξ|2α |û|2 (4)
2 2
is the associated density of energy in the Fourier space, defined for t ≥ 0 and ξ ∈ Rn .
Now we multiply (3) by û and taking the real part we get

d
e1 (t, ξ) + |ξ|2α |û|2 = |ût |2
dt

where
1
e1 (t, ξ) = Re(ût û) + |ξ|2θ |û|2 . (5)
2
Here we define for b > 0 the functional

e(t, ξ) = e0 (t, ξ) + bρ(ξ)e1 (t, ξ), t ≥ 0, ξ ∈ Rn , (6)

with b > 0 a constant to be chosen later, and the important function ρ : Rn → [0, ∞) is given by

|ξ|2θ
ρ(ξ) = . (7)
1 + |ξ|4θ−2α

A way to choose the best function ρ(ξ) can be seen in [16].

6
 The time derivative of e(t, ξ) implies that

d
e(t, ξ) + F (t, ξ) = R(t, ξ), (8)
dt

where

F (t, ξ) = |ξ|2θ |ût |2 + bρ(ξ)|ξ|2α |û|2 and R(t, ξ) = bρ(ξ)|ût |2 . (9)

Remark 3.2 The elementary inequality 1 ≤ 1 + |ξ|4θ−2α implies from (9) the following estimate

R(t, ξ) ≤ bF (t, ξ), for all ξ ∈ Rn and b > 0.

Thus, from the identity (8) it holds for 0 < b < 1 that

d
e(t, ξ) + (1 − b)F (t, ξ) ≤ 0, ξ ∈ Rn .
dt

Lemma 3.1 Let θ > α. Then there exists a positive constant M = M (b) depending on b, 0 < b < 1,
such that
ρ(ξ) + bρ(ξ)2 |ξ|−α
(i) ≤ M,
2|ξ|2θ
1 ρ(ξ) ρ(ξ)|ξ|2θ−2α
(ii) + + ≤ M, for all ξ ∈ Rn \ {0}.
2b 2|ξ|α 2

1 1
Proof: We use the elementary inequality p
≤ , r > 0, p ≥ 0.
1
+r 2rp
Then the next estimates hold for ξ ∈ Rn .

ρ(ξ) 1 |ξ|2θ 1 1 1
(i) 2θ
= 2θ
· 4θ−2α
= · 4θ−2α
≤ ,
2|ξ| 2|ξ| 1 + |ξ| 2 1 + |ξ| 2

bρ(ξ)2 |ξ|−α b 1 1 b
2θ
= · 1 · 4θ−2α
≤ .
2|ξ| 2 |ξ|2θ−α
+ |ξ|2θ−α 1 + |ξ| 4

ρ(ξ) 1 |ξ|2θ 1 1 1
(ii) α
= α
· 4θ−2α
= · 1 ≤ ,
2|ξ| 2|ξ| 1 + |ξ| 2 |ξ|2θ−α
+ |ξ|2θ−α 4

ρ(ξ)|ξ|2θ−2α |ξ|2θ−2α |ξ|2θ 1 |ξ|4θ−2α 1

= · 4θ−2α
= · ≤ .
2 2 1 + |ξ| 2 1 + |ξ|4θ−2α 2
From the above estimates the lemma follows.

Lemma 3.2 Let θ > α. Then there exists a constant M > 0such that ξ ∈ Rn

ρ(ξ)e(t, ξ) ≤ M F (t, ξ),

for all t ≥ 0 and ξ ∈ Rn , where the functional F (t, ξ) is defined in (9) and ρ(ξ) in (7).

7
Proof: For ξ = 0 the estimate is trivial.
For ξ 6= 0 using the Young inequality with ε = |ξ|α > 0 it follows that

|ût |2 |ξ|α |û|2

Re(ût û) ≤ + .
2|ξ|α 2

Thus, from Lemma 3.1 we get

ρ(ξ) + bρ(ξ)2 |ξ|−α ρ(ξ)|ξ|2θ−2α

   
2θ 2 1 ρ(ξ)
ρ(ξ)e(t, ξ) ≤ |ξ| |ût | + + + bρ(ξ)|ξ|2α |û|2
2|ξ|2θ 2b 2|ξ|α 2
≤ M |ξ|2θ |ût |2 + M bρ(ξ)|ξ|2α |û|2 = M F (t, ξ).

Then, the lemma is proved.

Now, from Lemma 3.2 and Remark 3.2 we obtain the differential inequality

d
e(t, ξ) + (1 − b)ρ(ξ)M −1 e(t, ξ) ≤ 0, ∀ ξ ∈ Rn ,
dt

where the solution is given by

e(t, ξ) ≤ e−ωρ(ξ)t e(0, ξ), (10)

with ω = (1 − b)M −1 > 0 for b ∈ (0, 1).

On the other hand, for ξ 6= 0 using the Young inequality we obtain

b bρ(ξ) |ût |2
± bρ(ξ)Re(ût û) ≤ ρ(ξ)|ξ|2θ |û|2 + · 2θ . (11)
2 2 |ξ|

Then, the definition of e(t, ξ) in (6) implies for t ≥ 0 and ξ ∈ Rn the estimate

bρ(ξ) 2θ 2 bρ(ξ) |ût |2 bρ(ξ) 2θ 2 1

 
bρ(ξ) 1
e(t, ξ) ≥ e0 (t, ξ) − |ξ| |û| − · 2θ + |ξ| |û| = 1− |ût |2 + |ξ|2α |û|2 .
2 2 |ξ| 2 2 |ξ|2θ 2

bρ(ξ)
But due to 1 − ≥ 1 − b > 0, for 0 < b < 1, we now conclude that
|ξ|2θ

e(t, ξ) ≥ (1 − b)e0 (t, ξ), ξ 6= 0, t ≥ 0. (12)

where the density of energy e0 (t, ξ) is defined in (4). By the definition of e(t, ξ) and e0 (t, ξ) we may
see that the above estimate holds for all ξ ∈ Rn .
The estimates (10) and (12) give us

1 −ωρ(ξ)t
e0 (t, ξ) ≤ e e(0, ξ), ξ ∈ Rn , t ≥ 0. (13)
1−b

The definitions of e(t, ξ) and e1 (t, ξ) in (5) and (6) combined with (11) arrives at the
estimate
b ρ(ξ)
e(t, ξ) ≤ e0 (t, ξ) + bρ(ξ)|ξ|2θ |û|2 + · |ût |2 , t > 0, ξ ∈ Rn .
2 |ξ|2θ

8
 Now for ξ 6= 0 we need to consider the estimates
ρ(ξ) 1
• 2θ
= ≤ 1,
|ξ| 1 + |ξ|4θ−2α

|ξ|4θ |ξ|4θ−2α
• ρ(ξ)|ξ|2θ = = · |ξ|2α ≤ |ξ|2α .
1 + |ξ|4θ−2α 1 + |ξ|4θ−2α
Therefore, combining these two estimates with the previous estimates for e(t, ξ) we conclude
that

1 1 b
e(t, ξ) ≤ |ût |2 + |ξ|2α |û|2 + b|ξ|2α |û|2 + |ût |2
2 2 2
b+1 2b + 1
= |ût |2 + |ξ|2α |û|2
2  2 
1 2 1 2α 2
≤ (2b + 1) |ût | + |ξ| |û| = (2b + 1)e0 (t, ξ),
2 2

for t ≥ 0, ξ 6= 0 and 0 < b < 1. But, due to e(t, 0) = e0 (t, 0) the above estimate holds for all
ξ ∈ Rn .
Finally, substituting this estimate for e(t, ξ) in (13) we observe that the next lemma is now
proved.

Lemma 3.3 Let θ > α. Then, there exist positive constants C = C(b) and ω = ω(b) depending on
0 < b < 1 such that
e0 (t, ξ) ≤ Ce−ωρ(ξ)t e0 (0, ξ),

holds for all ξ ∈ Rn and t ≥ 0.

