CHAPTER 4: ENERGY BALANCE

4.1 Introduction

Energy balance is a method that used to calculate the amount of energy that being absorbed
and released due to changes in temperature, pressure and energy absorbed or released by a
reaction. From the First law of Thermodynamics energy can neither be created nor destroyed
and it can be changed only in its form. Below is the general energy balance system:

[Net energy in the system] = [System Final Energy] - [System Initial Energy]

Initial system energy = Ui + Eki + Epi

Final system energy = Uf + Ekf + Epf

Energy transferred = Q + Ws

Net energy:

Q + W = ΔH + ΔEk + ΔEp (4.1)

The kinetic energy system is related with motion and its rotation system. While potential
energy is due to the state of the object of mass at a certain height. However, kinetic and
potential energy can be neglected because there are no changes in terms of height ΔEp = 0,
no moving or rotating parts thus ΔEk = 0 and there is also work that supported the system,
consequently Ws = 0. The net energy equation can be deduced to following equation:

Q = ΔH=ΔHout – ΔHin (4.2)

4.2 Methods of calculations

Below are the equations that will be used to calculate the energy balance for equipment in
this plant.

4.2.1 Equation for Reactive Process

ΔH = ∑ni,outlet(ΔĤi+ ΔĤf) - ∑ni,inlet(ΔĤi+ ΔĤf) (4.3)

4.2.2 Equation for Process with Phase Changes

T bp

Ĥi = ∫ ¿¿ (4.4)
T ref

4.2.3 Equation for Non-Reactive Process

Ĥi = ni ∫ (C p ) dT (4.5)
T ref

Or

T bp

Ĥi = ∫ ¿¿ (4.6)
T ref

4.2.4 Equation for Heat Capacity Cp

T bp T

∫ (C p) dT = ∫ (a+ bT +c T 2 + d T 3)dT (4.7)

T ref T ref

4.2.5 Heat for Energy Balance of Non-Reactive Process

ΔHTOTAL = ∑ (ΔHoutlet – ΔHinlet) (4.8)

4.2.6 Heat for Energy Balance of Reactive Process

ΔHTOTAL = ∑ξΔĤr + ∑ (ΔHoutlet – ΔHinlet) (4.9)

4.2.7 Equation of Heat of Reaction

ΔĤr = = ∑vΔĤf = ∑ (|v| Ĥf,product)- ∑(|v| Ĥf,inlet) (4.10)

Ĥa
i(Phase, Temperature, Pressure) l(Phase, Temperature, Pressure)

Ĥa Ĥb
l (Phase, Temperature, Pressure)

Figure 4. 1: Changing in Phase, Temperature and Pressure for Each Component

4.3 Assumptions for Calculations

i. Operated in an open system at steady state
ii. No accumulation of material and energy
iii. No moving and rotation parts in the system, thus ΔEK is neglected
iv. No work done in the system, thus ΔWS is neglected
v. Streams enter and leave at single height ΔEp is neglected.
vi. No heat of mixing
 4.4 Sample of Calculations
4.4.1 Energy Balance for Drying Tower

(g, T= 142.8˚C, P=15atm)

Dried air
O2
N2

Wet air
(G, T=30˚C, P=15atm) (l, T= 40˚C, P=15atm)
98% H2SO4
H2O
O2
N2

(l, T=40˚C, P=15atm)

97% H2SO4

Inlet Outlet
Stream
Stream 3 Stream 29 Stream 4 Stream 18
Molar Molar
Molar Molar Enthalpy
Component Enthalpy flowrate Enthalpy flowrate Enthalpy
flowrate flowrate (kJ/kmol
s (kJ/kmol) (kmol/hr (kJ/kmol) (kmol/hr (kJ/kmol)
(kmol/hr) (kmol/hr) )
) )
O2 243.464 737.6923 - - 58.023 1016.1457 - -
N2 900.8168 645.9589 - - 218.277 890.0986 - -
H2O 60.866 415.0375 - - - - - -
H2SO4 - - 561.1620 76.0203 - - 567.41 93.9471
53306.52
Total nH
nH 786754 nH 42659.7 253247.9 nH 4
Q (kW) -145.2386
STREAM IN
Stream 3

ΔHoxygen
(g, 25˚C, 1atm) (g, 30 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
(g, 30˚C, 1atm)

