№3. Study the flow chart below, which shows some of the possible effects of a higher oil price.

Complete the paragraph describing this sequence.

Price of oil rises by 25%
Cost of transport and Oil consumption falls Increased investment Reduced demand for
freight rises in oil exploration large cars
Airline profits fall Demand for Increased demand for Increased demand for
alternative fuels rises oil rigs small cars

An increase of 25 per cent in the price of oil would have numerous results. First, it would lead to sharp
rises in the cost of transport and freight, thus affecting the price of most goods. Clearly, businesses for
which fuel was a significant proportion of their costs, such as airlines, would find it difficult to maintain
profitability. Another consequence would be a reduction in oil consumption as marginal users switched to
alternative fuels, such as gas, or made economies. There would also be increased investment in
exploration for oil, as the oil companies attempted to increase supply, and this in turn would stimulate
demand for equipment such as oil rigs. Finally, there would be a number of more localised effects, for
instance a change in demand from larger to smaller and more economical vehicles.

#4. Use the following information to write a paragraph about the invention of nylon, paying
careful attention to the use of reference words.
Nylon
Inventor: Wallace Carothers
Company: DuPont Corporation (USA)
Carothers` position: Director of research centre
Carothers` background: Chemistry student, specialising in polymers (molecules composed
of long chains of atoms)
Properties: Strong but fine synthetic fibre
Patented: 1935
Mass produced: 1939
Applications: Stockings, toothbrushes, parachutes, fishing lines, surgical thread
Wallace Carothers was 32 years old when he was appointed director of Du Pont Corporation's (USA)
research center. He had studied and taught organic chemistry before that, with a specialization in
polymers, molecules composed of long chains of repeating units of atoms.He made major contributions to
the understanding of their structure and of polymerization, how these long chain molecules form.
Du Pont's goal was basic research with possible industrial applications, especially in the field of artificial
materials. Carothers' team first investigated the acetylene family of chemicals. He published papers and
obtained patents, and in 1931, Du Pont started to manufacture neoprene, a synthetic rubber (commonly
used in wetsuits) created by Carothers' lab.
The search was on for a synthetic fiber. By 1934, Carothers had a promising development: He combined
the chemicals amine, hexamethylene diamine, and adipic acid. It created fibers! But they were weak.
They had formed by the polymerizing process known as a condensation reaction, in which individual
molecules join together, with water as a byproduct. Carothers' breakthrough came when he realized the
water produced by the reaction was dropping back into the mixture and getting in the way of more
polymers forming. He adjusted his equipment so that the water was distilled and removed from the
system. It worked!
Carothers drew out fibers that were long, strong, and very elastic.
In 1935, DuPont patented the new fiber known as nylon.
Nylon was first used for fishing line, surgical sutures, and toothbrush bristles.DuPont touted its new fiber
as being "as strong as steel, as fine as a spider's web," and first announced and demonstrated nylon and
nylon stockings to the American public at the 1939 New York World's Fair.
First Nylon PlantDuPont built the first full-scale nylon plant in Seaford, Delaware, and began commercial
production in late 1939.