Applying the above lemma we can prove the next result on the total energy. The result
below is a generalization to α > 0 of that already obtained to the case of α = 1 in [11].

Theorem 3.1 Assume n ≥ 1, θ > α and κ ≥ 0. If u0 ∈ H κ+1 (Rn )∩L1 (Rn ), u1 ∈ H κ (Rn )∩L1 (Rn )
then there exists a constant C > 0 such that

α n n+2α
kut (t, ·)k2 + k(−∆) 2 u(t, ·)k2 ≤ C(1 + t)− 2θ ku1 k2L1 + C(1 + t)− 2θ ku0 k2L1
κ
+ C(1 + t)− θ−α ku1 k2H κ + ku0 k2H κ+1 ,


t > 0.

Proof: The Plancherel theorem and Lema 3.3 imply that

Z   Z
α
|ut |2 + |(−∆) 2 u|2 dx ≤ C e−ωρ(ξ)t |û1 |2 + |ξ|2α |û0 |2 dξ.


Rn Rn

Now we estimate the right hand side above.

• For |ξ| ≤ 1 we have 1 + |ξ|4θ−2α ≤ 2 and then ρ(ξ) ≥ 12 |ξ|2θ . Therefore, Lemma 2.4 implies

9
 that
Z Z
ω 2θ t
−ωρ(ξ)t 2 2α 2
e− 2 |ξ| |û1 |2 + |ξ|2α |û0 |2 dξ



e |û1 | + |ξ| |û0 | dξ ≤
|ξ|≤1 |ξ|≤1
n n+2α
≤ C(1 + t)− 2θ ku1 k2L1 + C(1 + t)− 2θ ku0 k2L1 .

• For |ξ| ≥ 1 it holds 1 + |ξ|4θ−2α ≤ 2|ξ|4θ−2α . Then, by definition of ρ(t, ξ) in (7) we have

1
ρ(ξ) ≥ , |ξ| ≥ 1.
2|ξ|2θ−2α

Hence, for t > 0 we have in the zone of high frequency

Z Z ωt
−
e−ωρ(ξ)t |û1 |2 + |ξ|2α |û0 |2 dξ ≤ e 2|ξ|2θ−2α |û1 |2 + |ξ|2α |û0 |2 dξ



(14)
|ξ|≥1 |ξ|≥1
Z  ωt

− −2κ
|ξ|2κ |û1 |2 + |ξ|2κ+2α |û0 |2 dξ.
2θ−2α


= e 2|ξ| |ξ|
|ξ|≥1

Note that the following estimate holds for t > 0.

ω(t+1)
 ωt
    ω(t+1)

− − −
e 2|ξ|2θ−2α 2|ξ|2θ−2α
 = sup  e  = e 2 sup  e
ω ω 2r 2θ−2α
sup  ·e 2|ξ|2θ−2α .
|ξ|≥1 |ξ|2κ |ξ|≥1 |ξ|2κ r≥1 r2κ

p
ω(t + 1)
Applying the change of variable σ = it results
rθ−α
 ωt
  
− σ2 2κ 2κ !
2θ−2α −
e 2|ξ|
 ≤ e 2 sup  e
ω 2 σ θ−α ω κ κ
 = e 2 ω − θ−α (1 + t)− θ−α sup σ θ−α
sup  κ
σ2
|ξ|2κ κ θ−α
|ξ|≥1 σ≥0
ω θ−α (1+t) σ≥0 e 2

κ
≤ C(1 + t)− θ−α ,

for t > 0, where C = C(κ, θ, α, ω) > 0.

Therefore, using the previous estimate in (14) we obtain the following decay estimate on the
zone of high frequencies.
Z Z
κ
 
−ωρ(ξ)t 2 2α 2 − θ−α
|ξ|2κ |û1 |2 + |ξ|2(κ+α) |û0 |2 dξ


e |û1 | + |ξ| |û0 | dξ ≤ C(1 + t)
|ξ|≥1 |ξ|≥1
κ
− θ−α
ku1 k2H κ + ku0 k2H κ+α .


≤ C(1 + t)

Combining the above estimates for low and high frequencies the proof follows. 
On the asymptotic behavior for the L2 norm we have the following result.

Theorem 3.2 Let n > 2α, θ > α, κ ≥ α. If u0 ∈ H κ (Rn ) ∩ L1 (Rn ), u1 ∈ H κ−α (Rn ) ∩ L1 (Rn ),

10
then there exists a constant C > 0 such that

n−2α n
ku(t, ·)k2 ≤ C(1 + t)− 2θ ku1 k2L1 + C(1 + t)− 2θ ku0 k2L1
κ
+ C(1 + t)− θ−α ku1 k2H κ−α + ku0 k2H κ , t > 0.

Proof: By Lemma 3.3, we have for ξ 6= 0 and t > 0

|û1 |2
 
2 −ωρ(ξ)t 2
|û| ≤ Ce + |û0 | .
|ξ|2α

1
For low frequencies |ξ| ≤ 1, ρ(ξ) ≥ |ξ|2θ . Thus
2

|û1 |2
Z Z  
ω|ξ|2θ t
2 − 2 2
|û| dξ ≤ C e + |û0 | dξ
|ξ|≤1 |ξ|≤1 |ξ|2α
n−2α n
≤ C(1 + t)− 2θ ku1 kL1 + C(1 + t)− 2θ ku0 k2L1 .

For high frequencies |ξ| ≥ 1, according to the proof of Theorem 3.1, we have
 ωt

−
1 e 2|ξ|2θ−2α κ
ρ(ξ) ≥ and sup   ≤ C(1 + t)− θ−α , t > 0.
2|ξ|2θ−2α |ξ|≥1 |ξ|2κ

Thus, we obtain the following desired estimate to the zone of high frequency.
Z Z ωt
−
 
|û|2 dξ ≤ C e 2|ξ|2θ−2α |ξ|−2κ |ξ|2(κ−α) |û1 |2 + |ξ|2κ |û0 |2 dξ
|ξ|≥1 |ξ|≥1
κ
≤ C(1 + t)− θ−α ku1 k2H κ−α + ku0 k2H κ .

Combining these estimates for low and high frequency the theorem follows. 

Remark 3.3 In order to impose less regularity on the initial data we may only consider u1 ∈
Ẇ κ−α,2 (Rn ) with κ > 0. In this case we get the following estimate on the zone of high frequency
Z Z
κ
 
2 − θ−α |ξ|κ−α û1 2 + |ξ|2κ |û0 |2 dξ

|û| dξ ≤ C(1 + t)
|ξ|≥1 |ξ|≥1
"Z  2 #
κ  \ κ−α
≤ C(1 + t)− θ−α 2

(−∆) 2 u1  dξ + ku0 kH κ
 
Rn
κ
 
= C(1 + t)− θ−α ku1 k2Ẇ κ−α,2 + ku0 k2H κ , t > 0.

3.2 Asymptotic expansion: estimates for low frequencies

We observe that the characterisc equation associated to the Cauchy problem (3) in the
Fourier space is given by
λ2 + |ξ|2θ λ + |ξ|2α = 0,

11
for α > 0 and θ ≥ 0.
We are interested in the case θ > α. The associated characteristics roots are
p
−|ξ|2θ ± |ξ|α |ξ|4θ−2α − 4
λ± = .
2

We fix 0 < δ0 < 1. In this case we have |ξ|4θ−2α − 4 ≤ δ04θ−2α − 4 ≤ −3 < 0 for ξ ∈ Rn
such that |ξ| ≤ δ0 < 1.
Thus, the the characteristics roots are complex and we can write them as

λ± = −a(ξ) + ib(ξ), |ξ| ≤ δ0 < 1.