T
Δ H oxygen= ∫ Cp dT + ṽΔP
Tref

T
RT
Δ H oxygen= ∫ Cp dT + ΔP
Tref P
30 ˚C
( 0.0815 kPa . m3 kg . K ) ( 303 K ) kg 1
25 ˚C
−3
Δ H oxygen= ∫ 29.10 x 10 +1.158 x 10 T +(
−5
1519.88 kPa
)(32
kmol (
) (1519.88−101.32 )
1kP
Δ H oxygen=0.1471+737.5452

Δ H oxygen=737.6923 kJ /kmol

kmol kJ
n oxygen H oxygen=(0.2)(1217.32) x 737.6923
hr kmol

n oxygen H oxygen=179601.5181 kJ /hr

ΔHwater
(g, 25˚C, 1atm) (g, 30 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
(g, 30˚C, 1atm)

ΔHwater
REF: (g, 25˚C, 1atm)
 30 ˚C
H water = ∫ Cp water dT + ṽΔP
25 ˚C

30 ˚C
−3 −5 −8 2 ( 0.0815 kPa. m3 kg . K ) ( 303 K ) kg
H water = ∫ 33.46 x 10 +0.6880 x 10 T + 0.7604 x 10 T dT +( )(18 )( 151
25 ˚C 1519.88 kPa kmol

kJ kJ
H water =0.1683 +414.8692
kmol kmol
kmol kJ
n water H water= ( 0.050 )( 1217.32 ) x 415.0375
hr kmol
kJ
n water H water=25261.6725
hr

ΔHN2
(g, 25˚C, 1atm) (g, 30 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
(g, 30˚C, 1atm)

ΔHN2
REF: (g, 25˚C, 1atm)
30 ˚C
H N 2= ∫ Cp N 2 dT ++ ṽΔP
25 ˚C

30 ˚C
−3 −5 −8 2 ( 0.0815 kPa . m3 kg . K ) ( 303 K ) kg
H N 2= ∫ 29 x 10 +0.2199 x 10 T + 0.5723 x 10 T dT +( )(28.02 ) ( 1519
25 ˚C 1519.88 kPa kmol

kJ kJ
H N 2=0.1459 +645.8130
kmol kmol
kJ
H N 2=645.9589
kmol
kmol kJ
n¿ H ¿ =( 0.74 )( 1217.32 ) x 645.9589
hr kmol
kJ
n¿ H ¿ =581890.6292
hr
Stream 29

ΔHH2SO4
(l, 25˚C, 1atm) (l, 40 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
(l, 40˚C, 1atm)

ΔHH2SO4
REF: (g, 25˚C, 1atm)
40 ˚ C
H H 2 SO 4= ∫ Cp H 2 SO 4 dT + ṽΔP
25 ˚ C

40˚ C
1
Δ H H 2 SO 4 = ∫ Cp dT +( ) ΔP
25˚ C ρ@ 25 ˚ C
40 ˚ C
1 kg 1 kJ
H H 2 SO 4= ∫
25 ˚ C
−3 −5
139.1 x 10 + ( 15.59 x 10 T ) dT +
1830.2
kg ( 98.08
mol ) ( 1519.88−101.32 )
( 1 kPa . m )
3

m3
H H 2 SO 4=2.1625+76.0203

H H 2 SO 4=76.0203 kJ /kmol

kmol kJ
n¿ H ¿ =561.1620 x 76.0203
hr kmol
kJ
n¿ H ¿ =42659.7036
hr
STREAM OUT
Stream 4

ΔHoxygen
(g, 25˚C, 1atm) (g, l42.8 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
(g, 142.8˚C, 1atm)

T
Δ H oxygen= ∫ Cp dT + ṽΔP
Tref

T
RT
Δ H oxygen= ∫ Cp dT + ΔP
Tref P
142.8 ˚C
( 0.0815 kPa .m3 kg . K ) ( 416 K ) kg
Δ H oxygen= ∫
25 ˚C
−3 −5
29.10 x 10 +1.158 x 10 T +(
1519.88 kPa
)(32
kmol (
) ( 1519.88−101.32 )
1
Δ H oxygen=3.5424+ 1012.6033

Δ H oxygen=1016.1457 kJ /kmol

kmol kJ
n oxygen H oxygen=58.023 x 1016.1457
hr kmol

n oxygen H oxygen=58959.8220 kJ /hr

ΔHnitrogen
(g, 25˚C, 1atm) (g, 142.8 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
(g, 142.8˚C, 1atm)

