A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to make the

bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2. A popular approach used for enhancing the fatigue life of bituminous layers is to
make the bottom
most bituminous mixes richer in bitumen[10]. Larger binder volume in the mix means an
increased
thickness of the binder film in the mix and an increase in the proportion of bitumen over any
cross-section of the layer normal to the direction of tensile strain. Besides having longer
fatigue
lives, larger binder volumes will also be beneficial in making the mix more moisture damage
resistant due to thicker binder films which also reduce the ageing of the binder. Considering
that
the bottom bituminous layer will be subjected to significantly lower stresses and lower
summer
temperatures compared to the upper layers, the chance of rutting of the lower layer will be
less.
The recent version of the Asphalt Institute manual for mix design[10] recommends design of
the
bitumen rich mixes (or rich bottom mixes) at 2 to 2.5 per cent air voids and to compact the
rich
bottom layer to less than 4 per cent in-place air voids. The recommendations made in these
guidelines about the volumetric parameters and the in-place air voids to be achieved are given
in para 9.2.