√
|ξ|2θ |ξ|α 4−|ξ|4θ−2α
where a(ξ) = 2 and b(ξ) = 2 .
The explicit solution of (3) is given by

û(t, ξ) = Ĥ(t, ξ)û0 + Ĝ(t, ξ)uˆ1 , |ξ| ≤ δ0 < 1.

where

λ+ eλ− t − λ− eλ+ t a(ξ)

Ĥ(t, ξ) = = e−a(ξ)t sin(b(ξ)t) + e−a(ξ)t cos(b(ξ)t),
λ+ − λ− b(ξ)
eλ+ t − eλ− t 1
Ĝ(t, ξ) = = e−a(ξ)t sin(b(ξ)t). (15)
λ+ − λ− b(ξ)

Now, using Lemma 2.2 for û0 and û1 we define the functions

a(ξ)
K1 (t, ξ) = P0 e−a(ξ)t sin(b(ξ)t),
b(ξ)
 
K2 (t, ξ) = A1 (ξ) − iB1 (ξ) Ĝ(t, ξ),
 
K3 (t, ξ) = A0 (ξ) − iB0 (ξ) Ĥ(t, ξ),

where ûj = Aj (ξ) − iBj (ξ) + Pj , i = 0, 1.

Applying the mean value theorem on the functions sin(b(ξ)t) and cos(b(ξ)t) we get that

1
û(t, ξ) = P1 e−a(ξ)t sin(|ξ|α t) + P0 e−a(ξ)t cos(|ξ|α t)
b(ξ)
1    
+ P1 e−a(ξ)t t b(ξ) − |ξ|α cos((ξ)t) − P0 e−a(ξ)t t b(ξ) − |ξ|α sin(η(ξ)t)
b(ξ)
X3
+ Kj (t, ξ), |ξ| ≤ δ0 < 1, t > 0.
j=1

To obtain an asymptotic expansion for û(t, ξ) we need to deal with b−1 (ξ) in the first term
of the right hand side of û(t, ξ). Using the mean value theorem we can see that

12
 2 µ4θ−2α−1
p − 1 = |ξ|(4θ − 2α) 3 , ( µ = β 0 |ξ|, β 0 ∈ (0, 1) ).
4 − |ξ|4θ−2α (4 − µ4θ−2α ) 2
That is
2 |ξ|4θ−2α
p = 1 + (4θ − 2α)(β 0 )4θ−2α−1  3 .
4 − |ξ|4θ−2α 2
4− (β 0 )4θ−2α |ξ|4θ−2α

Therefore, we have for |ξ| ≤ δ0 < 1, t > 0

sin(|ξ|α t)
û(t, ξ) = P1 e−a(ξ)t + P0 e−a(ξ)t cos(|ξ|α t)
|ξ|α
(β 0 )4θ−2α−1 |ξ|4θ−2α sin(|ξ|α t)
+ P1 e−a(ξ)t (4θ − 2α)  3
2 |ξ|α
4 − (β 0 )4θ−2α |ξ|4θ−2α
1  
+ P1 e−a(ξ)t t b(ξ) − |ξ|α cos((ξ)t)
b(ξ)
  X 3
−a(ξ)t α
− P0 e t b(ξ) − |ξ| sin(η(ξ)t) + Kj (t, ξ).
j=1

To simplify the notation we define the functions

1
K4 (t, ξ) = P1 e−a(ξ)t t(b(ξ) − |ξ|α ) cos((ξ)t),
b(ξ)
K5 (t, ξ) = −P0 e−a(ξ)t t(b(ξ) − |ξ|α ) sin(η(ξ)t),
(β 0 )4θ−2α−1 |ξ|4θ−2α sin(|ξ|α t)
K6 (t, ξ) = P1 e−a(ξ)t (4θ − 2α) 3 .
(4 − (β 0 )4θ−2α |ξ|4θ−2α ) |ξ|α
2

We need L2 estimates for Kj (t, ξ), (i = 1, . . . , 6) on the zone of low frequency |ξ| ≤ δ0 < 1
|ξ|2θ
and t > 0. We use Lemmas 2.3 and 2.4 and the fact that a(ξ) = 2 .
From the estimate
 2
 a(ξ) 2  2θ−α
 
|ξ|  1
 = p  ≤ |ξ|4θ−2α ,
 
 b(ξ)   4 − |ξ|4θ−2α  3

we can easily obtain Z

1 n+4θ−2α
|K1 (t, ξ)|2 dξ ≤ ku0 k2L1 t− 2θ .
|ξ|≤δ0 3
4 −2α −|ξ|2θ t
To estimate K2 we note that |Ĝ(t, ξ)|2 ≤ |ξ| e . Then for  ∈ (0, min{1, α}) it
3
holds
Z Z
4 2θ t
2
|K2 (t, ξ)| dξ ≤ |A1 (ξ) − iB1 (ξ)|2 |ξ|−2α e−|ξ| dξ
|ξ|≤δ0 3 |ξ|≤δ0
Z
2θ
≤ Cku1 k2L1, e−|ξ| t |ξ|2−2α dξ
|ξ|≤δ0
n+2−2α
≤ Cku1 k2L1, t− 2θ .

13
 2θ t 2θ t
To estimate K3 we get first that |Ĥ(t, ξ)|2 ≤ Ce−|ξ| |ξ|4θ−2α + e−|ξ| . Then
Z Z
2θ t
2
|K3 (t, ξ)| dξ ≤ Cku0 k2L1 e−|ξ| |ξ|4θ−2α dξ
|ξ|≤δ0 |ξ|≤δ0
Z
2θ t
+ Cku0 k2L1 e−|ξ| dξ
|ξ|≤δ0
n+4θ−2α n
≤ Cku0 k2L1 t− 2θ + Cku0 k2L1 t− 2θ .
 2
 b(ξ) − |ξ|α 2 4θ−2α
 
1  |ξ| 
To estimate on K4 we use that   ≤ p  ≤ C|ξ|8θ−4α . In
 
b(ξ)  3  4 − |ξ| 4θ−2α + 2
fact,
Z Z
2θ t
|K4 (t, ξ)|2 dξ ≤ C|P1 |2 t2 e−|ξ| |ξ|8θ−4α dξ
|ξ|≤δ0 |ξ|≤δ0
n+8θ−4α n+4θ−4α
≤ Cku1 k2L1 t2 t− 2θ = Cku1 k2L1 t− 2θ .

From |b(ξ) − |ξ|α |2 ≤ C|ξ|8θ−4α , we obtain the following estimate for K5 .

Z Z
2θ t
2
|K5 (t, ξ)| dξ ≤ C|P0 | t 2 2
e−|ξ| |ξ|8θ−2α dξ
|ξ|≤δ0 |ξ|≤δ0
n+4θ−2α
≤ Cku0 k2L1 t− 2θ .

Finally, to estimate K6 (t, ξ) we before prepare the estimate

 2
 
 (β 0 )4θ−2α−1 |ξ|4θ−2α  (4θ − 2α)2 8θ−4α
(4θ − 2α)  ≤ √ |ξ| .

3 
27
 
2
0 4θ−2α 4θ−2α

 4 − (β ) |ξ| 

It holds because of θ > α, 0 < β 0 < 1, |ξ| ≤ δ0 and 0 < δ0 < 1.

Thus, we get
Z Z
2θ t
|K6 (t, ξ)|2 dξ ≤ C|P1 |2 e−|ξ| |ξ|8θ−6α dξ
|ξ|≤δ0 |ξ|≤δ0
n+8θ−6α
≤ Cku1 k2L1 t− 2θ .

The above estimates imply the following estimate for an asymptotic profile to the solution
û on the low frequency zone in the Fourier space.

Lemma 3.4 Let n ≥ 1,  ∈ (0, min{1, α}). Then there exists a constant C > 0 such that
Z   α
2
û(t, ξ) − P1 e−a(ξ)t sin(|ξ| t) + P0 e−a(ξ)t cos(|ξ|α t)  dξ
 
|ξ|≤δ0
 |ξ|α 
n−2α+2 n
≤ Cku1 k2L1, t− 2θ + Cku0 k2L1 t− 2θ , t > 0.