T
Δ H nitrogen = ∫ Cp dT + ṽΔP
Tref

T
RT
Δ H nitrogen = ∫ Cp dT + ΔP
Tref P
 142.8 ˚C
−3 −5 ( 0.0815 kPa . m3 kg . K ) ( 416 K ) kg
Δ H nitrogen = ∫ 29.00 x 10 +0.2199 x 10 T +( )(28.02 ) ( 1519.88−101.3
25 ˚C 1519.88 kPa kmol

Δ H nitrogen =3.4379+886.6607

Δ H nitrogen =890.0986 kJ /kmol

kmol kJ
n nitrogen H nitrogen =218.277 x 890.0986
hr kmol
n nitrogen H nitrogen =194288.0521 kJ /hr

kj kJ
Total stream 4 = 58959.8220 +194288.0521
hr hr
= 253247.8741 kJ /hr

Stream 18

ΔHH2SO4
(l, 25˚C, 1atm) (l, 142.8 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
(l, 142.8˚C, 1atm)

ΔHH2SO4
REF: (g, 25˚C, 1atm)
142.8 ˚C
H H 2 SO 4= ∫ Cp H 2 SO 4 dT + ṽΔP
25 ˚C

142.8 ˚C
1
H H 2 SO 4= ∫ Cp H 2 SO 4 dT +( ) ΔP
25 ˚C ρ @25 ˚ C
142.8 ˚C
1 kg 1 kJ
H H 2 SO 4= ∫
25 ˚C
139.1 x 10−3+ ( 15.59 x 10−5 T ) dT +
1830.2
kg ( 98.08
mol ) ( 1519.88−101.32 )
( 1 kPa .m ) 3

m3
kJ kJ
H H 2 SO 4=17.9268 +76.0203
kmol kmol
kmol kJ
n out H out =567.41 x 93.9471
hr kmol
 kJ
n out H out =53306.5240
hr

Q=∑ noutHout −∑ ninHin

Q= (53306.524 +253247.9 )−(42659.7+786754 )

kJ 1 hr
Q=−522859.1253 x
hr 3600 s
Q=−145.2386 kW
 4.4.2 Energy Balance for Sulphur Burner

Stream 2
Sulphur
(l, T= 131.8˚C, P=15 atm)

Stream 4 Dry Air Stream 5 SO2 N2

(g, T= 142.8˚C, P=15 atm) (l, T= 1127˚C, P=15 atm)

O2
N2

ENERGY BALANCE FOR SULPHUR BURNER

Inlet Outlet
Stream
Stream 2 Stream 4 Stream 5
Molar Molar Molar
Enthalpy Enthalpy
Components flowrate flowrate flowrate Enthalpy (kJ/kmol)
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/kmol)
(kmol/hr) (kmol/hr) (kmol/hr)
O2 - - 58.023 1016.1457 16.85 3447.2181
N2 - - 218.277 890.0986 249.38 3017.3082
SO2 - - - - 70.77 6890.7130
S 118.82 177.646 - - - -
Total nH 21107.95 nH 253247.8741 nH 2322170.287
Q (kW) 574.7007
STREAM IN
Stream 2

ΔHsulphur
(l, 25˚C, 1atm) (l, 131.8 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
T (l, 131.8˚C, 1atm)
Δ H sulphur = ∫ Cp dT + ṽΔP
Tref

T
1
Δ H sulphur = ∫ Cp dT +( ) ΔP
Tref ρ @25 ˚ C
131.8˚ C
1 kg
Δ H sulphur = ∫
25 ˚C
15.2 x 10−3 +2.68 x 10−5 T +
kg
2070 3
(256.53 mol ) ( 1519.88−101.32) ( 1 kPa1 kJ.m )
3

m
Δ H sulphur =1.8478+175.7986

Δ H sulphur =177.6464 kJ /kmol

kmol kJ
n sulphur H sulphur =118.8 x 177.6464
hr kmol
n sulphur H sulphur =21107.95 kJ /hr

Stream 4

ΔHoxygen
(g, 25˚C, 1atm) (g, l42.8 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
(g, 142.8˚C, 1atm)

T
Δ H oxygen= ∫ Cp dT + ṽΔP
Tref

T
RT
Δ H oxygen= ∫ Cp dT + ΔP
Tref P
 142.8 ˚C
( 0.0815 kPa .m3 kg . K ) ( 416 K ) kg
Δ H oxygen= ∫
25 ˚C
−3 −5
29.10 x 10 +1.158 x 10 T +(
1519.88 kPa
)(32
kmol (
) ( 1519.88−101.32 )
1
Δ H oxygen=3.5424+ 1012.6033

Δ H oxygen=1016.1457 kJ /kmol

kmol kJ
n oxygen H oxygen=58.023 x 1016.1457
hr kmol

n oxygen H oxygen=58959.8220 kJ /hr

ΔHnitrogen
(l, 25˚C, 1atm) (l, 142.8 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
(l, 142.8˚C, 1atm)

T
Δ H nitrogen = ∫ Cp dT + ṽΔP
Tref

T
RT
Δ H nitrogen = ∫ Cp dT + ΔP
Tref P
142.8 ˚C
−3 −5 ( 0.0815 kPa . m3 kg . K ) ( 416 K ) kg
Δ H nitrogen = ∫ 29.00 x 10 +0.2199 x 10 T +( )(28.02 ) ( 1519.88−101.3
25 ˚C 1519.88 kPa kmol

Δ H nitrogen =3.4379+886.6607

Δ H nitrogen =890.0986 kJ /kmol

kmol kJ
n nitrogen H nitrogen =218.277 x 890.0986
hr kmol
n nitrogen H nitrogen =194288.0521 kJ /hr

kj kJ
Total stream 4 = 58959.8220 +194288.0521
hr hr
= 253247.8741 kJ /hr

STREAM OUT
Stream 5

ΔHSO2
(g, 25˚C, 1atm) (g, 1127 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
(g, 1127˚C, 1atm)

T
Δ H SO 2= ∫ CpdT + ṽΔP
Tref

T
RT
Δ H SO 2= ∫ CpdT + ΔP
Tref P
1127 ˚C
( 0.0815 kPa . m3 kg . K ) ( 1400 K ) kg
Δ H SO 2= ∫
25˚ C
−3 −5
38.91 x 10 +3.904 x 10 T +(
1519.88 kPa
)(64.07
kmol
) ( 1519.88−101.32 )
(
Δ H SO 2=67.6595+6823.0535

Δ H SO 2=6890.7130 kJ /kmol

kmol kJ
n SO 2 H SO 2 =(0.21)(337) x 6890.7130
hr kmol
n SO 2 H SO 2 =487655.759 kJ /hr

ΔHnitrogen
(g, 25˚C, 1atm) (g, 1127 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
(g, 1127˚C, 1atm)

T
Δ H nitrogen = ∫ Cp dT + ṽΔP
Tref

T
RT
Δ H nitrogen = ∫ Cp dT + ΔP
Tref P
 1127 ˚ C
−3 −5 ( 0.0815 kPa . m3 kg . K ) ( 1400 K ) kg
Δ H nitrogen = ∫ 29.00 x 10 +0.2199 x 10 T +( )(28.02 ) ( 1519.88−101.
25˚ C 1519.88 kPa kmol

Δ H nitrogen =33.3538+2983.9544

Δ H nitrogen =3017.3082 kJ /kmol

kmol kJ
n nitrogen H nitrogen =(0.7 4)(337) x 3017.3082
hr kmol
n nitrogen H nitrogen =752456.3189 kJ /hr

ΔHoxygen
(g, 25˚C, 1atm) (g, l127 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
(g, 1127˚C, 1atm)

T
Δ H oxygen= ∫ Cp dT + ṽΔP
Tref

T
RT
Δ H oxygen= ∫ Cp dT + ΔP
Tref P
1127 ˚ C
( 0.0815 kPa . m3 kg . K ) ( 1400 K ) kg
Δ H oxygen= ∫
25˚ C
−3 −5
29.10 x 10 +1.158 x 10 T +(
1519.88 kPa
)(32
kmol (
) ( 1519.88−101.32 )
1
Δ H oxygen=39.4186+3407.7995

Δ H oxygen=3447.2181 kJ /kmol

kmol kJ
n oxygen H oxygen=(0.05)(337) x 3447.2181
hr kmol

n oxygen H oxygen=58085.6255 kJ /hr

Q=∑ noutHout −∑ ninHin

kJ kJ
Q=(803297.9671+487655.759) −( 21107.95+253247.8741 )
hr hr
kJ hr
Q=1016597.902 x1
hr 3600 s
Q=282.3883kW