14
3.3 Estimates for high frequencies

Considering δ0 as in the previous subsection and the definition of ρ(ξ) in (7) we have

|ξ|2θ |ξ|2θ δ02θ

ρ(ξ) = ≥ ≥ , δ0 ≤ |ξ| ≤ 1,
1 + |ξ|4θ−2α 2 2

|ξ|2θ |ξ|2θ 1
ρ(ξ) = 4θ−2α
≥ 4θ−2α
= 2θ−2α
, |ξ| ≥ 1.
1 + |ξ| 2|ξ| 2|ξ|
Thus, from Lemma 3.3 we get
2θ
|û1 |2 2
   
|û |
Z Z ωδ0
Z ωt
2 − t 2 − 2θ−2α 1 2
|û(t, ξ)| dξ ≤ C e 2 + |û0 | dξ + C e 2|ξ| + |û0 | dξ
|ξ|≥δ0 δ0 ≤|ξ|≤1 |ξ|2α |ξ|≥1 |ξ|2α
C − ωδ0 t κ
≤ 2α e 2 (ku1 k2 + ku0 k2 ) + Ct− θ−α (ku1 k2Ẇ κ−α,2 + ku0 k2H κ ),
δ0

where the integral on the high frequency was estimated by the same method used at the end of
proof of Theorem 3.2.
On the other hand, it is easy to see that
Z 2 α Z
2θ sin (|ξ| t) 2θ t
|P1 |2 e−|ξ| t dξ + |P0 |2 e−|ξ| cos2 (|ξ|α t)dξ
|ξ|≥δ0 |ξ|2α |ξ|≥δ0
|P1 |2
Z Z
−|ξ|2θ t 2θ
≤ 2α edξ + |P0 | e−|ξ| t dξ 2
δ0 |ξ|≥δ0 |ξ|≥δ0
Z
|ξ|2θ t |ξ|2θ t
≤ C(ku1 k2L1 + ku0 k2L1 ) e− 2 e− 2 dξ (16)
|ξ|≥δ0
2θ t
δ0 n
≤ C(ku1 k2L1 + ku0 k2L1 )e− 2 t− 2θ ≤ C(ku1 k2L1 + ku0 k2L1 )e−dt ,

with constants C > 0 and d > 0, and t ≥ 1.

3.4 Optimal decay rates

The previous results on the zones of low and high frequency imply the following result on
the asymptotic profile to the solution û.

Theorem 3.3 Let n > 2α,  ∈ (0, min{1, α}), κ ≥ 0, u0 ∈ L1 (Rn ) ∩ H κ (Rn ) and u1 ∈ L1, (Rn ) ∩
L2 (Rn )∩ Ẇ κ−α,2 (Rn ). Then, the following asymptotic estimate for the solution û(t, ξ) of the Cauchy
problem (3) holds for t ≥ 1.
Z   α
2
û(t, ξ) − P1 e−a(ξ)t sin(|ξ| t) + P0 e−a(ξ)t cos(|ξ|α t)  dξ
 
 |ξ|α 
Rn
n−2α+2 n
≤ Cku1 k2L1, t− 2θ + Cku0 k2L1 t− 2θ + C ku0 k2L1 + ku1 k2L1 + ku0 k2 + ku1 k2 e−dt

κ
 
+ Ct− θ−α ku0 k2H κ + ku1 k2Ẇ κ−α,2 ,

15
with constants C > 0 and d > 0, that can be calculated explicitly.

Next step is to prove the optimality of the decay rates to the L2 norm. For this we need
the estimates below.

• For n > 2α
sin2 (|ξ|α t)
Z
2θ t n−2α
e−|ξ| 2α
dξ ≤ Ct− 2θ , t ≥ 1. (17)
|ξ|
Rn

• For n ≥ 1, Z
2θ t n
e−|ξ| cos2 (|ξ|α )dξ ≤ Ct− 2θ , t ≥ 1. (18)
Rn

Then, using Plancherel theorem and Lemmas 2.5, 2.6 we obtain

n−2α n n−2α+2 n
ku(t, ·)k ≥ C|P1 |t− 4θ − C|P0 |t− 4θ − Cku1 kL1, t− 4θ − Cku0 kL1 t− 4θ
− C (ku0 kL1 + ku1 kL1 + ku0 k + ku1 k) e−dt (19)

− κ
− C ku0 kH κ + ku1 kẆ κ−α,2 t 2(θ−α) ,

for t ≥ min{1, t0 }, where t0 is fixed by the above mentioned lemmas.

(n − 2α)(θ − α)
Now, for κ > we can see from (19) that there exists a constant C1 > 0
2θ
such that the estimate from below

n−2α
ku(t, ·)k ≥ C1 |P1 |t− 4θ

holds for all t > 0 large enough.

On the other side, using again the Plancherel theorem and (17), (18) we can get the
following estimate from above

n−2α+2 n
ku(t, ·)k ≤ Cku1 kL1, t− 4θ + Cku0 kL1 t− 4θ + C (ku0 kL1 + ku1 kL1 + ku0 k + ku1 k) e−dt

− κ n−2α n
+ C ku0 kH κ + ku1 kẆ κ−α,2 t 2(θ−α) + C|P1 |t− 4θ + C|P0 |t− 4θ
n−2α
≤ C2 t − 4θ ,

(n − 2α)(θ − α)
provided that κ > and t ≥ 1 .
2θ
Hence, we have proved the optimality of the decay rates given by the next theorem.
(n − 2α)(θ − α)
Theorem 3.4 Let n > 2α, κ > ,  ∈ (0, min{1, α}). If u0 ∈ L1 (Rn ) ∩ H κ (Rn ),
2θ
u1 ∈ L1, (Rn ) ∩ L2 (Rn ) ∩ Ẇ κ−α,2 (Rn ) then the solution u(t, x) of the problem (2) satisfies

n−2α n−2α
C1 |P1 |t− 4θ ≤ ku(t, ·)k ≤ C2 t− 4θ ,

for all t > 0 large enough, where C1 and C2 are positive constants.

16
Remark 3.4 Note that for κ−α ≥ 0 then L2 (Rn )∩ Ẇ κ−α,2 (Rn ) = H κ−α (Rn ), that is, the regularity
of the initial data u1 depend on the choice of κ.

α+δ
4 Case δ > 0 and 2 ≤θ <α+δ
These conditions under consideration on the exponents of the Laplace operator include the
α+δ
case we consider as a strong damping θ > α. An equivalent problem for the case 2 ≥ θ with α = 2
was studied in [8]. The aim of this section is to get optimal decay rates to the Cauchy problem (1)
α+δ
under the assumption 0 < δ ≤ α, ≤ θ < α + δ.
2
Remark 4.1 We briefly mention how one can constructs a unique solution to problem (1) under
the assumptions about the exponents of the Laplace operator in this section.
Applying the linear operator (I + (−∆)δ )−1 in both sides of the equation in (1) it follows
that
utt + (I + (−∆)δ )−1 (−∆)θ ut + (I + (−∆)δ )−1 (−∆)α u = 0.

If we define P = (I + (−∆)δ )−1 , A = (−∆)α we may rewrite this equation as

utt + P Aυ ut + P A u = 0, (20)

θ
where υ = α > 0.
The equation (20) is written in an abstract form described in Theorem 2.1 of [6], except for
the linear and continuous operator P . In fact, in [6] P = Id the identity operator. But reviewing the
proof of existence and regularity in the article by [6], it can be proved that the bounded linear operator
P does not affect the existence of solution to the Cauchy problem associated with the equation (20)
and therefore to problem (1).

To get estimates to (1) , for the case in consideration, we again consider the associated
Cauchy problem in Fourier space given by

2δ 2θ 2α ξ ∈ Rn , t > 0,
 (1 + |ξ| )ûtt + |ξ| ût + |ξ| û = 0,


û(0, ξ) = û0 (ξ), (21)


 û (0, ξ) = û (ξ).
t 1

4.1 Decay estimates

For this case we also use the energy method. This framework is standard and we develop
this section in a similar way to the previous sections. To do that, we define the functionals of energy

1 1
e0 (t, ξ) = (1 + |ξ|2δ )|ût |2 + |ξ|2α |û|2 ,
2 2
1
e1 (t, ξ) = (1 + |ξ|2δ )Re(ût u
b) + |ξ|2θ |û|2 , (22)
2

17
which satisfy the following identities of energy.

d
e0 (t, ξ) + |ξ|2θ |ût |2 = 0, ∀ ξ ∈ Rn , ∀ t > 0,
dt
d
e1 (t, ξ) + |ξ|2α |û|2 = (1 + |ξ|2δ )|ût |2 , ∀ ξ ∈ Rn , ∀ t > 0. (23)
dt

Considering (22) we define the functional

e(t, ξ) = e0 (t, ξ) + bρ(ξ)e1 (t, ξ), (24)

for b > 0, where the function ρ : Rn → [0, ∞) is given by

|ξ|2θ
ρ(ξ) = ε , (25)
2 + |ξ|4θ−2α

with ε > 0 to be chosen. This function ρ(ξ) is quite similar to the one defined in (7).
The time derivative of e(t, ξ) combined with (23) says that the next identity follows.

d
e(t, ξ) + F (t, ξ) = R(t, ξ), ξ ∈ Rn , t > 0, (26)
dt

where
F (t, ξ) = |ξ|2θ |ût |2 + bρ(ξ)|ξ|2α |û|2 and R(t, ξ) = bρ(ξ)(1 + |ξ|2δ )|ût |2 . (27)

On the other hand

1 + |ξ|2δ
• For |ξ| ≤ 1 and because |ξ|2δ − 1 ≤ 0 ≤ |ξ|4θ−2α it follows that ≤ 1.
2 + |ξ|4θ−2α
α+δ
• For |ξ| ≥ 1 since θ ≥ it holds that 1 + |ξ|2δ ≤ 2(2 + |ξ|4θ−2α ) . Then,
2
1 + |ξ|2δ
≤ 2.
2 + |ξ|4θ−2α
1
Hence, for 0 < ε ≤ 2 from the definition of ρ(ξ) we have

|ξ|2θ
ρ(ξ)(1 + |ξ|2δ ) = ε (1 + |ξ|2δ ) ≤ |ξ|2θ , ∀ ξ ∈ Rn , (28)
2 + |ξ|4θ−2α

and from (27) we get R(t, ξ) ≤ bF (t, ξ). Thus, combining with (26) we deduce that

d
e(t, ξ) + (1 − b)F (t, ξ) ≤ 0, ∀ t > 0, ∀ ξ ∈ Rn , b ∈ (0, 1). (29)
dt

Now we need the next lemma.

α+δ
Lemma 4.1 Let θ ≥ and 0 < ε ≤ 21 . Then there exists a constant M = M (b) > 0 such that
2

ρ(ξ)e(t, ξ) ≤ M F (t, ξ).

18
Proof: For ξ = 0 the result is trivial.
|ût |2 |ξ|α |û|2
For ξ 6= 0 we have Re(ût u
b) ≤ + . Then
2|ξ|α 2

ρ(ξ)(1 + |ξ|2δ ) bρ(ξ)2

 
2θ 2
ρ(ξ)e(t, ξ) ≤ |ξ| |ût | +
2|ξ|2θ 2|ξ|2θ+α
 
2α 2 1 ρ(ξ) ρ(ξ) 2θ−2α
+ bρ(ξ)|ξ| |û| + + |ξ| . (30)
2b 2|ξ|α 2

ρ(ξ)
Due to (28) we can note that (1 + |ξ|2δ ) ≤ 12 , ξ 6= 0.
2|ξ|2θ
Using for p ≥ 0 and r > 0 the elemental inequality

1 1
1 ≤
rp + rp 2

1
and considering 0 < ε ≤ 2 we can get the estimate

bρ(ξ)2 b |ξ|2θ−α 1
2θ+α
≤ · 4θ−2α
·
2|ξ| 2 (2 + |ξ| ) (2 + |ξ|4θ−2α )
b 1 b
≤ · ≤ , ξ 6= 0.
2 1 4
+ |ξ|2θ−α
|ξ|2θ−α

1
For 0 < ε ≤ 2 the definition of the function ρ(ξ) in (25) implies that

ρ(ξ) 1 ρ(ξ)|ξ|2θ−2α 1
α
≤ , ≤ , ξ 6= 0.
2|ξ| 4 2 2

Substituting the last four estimates in (30) we conclude the proof of lemma. 
Finally, from Lemma 4.1 and inequality (29) for a fixed b ∈ (0, 1) we obtain

d
e(t, ξ) + (1 − b)ρ(ξ)M −1 e(t, ξ) ≤ 0, ∀ t > 0, ∀ ξ ∈ Rn .
dt

This important differential inequality admits the solution

e(t, ξ) ≤ e−ωρ(ξ)t e(0, ξ), ∀ ξ ∈ Rn , (31)

with ω = (1 − b)M −1 > 0 for fixed b ∈ (0, 1).

For ξ 6= 0 the next inequality holds.

1 1
b) ≤ (1 + |ξ|2δ )2 |ξ|−2θ |ût |2 + |ξ|2θ |û|2 .
± (1 + |ξ|2δ )Re(ût u (32)
2 2

We should use this inequality to prove the next lemma.

α+δ
Lemma 4.2 Let θ ≥ and 0 < ε ≤ 12 . Then there exist positive constants C = C(b) and
2

19
ω = ω(b) such that
e0 (t, ξ) ≤ Ce−ωρ(ξ)t e0 (0, ξ), ∀ t > 0, ∀ ξ ∈ Rn .

Proof: To the case ξ = 0 the result follows with C = 1.

For ξ 6= 0 using the inequality (32) with negative sign, it follows

b
e(t, ξ) ≥ e0 (t, ξ) − ρ(ξ)(1 + |ξ|2δ )2 |ξ|−2θ |ût |2
2
1 2α 2 1  
= |ξ| |û| + (1 + |ξ|2δ )|ût |2 1 − bρ(ξ)(1 + |ξ|2δ )|ξ|−2θ .
2 2

Due to ρ(ξ)(1 + |ξ|2δ ) ≤ |ξ|2θ for 0 < ε ≤ 12 , we can estimate

bρ(ξ)(1 + |ξ|2δ )|ξ|−2θ ≤ b|ξ|2θ |ξ|−2θ = b.

Therefore, for b ∈ (0, 1) we obtain

1 (1 − b)
e(t, ξ) ≥ |ξ|2α |û|2 + (1 + |ξ|2δ )|ût |2
2 2
≥ (1 − b)e0 (t, ξ), ∀ ξ ∈ Rn . (33)

Combining (31) and (33) we arrive at

1 −ωρ(ξ)t
e0 (t, ξ) ≤ e e(0, ξ), ∀ ξ ∈ Rn . (34)
1−b

On the other side, using the inequality (32) we get

b
e(t, ξ) ≤ e0 (t, ξ) + bρ(ξ)|ξ|2θ |û|2 + ρ(ξ)(1 + |ξ|2δ )2 |ξ|−2θ |ût |2 , ξ 6= 0.
2

Now, due to ρ(ξ)(1 + |ξ|2δ ) ≤ |ξ|2θ , for 0 < ε ≤ 12 , the following estimate is true

ρ(ξ)(1 + |ξ|2δ )2 |ξ|−2θ ≤ |ξ|2θ (1 + |ξ|2δ )|ξ|−2θ = 1 + |ξ|2δ

for ξ 6= 0 and as consequence for all ξ ∈ Rn .

1
We also have for 0 < ε ≤ 2

|ξ|2θ |ξ|4θ−2α
ρ(ξ)|ξ|2θ ≤ · |ξ|2θ
≤ · |ξ|2α ≤ |ξ|2α , ξ ∈ Rn .
2 + |ξ|4θ−2α 1 + |ξ|4θ−2α

Therefore,

1 1 b
e(t, ξ) ≤ (1 + |ξ|2δ )|ût |2 + |ξ|2α |û|2 + (1 + |ξ|2δ )|ût |2 + b|ξ|2α |û|2
2 2 2
n
≤ (2b + 1)e0 (t, ξ), t > 0, ξ ∈ R . (35)

Finally, making t = 0 in (35) and using the estimate (34) we conclude the proof of lemma,

20
that is
e0 (t, ξ) ≤ Ce−ωρ(ξ)t e0 (0, ξ), ∀ t > 0, ∀ ξ ∈ Rn ,
2b + 1
with C = C(b) = , 0 < b < 1 and 0 < ε ≤ 12 . 
1−b
The next result gives decay estimates on the norms of the energy of the system.
α+δ
Theorem 4.1 Let n ≥ 1, θ ≥ and  ≥ 0. If u0 ∈ L1 (Rn ) ∩ H α+ (Rn ), u1 ∈ L1 (Rn ) ∩
2
H δ+ (Rn ), then

α n n+2α
kut (t, ·)k2H δ + k(∆) 2 u(t, ·)k2 ≤ C(1 + t)− 2θ ku1 k2L1 + C(1 + t)− 2θ ku0 k2L1

+ C(1 + t)− 2θ−α ku1 k2H δ+ + ku0 k2H α+ , t > 0,

with C > 0 a constant that is possible to be calculated explicitly.

Proof: By the Plancherel theorem and Lemma 4.2,

Z h i
α
kut (t, ·)k2H δ + k(∆) 2 u(t, ·)k2 ≤ C e−ωρ(ξ)t (1 + |ξ|2δ )|û1 |2 + |ξ|2α |û0 |2 dξ, t > 0.
Rn

We now estimate the integral on the right hand side of the above inequality on the zones of low and
high frequency.

• For |ξ| ≤ 1 we have 2 + |ξ|4θ−2α ≤ 3 due to θ > α/2. Thus

|ξ|2θ ε
ρ(ξ) = ε · 4θ−2α
≥ |ξ|2θ = c1 |ξ|2θ .
2 + |ξ| 3

Therefore, from Lemma 2.4 one has

Z h i
e−ωρ(ξ)t (1 + |ξ|2δ )|û1 |2 + |ξ|2α |û0 |2 dξ
|ξ|≤1
Z h i
2θ t
≤ e−c1 ω|ξ| (1 + |ξ|2δ )|û1 |2 + |ξ|2α |û0 |2 dξ
|ξ|≤1
 n n+2δ
 n+2α
≤ C(1 + t)− 2θ + C(1 + t)− 2θ ku1 k2L1 + C(1 + t)− 2θ ku0 k2L1
n n+2α
≤ C(1 + t)− 2θ ku1 k2L1 + C(1 + t)− 2θ ku0 k2L1 .

• For |ξ| ≥ 1 we have 2 + |ξ|4θ−2α ≤ 3|ξ|4θ−2α because θ > α/2 . Thus

|ξ|2θ ε |ξ|2θ c2 c2
ρ(ξ) = ε · 4θ−2α
≥ · 4θ−2α
= 2θ−2α ≥ 4θ−2α .
2 + |ξ| 3 |ξ| |ξ| |ξ|

Hence,
ωc2 t
Z Z
−
h i h i
−ωρ(ξ)t 2δ 2 2α 2
e (1 + |ξ| )|û1 | + |ξ| |û0 | dξ ≤ e |ξ|4θ−2α (1 + |ξ|2δ )|û1 |2 + |ξ|2α |û0 |2 dξ
|ξ|≥1 |ξ|≥1
Z  ωc2 t

− 4θ−2α

−2
≤ e |ξ| |ξ| 2|ξ|2δ+2 |û1 |2 + |ξ|2α+2 |û0 |2 dξ.
|ξ|≥1

21
 Similarly to the proof of Theorem 3.1, we can obtain the estimate
 ωc2 t

− 4θ−2α 
sup e |ξ| |ξ|−2
≤ C(1 + t)− 2θ−α , t > 0,
|ξ|≥1

where C = C(, θ, α, b) is a positive constant. Thus,

Z h i
e−ωρ(ξ)t (1 + |ξ|2δ )|û1 |2 + |ξ|2α |û0 |2 dξ
|ξ|≥1
Z

 
− 2θ−α
≤ C(1 + t) |ξ|2δ+2 |û1 |2 + |ξ|2α+2 |û0 |2 dξ
|ξ|≥1

− 2θ−α
ku1 k2H δ+ ku0 k2H α+ ,


= C(1 + t) t > 0.

Combining the above two estimates the proof follows. 

To the L2 norm of the solution we prepare the next result.
α+δ
Theorem 4.2 Let n > 2α, θ ≥ ,  > α − δ. If u0 ∈ L1 (Rn ) ∩ H  (Rn ), u1 ∈ L1 (Rn ) ∩
2
H δ+−α (Rn ) then

n−2α n
ku(t, ·)k2 ≤ C(1 + t)− 2θ ku1 k2L1 + C(1 + t)− 2θ ku0 k2L1

+ C(1 + t)− 2θ−α ku1 k2H δ+−α + ku0 k2H  , t > 0.

Proof: By Lemma 4.2 we have for ξ 6= 0,

(1 + |ξ|2δ )
 
2 −ωρ(ξ)t 2 2
|û| ≤ Ce |û1 | + |û0 | .
|ξ|2α

• On the zone of low frequency |ξ| ≤ 1 we can see in the proof of Theorem 4.1 that ρ(ξ) ≥ c1 |ξ|2θ .
Thus
Z Z
2θ t
|û(t, ξ)|2 dξ ≤ C e−ωc1 |ξ| |ξ|−2α |û1 |2 + |û0 |2 dξ


|ξ|≤1 |ξ|≤1
n−2α n
≤ C(1 + t)− 2θ ku1 k2L1 + C(1 + t)− 2θ ku0 k2L1 .

• On the region of high frequency |ξ| ≥ 1 we can also see in the proof of Theorem 4.1 that the
estimate  ωc2 t

−
c2 e |ξ|4θ−2α 
ρ(ξ) ≥ , sup   ≤ C(1 + t)− 2θ−α
|ξ|4θ−2α |ξ|2
|ξ|≥1

is true for t > 0.

So, in a similar way to the previous theorem we can conclude that
ωc2 t
Z Z
−
 
|û(t, ξ)|2 dξ ≤ e |ξ|4θ−2α |ξ|−2 |ξ|2δ+2−2α |û1 |2 + |ξ|2 |û0 |2 dξ
|ξ|≥1 |ξ|≥1

≤ C(1 + t)− 2θ−α ku1 k2H δ+−α + ku0 k2H  ,


t > 0. 

22
Remark 4.2 Note in the proof that the assumption u1 ∈ H δ+−α (Rn ) can be changed by u1 ∈
Ẇ δ+−α,2 (Rn ) in the case  > 0.

4.2 Asymptotic expansion - low frequencies

We fix 0 < δ0 < 1 and we work on the zone of low frequency 0 < |ξ| ≤ δ0 . The characteristic
roots associated to the equation (21) are given by
p
−|ξ|2θ ± |ξ|α |ξ|4θ−2α − 4(1 + |ξ|2δ )
λ± = .
2(1 + |ξ|2δ )

For |ξ| ≤ δ0 we have |ξ|4θ−2α − 4(1 + |ξ|2δ ) ≤ 0. Then we can rewrite these roots in the form

λ± = −a(ξ) ± i b(ξ),
p
|ξ|2θ |ξ|α 4(1 + |ξ|2δ ) − |ξ|4θ−2α
where a(ξ) = and b(ξ) = .
2(1 + |ξ|2δ ) 2(1 + |ξ|2δ )
As in previous section, the explicit solution for the case δ > 0 for low frequencies is given
by û(t, ξ) = Ĥ(t, ξ)û0 + Ĝ(t, ξ)û1 , with Ĝ(t, ξ) and Ĥ(t, ξ) like in (15).
From the mean value theorem, we can write

cos(b(ξ)t) = cos(|ξ|α t) − t(b(ξ) − |ξ|α ) sin(η(ξ)t),

sin(b(ξ)t) = sin(|ξ|α t) + t(b(ξ) − |ξ|α ) cos(µ(ξ)t),

where η(ξ) = β1 b(ξ) + (1 − β1 )|ξ|α , µ(ξ) = β2 b(ξ) + (1 − β2 )|ξ|α for some β1 , β2 ∈ (0, 1).
Therefore, applying Lemma (2.2), we can rewrite the explicit solution for û as

sin(|ξ|α t)
û(t, ξ) = e−a(ξ)t P0 cos(|ξ|α t) + e−a(ξ)t P1 (36)
|ξ|α
+ K1 (t, ξ) + K2 (t, ξ) + K3 (t, ξ) + K4 (t, ξ) + K5 (t, ξ) + K6 (t, ξ);

sin(|ξ|α t)
K1 (t, ξ) = (A1 (ξ) − iB1 (ξ)) e−a(ξ)t ,
|ξ|α
K2 (t, ξ) = (A0 (ξ) + iB0 (ξ)) e−a(ξ)t cos(|ξ|α t),
a(ξ)
K3 (t, ξ) = e−a(ξ)t sin(b(ξ)t)û0 ,
b(ξ)
K4 (t, ξ) = −e−a(ξ)t t (b(ξ) − |ξ|α ) sin(η(ξ)t)û0 ,
α sin(|ξ|α t)
 
−a(ξ)t b(ξ) − |ξ|
K5 (t, ξ) = −e û1 ,
b(ξ) |ξ|α
b(ξ) − |ξ|α
 
−a(ξ)t
K6 (t, ξ) = e t cos(µ(ξ)t)û1 ,
b(ξ)

23
 α+δ
to the case θ ≥ , where P0 and P1 are again defined as (see also Lemma (2.2))
2
Z
Pj := uj (x)dx (j = 0, 1). (37)
Rn

The first two terms in the right side of (36) give the leading term of the solutions. In fact,
in the next step we are going to prove that the functions Ki , i = 1, · · · , 6 decay faster than such
leading term.
Similarly to the previous section we get L2 decay estimates for low frequencies to the
functions Ki (t, ξ), i = 1, ..., 6, using the assumptions on the exponents and Lemma (2.4).
By definition of a(ξ) we may estimate the exponential function in the definition Ki (t, ξ),
i = 1, · · · , 6, as follows
1 2θ t
e−2a(ξ)t ≤ e− 2 |ξ| , t > 0, |ξ| ≤ δ0 .

To get estimate for K1 (t, ξ) we consider a fix number κ such that 0 < κ < min{1, δ} and
Lemma (2.3). Thus, one has
Z
n−2α+2κ
|K1 (t, ξ)|2 dξ ≤ Cku1 k2L1,κ t− 2θ , t > 0.
|ξ|≤δ0

Applying Lemma (2.3), we get a estimate for K2 (t, ξ)

Z
n
|K2 (t, ξ)|2 dξ ≤ Cku0 k2L1 t− 2θ , t > 0.
|ξ|≤δ0

Now we note that for |ξ| ≤ δ0 it holds 4(1 + |ξ|2δ ) − |ξ|4θ−2α ≥ 4 − δ04θ−2α ≥ 0. Then

|ξ|2θ−α |ξ|2θ−α
 
 a(ξ) 
 = p
 b(ξ)  ≤ q .
4(1 + |ξ|2δ ) − |ξ|4θ−2α 4 − δ04θ−2α

Therefore, we may get the following estimate for K3 (t, ξ)

Z
1 n−2α+4θ n
|K3 (t, ξ)|2 dξ ≤ 4θ−2α
ku0 k2L1 ; t− 2θ ≤ Cku0 k2L1 t− 2θ t > 0.
|ξ|≤δ0 4 − δ0

α+δ
Considering the assumption θ ≥ we can obtain the next estimate for |ξ| ≤ δ0
2
2
|ξ|2α 
q
α 2 2δ 

|b(ξ) − |ξ| | ≤ 2δ
4(1 + |ξ| ) − |ξ| 4θ−2α − 2(1 + |ξ| )
4 
|ξ|2α  2
≤C q |ξ|2δ + |ξ|4θ−2α ≤ C|ξ|4δ+2α .
4θ−2α 2
( 4 − δ0 + 2)

24
 Thus, from the definition of K4 (t, ξ) we obtain for t > 0
Z Z
2θ t n+4δ+2α−4θ
2
|K4 (t, ξ)| dξ ≤ Cku0 k2L1 t2 e−|ξ| |ξ|4δ+2α dξ ≤ Cku0 k2L1 t− 2θ .
|ξ|≤δ0 |ξ|≤δ0

Now, using the assumption θ < α + δ we have n + 4δ + 2α − 4θ > n − 2α. Then, we may
fix κ1 > 0 such that n + 4δ + 2α − 4θ ≥ n − 2α + κ1 . Thus, substituting this fact in the previous
estimate for K4 (t, ξ), we arrive at
Z
n−2α+κ1
|K4 (t, ξ)|2 dξ ≤ Cku0 k2L1 t− 2θ , t > 0.
|ξ|≤δ0

For |ξ| ≤ δ0 working similarly to the previous estimate for K4 (t, ξ) we can see that

 b(ξ) − |ξ|α 2
 
C
  ≤ |ξ|4δ .
 b(ξ)  4 − δ04θ−2α

Therefore we can estimate K5 (t, ξ) as follows

Z Z
C 2θ t
2
|K5 (t, ξ)| dξ ≤ 4θ−2α
ku1 k2L1 e−|ξ| |ξ|4δ−2α dξ
|ξ|≤δ0 4 − δ0 |ξ|≤δ0
n−2α+4δ
≤ Cku1 k2L1 t− 2θ , t>0 ( C > 0 constant).

To estimate K6 (t, ξ), we assume the additional hypothesis u1 ∈ Ẇ −2α,2 Rn and the assump-
tion that θ < α + δ . By choosing ε2 > 0 such that 4δ + 4α − 4θ ≥ ε2 we obtain that
Z Z
2θ
|K6 (t, ξ)|2 dξ ≤ C t2 e−|ξ| t |ξ|4δ+2α−2α |uˆ1 (ξ)|2 dξ
|ξ|≤δ0 |ξ|≤δ0
Z
2θ
≤ Ct2 e−|ξ| t |ξ|4δ+2α | |ξ|−α uˆ1 (ξ) |2 dξ
|ξ|≤δ0
Z
2θ
2
≤ Cku1 kW −α,2 t 2
e−|ξ| t |ξ|4δ+2α dξ
|ξ|≤δ0
n−2α+ε2
− n+4δ+2α−4θ
≤ Cku1 k2W −α,2 t 2θ ≤ C ku1 k2W −α,2 t− 2θ , t > 0.

The above estimates imply that the next theorem is true.

α+δ
Theorem 4.3 Let 0 < δ ≤ α and ≤ θ < α + δ. Consider the initial data
2

u0 ∈ L1 (Rn ), u1 ∈ L1,κ (Rn ) ∩ W −α,2 (Rn )

with κ ∈ (0, min{1, δ}). Then there exists a number 0 > 0 such that the solution û(t, ξ) of (21)
satisfies

α 2
Z  
û(t, ξ) − P0 e−a(ξ)t cos (|ξ|α t) − P1 e−a(ξ)t sin (|ξ| t)  dξ

|ξ|≤δ0
 |ξ|α 

25
 h i n−2α+0 n
≤ C ku1 k2L1,κ + ku1 k2W −α,2 t− 2θ + Cku0 k2L1 t− 2θ , t > 0,

where C is a positive constant and P0 and P1 are defined in (37).

Remark 4.3 Note that 0 = min{2κ, κ1 , ε2 , 4δ, 2α}, where ε2 appears at the estimate for K6 (t, ξ).

4.3 Estimates for high frequencies

For ξ 6= 0 the estimate in Lemma 4.2 implies

(1 + |ξ|2δ )
 
2 −ωρ(ξ)t 2 2
|û| ≤ Ce |û1 | + |û0 | . (38)
|ξ|2α

ε; |ξ|2θ ε
To the case δ0 ≤ |ξ| ≤ 1 we have ρ(ξ) = 4θ−2α
≥ |ξ|2θ ≥ c1 δ02θ .
2 + |ξ| 3
Therefore we get the following exponential decay
Z Z  
2θ t
2
|û| dξ ≤ C e−c1 ωδ0 (1 + |ξ|2δ )|ξ|−2α |û1 |2 + |û0 |2 dξ
δ0 ≤|ξ|≤1 δ0 ≤|ξ|≤1
2C −c1 ωδ02θ t 
ku1 k2 + ku0 k2 ,

≤ 2α e t > 0.
δ0

|ξ|2θ c2
On the other side, for |ξ| ≥ 1, it follows that ρ(ξ) = ε · 4θ−2α
≥ 4θ−2α .
2 + |ξ| |ξ|
Thus, from the pointwise estimate (38) we get the polynomial decay
Z

|û|2 dξ ≤ Ct− 2θ−α ku1 k2H δ+−α + ku0 k2H  ,
 
t > 0, (39)
|ξ|≥1

where the estimate (39) was obtained similarly as in the proof of Theorem 3.1 for  ≥ α − δ .
Moreover, the asymptotic profile in (36) can be estimate similar as in (16). Thus

sin2 (|ξ|α t)
Z Z
2θ t 2θ
|P1 |2 e−|ξ| dξ + |P0 |2 e−|ξ| t cos2 (|ξ|α t)dξ
|ξ|≥δ0 |ξ|2α |ξ|≥δ0
Z
|ξ|2θ |ξ|2θ
≤ C ku0 k2L1 + ku1 k2L1 | e− 2 t e− 2 t dξ


|ξ|≥δ0
2θ
δ0
≤ C ku0 k2L1 + ku1 k2L1 e− t


2 , t > 0, ( C > 0 a constant ).

4.4 Optimal decay rates

Finally, combining the estimates for low and high frequency in previous subsections we get
α+δ
the next lemma for the case 2 ≤ θ < α + δ.

Lemma 4.3 Let n > 2α, 0 < κ < min{1, δ},  ≥ α − δ, u0 ∈ L1 (Rn ) ∩ H δ (Rn ) and u1 ∈
L1,κ (Rn ) ∩ H δ+−α (Rn ) ∩ W −α,2 (Rn ). Then, there exist 0 > 0 such that the difference between the

26
solution û(t, ξ) of (21) and its asymptotic profile satisfies
Z   α
2
û(t, ξ) − P1 e−a(ξ)t sin(|ξ| )t + P0 e−a(ξ)t cos(|ξ|α t)  dξ
 
 |ξ|α 
Rn
  n−2α+0 n
≤ C ku1 k2L1,κ + ku1 k2W −α,2 t− 2θ + Cku0 k2L1 t− 2θ
 
+ C ku0 k2L1 + ku1 k2L1 + ku0 k2 + ku1 k2 e−dt

 
− 2θ−α 2 2
+ Ct ku0 kH  + ku1 kH δ+−α , t > 0,

δ02θ
with C > 0 constant and d = 2 for a fix 0 < δ0 < 1.

Remark 4.4 We notice that it is simple to see that does not need the hypothesis W −α,2 (Rn ) if we
α + 2δ
consider only α+δ
2 ≤θ < (See the estimate for K6 before Theorem (4.3)).
2
Now we state the main result of this section.
α+δ
Theorem 4.4 Let n > 2α, P1 6= 0, 0 < δ ≤ α, ≤ θ < α + δ, κ ∈ (0, min{1, δ}) and
2
2θ − α
> (n − 2α). Assume
2θ

u0 ∈ L1 (Rn ) ∩ H  (Rn ), u1 ∈ L1,κ (Rn ) ∩ H δ+−α (Rn ) ∩ W −α,2 (Rn ).

Then there exist constants C1 > 0, C2 > 0 and t0 >> 1 such that

n−2α n−2α
C1 |P1 |t− 4θ ≤ ku(t, ·)k ≤ C2 t− 4θ ,

holds for t ≥ t0 where u(t, x) is the solution of the problem (1).

Proof: Let n > 2α. Then, by the Plancherel theorem, Lemma 2.5 and the estimate (17) it follows

−a(ξ)t sin(|ξ|α t)

−a(ξ)t α
ku(t, ·)k ≥ |P1 | e − |P0 | e cos(|ξ| t)
|ξ|α

α
 
−a(ξ)t sin(|ξ| t) −a(ξ)t α

− û(t, ·) − P1 e

α
+ P0 e cos(|ξ| t)
|ξ|
n−2α+0
n−2α n
h i n
≥ C|P1 |t− 4θ − C|P0 |t− 4θ − C ku1 kL1,κ + ku1 k2W −α,2 t− 4θ − Cku0 kL1 t− 4θ
 
− C ku0 kL1 + ku1 kL1 + ku0 k + ku1 k e−dt
  
− C ku0 kH  + ku1 kH δ+−α t− 2θ−α , t ≥ t0 > 0,

From the above estimate, there exists a constant C1 > 0 independent of the time t and
t1 > t0 > 0 such that
n−2α
ku(t, ·)k ≥ C1 |P1 |t− 4θ , t ≥ t1 .

On the other side, applying again the Plancherel theorem and previous estimates we con-

27
clude that
−a(ξ)t sin(|ξ|α t)

−a(ξ)t α
ku(t, ·)k ≤ |P1 | e
+ |P0 | e cos(|ξ| t)
|ξ|α

α t)
 
−a(ξ)t sin(|ξ| −a(ξ)t α

+ û(t, ·) − P1 e |ξ|α
+ P0 e cos(|ξ| t)
h i n−2α+0 n n−2α n
≤ C ku1 kL1,κ + ku1 k2W −α,2 t− 4θ + Cku0 kL1 t− 4θ + C|P1 |t− 4θ + C|P0 |t− 4θ
    
+ C ku0 kL1 + ku1 kL1 + ku0 k + ku1 k e−dt + C ku0 kH  + ku1 kH δ+−α t− 4θ−2α , t >> 1,

where κ, 0 , ε and d were defined in previous estimates.

n−2α 
Therefore, for  such that 2θ < 2θ−α we conclude that

n−2α
ku(t, ·)k ≤ C2 t− 4θ , t > 0,

with C2 a positive constant. Theorem is now proved. 

Remark 4.5 In order to impose less regularity on the initial data we can consider only u1 ∈
Ẇ δ+−α,2 (Rn ) ∩ Ẇ −α,2 (Rn ) for  ≥ 0 in the estimate (39) analogous to the case δ = 0.

Remark 4.6 Throughout the same type of estimates above combined with the derivatives of the
explicit solution of û(t, ξ) one can also prove the optimality of the decay rates of the total energy
appeared in Theorems 3.1 and 4.1. In fact, taking the derivatives of the explicit solution and the
associated asymptotic profile, using Lemmas 2.5, 2.6 and the estimates (17), (18) we can prove the
following optimal decay estimates of the L2 norms of ut and (−∆)α/2 u:

||ut (t, ·)||2 ≤ Ct−n/(2θ) and ||(−∆)α/2 u(t, ·)||2 ≤ Ct−n/(2θ) , t >> 1,

n(θ − α)
for the case δ = 0 and κ ≥ (κ as in Theorem 3.1).
2θ
n(2θ−α)
Similarly, for the case δ > 0 we can obtain the same optimal decay rates for  ≥ 2θ
(n+2α)(2θ−α)
as given in Theorem 4.1. Moreover, for  ≥ 2θ we can prove

n+2δ
||(−∆)δ/2 ut (t, ·)||2 ≤ C t− 2θ , t >> 1.

Acknowledgements. The first author (R. C. Charão) was partially supported by Print/CAPES
process 88881.310536/2018-00 and the third author (R. Ikehata) was supported in part by Grant-
in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)15K04958 of JSPS.

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